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1
Stojanović, Boban, Zorana Kostić, and Vladan Vučić. "Alignment with EU Regulations in the Field of the Competition Policy and System of State Aid in Western Balkan Countries." Economic Themes 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2021-0010.
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Abstract The underying idea behand the foundation of the European Union is a single, integrated and competitive market. The future of the entire Western Balkans region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia) lies within the European Union. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the multiplicative effects of the alignment of European Union regulations with the competition policy in Western Balkan countries. In addition, the paper is designed to highlight the specific issues, challenges in this field, and provides an overview of empirical trends. A combination of qualitative and quantitative approach proposes methodological framework which recognizes different economic environments and regulatory frameworks. By comparing selected economic indicators related to competiton authorities (number of staff in the national authorities, annual budget of the national authorities, number of prohibited agreements, abuse of dominant position, notification of concentrations, opinions), the authors give a reliable basis for comparative progress analysis in this filed. Using multi-criteria optimization as a key method, as well as network and input-output display, the obtained results suggest country whose competition authority is efficient frontier. The significance of this research stems from the current debate whether the harmonized competition policy should speed up and facilitate the process of the accession of new member states to the European Union.
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Vasanicova, Petra, Sylvia Jencova, Beata Gavurova, and Radovan Bacik. "Coopetition of European Union Countries within Destination Management." Journal of Tourism and Services 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2022): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v13i24.368.
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Coopetition has been the issue of various studies in different fields, but there is a research gap in examining coopetition within the tourism sector and destination management. This paper aims to determine whether there are internally homogeneous and externally heterogeneous groups of European Union countries regarding indicators of natural and cultural resources of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), and thus subsequently identify the importance and possibilities of competition among countries within the tourism sector. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis are used to verify the research hypothesis, along with ten indicators of the fourth sub-index (Natural and Cultural Resources) of TTCI. The results of the cluster analysis led to a six-group solution. Italy, Spain, and France have the best position in terms of tourism competitiveness. The results show space for competition in the international tourism market. Even though EU countries are competitors at a global level, their cooperation could be beneficial to tourism development. The findings of this study can be helpful in planning and strategy development for tourism policymakers and destination management organizations but can also be used to develop various marketing strategies. Furthermore, cooperation between destinations will support the need for strategic flexibility in the tourism sector, as the diversity of tourism attractions will increase.
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Anjos, Maria do Rosário. "Free Competition and Fiscal Policy in European Union." Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 6, no. 6 (September 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.66.3004.
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Fiscal policy and the harmonization of tax laws are extremely important in order to prevent distortions of free competition in UE. The process of European Union construction is based on integration and liberalization of markets in order a loyal and free competition. This issue is really important in order to crisis superaction. In this context the fiscal policy has a very significant impact on countries economics in EU and on company’s management, especially for those most exposed to globalization. The impact of taxes on free competition, economic growth and employment is quite evident since the EU foundation. So, it would be expected a more significant progress towards fiscal harmonization among EU countries. However, until now the question of tax harmonization had no results. It remains a sensitive question in EU. Almost two decades after the entry of the Euro, after a deep economic crisis that endangered the European project, face to BREXIT, we raised some questions as base to this work: what are the political and institutional limitations to tax harmonization in EU? Why there are no further progress was made in the field of tax harmonization, at least, in company’s income? How does this affect social cohesion? What are the effects on economic and social cohesion? This study intends to reflect on the political and institutional constraints of the tax harmonization, quite necessary to the effective process of economic and social integration within the EU. As methodology, we will use a comparative study about income taxes in several EU countries and the relation to GDP, as well the deductive method to analyze the results we find and some reference studies on the subject. In conclusion, we will present the analyze the results and try to answer to these questions. With this study we pretend give a contribution in order to find an answer to the investigation questions.
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do Rosário Anjos, Maria. "Free Competition and Fiscal Policy in European Union." International Journal of Operations Management 1, no. 1 (2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijom.2757-0509.2020.11.4005.
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Fiscal policy and the harmonization of tax laws are extremely important in order to prevent distortions of free competition in UE. The process of European Union construction is based on integration and liberalization of markets in order a loyal and free competition. This issue is really important in order to crisis superaction. In this context the fiscal policy has a very significant impact on countries economics in EU and on company’s management, especially for those most exposed to globalization. The impact of taxes on free competition, economic growth and employment is quite evident since the EU foundation. So, it would be expected a more significant progress towards fiscal harmonization among EU countries. However, until now the question of tax harmonization had no results. It remains a sensitive question in EU. Almost two decades after the entry of the Euro, after a deep economic crisis that endangered the European project, face to BREXIT, we raised some questions as base to this work: what are the political and institutional limitations to tax harmonization in EU? Why there are no further progress was made in the field of tax harmonization, at least, in company’s income? How does this affect social cohesion? What are the effects on economic and social cohesion? This study intends to reflect on the political and institutional constraints of the tax harmonization, quite necessary to the effective process of economic and social integration within the EU. As methodology, we will use a comparative study about income taxes in several EU countries and the relation to GDP, as well the deductive method to analyze the results we find and some reference studies on the subject. In conclusion, we will present the analyze the results and try to answer to these questions. With this study we pretend give a contribution in order to find an answer to the investigation questions.
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Jovanovic, Mihailo. "Inter-state trade within the European Union." Medjunarodni problemi 57, no. 1-2 (2005): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502058j.
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Trade is the most important integration link in the overall world production. After the Second World War it induced the establishment of economic integrations. In the last three decades international trade has been more dynamic than the growth of the world production. The data show that the commodity trade is the strongest component of the world purchase and sale, although the international trade in services has grown a bit faster than the commodity trade. However, the share of services in the world trade does not exceed 20 per cent. International trade has most developed among developed countries, keeping up the mutual development of foreign direct investments and know-how and technology transfer. The empirical research shows that apart from the benefits gained by capitalisation of comparative advantages the trade growth is also influenced by benefits resulting from the impact of the economy of scale, competition and spreading of knowledge. Reduction of tariff and elimination of non-tariff barriers constantly opens new opportunities to benefit from international trade in commodities and services. Commodity trade of OECD countries confirms that the volume of trade does not depend only on liberalisation of tariff and non-tariff barriers, but growth to a certain degree reflects the size of the country, geographic elements and transport costs. Therefore, the empirical works predominantly analyse the power of trade as an indicator of the manifested commodity trade, embracing the characteristics such as competition pressures, but not including some deeper political meaning. The previously mentioned factor is significant, since given the policy and competition small countries are naturally more dependent on foreign trade, although competition pressures among big countries largely result from competition inside themselves. A significant change in the trade structure has been recorded in the period of over two years. At first, intra-industrial trade became equal to traditional inter- industrial production, and afterwards it has even exceeded it. For a long time the factors of foreign trade growth have been disputable. The works of Baier and Berstrand show that income growth and reduction of customs produce the main impact on foreign trade growth. In their opinion liberalisation of trade within GATT and WTO is one of the main driving forces in international trade. Reduction of trade costs also produces some impact on foreign trade growth, while approximation of incomes is less significant. Badlinger and Breuss have explored the elements that in the last four decades of the last century made an impact on faster growth of inter-trade of EU-15 member countries. They have estimated the relative impact of the income growth, income equalisation as well reduction of tariffs and trade costs on the intra-trade of EU-15 member countries. The results show that the income growth increases by 70 per cent the intra-trade of these countries. Also, the European integration and liberalisation of GATT and WTO increase by 25 per cent the commodity intra-trade of EU-15.
