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Reavely, R. Scott. "A theology of competition." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.
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Parker, Linda L. "Competition and Academic Entitlement." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3409.
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In a university or college setting, academic entitlement occurs when a student thinks that he or she may deserve an acknowledgement that has not been earned. By understanding the potential contributions, negative effects on the student, faculty, and administration can be avoided. Using the social learning theory and cognitive evaluation theory as the framework, the purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between competition, an activity in which only one or several will win a contest or accolade. Amazon's Mechanical Turk was used for the recruitment of 552 students residing in the United States, from freshman to doctorate level. Academic entitlement was the dependent variable, while competition was the independent variable. Gender, year in school and ethnicity were covariates and a multiple regression was used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed a positive relationship between competition and academic entitlement. There was a negative relationship between the year in school and academic entitlement, while there was no significant relationship between year in school and competition. There was no significant gender difference in the level of academic entitlement or competition by gender. Finally, there was no significant difference in level of academic entitlement, competition, and ethnicity. This study contributes to positive social change by helping faculty, administration, and parents to assist students in avoiding academic entitlement behaviors, which on a long-term level can have a negative impact on the all stakeholders. Faculty, administration, parents, and students can use this study as a way to discuss specific ideas for helping the student avoid academic entitlement.
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Hoffman, Janet Andron. "Competition in mothers of toddlers /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1993. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11537814.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1993.Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Annette Axtmann. Dissertation Committee: John Broughton. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 260-266).
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Griffiths, Robert Peter. "Cyber athletes identification, competition, and affect implication /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180009007.
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Renwick, R. M. "Competition with friends : Perceptions, accounts, and expectations." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371065.
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Alexander, Tim. "Cue competition between shapes in human spatial learning." Thesis, University of Hull, 2009. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:2175.
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In many species, including humans the basic ability to move to a goal is essential to survival. Central to understanding how this ability operates in the cognitive systems of humans and other animals is whether learning about spatial relationships follows the same principles as learning about other kinds of contingent relationships between events. In non-spatial contingent relationships, learning about one stimulus can influence learning about other stimuli. For example, in blocking, learning that cue-A predicts an outcome can reduce learning about a subsequently added cue-B that is paired with cue-A when both cues predict the same outcome (Kamin, 1969). To the extent that spatial learning operates according to similar principles to other forms of contingency learning, spatial cues that can be used to locate a goal should also compete with each other. Failure to find blocking between spatial cues that can be used to locate a goal would be consistent with an alternative account of how spatial knowledge is acquired and used: one that assumes a quite different learning mechanism. For example, the hypothesis of locale learning assumes that a cognitive map of the environmental layout is automatically updated when cues are added or removed from the environment (O'Keefe and Nadel, 1978). Automatic updating implies that added or removed cues will be processed irrespective of what is learned about other cues, rather than competing with or otherwise interacting with those other cues. A second, related, hypothesis is that the geometric properties of the environment are processed in an independent module that is impervious to cue competition from non-geometric features (Cheng, 1986; Gallistel, 1990). This hypothesis implies that geometric cues within the module are also immune to competition from each other. In the current experiments, evidence for blocking of goal location learning was investigated in virtual environments (VEs) in which the presence or absence of large-scale structures can be manipulated. Experiment 1 found that an irregular-shaped flat-walled enclosure blocked learning about a landmark subsequently placed within its boundaries, providing preliminary evidence that shape may not be processed in a specialised module. However, many participants appeared not to be using shape to locate the goal. In the remaining experiments, spatial cues were large-scale 2D shapes presented on the ground which ensured that participants perceived overall shape. Experiments 2 and 3 found no evidence of blocking between shapes when these stimuli were presented in the context of minimal "auxiliary" cues. When additional auxiliary stimuli were presented throughout learning in Experiment 4, a direction consistent with blocking was found, but the effect was not statistically significant. In Experiments 5 and 6 a clear blocking effect was found under circumstances that suggested that the critical variable to finding blocking was the number of irrelevant shapes present either during training or at test. Experiment 7 confirmed that, rather than the test conditions, the presence or absence of stimuli during one or both training phases was the crucial variable in promoting blocking. Experiment 8 investigated the hypothesis that an initial process of learning to ignore irrelevant shapes in phase 1 is a requirement for blocking of learning. In the absence of auxiliary cues in phase 1, blocking was not found. The implications of these outcomes are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of specialised geometric processing, changes in attention, and the conditions of discrimination learning.
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Roy, Rosanne. "Gender differences in the dynamics of group competition." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36697.
