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1
Pegels, C. Carl, and Yong I. Song. "Market competition and cooperation: identifying competitive/cooperative interaction groups." International Journal of Services Technology and Management 8, no. 2/3 (2007): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijstm.2007.012865.
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Osganian, Vanessa. "Competitive Cooperation." NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 30, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00048-022-00322-1.
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AbstractThis paper examines the institutional and social dimensions of cooperation in the Alliance of Science Organisations, the central corporatist stakeholder in German science policy, in the 1970s and 1980s, which were a crucial period for this committee. In doing so, this essay mainly focuses on the way science organizations interact with each other, as well as with national politics. The Federal Ministry of Research invited the Alliance to regular meetings and thereby fostered its involvement into political decision-making processes. Consequently, the question of who belonged to the Alliance came into the focus of different players. Although the members of the Alliance themselves decided on the composition of their committee, they were not able to completely insulate themselves from external demands. Including new members into the Alliance had a destabilizing effect on the carefully balanced distribution of power within this committee, as will be shown through the case study on the admission of the Association of the Major Research Centers (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Großforschungseinrichtungen, AGF) in 1976. In order to restabilize the situation, the members of the Alliance tried to exclude the AGF from certain issues. At the same time, the AGF itself was keen on being regarded as an equal partner and thus strove for its inclusion. This complex interplay of cooperative and competitive actions finally resulted in the institutionalization of the Alliance.
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Lu, Kelong, Hua Xue, Takayuki Nozawa, and Ning Hao. "Cooperation Makes a Group be More Creative." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 8 (September 6, 2018): 3457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy215.
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Abstract This study investigated how cooperative and competitive interaction modes affect the group creative performance. The participants were recruited as dyads to solve 2 problems either demanding divergent thinking (alternative uses task, AUT) or not (object characteristic task, OCT). The dyads solved 1 of the 2 problems in the cooperative mode and the other in the competitive mode. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning was used to record their neural activities in the prefrontal and right temporal–parietal junction (r-TPJ) regions. Results revealed the dyads showed higher AUT fluency, AUT originality, OCT fluency, and cooperation level in the cooperative mode than in the competitive mode. The fNIRS data revealed increased (task-baseline) interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r-DLPFC) and r-TPJ, only for dyads in the AUT/cooperation condition. In both r-DLPFC and r-TPJ, the IBS of dyads in the AUT/cooperation condition was stronger than in the AUT/competition and OCT/cooperation. Moreover, a stronger IBS was evoked between the regions in prefrontal and posterior temporal regions in the AUT/cooperation condition, as compared with the competition mode. These findings suggest that enhanced IBS may underlie the positive effects of cooperation as compared with the competition in terms of group creativity.
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Duijf, Hein. "Responsibility Voids and Cooperation." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 48, no. 4 (March 29, 2018): 434–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393118767084.
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Do responsibility voids exist? That is, are there situations in which the group is collectively morally responsible for some outcome although no member can be held individually morally responsible for it? To answer these questions, I draw a distinction between competitive and cooperative decision contexts based on the team-reasoning account of cooperation. Accordingly, I provide a reasoning-based analysis of cooperation, competition, moral responsibility, and, last, potential responsibility voids. I then argue that competitive decision contexts are free of responsibility voids. The conditions for the existence of responsibility voids in cooperative decision contexts depend on the type of uncertainty the group faces, either external or coordination uncertainty.
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Suchak, Malini, Timothy M. Eppley, Matthew W. Campbell, Rebecca A. Feldman, Luke F. Quarles, and Frans B. M. de Waal. "How chimpanzees cooperate in a competitive world." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 36 (August 22, 2016): 10215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611826113.
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Our species is routinely depicted as unique in its ability to achieve cooperation, whereas our closest relative, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), is often characterized as overly competitive. Human cooperation is assisted by the cost attached to competitive tendencies through enforcement mechanisms, such as punishment and partner choice. To examine if chimpanzees possess the same ability to mitigate competition, we set up a cooperative task in the presence of the entire group of 11 adults, which required two or three individuals to pull jointly to receive rewards. This open-group set-up provided ample opportunity for competition (e.g., freeloading, displacements) and aggression. Despite this unique set-up and initial competitiveness, cooperation prevailed in the end, being at least five times as common as competition. The chimpanzees performed 3,565 cooperative acts while using a variety of enforcement mechanisms to overcome competition and freeloading, as measured by (attempted) thefts of rewards. These mechanisms included direct protest by the target, third-party punishment in which dominant individuals intervened against freeloaders, and partner choice. There was a marked difference between freeloading and displacement; freeloading tended to elicit withdrawal and third-party interventions, whereas displacements were met with a higher rate of direct retaliation. Humans have shown similar responses in controlled experiments, suggesting shared mechanisms across the primates to mitigate competition for the sake of cooperation.