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Sobotková, Veronika. "Revisiting the debate on harmful tax competition in the European Union." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 4 (2012): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260040343.
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Globalization leads to economic benefits for some countries but may have also many serious negative side effects for others. The increased mobility of economic activities may result in a sharp increase in tax competition between countries. On the one hand, tax competition can have desirable consequences, such as more efficiency, but on the other side it may also have undesirable or harmful consequences, such as race to the bottom. Also, the increasing using of tax havens has resulted in erosion of many countries’ tax bases. From of the point of view, there is a need to revisiting the debate on tax competition and to answer whether the tax competition is beneficial or harmful. For this reason, this paper discusses the significance of tax competition in the European Union and deals with the position of tax competition in the European Single Market. This paper discusses an economic purpose of tax competition at currently European Single Market and discusses about harmful effects of tax competition. Based on the findings in this paper the following overall conclusion is drawn. The article makes clear that Member States have a need to protect their tax bases, especially in time of economic crisis, because the foreign direct investment flows might have negative consequences on the choice of tax revenues.
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Działo, Joanna. "Tax Competition Or Tax Coordination? What Is Better For The European Union?" Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, no. 2 (June 16, 2015): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0011.
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Tax competition is defined as the use of tax policy that will allow to maintain or increase the attractiveness of a particular territory for business location. Tax competition is used especially by the relatively under-developed countries, as foreign capital inflow gives them the possibility to implement modern technology, new management methods, or to increase exports. One of the effects of tax competition is the formation of tax havens, i.e. countries or territories offering preferential tax rates in order to gain capital from abroad. A comparative analysis of the income tax rates in the EU countries and certain tax havens shows that despite the progressive reduction of the rates of these taxes in the EU, the phenomenon of tax competition is still very strong, and the position of tax havens as countries with relatively low or very low taxes seems to be unthreatened. The question arises whether tax competition is a real problem for the EU Member States and if there exist arguments for tax harmonization, or at least tax coordination within the EU countries. The discussion in this paper suggests that the arguments for tax coordination in the EU are not yet strong enough. However, both tax competition and tax coordination have their supporters and opponents.
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BOJNEC, Štefan, and Imre FERTŐ. "Determinants of agro-food trade competition of Central European countries with the European Union." China Economic Review 20, no. 2 (June 2009): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2008.10.002.
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Estrin, Saul. "Competition and Corporate Governance in Transition." Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330027139.
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This paper examines the elements of institutional development critical to the enhancement of company performance in transition economies. This includes initial conditions, forms of privatization, institutional frameworks and the competitiveness of markets. Comparing empirical evidence, the paper concludes that there is a clear distinction in effectiveness of policies followed and their impact between Central Europe and CIS countries. This divergence is attributed to fundamentally different political attitudes toward reform, the need of CIS governments to gain political support for reform and as a consequence of the desire of Central European countries to join European Union.
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Ripollés, Jordi, and Lidia Vidal Meliá. "Environmental Tax Convergence and Interdependence in the European Union." Revista de Economía Mundial, no. 61 (June 16, 2022): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.v0i61.5351.
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This paper empirically analyzes the convergence and interdependence of environmental taxes in Europe from 1998 to 2018. Our results evidence a lack of European integration and reveal a group of converging countries characterized by a lowering tax burden. Moreover, a subsequent spatial regression analysis supports that the converging countries exhibit a significantly greater sensibility to the neighboring environmental tax policies, compatible with some degree of cross-country tax competition.
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Zreik, Mohamad. "China and Europe in Africa: Competition or Cooperation?" Malaysian Journal of International Relations 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjir.vol9no1.3.
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This paper presents the development strategies of the European Union and China towards Africa. European development aid has always been accompanied by political and economic conditions such as adopting neoliberalist policies, democracy and regime modification. As for China, its development policies have not been conditional because it adopts the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries and a win-win strategy. The paper points to a great disparity between the Chinese and European development strategies. China represents the South-South development model, and the European Union provides the North-South development model. The development experience in Africa indicates the progress of the Chinese model and its attraction to the African governments and peoples.
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Danilovskaia, Anna. "Criminal law protection of competition in the European Union, Germany, Great Britain and France." Юридические исследования, no. 6 (June 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.6.33294.
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The object of this research is competition policy and criminal law policy with regards to protection of competition in Europe that are similar to the Russian approach of countering infringement on fair competition. Legislation on competition is dynamically developing in all countries, which causes corresponding changes in their criminal law policy. For improving the effectiveness of cartel detection, many countries endorsed leniency policy for cartels, as well as make amendments to their laws due to proliferation of unfair competition, particularly on the Internet, as well irregularities in tendering. The analysis of modern sources of competition and criminal law of Germany, Great Britain and France, as the first European countries that developed the rules aimed at protection of competition, can be valuable for understanding the concept of protection of competition adopted by the world community, as well as its European model. The consists in broadening the existing knowledge on criminal law protection of competition in Europe, acquired as a result of comprehensive research of the legislations of the European Union, Germany, Great Britain and France in the area of protection of fair competition with consideration of recent amendments, including leniency policy for cartels. The author concludes that Europe has a developed criminal law mechanism for counteracting anticompetitive behavior, which is characterized by a range of prohibited acts, application of versatile criminal law measures to the persons guilty of such infringements, differentiated approach to the questions of their criminal liability, and substantial main and additional sanctions applicable to not only physical entities, but also legal entities in some countries. The obtained results can be useful in lawmaking, scientific and educational activity.