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The current study explored gender differences in groups of boys and girls in a limited resource context. Forty same-sex groups of four children from kindergarten and grade four were observed during sessions in which groups played first with two different toys and then two different games. The toy and game sessions were constructed so children had to negotiate for a scarce resource (attractive toy and game winner's certificate). In the case of one of the toys the end of a player's turn was obvious to group members (explicit turn-taking toy), in the case of the other toy the end of a turn was not obvious to group members (nonexplicit turn-taking toy). Resource use (time with toy), group variability in resource use, positive affect and self-report measures were collected. Results of the toy sessions revealed both genders were very similar on all the measures; however, girls were significantly more likely to have greater group variance in distributing the nonexplicit turn-taking toy. The two games, one competitive and one noncompetitive, involved players trying to reach a finish line. For the competitive game, only one player could win, but for the noncompetitive game all players could win. During both games, a player could potentially interfere with another player's goal to win. Resource use (interfering), group variability in resource use, positive affect and self-report measures were collected. Results of the game sessions revealed both genders were very similar on all measures, however, during the competitive game, girls were more likely to have greater group variance in interfering. The results are discussed in terms of considering aspects of the context when investigating gender differences in competition.
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Otterholt, Kris K. "Fact or Fiction: The Home Advantage in Athletic Competition." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/751.
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Home field advantage remains one of the least understood phenomenon in sports. Much effort has been put into testing the different components that contribute to the phenomenon, but a clear explanation is lacking. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a better understanding of home field advantage by analyzing previous literature and experiments on the topic. The paper will also organize the major components involved in home field advantage by updating Courneya and Carron’s conceptual framework. The paper will explain the importance of studying the topic and will highlight significant experiments that have produced contradictory results. Lastly, the paper will focus on the critical psychological states of the competitors, as it remains the least understood component of the aggregate study.
Keywords: home advantage, athletic competition, Courneya and Carron
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Dixon, Wallace E. Jr. "Toward an Attention-Competition Model of Temperament-Language Relationships." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4932.
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Oxford, Jonathan K. Geary David C. "Testosterone and cortisol in coalitional competition." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5728.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 2, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. David C. Geary. Includes bibliographical references.
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Apfelbaum, Keith S. "Real-Time Competition Processes in Word Learning." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4813.
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Perceptual processes take time to unfold. Whether a person is processing a visual scene, identifying the category an object belongs to, or recognizing a word, cognitive processes involving competition across time occur. These ongoing competitive processes have been ignored in studies of learning. However, some forms of learning suggest that learning could occur while competition is ongoing, resulting in the formation of mappings involving the competing representations. This dissertation uses word learning as a test case to determine whether such learning exists. In a series of five experiments, participants were taught words under different stimulus and task conditions to encourage or discourage learning during periods of lexical competition. These studies reveal a complex relationship between ongoing lexical competition processes and word learning. Specifically, in cases where learners rely on unsupervised associative learning, they present evidence of learning that is continuous in time, starting during periods of lexical competition and continuing throughout the course of its resolution. These studies offer insight into the nature of associative learning, into the forms of learning that occur when learning new words, and into the ways that task and stimulus structure impinge on how a learner forms new associations.
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Goodby, Carol-Sue McDonald 1958. "THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION ON WEIGHT LOSS AT THE WORKSITE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276670.
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Moore, Thomas C. "A competition module for a small business management class." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2008. http://165.236.235.140/lib/TMoore2008.pdf.
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Barker, Jason Eric. "Semantic and phonological competition in the language production system." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279870.
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At its most basic level, a model of language production must describe the processes involved in a real time mapping from a conceptual notion of what is to be said onto a well formed string of sounds that can then be communicated to others. In the tradition of looking at the distributions of speech errors as a window into the architecture of the language production system, investigations of experimentally elicited number agreement errors have provided a useful paradigm for gathering production data. Any time two words within an utterance vie for control of the form of a third word in that utterance, these two words can be said to be in competition for control of the third word. By investigating the factors governing this competition, we can infer constraints on the cognitive architecture of the language production system as a whole. The present dissertation presents five studies on experimentally elicited speech errors, specifically, errors of number agreement between subjects and verbs. Experiments one, two and three investigate the role of semantic factors in the agreement process by manipulating the animacy of the nouns within the complex subject, their degree of semantic overlap, and the plausibility of their relationship with the sentence predicate, respectively. Experiments four and five investigate the role of phonological factors by manipulating the phonological overlap and surface frequency of the nouns within the complex noun phrase. Results indicate that while semantic factors can readily influence the computation of agreement, phonological factors do not. However, only lexical level semantic information (animacy, semantic overlap) appears to play a role, sentence level semantics (plausibility) show no effects. Overall, results converge with previous work suggesting that the flow of information through the production system is incremental, and that there is minimal feedback between phonological processes and semantic or syntactic levels of processing. Results did diverge from previous work in that we propose that feedback may in fact be necessary between conceptual and lexical-semantic levels of processing. In addition, our results argue for an activation based model of the agreement process itself.
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Ferguson, Robert J. "Expectation discrepancy and attribution : mediational factors of sport competition anxiety." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/562773.
