Relevant bibliographies by topics / Competition laws

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Competition laws'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Competition laws"

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Zips, Werner. "Laws in Competition." Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 28, no. 37-38 (1996): 279–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1996.10756484.

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Yusuf, David. "Antitrust Laws and the Future of Market Competition." Journal of Modern Law and Policy 4, no. 3 (2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jmlp.2163.

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Purpose: The general objective of the study was to investigate antitrust laws and the future of market competition. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secon
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REGENS, JAMES L. "Environmental Laws and Global Competition." Chemical & Engineering News 67, no. 43 (1989): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v067n043.p039.

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Roach, Kent, and Michael J. Trebilcock. "Private Enforcement of Competition Laws." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 34, no. 3 (1996): 461–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.60082/2817-5069.1622.

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Kaushik, Prerna, Swagat Tripathy, Rishi Sharma, and Harish Dureja. "Anti-Monopoly and Competition Laws - Impact on the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry." Applied Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs 2, no. 3 (2015): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213476x0203160219101526.

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Background: Competition is a process of economic race between market participants to draw clients. The Indian competition law establishment is an early administration. Before the enactment of the Competition Act in May 2002, Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act was the active law that managed certain parts of the opposition. Objective: This manuscript highlights the purpose of competition laws for grappling with the monopolies and restrictive trade practices with a particular focus on pharmaceuticals. Conclusion The Competition Act highlights the main features of new competi
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N, Parmesh. "An Overview of Competition Laws in India." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-5 (2018): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd17151.

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Jashari, Adnan, and Egozone Osmanaj. "Comparative Analysis in Connection with the Prohibition of Anti-Competitive Agreements in Kosovo, North Macedonia and Albania." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 73, no. 1 (2023): 119–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.73.1.05.

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This study examines and analyzes anti-competitive agreements in Kosovo, North Macedonia and Albania. Also, it examines in some aspects the similarities and differences of the competition laws of the countries in question, with the competition law of the EU. It aims to achieve these basic objectives: to analyze the evolution of competition law in Kosovo, North Macedonia and Albania; to provide a clear analysis of the competition law of the countries included in the study, in terms of the prohibition of anti-competitive agreements; and compare it with the EU competition law; to analyze the behav
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Kerber, Wolfgang, and Oliver Budzinski. "Towards a Differentiated Analysis of Competition of Competition Laws." Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht 1, no. 4 (2003): 411–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zwer-2003-0402.

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Parmesh., N. "An Overview of Competition Laws in India." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 5 (2018): 1705–12. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd17151.

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The enactment of the Competition Act 2002 the Act , the principal legislation governing competition law in India, along with the establishment of the Competition Commission of India CCI 1 as its chief enforcement authority, has been one of the biggest game changers in the Indian regulatory space. The Act regulates markets in India with the objective of promoting and sustaining competition and, more importantly, protecting consumer interests. Akin to competition regimes in mature jurisdictions, India's competition law covers within its ambit the regulation of anticompetitive conduct, abuse
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Singh, Ruchi. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTI-TRUST LAWS IN U.S, U.K AND INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFRENCE TO HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANTI-COMPETITIVE AGREEMENTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 01 (2022): 671–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14090.

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This article focuses upon the conceptualization of the term competition and how competition in the present era has been a potent tool for encouraging economic development and socio-economic welfare rather than curbing monopolies only. The article shall be contextualised highlighting the facts related to the enactment of the Competition Laws in India, U.S and U.K and its actual implementation with special reference to horizontal and vertical anti-competitive agreements. The aim of the article is to do a comparative analysis between the provisions dealing with anti-competitive agreements in U.S.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Competition laws"

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Qianlan, Wu. "Competition laws, globalization and legal pluralism : China's experience." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535843.

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Dari, Teurai Thirdgirl. "A critical assessment of Zimbabwe’s anti-dumping laws." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6826.

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Doctor Legum - LLD<br>Anti-dumping measures, safeguards and countervailing measures are trade remedies within the context of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). More specifically, the imposition of anti-dumping measures is a remedial measure, which may be evoked when dumped imports cause or threaten to cause injury to the domestic market. Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) defines dumping as a situation where products of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products, and causes or threatens material in
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Banfi, Cristián Antonio. "Competition and other intentional economic torts : a comparison of English and Chilean laws." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270407.