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PEŠEC, MOJCA. "CHINA, SECURITY CHALLENGE FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION." KONCEPT KREPITVE ODPORNOSTI DRUŽBE/THE CONCEPT OF STRENGHTENING THE RESILIENCE OF SOCIETY, VOLUME 22/ISSUE 4 (October 23, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.22.4.1.
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Povzetek Strateško tekmovanje Evropske unije s Kitajsko je postalo povsem resnično. Kitajski vpliv v Evropi je ekonomski in geopolitičen. Kitajska je postala gospodarski tekmec, ki si prizadeva prevzeti vodilno mesto na področju razvoja tehnologij, želi pa tudi uveljavljati svoj model družbene ureditve in vladanja. Močnejša kitajska ekonomska prisotnost, kulturne in medijske aktivnosti ter dejavnosti vojaške diplomacije so orodja, s katerimi Kitajska uveljavlja svoj vpliv v odnosih z državami v Evropski uniji in v tistih na njenem obrobju. Najpomembnejši izzivi v odnosih med Kitajsko in Evropo so neuravnoteženost naložb v korist Kitajske, prevzemanje evropskih podjetij, predvsem tistih, ki upravljajo strateško pomembno infrastrukturo, ter povečana dejavnost kitajskih oboroženih sil v mednarodnem okolju. Ključne besede Evropska unija, Kitajska, strateško tekmovanje, varnostni izzivi. Abstract The European Union's strategic competition with China has become a reality. China's influence in Europe is both economic and geopolitical. China has become an economic competitor striving to take the lead in technology development, but it also wants to assert its model of social order and governance. China's stronger economic presence, cultural and media activities, and military diplomacy activities are tools with which China is asserting its influence in relations with countries in and around the European Union. The most important challenges in China-Europe relations are the imbalance of investment in favour of China, the takeover of European companies, especially those that manage strategically important infrastructure, and the increased activity of the Chinese armed forces in the international environment. Key words European Union, China, strategic competition, security challenges.
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Raimondi, Andrea, Daniel Buda, Sorin Cristian Niţă, and Maria Pistalu. "Tax governance: how the EU supports third countries." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2021-0092.
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Abstract This paper aims to provide an analysis of the legislative framework that regulates the inclusion of clauses on good governance in tax matters, in the agreements concluded between the European Union, with its Member States, and third countries. We provide a representation of the regulatory pathway from a set of standards on tax good governance according to the principles of transparency, exchange of information and fair tax competition towards a common EU external strategy for effective taxation. Agreements that the European Union has either in place or negotiating with countries and regions around the world are an excellent tool in fighting unfair trade practices and promoting international standards on good governance in the tax area, and set the basis for a fair competition in the economy of developing countries: a strong tax administration and institutions responsible for fighting illicit financial flows in developing countries can contribute to erase poverty and inequalities while promoting good governance and state-building.
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Horbal, Nataliya, Uliana Kohut, and Uliana Motorniuk. "Analysis of the competitiveness of the EU and its member countries." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2021, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.01.193.
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With the convergence of national markets of individual countries and the revival of globalization processes, international competition is growing not only among producers of goods and services, but also among regions and countries. There are a significant number of approaches to the analysis and improvement of countries’ competitiveness. Given Ukraine’s European integration pass, we consider the EU countries to be a key benchmark for its development. The EU, as a union of democratic European countries working together for peace and prosperity, must support a high competitiveness for both the Union as a whole and its member states in the face of increasing global competition. European integration has a significant positive impact on the development and competitiveness of the EU. However, in recent decades, it has deteriorated somewhat compared to global leaders due to dynamic changes in the international environment. As shown, EU countries (primarily the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Finland) occupy high positions in international rankings (Global Competitiveness Indexes of the WEF and IMD, Legatum Prosperity Index, ERT Benchmarking Report, Business Europe Reform Barometer), and especially sustainable development (SDSN Sustainable Development Index) etc. However, in a number of key areas, many EU countries and the Union generally lag behind world leaders. Today’s open and export-oriented European economy suffers from weak demand for investment and consumer goods, slow development of innovative and digital businesses etc. Instead, the EU is a global leader in achieving the goals of sustainable development. Experts primarily recommend strengthening the EU’s single market and supporting new technologies, while all European countries should increase productivity, which requires greater investment in critical infrastructure, innovative technologies, skills development and labor market efficiency. Оn the other hand, European companies should constantly take into account the global situation and dynamics and modernize their competition policy accordingly. Ukraine’s adoption of the best European experience of raising the competitiveness, taking into account the obtained conclusions, may be the subject of further research.
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Sramelova, Silvia. "Gas Insulated Switchgear Cartel in the Slovak Republic." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no. 13 (2016): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.13.10.
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The case of the Gas insulated switchgear (hereafter, GIS) cartel is well known to competition experts all over Europe. The cartel lasted for more than twenty years and affected competition on relevant markets in several countries. Following leniency applications submitted by one of its participants, the case was brought before several competition authorities in the European Union, including the European Commission and the Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic
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Bohle, Dorothee. "„Race to the bottom”? Die Dynamik der Konkurrenzbeziehungen in der erweiterten Europäischen Union." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 36, no. 144 (September 1, 2006): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v36i144.545.
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Over the last decades, competitiveness has become the major driving force of European integration. The EU polity has gained significant influence in reshaping domestic policies and institutions towards a more market oriented path. The supranational constraints on nation states are reinforced by an increasing locational competition. Eastern enlargement of the EU is often said to reinforce the locational competition, and to ultimately lead the EU into a downward spiral of social and economic standards. This article proposes a more nuanced view. It shows that in contrast to the race to the bottom argument, it is not the neoliberal Baltic States that exert the strongest competitive pressure within the EU, but rather the Visegrad countries, who, with their interventionistic states and their comparatively generous welfare states, are closer to the current form of European capitalism.
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Braja, Mirosława, and Janina Sawicka. "COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF POLISH FOOD PRODUCERS ON THE EUROPEN UNION MARKET IN THE POST-ACCESSION PERIOD." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2017.16.2.14.
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Processes and phenomenons that appear within world economy result in the increase of competition on lots of markets, including the food markets. This competition is won by the entities, sectors and countries that possess the advantages which create their competitiveness. Different types of food producers’ competitive advantages may be identified. Mostly pointed out are price advantages and quality advantages. The aim of this paper is to identify the sources of competitive advantages of Polish food producers on the European Union market that appeared within the period 2004–2016. The analysis covered 26 groups of products which were selected according to their significance for Polish agri-food export. The long-term observation let the Authors identify the dominating strategies of competing which were implemented by Polish food producers on the European Union market. Analysis was conducted with the Aiginger’s price-quality approach and was based on the data available within Eurostat Comext database.