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The purpose of the present study is to extend past outcome-dependent models of Sport Competition Anxiety (SCA) to include attribution theory as an appraisal process of past performance outcome. It was hypothesized that unstable causal attributions for past unexpected performances would lead to uncertain expectations of future performance and subsequent SCA. Sixty-three male subjects were assessed for initial expectations of how they would perform in a cycling task, i.e., high and low, in which each subject received false feedback about his performance (success or failure). After completing the task, subjects completed questionnaires assessing the discrepancy between expected and actual outcome, attributions for past performance (Causal Dimension Scale), expectation for future performance, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which measures state cognitive and somatic anxiety and state self-confidence. Contrary to predictions, results indicated that attribution did not mediate SCA, but rather attributions were made systematically in response to success and failure and not unexpected outcome. However, path analysis carried out on a modified model of SCA that includes outcome and expectations of future performance, indicated that somatic anxiety and state self-confidence are mediated by expectation of future success. The findings are discussed in terms of attribution theory and other cognitive constructs (e.g., self-schemata and efficacy expectations) that might have an impact on attributional patterns that lead to performance expectations and SCA. It is noted that because only male subjects were used, generalizability to female competitors may not be appropriate due to differences in sport socialization.Department of Psychological Science
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Cooke, Andrew Michael. "Effects of competition on performance, and the underlying psychophysiological mechanisms." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1125/.
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This thesis investigates potential psychophysiological mechanisms to explain the effects of competition on performance. In the first experiment novice participants undertook a golf putting task under varying levels of competitive pressure. Fewer putts were holed with increased competitive pressure. Mediation analyses revealed that effort, muscle activity and lateral clubhead acceleration were responsible for the decline in performance. In the second experiment, expert golfers completed a putting task under varying levels of competitive pressure. Results indicated that increased competitive pressure improved performance, in terms of how close putts finished to the hole. Mediation analyses revealed that effort and heart rate partially mediated improved performance. In the third experiment, participants undertook a handgrip endurance task in competitive and non-competitive conditions. Results indicated that endurance performance was greater during competition. Enjoyment fully mediated whereas effort and heart rate variability partially mediated the effects of competition on performance. In the final experiment, participants undertook a handgrip endurance task in individual and team competitions. Endurance performance was better during team competitions. Mediation analyses revealed that enjoyment and effort mediated the effects of competition on performance. These findings are discussed in relation to processing efficiency, reinvestment, and enjoyment-based theories of the competition–performance relationship.
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Watling, Rosamond. "Attentional competition between visual stimuli in healthy individuals and neurological patients." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2010. http://research.gold.ac.uk/6598/.
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In the rich and complex visual environment that surrounds us, visual stimuli compete for attention in a limited capacity perceptual system (Broadbent, 1958; Duncan, 1980; Treisman, 1969). In this competition, the winners reach perceptual awareness and the losers are disregarded and fail to reach awareness (Ward, Goodrich & Driver, 1994; Mattingley, Davis & Driver, 1997). Theories of visual attention can be guided and informed by the study of brain damaged patients who show specific impairments in attending to visual stimuli, in particular visual extinction, commonly following right hemisphere damage and resulting in an inability to perceive a contralesional stimulus when it appears with a simultaneous ipsilesional item, but no such impairment when it appears alone. The studies reported in this thesis created an extinction-like pattern of errors in healthy volunteers using a bottom-up (stimulus- driven) paradigm when a simple task of detection was employed. When a more demanding task of stimulus identification employed, both in bottom-up and top-down (cueing) paradigms, a rarely previously described pattern of anti-extinction was observed, in which perception of a weaker item was facilitated (rather than impaired) by a simultaneous ‘stronger’ item in the display. Extinction and anti-extinction were then explored in brain damaged patients. A novel ‘attentional waiting’ hypothesis was discussed, which proposes that extinction and anti-extinction may be part of the same attentional mechanism where the latter manifestation may be observed in larger proportion of patients showing extinction if duration of stimuli is increased.
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Chung, Pui-kei Gloria, and 鍾珮琪. "The effects of competition on students' self-efficacy in modeling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4558896X.
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Trifonova, I. V. "Investigations of lexical competition and repeated letter effects in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/114483/.
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The present work explores two different effects in orthographic processing in visual word recognition. The first part is motivated by the lexical competition hypothesis which suggests that the process of recognizing a word is mediated by competitive mechanisms between visually similar possible candidates. The lexical competition effects are explored in lexical decision studies accompanied by competitive network model simulations. The studies compare findings with the conventional masked-priming paradigm with those obtained with a modified version of this procedure, designed to decrease lexical competition effects. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and methodological contributions. The second part of the thesis relates to letter level processing in word recognition. It explored effects of repeated letters with the regression and the factorial approaches in combination with computational modelling methodology. The regression approach is applied to megastudy data in English, Dutch, and French. The factorial approach explores the effect across several different experimental paradigms: masked-primed lexical decision and same-different tasks as well as a two-forced choice perceptual identification task. The findings are presented along with discussions of their important implications for developing theories of letter and word processing and models of visual word recognition.