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Cho, Sungzoon, and James A. Reggia. "Learning Competition and Cooperation." Neural Computation 5, no. 2 (March 1993): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1993.5.2.242.
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Competitive activation mechanisms introduce competitive or inhibitory interactions between units through functional mechanisms instead of inhibitory connections. A unit receives input from another unit proportional to its own activation as well as to that of the sending unit and the connection strength between the two. This, plus the finite output from any unit, induces competition among units that receive activation from the same unit. Here we present a backpropagation learning rule for use with competitive activation mechanisms and show empirically how this learning rule successfully trains networks to perform an exclusive-OR task and a diagnosis task. In particular, networks trained by this learning rule are found to outperform standard backpropagation networks with novel patterns in the diagnosis problem. The ability of competitive networks to bring about context-sensitive competition and cooperation among a set of units proved to be crucial in diagnosing multiple disorders.
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Vikhansky, Oleg S., and Dmitriy Yu Katalevsky. "The competitive advantage in the age of digitalization." Russian Management Journal 20, no. 1 (2022): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu18.2022.101.
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The nature of the competitive advantage concept is changing in the digital era. The relationship between the company and its customers emerges at the core of the company’s competitive advantage. This relationship is formed by digital technologies. The value proposition in digital industries is provided not by a single company but rather with the help of a network of cooperating companies. This transforms the nature of competition into the “cooperative competition” realized through ecosystems. Ecosystems emerge on the basis of cooperation network by partnering companies building joint value proposition to their customers. Ecosystems experience their own dynamics and require special management skills, often different from the skills required to manage a single company.
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Lotito, Gianna, Matteo Migheli, and Guido Ortona. "Transparency, asymmetric information and cooperation." European Journal of Law and Economics 50, no. 2 (October 2020): 267–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-020-09669-z.
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Abstract We inquire experimentally whether asymmetric information in competitive settings and competition per se influence individual social behaviour. Participants perform a task and are remunerated according to two schemes, a non-competitive and a competitive one, then they play a standard public goods game. In the first scheme participants earn a flat remuneration, in the other they are ranked according to their performance and remunerated accordingly. Information about ranking and income before the game is played varies across three different treatments. We find that competition per se does not affect the amount of contribution. The time spent to choose how much to contribute is negatively correlated with the decision of cooperating fully. The main result is that full information about the relative performance in the competitive environment enhances the cooperation, while partial information reduces it.
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Li, Li-Li, Joshua M. Plotnik, Shang-Wen Xia, Estelle Meaux, and Rui-Chang Quan. "Cooperating elephants mitigate competition until the stakes get too high." PLOS Biology 19, no. 9 (September 28, 2021): e3001391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001391.
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Cooperation is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom as it aims to maximize benefits through joint action. Selection, however, may also favor competitive behaviors that could violate cooperation. How animals mitigate competition is hotly debated, with particular interest in primates and little attention paid thus far to nonprimates. Using a loose-string pulling apparatus, we explored cooperative and competitive behavior, as well as mitigation of the latter, in semi-wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Our results showed that elephants first maintained a very high cooperation rate (average = 80.8% across 45 sessions). Elephants applied “block,” “fight back,” “leave,” “move side,” and “submission” as mitigation strategies and adjusted these strategies according to their affiliation and rank difference with competition initiators. They usually applied a “fight back” mitigation strategy as a sanction when competition initiators were low ranking or when they had a close affiliation, but were submissive if the initiators were high ranking or when they were not closely affiliated. However, when the food reward was limited, the costly competitive behaviors (“monopoly” and “fight”) increased significantly, leading to a rapid breakdown in cooperation. The instability of elephant cooperation as a result of benefit reduction mirrors that of human society, suggesting that similar fundamental principles may underlie the evolution of cooperation across species.