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Engineer, Merwan H., Paul Schure, and Mark Gillis. "A positive analysis of deposit insurance provision: Regulatory competition among European Union countries." Journal of Financial Stability 9, no. 4 (December 2013): 530–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2013.10.001.
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Ambrosius, Gerold. "Regulierungswettbewerb im Deutschen Reich (1871–1914): Welche Erfahrungen sind für die Europäische Union relevant?" Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 5, no. 1 (February 2004): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2516.2004.00126.x.
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Abstract The question to what extent national regulations should compete or be harmonised within the European Union is important for the further process of integration. The past experiences of economically and politically integrated areas are neglected in this discussion. On the basis of an evolutionary concept of institutional competition this paper outlines how regulatory competition between the ‘Bundesstaaten’ of the German Empire of 1871 - in its political structure comparable with the European Union - and between the Empire and foreign countries performed up to First World War. The special case study deals with the regulation of food of wine, beer and meat, but the article tries to work out general hypotheses about institutional competition between different jurisdictions. Especially the limits of regulatory competition are brought out.
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RYBAK, Radosław. "Jaka jest rola Polski w kontaktach Unii Europejskiej z krajami byłego ZSRR?" Historia i Świat 3 (September 9, 2014): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2014.03.21.
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What is the role of Poland in contacts between the European Union and the countries of the former USSR? - The work was awarded the first prize in the competition commemorating the "10th anniversary of the accession of the Republic of Poland to the European Union" announced by the Institute of History and International Relations of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce.
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Frieden, Jeffry A. "Real Sources of European Currency Policy: Sectoral Interests and European Monetary Integration." International Organization 56, no. 4 (2002): 831–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081802760403793.
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In the thirty years before Economic and Monetary Union was achieved, European currency policies varied widely among countries and over time. In this article, I argue that the sectoral impact of regional exchange-rate arrangements, in particular their expected real effects on European trade and investment, exerted a powerful influence on the course of European monetary integration. The principal benefit of fixing European exchange rates was facilitation of cross-border trade and investment within the European Union (EU); the principal cost of fixed rates was the loss of national governments' ability to use currency policy to improve their producers' competitive position. Empirical results indeed indicate that a stronger and more stable currency was associated with greater importance of manufactured exports to the EU's hard-currency core, while depreciations were associated with an increase in the net import competition faced by the country's producers. This suggests a powerful impact of real factors related to trade and investment, and of private interests concerned about these factors, in determining national currency policies.
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Tutar, Hasan, Teymur Sarkhanov, and Nigar Guliyeva. "Eastern Mediterranean Area in Energy Security of The European Union: From Sea Border Issues to Economic Conflicts of Interest." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12602.
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The interdependence experienced on a global scale today has gained more importance with the increasing demand for energy resources. The situation of interdependence may cause various conflicts due to the differences in strategy between countries regarding access to energy resources. In this destructive competitive environment, hydrocarbons, especially natural gas, continue to be an essential means of competition as a strategic energy source. This situation makes the European Union and the countries that are the suppliers of the energy demand of the Union and the transition countries dependent on each other. This situation of interdependence makes energy resources the most important policy tool. Russia, one of the energy suppliers of European states, uses this advantage as an essential political pressure tool. European Union countries turn to alternative resources and areas to reduce dependency in the face of this situation. In recent years, the Eastern Mediterranean basin has been added to these areas. With the discovery of significant hydrocarbon resources in the Eastern Mediterranean, the importance of this region for European countries is increasing. However, this situation causes maritime border disputes and geopolitical conflicts between the countries of the region. This conceptual study emphasizes the solution of problems related to cross-border hydrocarbon resources and the extent to which natural gas reserves in the Eastern Mediterranean will be an alternative to Russian natural gas.Keywords: EU energy security, Eastern Mediterranean gas reserves, Sea border issues, Exclusive economic zoneJEL Classifications: P28, P48, K32.DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12602
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Stojanović, Boban, and Tanja Stanišić. "Sectoral State Aid in the European Union and the Western Balkan Countries." Economic Themes 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2015-0019.
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Abstract State aid aimed to certain market participants, especially some of its categories, carries a risk of distortion of competition. Therefore, it is necessary to control allocation of state aid and its direction from the sectoral objectives towards more justified horizontal objectives of allocating. This paper examines the practice of assigning sectoral state aid in the European Union and in the selected Western Balkan countries by using the methods of comparative and correlation analysis. The aim is to identify deviations and point out to the preferred ways of state aid allocation.
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Bašek, V., and J. Kraus. "Czech foreign agricultural trade after joining the European Union." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 12 (December 28, 2009): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/65/2009-agricecon.
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The objective of the paper is to assess how the Czech agricultural sector has withstood keen competition in the EU single market as measured by the basic indicators of foreign trade exchange. The impacts expressed by the indicators of active and/or adverse balance of trade were monitored for the post-accession period (the average of the years 2005–2007) in comparison with the pre-accession period (the average of the years 2001–2003). The assessment of the impacts of the accession to the EU is based on an analysis of the commodity and territorial structure of Czech agricultural foreign trade. The comparison of agricultural balance before and after the accession to the EU for our major trading partners shows that the active balance of the CR with Slovakia increased to 12.0 billion CZK per year; on the contrary, in relation to Poland, the trade deficit of 6.4 billion CZK per year was recorded while Germany strengthened its position in relation to the CR by an increase in the negative balance to 5.4 billion CZK and in relation to Austria, our adverse balance is maintained at the level of 1.1 to 1.2 billion CZK per year for a long time. After the accession to the EU, it was confirmed that the former EU 15 countries took a greater advantage of the customs union enlargement in the framework of the EU 27.
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Działo, Joanna. "State Aid in The European Union in the Period of the Economic Crisis." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, no. 1 (April 25, 2014): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0001.
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The global economic crisis has brought about the need for States’ involvement to rescue many business entities from bankruptcy, initially in the financial sector, and at a later stage of the crisis in the real economy. In the countries of the European Union, these measures take the form of state aid, which is specifically regulated as it bestows benefits on its beneficiaries and therefore violates the rules of market competition. Thus, the provision of state aid is controversial, since it potentially adversely affects the competition policy pursued in the EU. This paper aims to analyse and evaluate the volume of state aid granted in the EU countries during the economic crisis and its potential impact on the health of the economy and the public finance sector.
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Meyer, Brett. "Learning to Love the Government." World Politics 68, no. 3 (May 18, 2016): 538–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887116000058.