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Thomas, Joseph Denard. "Search Versus Competition: Factors Affecting the Prime Lexicality Effect." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242392.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the extent to which there is consistent evidence pertaining to the prime lexicality effect. Theoretical claims about the nature of this effect, in which masked nonword form primes produce greater facilitation than word form primes, have been hotly debated in the masked priming literature. Here, there are two major conflicting accounts of visual word recognition to consider. Cascaded activation approaches such as the Interactive Activation model rely on competition between word units to account for word recognition. This view predicts inhibitory effects for word form primes due to competition between word units for the prime and target. In contrast, proponents of the Search Model have maintained that elements in the process of verifying visual input suggest that word primes should produce neither facilitatory nor inhibitory effects during masked presentation. Evidence that is consistent with both approaches has been reported in the literature. A 1998 study by Forster and Veres looked at long words using a masked lexical decision task and demonstrated strong facilitation from nonword primes and no effect for word primes. A 2006 paper for Davis and Lupker, however, reported that the nonword prime facilitation that they observed using the same task was accompanied by strong word prime inhibition. The presence of this inhibitory effect seems to support the interactive activation account, but it remains unclear why inhibitory effects such as these were not seen in the Forster and Veres work. The present study sought to explore the reliability of the effects that are generated by word form primes. In particular, the different types of stimuli used in the conflicting papers (i.e. long versus short items) were contrasted. Evaluations regarding their relative discrimination difficulty and performance during masked lexical decision were conducted. The investigation revealed that there is indeed a difference between the output provided by those different stimulus types and that context effects emerge when they are presented together in the same experiment. The implications of these findings for the various views on visual word recognition are discussed.
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Scott, Jennifer. "Female competition and dominance hierarchies among three captive groups of western lowland gorillas /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6550.
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Cretsinger, Matthew Aaron. "Academic competitiveness among graduate students." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003cretsingerm.pdf.
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Van, De Pol Pepijn Klaas Christiaan. "Achievement motivation in training and competition : does the context matter?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2856/.
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The aim of this thesis was to examine the influence of training and competition on achievement motivation, specifically on: (a) achievement goals and perceived motivational climate; and (b) on the relationships between goals, perceived climate, and outcomes such as effort, enjoyment, tension, psychological skills and performance. Study one addressed these purposes in tennis and study two in football; study three extended the findings to a wide variety of sports, and study four to an experimental training and competition of a golf-putting task. In general, the findings indicate that ego orientation and perceived performance climate tend to be higher in competition than in training. Task orientation showed a propensity to be higher in training than in competition, whereas perceived mastery climate appeared to be more stable across the two contexts. A task goal emerged as the most adaptive goal in both contexts, whereas an ego goal was found to be associated with additional benefits in competition, such as higher effort. Sport type (i.e., individual vs. team sports) influenced these relationships, but only in competition. Overall, these findings suggest that the distinction between training and competition contexts is a valuable one and should be considered when examining achievement motivation in sport.
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Harwood, Chris Grant. "Pre-competition achievement goals within young sports performers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6778.
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This thesis attempted to develop a clearer understanding of the pre-competition achievement goal perspectives that are held by young performers. The programme of research moves through three transitional stages incorporating three different methodologies. Specifically, the first two investigations which comprised Study 1 adopted a quantitative research methodology; Study 2 incorporated qualitative techniques; and the final investigation addressed the research question on an idiographic basis via a single subject design study. Firstly, an attempt is made to identify the major antecedents or precursors to states of goal involvement prior to a specific competitive situation. The first study examined the antecedents of pre-competition state goals within adolescent swimmers from an interactionist perspective. Results showed how levels of task and ego involvement prior to a specific race were related to both dispositional tendencies and situational factors within the race context. However, task orientation appeared to play a more powerful role than ego orientation in predicting their respective goal states. Furthermore, ego involvement was more strongly predicted by situational factors. The second investigation extended this question by investigating a sample of elite junior tennis players prior to a competitive match at the National Championships. In this way, the nature of the competitive context, with respect to goal or reward structure, changed from being more task-involving (individualistic-focused) to being more ego-involving (competitive-focused). Results showed how the players' goal states were related much more to perceptions of the context than to their reported goal orientation. Furthermore, task orientation did not emerge as a significant predictor of goal involvement. With these results in mind, the second stage of the thesis involved investigating, to a much greater depth, the motivational criteria which appeared to contribute to the development of goal orientation and the activation of goal involvement in the context of competition. For this purpose, qualitative interview techniques and an inductive content analysis were applied to a sample of seventeen elite junior tennis players. The findings suggested that the development of goal orientation and activation of pre-competition goal involvement rested on a complex interaction of internal and environmental factors. Specific general dimensions of influence included cognitive-developmental skills and experience, the motivational climate conveyed by significant others, the social and structural nature of tennis, and the match context. The information gathered from this study provided the impetus, rationale and theoretical foundation for the final study in this thesis. Employing a single subject multiple baseline across subjects design, the study investigated the effects of a structured environmental and task-based intervention programme which sought to influence precompetition goal involvement and related competitive cognitions within a small sample of adolescent national standard tennis players. Following a three month intervention period, the three targeted players reported pre-competition goal states which showed increased activation of the self-referent conception of achievement. Furthermore, each player fostered an attitude which valued the challenge of winning matches for internal reasons, as opposed to reasons associated with favourable social approval. These findings reinforced the practicability of educationlaction-based interventions designed to develop more adaptive motivational responses to competitive situations. The programme of research conducted in this thesis, therefore, highlights how precompetition achievement goal perspectives within young performers may be influenced, provided that one has a detailed understanding of the antecedents of this process. In so doing, this thesis alerts future research to the importance of working within an interactionist paradigm and with a measurement technology which can accurately assess goal states in a diverse number of sporting situations. In this way, our understanding of goal involvement, as an important achievement-related attentional state, may be greatly facilitated.