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Sanches, Ji Yoon Lee, and Moisés Ari Zilber. "A adoção de estratégias cooperativas por micro e pequenas empresas de consultoria como ferramenta de vantagem competitiva." Revista de Administração da UFSM 12, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465917814.
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This paper aims to analyze the adoption of cooperative strategies by micro and small consulting firms as a competitive advantage tool.Although the literature usually relates the examples of cooperation strategies to cases of large companies, the practice has been usual among small organizations. Increased competition and the need to survive in a competitive environment have been identified as the main causes of cooperation between small companies, who see in cooperative strategies possibilities to add value to their services (BORTOLASO; VERSCHOORE; ANTUNES, 2012; DOZ; HAMEL 1998; CHILD; FAULKNER, TALLMAN, 2005). Through a qualitative, descriptive and interpretative study it aims to relate the motivation in adopting such cooperative strategies to various economic and management lenses that provide theoretical support to the subject. The results showed that cooperative strategies practiced by micro and small consulting firms have enabled competitive advantage over companies that do not adopt them, mitigating the competitive vulnerability and adding more value to their activities.
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Curtin, Daniel, and Fanli Jia. "Cooperation and Competition Impact Environmental Action: An Experimental Study in Social Dilemmas." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031249.
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Previous research about social dilemmas has identified cooperation as a possible underlying facilitator of proenvironmental behavior. However, there has been no discussion about how manipulating cooperation and competition could influence environmental action experimentally. The current study filled this gap in previous literature by manipulating cooperation and competition in a group of 155 participants and comparing their respective environmental actions. Participants were randomly placed into one of three conditions and primed by writing a short passage regarding a significant personal experience where they acted cooperatively, competitively, or neutrally. It was found that those in the cooperative priming group scored significantly higher on environmental participatory action than people in the competitive priming group. However, no difference was found on environmental leadership action. The results indicated that participatory environmental actions are relatively easier to change, as the threshold for interest in them is much lower than leadership environmental actions.
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Vazhenina, Irina S., and Sergey G. Vazhenin. "From Competition to Competitive Cooperation: New Paradigm for Territories Development." Journal of Modern Competition 15, no. 4 (November 16, 2021): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-4-5-20.
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The modern economic space demonstrates, on the one hand, the intensifying competitive struggle of various territorial entities for natural and financial resources, investments and business, for the population, qualified personnel, tourists, etc. On the other hand, the process of formation of competitive cooperation of territories, which does not exclude competition, and complements it, acting as a driving force for the development of the economy of regions and municipalities. The authors in the study assessed the current level and prospects of territorial competition, clarified the goals of competition of regions and municipalities. Consideration of the territory as a subject of competition is explained by the fact that the regions acquire the quality of a mega- enterprise. The potential of cooperation between the territories in the modern competitive economy is revealed. In modern Russia, competitive cooperation between territories is still very rare. A number of features of the evolution of competitive cooperation of territories are revealed: cooperation is specifically limited in time; any cooperation is inherent in risk; its formation and implementation always involve certain financial, intellectual, labor and other costs. The results of expert surveys conducted by the authors in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and in 2019 made it possible to highlight positive and negative results, as well as the consequences of interregional and intermunicipal cooperation in a competitive economy. An assessment of the readiness of territories (regions, municipalities) for cooperation is given. The paper draws attention to the fact that the regions and municipalities of Russia have different economic potentials, differ in the volume and specificity of resources, have features of spatial position, etc., which determines the possibilities for the development of their competitive cooperation. In the process of research, general scientific methods were used, in particular the dialectical method, the unity of the historical and logical, abstractions, analogies, expert surveys, etc. The results of the study can be used in the development and implementation of strategies for the socio-economic development of regions and municipalities in the modern competitive economic space.
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Kafi, F., and S. M. T. Fatemi Ghomi. "A Game-Theoretic Model to Analyze Value Creation with Simultaneous Cooperation and Competition of Supply Chain Partners." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/754038.