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One counterintuitive variation in wage-setting regulation is that countries with the highest labor standards and strongest labor movements are among the least likely to set a statutory minimum wage. This, the author argues, is due largely to trade union opposition. Trade unions oppose the minimum wage when they face minimal low-wage competition, which is affected by the political institutions regulating industrial action, collective agreements, and employment, as well as by the skill and wage levels of their members. When political institutions effectively regulate low-wage competition, unions oppose the minimum wage. When political institutions are less favorable toward unions, there may be a cleavage between high- and low-wage unions in their minimum wage preferences. The argument is illustrated with case studies of the UK, Germany, and Sweden. The author demonstrates how the regulation of low-wage competition affects unions’ minimum wage preferences by exploiting the following labor market institutional shocks: the Conservatives’ labor law reforms in the UK, the Hartz labor market reforms in Germany, and the European Court of Justice's Laval ruling in Sweden. The importance of union preferences for minimum wage adoption is also shown by how trade union confederation preferences influenced the position of the Labour Party in the UK and the Social Democratic Party in Germany.
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Puetz, Achim. "‘Extraterritoriality’ in European Law: Airfreight and Beyond." Air and Space Law 46, Issue 6 (November 1, 2021): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2021048.
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Air carriers operate, almost by definition, in an international environment. Under air services agreements (ASAs) concluded by European Union (EU) Member States with third countries, with or without the involvement of European institutions, many non-EU airlines offer flights to or from the Union. However, the correlative increase in competition has not only positive effects, e.g., a wider offer and more advantageous flight rates. The fact that the obligations imposed on – and, in general, the conditions applicable to – non-European carriers in their respective countries of origin are different from those that weigh on European airlines leads to situations in which EU and non-EU carriers do not compete on equivalent terms. Furthermore, anticompetitive behaviour on the part of the airlines cannot be ruled out. The question then is whether and to which extent European legislation is applicable to non-EU carriers, both in terms of competition law and sector-specific regulations. The present article aims at reviewing the current state of ‘extraterritorial’ application of European law, mainly from an antitrust perspective, and it does so on the basis of a thorough analysis of a case currently pending before the General Court (GC), where the jurisdiction of the Commission has been challenged precisely for sanctioning non-EU carriers for acts performed outside the Common Market. Carriage by Air, Competition law, Jurisdiction, Extraterritorial Application of European Law, Air Services Agreements
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Hrebeniuk, D. "The genesis of the European Parliament and its transformation to supra statehood." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 72 (November 16, 2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.5.
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The article examines the European Union as a unique association of European countries, which was created as an organizational form for political, economic and social cooperation between member countries, candidates for membership and partner countries that are not part of the union. The European Union symbolizes the diversity of nations and European cultures and aims to achieve peace and prosperity. Independent countries united for the sake of a common goal and sacrificed part of their sovereignty in order to become economically stronger, so it is not surprising that the official motto of the union is "unity in diversity".
The article pays special attention to the nature of the European Union, because de facto it is an international entity, it combines such features as supra-statehood and inter-statehood, but de jure it is neither one nor the other. The structure of the European Union includes institutions whose tasks are to realize the goals of this union, to serve its interests and the interests of its citizens, as well as to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of its policies. At the beginning of its creation, the European Union consisted of six countries and had a completely different name, namely the European Coal and Steel Association. Gradually, the subjects of this entity are deepening economic integration and creating a single market, we can also see that successively, partial management functions are moving to the supranational level and the number of future participants of the union is increasing. The evolution of the union takes place for the sake of economic development, through the opening of markets, which leads to an increase in production and, as a result, new working cities are created. With an increase in imports, competition increases and prices decrease and the quality of goods increases [1, р. 1].
This scientific work examines the formation of the legislative institution of the European Union, analyzes the cooperation of the European Parliament with other leading institutions, and also examines the regulatory and legal framework that influenced the transformation and reveals the nature of the European Parliament.
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Szczepaniak, Iwona. "DIFFERENTIATION OF FOOD PRICES BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIV, no. 1 (January 22, 2022): 268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7068.
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Poland’s accession to the European Union and the related opening of the Polish economy increased its dependence on global and regional phenomena. Domestic prices of food products began to be influenced by, among others, prices on external markets, mainly on the EU market. Phenomena characteristic of economic integration also occurred in other “new” Member States. The aim of the article is to present the differentiation of food prices between European Union countries, with particular emphasis on the process of convergence of prices, and to evaluate the competitive advantages of Polish producers on the EU food market. A comparative analysis of food prices was carried out for 27 EU Member States, additionally broken down into “old” and “new” EU Member States. The study covered the years 2010-2020. Eurostat data was the source of information. The method of descriptive and comparative statistics was used to evaluate the collected research material. As a result of the conducted analyzes, it was found that there is a large differentiation in food prices between individual countries of the European Union and the prices are clearly higher in “old” than “new” Member States. However, along with the progressing economic integration of individual markets with the EU market, there is a gradual alignment of domestic prices with EU prices. It was also shown that Polish food producers still had significant price advantages over competitors from other Member States. The ongoing process of food price convergence in the EU means, however, that they should actively seek new sources of competitive advantage.
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Tomaszewska, Monika. "In-Work Poverty: A Multi-Layered Problem across European Union Countries." Studia z zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej 29, no. 3 (October 20, 2022): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444654spp.22.028.16573.
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The article’s primary purpose is to present an understanding of in-work poverty by defining the mentioned phenomenon uniformly in all European Union countries and by demonstrating its main determinants. First of all, it is necessary to present a complex definition of the term in-work poverty and refer it to the concept of precarious work functioning in both the legal circuit and the literature. The analysis starts by presenting the existing indicators and measurements of this phenomenon as a basis for conclusions on legal, economic, and social conditions of in-work poverty. The critical role in this regard is attributed to labour law and social security regulations and their continuous changes caused by adapting to new forms of organizations of work and to expectations coming from market competition. The broad range of analyses of phenomena in the work-poverty results from studies delivered under a project of the same name “Working Yet Poor.” The project aims to examine the regulatory structures affecting the working conditions and to assess different aspects of regulations that can have a direct and indirect impact on the occurrence of this phenomenon.
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Mikita, József. "The European Research Area: in quest of the Lisbon goals." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 35 (October 20, 2009): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/35/2812.