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Bulbul, Asli. "Civil Law Claims On The Enforcement Of Competition Rules: A Comparative Study Of Us, Eu And Turkish Laws." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608035/index.pdf.

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Private enforcement, which primarily represents individuals&rsquo<br>right to claim damage arisen from violations of competition law, supplements public enforcement and ensures indemnification of individual loss. However, private enforcement of competition law has fallen behind public law enforcement in laws presented in this study, other than those enforced in the USA. Realizing this fact, European Commission, has recently focused on the enhancement and facilitation of private enforcement in the Community competition law. The lagging behind of private enforcement mainly sources from the cultu
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Demoures, Gaël. "Etude critique et théorique de l'application des mécanismes du droit de la concurrence du Canada et de l'Union européenne aux brevets technologiques : théorie des organisations." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80915.

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The relationship between patent and competition is rather complex. Whereas both sets of rules contribute to the same objective, i.e. consumer welfare and economic growth, their means collide. Patent laws create and protect monopolies while competition laws seek to limit their influence or even oppose their occurrence. However, since technological development is a financially risky process, it needs to be secured through a strong rewarding monopoly. Neo-classical theory has been so far the cornerstone of competition law. It is driven by a view of the market where price equilibrium and ma
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Hoffman, Sára Gabriella [Verfasser]. "Regulation of Cloud Services under US and EU Antitrust, Competition and Privacy Laws / Sára Gabriella Hoffman." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2016. http://d-nb.info/112200432X/34.

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Darr, Amber. "Parallel pasts, divergent destinies : a comparative analysis of transferring and implementing competition laws in India and Pakistan." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10043349/.

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In this thesis, I compare the impact of processes through which India and Pakistan adopted their competition laws, on the subsequent implementation of these laws in the countries. To this end, I construct a theoretical framework by integrating principles from Legal Transplant, Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer and Development Economics literatures, which allows for the examination of the adoption process from deliberation to formal adoption through to the implementation stage, in a single continuum. I also develop a typology of mechanisms through which laws may be transferred, particularly
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Cerioni, Luca. "International competition in corporate taxation and company laws within the European Community : the quest for a supranational solution." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410789.

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Walsh, Jacqueline Susan. "The future of the small software firm : a case for the proper balance of laws protecting software and competition." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27922.

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The software industry is a significant economic driver of innovation for many sectors in both the US and EU. Small software firms make important contributions to innovations that advance the progress of technology. Using the competitive principles of fostering innovation, ensuring economic efficiency and promoting consumer welfare, this paper examines how intellectual property laws and competition policy in both the US and the EU are undermining the future success of the software industry. In software sectors, the small software firm is faced with insurmountable challenges due to the improper
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Elmirzaev, Furkat. "The relationship between general competition laws and sector-specific regulations in the natural gas sector in the European union and UKraine." Thesis, University of Essex, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536978.

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Books on the topic "Competition laws"

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Julian, Maitland-Walker, ed. Competition laws of Europe. 2nd ed. LexisNexis UK, 2003.

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Carla, Hamburger, Goyder Joanna, and Baker & McKenzie., eds. Competition laws of Europe. Baker & McKenzie, 1993.

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Julian, Maitland-Walker, ed. Competition laws of Europe. Butterworth, 1995.

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Jiarui, Cheng, Liu Lawrence S, and Wang Zhigang, eds. International harmonization of competition laws. M. Nijhoff, 1995.

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1955-, Harris H. Stephen, and American Bar Association. Section of Antitrust Law., eds. Competition laws outside the United States. Section of Antitrust Law, American Bar Association, 2001.

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Fanelli, Michael J. Competition laws outside the United States. 2nd ed. Edited by American Bar Association. Section of Antitrust Law. Section of Antitrust Law, American Bar Association, 2011.

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(South), Korea. Fair trade laws & regulations, 1996. Korea Fair Trade Commission, 1996.

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Yang-Ching, Chao, and Gong ping jiao yi wei yuan hui (China)., eds. International and comparative competition laws and policies. Kluwer Law International, 2001.