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Bélanger, Sarah. "The ethnic competition theory revisited : the case of Québec." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61676.
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Chan, Sau-yan, and 陳秀茵. "The interactive effects of competition and theories of intelligence on motivation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196504.
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Past research has revealed that both people’s beliefs and situational factors affected people’s goal orientation. This study investigated the interactive effects of competition and theories of intelligence on people’s goal orientation. A 2x2 between-subject factorial design was adopted. Seventh graders (N = 132) were primed with either incremental or entity theory of memory. The students were randomly assigned to either competitive or non-competitive condition. Motivational outcomes were measured after all the four groups received failure feedback. Findings showed that the effect of competition marginally overrode the effect of theories of intelligence in the entity condition. There were no statistical significant changes in self-efficacy and interest on the task before and after the setback in the groups.published_or_final_version
Educational Psychology
Master
Master of Social Sciences
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Settler, Kendrick Jr. "Know the Enemy: Mediating Roles of Rivalry, Instigated Incivility, and Competition." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1563386869651514.
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Russell, William D. "Comparison of individuals' zone of optimal functioning across two different tasks : a laboratory examination of ZOF theory /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9821339.
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Darredeau, Christine. "Casual judgements from contingency information : competition between multiple causes of a single outcome." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103375.
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In causal reasoning the presence of a strong predictor of an outcome interferes with causal judgments of a moderate co-occurring predictor. Causal competition effects have generally been demonstrated with a strong competing predictor that is followed by an outcome with a higher probability than a moderate target predictor, and that also signals as many or more of the total outcome occurrences than the moderate target predictor. Confounding these two distinct aspects of predictiveness has constrained the ability to examine their respective importance for the relative validity of predictors in causal competition. By examining the effects of one and two strong competing causes on judgments of a moderate cause, varying the proportion of total outcomes that the competing predictors are paired with while holding overall outcome frequency constant, this series of experiments begins to disentangle these aspects of predictiveness. It demonstrates competition effects with a strong predictor that predicts fewer outcomes than the moderate target predictor. In addition, causal competition was examined between positive predictors (those signaling the occurrence of the outcome), between negative predictors (those signaling the absence of the outcome) and between predictors of opposite polarity (positive and negative). Causal candidates of opposite polarity were found to enhance rather than reduce causal judgments of moderate positive and negative predictors, posing a challenge for some of the most influential theories of causal learning that explain competition effects as the discounting of the moderate predictor or a failure to learn its association with the outcome. Rather, these results are consistent with a contrast mechanism whereby causal judgments of moderate predictors are not necessarily reduced toward zero in the presence of stronger predictors, but are adjusted along the causal judgment scale in opposite direction from the strong predictors. When the competing predictors are of the same polarity causal judgments of moderate predictors appear to be reduced, but when they are of opposite polarity judgments are enhanced. The implications for various associative and statistical models of causal learning are discussed.
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Summers, Michael H. "Perspective taking in Dyadic Interactions: Influences of Cooperation and Competition on Third Person Representation of Movement." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1307045325.
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Brady, Kristine L. "The effects of masculine gender role stress appraisal and gender relevance of the task on stress arousal in a competitive situation /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09192009-040243/.
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Schandorf, Michael. "A rhetoric of resolution the limits of competition /." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008m/schandorf.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008.Additional advisors: David Basilico, Eduardo Neiva, Cynthia Ryan. Description based on contents viewed June 3, 2008; title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-116).
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Seefeld, Nathan A. S. "An exploration of the association and modification of competitive attitudes and achievement goal orientations /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17041.pdf.
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Lyman, Melissa M. "Exposing the “Shadow Side”: Female-Female Competition in Jane Austen’s Emma." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2232.
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Many critics have examined the shifting nature of female friendship in Jane Austen’s Emma from cultural and historical angles. However, a comprehensive scientific analysis of female-female alliance and competition in the novel remains incomplete. The Literary Darwinist approach considers the motivations of fictional characters from an evolutionary perspective, focusing primarily on human cognition and behaviors linked to reproductive success, social control, and survival. While overt physical displays of male competition are conspicuous in the actions of the human species and those of their closest primate relatives, female aggression is often brandished psychologically and indirectly, which makes for a much more precarious study. In this paper, cultural criticism and evolutionary psychology work together to unravel the most complicated and arcane layers of intrasexual competition between women in Emma. Ultimately, this dual interpretation of the novel steers readers towards a deeper understanding of Emma Woodhouse’s imperiled friendships, and by extension, their own.