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strong educational and scientific knowledge basie is one of Europe's traditional key assets that has made it possible for our continent to become world class in several research fields. Despite these great achievements, the position of the European research and technological development (RTD) potential is currently being challenged by a rapidly changing global competition, including the two main rivals, the US and Japan. The European Union (EU) is behind these countries as regards research and innovation output. Moreover, European research is faced with theimplications of globalisation of markets and industries, digitalisation and new technologies, as well as a need to address societal issues such as an ageing population or climate change.At the same time, the European Union (EU) is facing the uneven distribution of RTD capacities and excellence within its own borders, especially the EU12 countries are lagging behind in thisrespect.In order to meet this twofold challenge the EU has to step up its efforts for the creation of a legitimate "European Research Area" that will make the EU more competitive on the international scene, and also encourage the less developed EU member states to invest more and better into research and innovation.
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Iuniushkina, Anna Sergeevna, Tat'yana Ivanovna Pon'ka, and Kristina Alekseevna Shapovalova. "Competition of world powers in Central Asia." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2021): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2021.2.35715.
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This article explores the role of Central Asia in modern conditions, which significantly increases in geopolitical and geoeconomic aspect. Attention is given to the general security challenges of Central Asian countries, as this region requires the coordination of efforts of the leading global actors, as well as Central Asian countries themselves. Security issues associated with vulnerability of Central Asian countries to natural disasters and emergency situations that may occur as a result of territorial disputes, ethnic violence, drug trafficking, and terrorism prevention, fight against extremism underline the need for multilateral cooperation aimed at solution of general problems. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which changed the world political map, the newly formed Central Asian countries gave acquired statehood on the international arena. Namely during this difficult period, the Central Asian countries were forced to choose their own development path. Russia and China, to certain extent, have confirmed their presence in the region by creating the economic and military integration institutions with participation of Central Asian countries. Therefore, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of interaction between China and Russia in the post-Soviet Central Asia, their role in ensuring regional stability and economic growth. The article also examines the importance of studying the role of the United States and the European Union in Central Asia.
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MOŻGIN, Wiktor MOŻGIN. "THE THREE SEAS INITIATIVE – AN ASPECT OF CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION FOR DOMINANCE IN EUROPE." Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem 2(13)/2019, no. 2(13)/2019 (2019): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33674/20193.
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Today, Europe is a very dynamic area in which various processes of political, economic, military, and socio-cultural nature occur. One of these processes concerns the establishment in 2015 of the Three Seas Initiative, integrating the area of the countries that joined the European Community after 2004 with one exception, which is Austria, which belongs to the group of the so-called ‘Old Union’. The emergence of a new structure within the European Union has been negated from the very beginning by the most important entities in Europe and beyond because the Russian Federation also did not approve the establishment of the Three Seas Initiative, perceiving it as a direct threat to the implementation of its neo-imperial policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the establishment of the Three Seas initiative was dictated by many factors of historical, political, economic, and military nature. This article presents the issues related to the process of shaping the subjectivity of Central and Eastern European countries in the context of contemporary challenges caused by the economic crisis and the potential danger of the Russian Federation, which aims is to destabilize this region and pull it back into its sphere of influence. The role which played the Three Seas Initiative within the European Union is an issue that requires constructive analysis. This is possible by indicating the main reasons for establishing this structure and international processes that are implications of its functioning.
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Torp, Kristian, and Jakob B. Sørensen. "The Second Look in European Union Competition Law: A Scandinavian Perspective." Journal of International Arbitration 34, Issue 1 (February 1, 2017): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2017003.
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Under European Union (EU) law, arbitrators and national courts are obligated to apply, ex officio, EU competition law. Also according to EU law, any failure by an arbitral tribunal to apply such rules, or any erroneous interpretation or application hereof, constitute grounds for setting aside the subsequent award, if and when such measure is dictated by the Member State’s procedural rules. This article examines the relevant procedural rules in Denmark and Sweden based on two recent decisions by the national Supreme Courts. It concludes that under Scandinavian procedural law, courts will generally limit their inquiry to a superficial review of the premises of the award and will only reluctantly set aside an otherwise valid award based only on matters of merit. The main purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date analysis of the position of the Scandinavian courts, thus helping to ‘map’ the European arbitration landscape. Even so, we have attempted to include and contribute to a few of the main discussions concerning the landscape in which the decisions were rendered in the introductory section. In the last section, we build on the reasoning of the two Supreme Courts in order to propose a framework for understanding the interplay between national and EU law, at least in the Scandinavian countries.
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Mosimann, Nadja, Line Rennwald, and Adrian Zimmermann. "The radical right, the labour movement and the competition for the workers’ vote." Economic and Industrial Democracy 40, no. 1 (August 24, 2018): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x18780317.
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This article analyses the capacity of radical right parties to attract support from union members in recent elections in Western Europe. It is argued that unionized voters resist the appeals of the radical right better than non-union members. Using data from the European Social Survey 2010–2016, the article shows that union members are overall less likely to vote for the radical right than non-union members. Even though it is found that unionized working-class and middle-class voters are less likely to vote radical right than their non-unionized peers in the pooled sample, it is also observed that these subgroups of unionized voters and especially unionized working-class voters are not immune to radical right voting in all the countries analysed. The article thus indicates a growing capacity of the radical right to attract unionized working-class segments of the electorate in some countries and to directly compete with left parties for these voters.
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Juhász, Tímea, Botond Kálmán, Arnold Tóth, and Annamária Horváth. "Digital competence development in a few countries of the European Union." Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2022-0010.
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Abstract The first computers were made as early as in the 20th century, but the rapid development of digitalisation took place in the 21st century. Nowadays, Industry 4.0 has created a network connection between man and machines. Without computers and the Internet, the world is unthinkable. Digitalisation is pervading every part of our lives. Whether at work or in our leisure activities, digitalisation and the use of digital tools are present. The digital revolution was started by computers and is now an indispensable our lives, for example with the internet, mobile phones, cloud solutions and self-driving cars. It's no coincidence that digital competence is no longer an expectation, but an obligation for employers and employees alike. Several studies have undertaken to define digital skills; however, we can talk about a rather complex competence. The current study examines the question in the dimension of the European Union from a multitude of aspects. The authors use the DESI index and EU statistics on this topic to find correlations between digital potential, use of tools and the exploitation of opportunities offered by digitalisation in thirteen countries. The authors primarily examined the impact of the level of digital infrastructure and the frequency of Internet use on digital skills. It is outlined from statistics that Scandinavian countries have a leading role in the digital competition. Nevertheless, our results throw light on the individual level that digital skills forcefully improve during browsing on the internet, and practical activities have a significant role in development, which the authors named PMP.