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Von Kalinowski, Julian O., 1916-, ed. Competition laws of the Pacific rim countries. M. Bender, 1988.

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Facey, Brian A. Competition and antitrust laws in Canada: Mergers, joint ventures and competitor collaborations. LexisNexis Canada, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Competition laws"

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Nahler, Gerhard. "competition laws." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine. Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_254.

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Unoki, Ko. "The extraterritorial application of competition laws." In Competition Laws, National Interests and International Relations. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429326851-5.

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Gómez-Altamirano, Daniela. "China–Mexico Trade Disputes: Fear of Competition?" In Laws in Emerging Economies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46425-0_7.

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Unoki, Ko. "The development of competition laws and a hypothesis." In Competition Laws, National Interests and International Relations. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429326851-2.

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"Cartel laws are good for business." In Competition Policy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511522055.004.

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Ezrachi, Ariel. "3. The goals and scope of competition and antitrust laws." In Competition and Antitrust Law: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198860303.003.0004.

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‘The goals and scope of competition and antitrust laws’ evaluates the goals and scope of competition and antitrust laws. Competition laws seek to protect the competitive process in the marketplace from companies that seek to distort it. By safeguarding free and fair markets, competition laws promote consumer welfare as well as efficiencies in the marketplace. While key competition law principles are similar across the world, competition laws are not internationally uniform, but are instead customized by each jurisdiction. A comparison can be made between US Federal Antitrust Law and the EU com
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Gustafsson, Leif. "Competition." In Business Laws in the Nordic Countries. Brill | Nijhoff, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004639799_020.

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Mestmäcker, Ernst-Joachim. "Maintaining Competition." In International Harmonization of Competition Laws. Brill | Nijhoff, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004640238_008.

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Gerber, David J. "Other Competition Laws: Shaping Factors." In Competition Law and Antitrust. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198727477.003.0010.

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This chapter identifies factors that shape all competition law regimes. These “shaping factors” serve as guideposts that highlight relevant information about a regime (“here’s where to look”) and point to the most valuable questions to ask for understanding it. These include, for example: size, openness, and technological capacity of the economy; political and bureaucratic contexts of competition law; importance of the “rule of law”; and ideologies, culture, and religion, and global role of the state. A particularly influential shaping factor can create similarities among competition law regim
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Ezrachi, Ariel. "6. Who enforces the law?" In Competition and Antitrust Law: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198860303.003.0007.

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‘Who enforces the law?’ identifies who enforces competition and antitrust laws. In most countries, competition and antitrust laws can be utilized by the public enforcer (the competition agency) that is tasked with maintaining a competitive environment, or by private entities that use the competition provisions to protect their commercial interests, or to claim damages for loss caused by violation of competition law. In the US, at the federal level, two agencies share responsibility for competition enforcement. These are the Federal Trade Commission’s Bureau of Competition (FTC) and The Antitru
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Conference papers on the topic "Competition laws"

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Göktepe, Hülya. "Competition Policy and Competition Law in Turkey and Russia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00690.

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Competition law provides the formation and protection of free competition. Modern market economy is the basis of the principle of free competition. Free competition provides an effective utilization of resources, price goes down, saving to reduce costs, find new technologies and their use in production. Desired markets, although a perfect competition market, because of market failures rather than the ideal situation monopolies, cartels can occur. At this stage, competition policies become important because they provide an efficient resource allocation, and constitutes an important element in r
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Göktepe, Hülya. "Globalization, Competition and Competition Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00479.

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The growth of competition law in recent years has been enormous throughout the world. This development of competition law is certainly influenced by globalization. Also, with the impact of privatization and liberalization in the last decade competition law has turned out to be a major concept in developing economies. Competition law provides the formation and protection of free competition. Modern market economy is the basis of the principle of free competition. Free competition provides an effective utilization of resources, price goes down, saving to reduce costs, find new technologies and t
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Kocev, Ljuben. "Establishment of Effective Mechanisms for Private Enforcement of Competition Law in the Republic of North Macedonia – An Inevitable Step for the Near Future, or an Elusve Fiction?" In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2023.0021.