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Scannell, Daniel A. "Sound Judgment: Auditory – but not Visual – Information Reveals Musical Competition Winners." Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3867.
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Thesis advisor: Ellen WinnerPrevious research reported that people can successfully determine the winner of a musical competition when viewing a six second film clip of the performer without sound (Tsay, 2013, 2014); in contrast, when given an audio-only film clip or a clip that combined auditory and visual information, people perform at chance. Given the well-known publication bias in psychology (Ioannidis, 2005), this surprising and counterintuitive finding begs replication. In Study 1, 112 participants were randomly assigned to a sound, video, or video-plus-sound condition and were asked to select the winning musician after viewing five pairs of clips, one showing the winner and the other showing a non-winning musician. Clips were presented for 60 instead of six seconds, with the goal of giving participants more information about the performance, a modification we predicted would enhance performance in the audio and audio-visual conditions. Contrary to Tsay (2013), participants performed at chance in all three conditions. To more directly replicate Tsay (2013), in Study 2, 69 additional participants were randomly assigned to either a sound, video, or sound plus video condition and were asked to select the winning musician after viewing five pairs of 6-second clips showing the winner and another, non-winning musician. Here again the results did not replicate Tsay (2013): Participants performed significantly above chance in only one condition – when only hearing the performance and not seeing it. These results suggest that previous findings showing increased performance in rating musical performances without sound may be spurious and due to sampling error, issues in experimental design, low power, publication bias, or some combination of these. This also shows the strong importance of replication studies
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Psychology Honors Program
Discipline: Psychology
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Mnguni, Peliwe Pelisa. "Mutuality, reciprocity and mature relatedness a psychodynamic perspective on sustainability /." Swinburne Research Bank, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/22485.
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Thesis (PhD) - Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology - 2008.Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 212-236).
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Watkins, Christopher David. "Individual differences in social perception of faces : the role of competition-related factors." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192309.
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Much of the previous research on systematic variation in social judgements has focused on attractiveness judgements and factors that are related to inter-sexual competition (reviewed in Chapter 1). By contrast, there has been relatively little work on the extent to which factors that may be more closely related to intra-sexual competition, such as the outcomes of aggressive conflict with own-sex individuals and competition for resources, may have shaped perceptions of potential rivals. Correlational studies showed that indices of men’s (Chapter 2) and women’s (Chapter 4) own dominance were negatively correlated with the extent to which they perceived masculine own-sex individuals to be more dominant than feminine own-sex individuals. These findings suggest that those individuals who are likely to incur more substantial costs if they underestimate the dominance of potential rivals may find cues of others’ dominance (i.e., masculine characteristics) to be particularly salient. Further evidence for this proposal came from priming experiments in which men who were primed with scenarios in which they lost confrontations were more likely to ascribe high dominance, but not trustworthiness, to masculine men’s faces than were men who were primed with scenarios in which they won confrontations (Chapter 3). Further priming experiments suggested that priming women with cues to the sex ratio of the local population (Chapter 5) or priming women’s concerns about resources versus pathogens (Chapter 6) altered the salience of facial cues of others’ attractiveness and dominance. While previous research on systematic variation in social perception has tended to focus on attractiveness judgements and factors related to inter-sexual competition, the findings reported in this thesis highlight the potential importance of dominance perceptions and factors related to intra-sexual competition. Directions for future research, such as establishing whether dominance perceptions predict real world social outcomes, are then discussed (Chapter 7).
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Frame, Mary E. "The Lateralized Readiness Potential as a Neural Indicator of Response Competition in Binary Decision Tasks." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1403002772.
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Ask, Alexander A. "To kill or not to kill : competition, aggression, and videogames, in adolescents /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha834.pdf.
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Koch, Pamela Lynn Tremain. "Under harmony and cooperation: Patterns of conflict and competition in Hong Kong organizations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290037.
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The prevailing wisdom in current intercultural research is that people in collectivistic societies such as Hong Kong have low levels of conflict and competition. This view is challenged, however, based on three arguments: cultural values are too often equated with actual practice, the multiple goals of actions are ignored, and the in-group/out-group distinction is not adequately addressed in theory and research. Data drawn from an ethnographic study of organizational relationships in Hong Kong indicate that a reexamination is in order. While the surface harmony reported in many studies was acknowledged, informants also consistently pointed to underlying currents of competition and conflict within the organization. Two models are proposed based on a reanalysis of the literature. The Classical Confucian Collectivist model represents the received view that Confucianism and collectivism lead to suppression of personal goals in favor of group goals. The Pragmatic Collectivist model, on the other hand, argues that instrumental goals still are the primary drivers of human interaction. While the Classical Confucian Collectivist might represent an idealized model that influences actors' accounts, the Pragmatic Collectivist model is a better representation of everyday action. Analysis of results in an experimental study lends support to these challenges.