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Zulkarnaen, Muhammad Jave. "EU ENLARGEMENT: TURKISH ACCESSION AND IDENTITY." DIA Jurnal Ilmiah Administrasi Publik 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/dia.v18i2.4381.
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Turkey is one of the most important countries for the EU because it has a strategic position in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and even the Middle East. The good relationship between Turkey and the EU is based on history such as war, diplomacy, trade, art, cuisine, to culture. For centuries, the relationship between the two marked the deep economic, cultural, artistic, and social cooperation between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers of the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. At the same time, conflict and competition create an identity perception among EU countries towards Turkey. This paper attempts to explain the identity of Turkey and the European Union and to determine whether the identity as cultural or political affected the Turkish application to be a member of the European Union.
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Krstić, Boro. "Concentrations of economic entities in the law of the European Union and their connection with the agricultural sector." Ekonomika poljoprivrede 67, no. 4 (2020): 1233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopolj2004233k.
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Purpose the paper should confirm that concentrations of economic entities, which perform agricultural or other activities, in addition to distorting competition, are frequent cases of competition protection on the European Union market. Methodology the paper uses dogmatic and normative method that highlights existing legal solutions and indicate the directions of de lege ferenda solutions and method of content analysis. Results Concentrations of business entities are playing an increasing role in the world economy and law. The process of globalization of international trade and increasing competition among businessmen, especially in the countries of the European Union, have contributed to this. Conclusions Concentrations of business entities are important in creating market monopolies and they represent means of protecting the global market. Recommendations an important aspect of the concentration is its compatibility with the global market, otherwise, the application of temporary measures is recommended in order to restore the previous state.
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Tayar, Violetta M. "Latin American regionalism and trade agreements with the European Union: experiences and approaches." RUDN Journal of Economics 29, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-2-413-425.
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The article deals with the issues of trade cooperation between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean region (LAC). The characteristics of interregional trade are presented, and trade interaction between the EU and the subregional blocks of the LAC is analyzed. The author shows that Latin American regionalism predetermines the EU's approaches to trade and economic cooperation with LAC. Despite the fact that Latin American integration format differs from the European model, the EU countries manage to maintain trade and economic relations with subregional associations and particular Latin American countries, despite the growing competition in this region from the United States and China.
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Dražić Lutilsky, Ivana, Sanja Broz Tominac, and Ivana Dražić Lutilsky. "Financial Services in the VAT System in the European Union and Croatia." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 7, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10033-012-0012-8.
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Abstract This paper presents differences in the VAT treatment of financial services. We investigated the treatment of financial services in the VAT system in EU countries as well as in Croatia, in order to reveal differences and improvement possibilities. The results show that there is a need for significant improvement in the VAT system, especially in Croatia. Furthermore, European Union countries have applied tax regulations since 1977. The research on the VAT treatment of financial services indicates that there is unequal application of tax exemptions and adverse tax competition in EU countries. Nevertheless, Croatia is still adjusting its legislation (the tax treatment of financial services) with EU provisions. Our paper thus provides a comparative analysis of the treatment of financial services in the VAT system in EU and Croatia that could be useful for the new consideration of the financial services position in the VAT system in Croatia.
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Andrieș, Alin, Nicu Marcu, Florin Oprea, and Mihaela Tofan. "Financial Infrastructure and Access to Finance for European SMEs." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103400.
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In this article we assess credit rationing across European countries by analyzing the impact of banking competition on the access to finance of firms. The importance of the financial sector in promoting the sustainable economy is recognized by the European Union, that has taken the lead in efforts to build a financial system that supports sustainable growth. However, it should be acknowledged that in highly competitive business environments, it is not easy to challenge the existing paradigms, since companies need to be profitable in addition to improving their environmental performance. Using data from European firms Survey on the Access to Finance of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), our results, using Probit regression, support the Market Power Hypothesis, outlining that more concentrated banking markets are characterized by higher levels of credit rationing. Also, our results reveal that small firms are more credit rationed compared to large firms. The analysis shows that financial constraints are stronger in the countries more affected by the financial crisis.
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ABUJANAH, Anwer Mohamed Ahmed. "THE NATURE OF COMPETITION IN US-EUROPEAN RELATIONS AND ITS DETERMINANTS." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 08 (November 1, 2021): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.8-3.22.
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Competition is among the pivotal features and it considered as one of he international interaction movement. Generally, relationships between all countries, such as relations between individuals, no matter how close and cooperative they face, are not without manifestations of competition and conflict that may take a peaceful structure, and even take the method of violence that sometimes reaches the degree of physical confrontation. Since the end of the Cold War, international competition has become an inevitable phenomenon that characterizes international relations due to the absence of an ideological counterfactual, and as a result of many of these forces owe the same ideology as the strongest powers on the international scene. It can be noticed that they are competing forces rather than conflicting forces. Characterized by the rules of management of international relationships between these most powerful features is competition feature , not the conflict. Accordingly, the phenomenon of international competition is an aspect of international dealings. In addition it is a dominant characteristic of most international transactions between several states, especially when it comes to the economic aspect, as the conflict of interests between states necessitates the supremacy of competition in international relations. The US-European relations are stated as other manifestations of interaction between countries and do not differ too much from other international relationships, as they have cases of competition despite the manifestations of cooperation and understanding between them in many life aspects towards various international issues, but the competition between them has its nature and specifics. This topic aims to identify the nature of competition in relations between the United States of America and the European Union countries in several vital regions of the world, most notably the Middle East and the African continent. Keywords: International Competition, International Relations, International Conflict, The Middle East.
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Rusu and Dornean. "The Quality of Entrepreneurial Activity and Economic Competitiveness in European Union Countries: A Panel Data Approach." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9020035.
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To increase competitiveness, a country has to outperform its competitors in terms of research and innovation, entrepreneurship, competition, and education. In this paper, we aim to test the relationship between the quality of entrepreneurial activity and the economic competitiveness for the European Union countries by using panel data estimation techniques. Our research considers a sample of 28 EU countries over the period 2011–2017. For the empirical investigation we apply panel data regression models. The results obtained show that business, macroeconomic environment and the quality of entrepreneurship are significant determinants of economic competitiveness of EU countries. Thus, we identify significant positive relations between innovation rate, inflation rate, FDI and economic competitiveness, and significant negative relations between expectations regarding job creation, tax rate, costs and competitiveness. Our study completes the literature by analyzing the relationship between the quality of entrepreneurship and the competitiveness of countries, for an extensive sample formed by all the 28 countries members of the European Union for a period of seven recent years.