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Competition law plays a crucial role in the efficient functioning of the free market economy. It aims to deter potential infringers, detect anticompetitive behavior, sanction those behaviors, and finally, compensate the affected parties of these behaviors. Historically, competition law has been used predominately as a deterrent mechanism, and only if violations are detected, as a mechanism to sanction the wrongdoers. Compensation of victims has played a secondary role. However, in the past decade, there were many scandals such as Dieselgate, Cambridge Analytica, and Ryanair's mass cancellation
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Butorac Malnar, Vlatka, Mihaela Braut Filipović, and Antonija Zubović. "RETHINKING UNFAIR TRADING PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN: THE CROATIAN PERSPECTIVE." In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18812.

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In recent years, the need for a systematic and harmonised way of preventing unfair trading practices (hereinafter UTPs) in the food supply chain has intensified at the European level due to many diverging national legislative solutions. These efforts resulted in the Directive 2019/633 on unfair trading practices (UTPs) in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. Croatian UTPs Act, enacted already in 2017, was just amended to conform with the requirements of the named Directive. Generally speaking, the UTPs Act sets out rules and measures to prevent the impo
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Antonović, Ratomir. "MODERN SERVICES MARKET." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 1. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko1.017a.

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The starting premise of this paper is the fact that today services and the service sector represent the main factor of the modern economy. The service sector is rapidly developing and growing, with a constant tendency of growth and development. A special branch of the economy is developing, the so-called service economy, with significant implications for economic growth and development and the constitution of economic policy. With the development of the service economy, there is also the growth and development of the service society, and the service society is the same as the modern society, b
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Lee, Ricky J. "Domestic Laws and Policies on Private Launch Services and their Effects on Competition in the Global Market." In 57th International Astronautical Congress. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-06-e3.2.07.

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Kuznetsova, Tatiana V. "Architecture of institutional information retrieval instruments and ways to integrate them into the STI state and interstate networks." In The status and prospects for interstate system of scientific and technical information: Proceedings of the second international scientific and practical conference. Russian National Public Library for Science and Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.33186/978-5-85638-295-1-2024-31-36.

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Skyrocketing technologies dictate the need for the market domination of the innovative products. Searching for the niche imposes civilized competition in the national and global markets. The patented technological solutions protected by the national law give the advantage and promise success, while ignoring national patent laws cripples businesses and harms companies’ reputation. The entrepreneurs increasingly need the integrated service and tools to search and use patent and law information that can be delivered by the libraries. The patent legal information has its specific character, inform
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B. Farias, Gabriel, Marcos R. O. A. Máximo, and Rubens J. M. Afonso. "Requirements Derivation for RoboCup Small Size League Robot." In Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1544.

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This work develops a method for deriving requirements for the goalkeeper of the robot soccer competition RoboCup Small Size League (SSL) using Monte Carlo simulation. Initially, an overview of the SSL competition is presented and related works are shown. Then, the parameters of interest are selected and the developed method is discussed. Afterwards, different models and control laws are designed to simulate the goal defense performance for different parameter values. Finally, the data generated is analyzed and a set of requirements for the mobile robot is selected. Lastly, the method utility i
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White, Darris L., J. E. McKisson, William C. Barott, Craig Czlapinski, Michael Kuss, and Vincent Sabatini. "Simulation, Analysis and Systems Engineering of a Hybrid-Electric Race Car." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54271.

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For the past two years, Embry-Riddle has participated in the SAE Formula Hybrid competition. As part of the competition, a team of students analyze, design, and build a fully functional hybrid-electric race car. As an academic competition, the event is designed to allow a wide variety of system configurations and fuel choices. In order to optimize the vehicle characteristics, simulate vehicle performance, and build control laws, the design team created a Simulink model of the race car. As a recently created design competition, the SAE Formula Hybrid event offers an opportunity for both design
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Баймолдаева, М. Т., та Н. К. Абдигалиева. "ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКИЕ РИСКИ В РК". У Proceedings of the XXVII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25032021/7469.