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Kekessie, Seyram. "Attentional Competition: Weapon Focus, Encoding Time, and Memory Accuracy Correlations between Crime Scene Items." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2209.
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The present study examines the relationships between recognition and recall accuracy of faces, and recognition and recall accuracy of objects. Secondly, this study examines the influence of weapon presence on description and identification accuracy, and whether encoding time moderates the effect. 713 participants watched an image that was either displayed for five seconds or twenty seconds, and either included a weapon or no weapon. Subsequently, they were asked to give descriptions of what they saw before viewing a lineup that either included the perpetrator or was made up of innocent suspects. Results indicated that witnesses’ description accuracy of the crime scene had little or no predictive abilities with regards to their facial identification accuracy. Secondly, there was a weapon focus effect found for faces but not for objects. Furthermore, this effect was eliminated at long encoding times. Finally, increasing encoding time improved recognition of objects, but not faces. Results suggest that prior inaccuracy on one aspect of testimony is not necessarily indicative of subsequent inaccuracy on another aspect of testimony. This finding has implications for how jurors and judges should evaluate witness testimony when assessing credibility in the courtroom.
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Lee, Kirsty. "Adolescent bullying and intrasexual competition : body concerns and self-promotion tactics amongst bullies, victims and bully-victims." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/90332/.
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Bullying is ubiquitous and a major cause of psychological distress and disease. While most bullying research investigating the predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors has focused on victims, important gaps remain regarding the theoretical drivers of bullying perpetration. Using sexual selection and intrasexual competition as a theoretical framework, researchers have argued that bullying is an evolved behaviour that enables bullies to obtain or maintain a strong position in the social hierarchy and have greater access to resources, including sexual and romantic experiences. Intrasexual competition comprises two key features: competitor derogation and self-promotion. Bullying could be considered as a type of repeated competitor derogation, but the extent to which bullies engage in self-promotion tactics is unknown. As body shape and size are of central importance to males and females in the context of intrasexual competition, the aims of this thesis were: to determine whether body weight or body image independently or jointly predict bullying role; and to examine the extent to which bullies, victims and bully-victims are preoccupied with self-promotion through body alteration, and whether this is related to psychological functioning. A large school-based study (The Bullying, Appearance, Social Information Processing and Emotions Study; The BASE study) of adolescents in the UK was conducted. Study 1 investigated whether body weight or body image (i.e., actual or perceived underweight or overweight) was independently associated with bullying role (bully, victim or bully-victim), and whether body weight and body image interacted to predict bullying role amongst adolescent boys and girls. Study 2 examined whether bullies, victims and bully-victims were at increased risk of weight loss preoccupation compared to adolescents uninvolved in bullying, whether psychological functioning mediated the relationship between bullying role and weight loss preoccupation, and whether sex was a key moderator. Study 3 examined whether bullies, victims and bully-victims had a higher desire for cosmetic surgery compared to adolescents uninvolved in bullying, whether the relationship between bullying role and desire for cosmetic surgery was direct or mediated by psychological functioning, and whether any effects were sex-specific. The findings offer several new contributions to knowledge. Firstly, it was revealed that body image, rather than actual body weight, is associated with being a victim and bully-victim. Bullies were of average weight and were more likely to be at an advanced pubertal status (girls only). Secondly, being a male or female bully was directly associated with increased desire for cosmetic surgery and weight loss preoccupation (boys only). The relationship between being victimised (as a victim or bully-victim) and cosmetic surgery desire and weight loss preoccupation was mostly mediated by reduced psychological functioning. Overall, victims had the highest desire for cosmetic surgery, whilst bully-victims had the highest weight loss preoccupation; there were no significant differences between male and female victims or bully-victims. In conclusion, the findings that male and female adolescent bullies are engaging in or cognizing about self-promotion strategies to improve physical appearance, which was unrelated to psychological functioning, are consistent with the theory of bullying as a form of intrasexual competition. Bullies are thus multi-strategic in their attempt to obtain or maintain social dominance. Bullied adolescents are similarly concerned about their appearance, but this is mostly because of reduced self-esteem, body-esteem and emotional problems as a result of being bullied. Thus, adolescents involved in bullying are at increased likelihood of attempting to alter their physical appearance, albeit via different pathways and with likely different outcomes. The research advances theoretical understanding about bullies and has practical implications for understanding the body concerns and self-promotion tactics of bullies, victims and bully-victims.
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Yue, Rui. "Contagion or competition : partner abandonment in Korean television advertising industry, 1985-1996 /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MGTO%202004%20YUE.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-81). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Bock, Susan. "The application of goal orientation theory to structured youth sport settings." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368410.
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Horstman, Karin Rose. "Rivaly Among College Women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34505.