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Kouba, Luděk, Michal Mádr, Danuše Nerudová, and Petr Rozmahel. "Policy Autonomy, Coordination or Harmonization in the Persistently Heterogeneous European Union?" DANUBE: Law and Economics Review 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/danb-2016-0004.
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Abstract Within the context of the continuing integration process in Europe, this paper addresses the question of whether policies in the EU should head towards autonomy, coordination or harmonization. Taking the path dependence effect into account, it is the authors’ opinion that Europe has gone too far in its integration process to be able to continue with policies being fully under the competences of individual member countries. However, the habitual question still arises: does fiscal policy need to be harmonized to a level comparable to monetary policy as these two policies, necessarily, complement each other? This paper argues that it does not. There are three main arguments discussed. Firstly, the authors build on the theory of fiscal federalism. Secondly, there are significantly different regimes of welfare states and extents of social policies among European countries, which strongly determine the character of public finance. And thirdly, the tax systems across Europe are also highly divergent, with many features of continuing tax competition.
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Vosejpková, M. "Approaches to the rural development problems in the European Union and in some of the Central and Eastern European countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 48, No. 4 (February 29, 2012): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5299-agricecon.
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Utilisation of regional policy helps to reduce disparities among regions. The approaches to solving these problems in the European Union differ from the approaches practised in Central and Eastern European countries. The development of rural areas in the European Union is realised through the principles of regional policy and its instruments, i.e. Structural Funds, in co-operation with the Common Agricultural Policy. The applied assistance from the Structural Funds is aimed at the objectively defined areas. The situation of countries with many socio-economic problems is reflected in the weak demographic structures of these regions. Solutions of the problematic situation can be found in implementation of the approach supporting the development of multi-functional agriculture and a broader social and territorial context of economic development in all adopted tools of rural development. The way of supporting diversification of the competitive rural economic structure based on encouraging new activities leads also through integrated programmes. Regional policy realisation in the CEECs depends on the institutional framework created in the dependence of the habits applied by the past political regime of the relevant country. The basic issue for the sustainable development of rural areas can be seen in diversification of agricultural activities, creation of small firms and development of tourism together with sustaining the countryside specifics.
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Parubochaya, Elena, and Anna Prygunkova. "The European Union’s Strategy for the South Caucasus Countries Within the Eastern Partnership Program: 20 Deliverables for 2020." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.16.
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Introduction. Due to the destabilization of the situation in the countries of the South Caucasus in 2020, the region is of particular relevance today. At the present stage, it is an object of geopolitical competition for numerous international actors: the Russian Federation, the United States of America, the European Union, the Republic of Turkey. The article examines the EU policy in the process of implementing the Eastern Partnership program as part of the European political strategy. In relation to the South Caucasus region, the interim results of the EU’s activities on the implementation of 20 deliverables for 2020 in relation to the states of the South Caucasus are analyzed. Methods. Comparative analysis makes it possible to give a comprehensive assessment of European policy in the region by identifying priority areas and development prospects by comparing the intermediate results of 20 deliverables for 2020 in the South Caucasus countries within the framework of their bilateral relations with the EU. Analysis. The analysis of the activities of the European Union in relation to the South Caucasus countries is associated with the determination of the prospects for the development of the European strategy in the region. The analysis included tracking the dynamics of the implementation of the 20 deliverables for 2020 in relation to Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, as well as options for developing a European strategy in the South Caucasus countries, taking into account the new policy in the context of the Eastern Partnership beyond 2020. Results. As a result of the analysis, the EU’s competitive advantages in the South Caucasus were determined by identifying areas in which the EU’s geopolitical interests intersect with other actors.
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Przygodzka, Renata. "The specificity of state aid in Poland in comparison with European Union countries." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 4(102) (2020): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.04.102.07.
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Purpose – The aim of the paper is to identify the directions and instruments of state aid (with the exception of agriculture and the transport sector) used in Poland and to identify their specificities in relation to other countries of the European Union. Research method – The achievement of the above purpose required the use of research methods such as the analysis of legal acts, the collection and analysis of secondary data and the processing of the collected factual material using descriptive statistical methods. The data source was The State Aid Scoreboard, together with a variety of reports from the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection. Results – In 2017, the amount of state aid in Poland was twice as high as the average indicator in the European Union (1.51% and 0.76% respectively). Regional development (27.3%) was the main beneficiary of its allocation, while environmental protection was 55.4% in the EU. A specific feature of state aid in Poland is its sustainability, which does not exist to a similar extent in other Member States. Originality /value – According to the author's knowledge, this is one of the unique research papers devoted to the problem of state aid, especially in the context of the indication of the specific characteristics of state aid in Poland against the background of the countries of the European Union.
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Lisenco, Vladlena. "Improving the practice of Competitive Strategies for the protection of Intellectual Property: the law and economics approach." Eastern European Journal for Regional Studies 7, no. 1 (June 2021): 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/2537-6179.7-1.09.
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The article contains analyze of the legal regulation of the protection of intellectual property rights and practice of competitive strategies for the protection of intellectual property using best legal practices of EU countries and Eurasian Economic Union. Legal confirmation of intellectual property right, in fact, means that the state realizes the importance of culture and progress for the preservation and development of society. Protection of the results of creativity, intellectual activity is associated with the protection of individual freedom, human rights. The features of the competitive environment and competitive mechanism in the innovation economy has been analyzed as well as influence of competition on the behavior of economic agents in the innovative economic system. The paper includes analyzes the logic and economics of non-competitive behavior of companies and states in the EU single market and examines the functions of the Directorate of the European Commission for Competition. The EU competition policy tools are flexible and that they take into account the most diverse interests of the single market. The policy of the Eurasian Union as a whole is aimed at the implementation by the member states of measures in competitive policy and contributes to the launch of joint research and industrial projects, allows to increase the competitiveness of products, reduce production costs, ensure joint access to the external market.
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Lee, Soo Hee. "Asian Regionalism: Competition and Co-operation Between Japan and the NIC’s." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 6, no. 2 (July 1995): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9500600204.
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The topic of regionalism, trading blocks, and the role of Asia is becoming increasingly debated among academics and policymakers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this topic from the viewpoint of co-operation and competition. Many of the Asian countries are “co-operating”, in the sense that they are forming certain blocks, such as APEC, in order to increase their bargaining position with the European Union and Nafta, and to encourage greater economic and business integration. At the same time, there is an increasing “competition”, between certain countries within Asia. A key part of this conflict, is between Japan, and the NIC’s, especially the two larger countries, South Korea and Taiwan. This paper will focus on the growing co-operation, mixed with competition and rivalry between Japan and these other Asian NIC’s.