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It is legally established that entrepreneurial activity is risky, that is, the actions of entrepreneurs in the conditions of established market relations, competition, the functioning of the entire system of economic laws cannot be calculated and implemented with complete certainty. Many decisions in entrepreneurial activity have to be made in conditions of uncertainty, when it is necessary to choose a course of action from several possible options, the implementation of which is difficult to predict.
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Reports on the topic "Competition laws"

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Levine, Ross, Chen Lin, Lai Wei, and Wensi Xie. Competition Laws and Corporate Innovation. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27253.

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Levine, Ross, Chen Lin, and Wensi Xie. Competition Laws, Governance, and Firm Value. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28908.

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Ding, Wenzhi, Ross Levine, Chen Lin, and Wensi Xie. Competition Laws, Norms and Corporate Social Responsibility. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27493.

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Wong, Sara, and Marjan Petreski. Competition Law and Regulations: Productivity Impacts in Latin American Manufacturing Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013363.

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This paper investigates the effects of competition laws and regulations on manufacturing firms productivity in Latin American countries (LACs), addressing a gap in existing research. Leveraging firm-level panel data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys across 14 LAC economies and competition law indicators from the Comparative Competition Law initiative, the study employs total factor productivity (TFP) measures to analyze the effects of competition laws on manufacturing productivity through key mediators: firm size, distance to the frontier, and broader institutional arrangements. Utilizing
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Stucke, Maurice E. AI, Antitrust & Privacy. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36687/inetwp236.

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Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping how companies profile individuals, create and target ads, and influence behavior—often in ways that undermine privacy, autonomy, and democracy. This article explores a critical but overlooked question: how AI affects the relationship between competition and privacy. Increased competition in the AI supply chain may seem like a solution to Big Tech’s dominance, but when firms are rewarded for surveillance and manipulation, more competition can actually make things worse. Drawing on recent market trends and twenty state privacy laws, the Articl
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Durovic, Mateja, and Franciszek Lech. A Consumer Law Perspective on the Commercialization of Data. Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.64577.

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Commercialization of consumers’ personal data in the digital economy poses serious, both conceptual and practical, challenges to the traditional approach of European Union (EU) Consumer Law. This article argues that mass-spread, automated, algorithmic decision-making casts doubt on the foundational paradigm of EU consumer law: consent and autonomy. Moreover, it poses threats of discrimination and under- mining of consumer privacy. It is argued that the recent legislative reaction by the EU Commission, in the form of the ‘New Deal for Consumers’, was a step in the right direction, but fell shor
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Claro de la Maza, Jorge, and Roberto Camblor. Government Procurement and Free Trade in the Americas. Inter-American Development Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008614.

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Governments in many countries -at all levels of development- struggle with increasing budget deficits and soaring national debts. Over the last century, government spending, as a percentage of gross domestic product has tended to increase and with it has increased the range of services offered by governments and the volume of public procurement resulting from it. The growth in public procurement has been accompanied by a growth in public procurement legislation. As the public sector grew, a need made itself to seek assistance form the private sector to provide public services on a contractual
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Correa, Carlos M. Intellectual Property and Competition Law. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20080820.

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9

Albanesi, Stefania, António Dias da Silva, Juan F. Jimeno, Ana Lamo, and Alena Wabitsch. New technologies and jobs in Europe. Banco de España, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/33414.

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Abstract:
We examine the link between labour market developments and new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and software in 16 European countries over the period 2011-2019. Using data for occupations at the 3-digit level in Europe, we find that on average employment shares have increased in occupations more exposed to AI. This is particularly the case for occupations with a relatively higher proportion of younger and skilled workers. This evidence is in line with the Skill-Biased Technological Change theory. While there is heterogeneity across countries, very few countries show a decline
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Busso, Matías, Santiago Levy Algazi, and Maria Victoria Fazio. (In)Formal and (Un)Productive: The Productivity Costs of Excessive Informality in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011401.

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The laws that regulate relations between firms and workers in Mexico distinguish sharply between salaried and non-salaried workers, and they are at the root of the existence of informality. This paper provides a clear definition of informality, distinguishing it from illegality. Using Mexico's Economic Census, the paper shows that the majority of firms are informal but legal, that there are more small formal firms than large ones, and that some large firms are informal. It also shows that informality and illegality increased in the period 1998-2008. Using a simple model of monopolistic competi
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