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The purpose of this study was to explore behaviors and characteristics of college women within the context of their relationships with their female friends, peers, and colleagues. Specifically, the study addressed unacknowledged feelings and covert behaviors directed toward women. In opposition to the frequently commended characteristics of women such as collaborating and nurturing, experiences reported by the subjects of this study describe their female peers, and sometimes themselves, as covertly malicious. Rivalry, unlike competition, surrounds women and has the potential to penetrate every relationship women have with other women regardless of the context of the relationship. By collecting data from college women at a large, research, state-affiliated university, this exploratory study employed grounded research methodology (Glaser & Straus, 1967) to develop a theoretical image of the rivalrous woman.Master of Arts
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Morewitz, Courtney L. "A Specialization Approach to Competition: Self-Evaluation Maintenance in Highly Relevant Performance Domains Within the Context of Romantic Relationships." W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626420.
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Sanguinetti, Joseph LaCoste. "The Dynamics Of Perceptual Organization In The Human Visual System; Competition In Time." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333347.
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The visual system receives a series of fluctuating light patterns on the retina, yet visual perception is strikingly different from this unorganized and ambiguous input. Thus visual processes must organize the input into coherent units, or objects, and segregate them from others. These processes, collectively called perceptual organization, are fundamental to our ability to perceive and interact with objects in the world. Nevertheless, they are not yet understood, perhaps because serial, hierarchical assumptions that were long held impeded progress. In a series of experiments, this dissertation investigated the mechanisms that contribute to perceptual organization and ultimately to our ability to perceive objects. A new hypothesis is that during the course of object assignment potential objects on either side of a border are accessed on a fast pass of processing and engage in inhibitory competition for object status; the winner is perceived as the object and the loser is suppressed, leading that region to be seen as part of the shapeless background. Previous research suggested that at least shape level representations are accessed on the fast pass of processing before object assignment. In the first series of experiments (Chapter 1), we found that meaning (semantics) is also accessed on the fast pass of processing for regions that are ultimately perceived as shapeless grounds. This finding contradicts traditional feed-forward theories of perception that assumed that meaning is accessed only for figures after object assignment. The experiments in Chapter 2 examine activity in the alpha band of the EEG, which has been used as an index of inhibition. More alpha activity was observed when participants viewed stimuli designed such that there was more competition for figural status from the region ultimately perceived as the ground. The results support the proposal that inhibitory competition occurs during the course of object perception, and these results are the first online measure of competition during figure assignment. The final series of experiments (Chapter 3) investigated how quickly saccadic behaviors that required perceptual organization can be initiated. The experiments show that participants can initiate saccades that are based on perceptual organization approximately 200 ms after stimulus onset, much faster than was assumed on feed-forward models of perception. Collectively, these experiment support models of object perception that involve the mutual interaction and competition of objects properties via feedforward and iterative feedback processing, and the eventual suppression of the losing ground regions before object assignment.
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Wozniak, David. "Essays in experimental economics: Examining the effects of ambiguity and competition." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10918.
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x, 133 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Individuals compete against each other in a variety of different settings. In labor markets they compete for promotion; in athletic tournaments they compete for fixed prizes. Important aspects of competitive choices include the probability of success, expected payoffs, the level of ambiguity regarding success, and preferences to compete. I explore the effects of biology and relative performance feedback in regard to these components in three essays. In the first essay I use a unique experiment design to measure ambiguity aversion, which can be modified to also control for risk aversion. A measure of ambiguity aversion has value as individuals in labor markets have ambiguous signals about their probabilities of success in competition. Consequently this measure may be used in future experiment designs to control for heterogeneous preferences for ambiguity and to test whether ambiguity affects behaviors differently than risk. Economic experiments have shown that when given the choice between piece rate and winner-take-all tournament style compensation, women are more reluctant than men to choose tournaments. In the second essay I replicate these findings and then show that giving relative performance feedback moves high ability women towards more competitive compensation schemes, moves low ability men towards less competitive compensation schemes, and removes the gender difference in compensation choices. I then examine differences in choices for women, across the menstrual cycle. I find that women in the low-hormone phase of their cycle are less likely to enter tournaments than women in the high-hormone phase. Men are more likely to choose tournaments than women at either stage. There are no significant selection differences between any of these groups after they receive relative performance feedback. Athletic labor markets provide a unique environment where individuals choose to compete when they have high quality information about their potential competitors. Gender differences for competition have been found to be removed when information about relative abilities is available. In the third essay, to explore the effect of information in a labor market setting, I use a unique data set of approximately 6,000 female and male competitive tennis players during the 2009 season. I focus on whether males and females choose to enter competitive tournaments differently in response to past performance. I find that males continue to compete after performing well in the previous week while females are less likely to compete if they do well. These contrasting behaviors suggest that males and females respond differently to performance feedback.
Committee in charge: William Harbaugh, Chairperson, Economics; Trudy Cameron, Member, Economics; Van Kolpin, Member, Economics; Christopher Minson, Outside Member, Human Physiology
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Veivers, Tracey R. "Correlates of competitive anxiety in a team sport /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17670.pdf.
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Colyn, Leisha A. "Schadenfreude as a Mate-Value-Tracking Mechanism within Same-Sex Friendships." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1187618489.
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