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There is a rising trend in supplying chain management to employ simultaneous cooperation and competition (coopetition) among supply chain partners as an efficient strategy to create value. There exist, however, few models which analyze coopetitive situations mathematically. Cooperative game theory is the common tool in analyzing cooperative situations. However, the term “cooperative” in “cooperative game theory” is absolutely misleading since it ultimately leads to competition analysis and ignores the internal structure of the cooperation. Coopetition, however, results in structural transformations in players. Therefore, we require a mathematical modeling approach which takes into account the internal structural changes due to cooperation among competitors. In so doing, in this paper we propose, we assume that those parameters of each firm’s profit function are subject to transformation by cooperation as a function of cooperation level so as to determine the right level of cooperation and production of firms while considering technical cooperation between them. Furthermore, we demonstrate the results of applying the idea to a supply chain situation where two similar suppliers participate. We conclude that under intuitive conditions coopetition strategy is superior to the pure competitive relationship between the suppliers in terms of profitability which validates the previous empirical results mathematically.
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Strein, William. "Sex and Age Differences in Preschool Children's Cooperative Behavior: Partial Support for the Knight/Kagan Hypothesis." Psychological Reports 58, no. 3 (June 1986): 915–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.3.915.
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Although research has traditionally suggested that girls are more cooperative than boys and that younger children are less competitive than older children, Knight and Kagan and others have suggested that individualism is a critical variable in regard to sex and age differences that is often confounded with cooperation and competition. To test this hypothesis, two measures of cooperative behavior were administered to 30 4- and 5-yr.-old children. When interpreted dichotomously (cooperative vs competitive), the results support traditional findings: girls were more cooperative than boys on one measure while younger children were more cooperative than older children on both measures. When interpreted trichotomously (cooperative/individualistic/competitive) partial support emerged for the view that girls are more individualistic than boys.
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Yu, Liukai, Xuehai Jiang, Yujie He, and Yangyang Jiao. "Promoting the Diffusion of New Energy Vehicles under Dual Credit Policy: Asymmetric Competition and Cooperation in Complex Network." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 24, 2022): 5361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155361.
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This study aims to investigate the impact of dual credit policy on the diffusion of new energy vehicles (NEVs) from the perspective of complex interactions among heterogeneous manufacturers. Thus, the market competition and credit cooperation relationships, constituting the complex interrelated system in NEV diffusion, are considered in this paper. To this end, we established a double-layer complex network to depict the asymmetric competition and cooperation structure, and developed an evolution game model on network, revealing the diffusion rule and trend of NEVs among manufacturers. Simulation results show that the existence of credit cooperation relationship can effectively improve the diffusion of NEVs, especially when implementing cooperative strategy that prioritizes helping manufacturers with low sale profits. Such a cooperative strategy is effective for maintaining high diffusion of NEVs even under low NEV credit’s trading price. Meanwhile, the monopoly competitive structure characterized by scale free is harmful to NEV diffusion. However, credit cooperation can eliminate the by-effect of monopoly structure greatly by adopting the strategy of distributing by sale profits. In addition, manufacturers are advised to learn from their competitors during the evolutionary process, which should be the focus of manufacturers to maximize the NEV diffusion under small world competitive structure.
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Attardo, Salvatore. "Competition and cooperation." Pragmatics and Cognition 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.5.1.05att.
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An argument is presented for augmenting Gricean pragmatics with cognitively significant information about whether the participants in the interaction share the same goals, the same amount of information, and the degree of their awareness of both. The additions handle situations of competitive conversational exchanges, where the cooperative principle has been claimed to be inoperative, and show that cooperation underlies competitive exchanges as well. Some examples of competitive exchanges are examined, including witness cross-examination, sales pitches, propaganda, and lies.
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Gnyawali, Devi R., Jinyu He, and Ravindranath (“Ravi”) Madhavan. "Impact of Co-Opetition on Firm Competitive Behavior: An Empirical Examination." Journal of Management 32, no. 4 (August 2006): 507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206305284550.
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The authors examine how co-opetition—simultaneous cooperation and competition—affects firms'competitive behavior, proposing that differential structural positions among firms in a coopetitive network reflect resource asymmetries among them and that such asymmetries lead to differences in the volume and diversity of competitive actions undertaken by those firms. Data on cooperative network structure and competitive actions from the steel industry suggest that the firm's centrality is positively related to its volume of competitive actions and that its structural autonomy is positively related to the diversity of such actions. Moreover, market diversity moderates the impact of centrality and structural autonomy on competitive behavior.
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Pinotti, Francesco, Fakhteh Ghanbarnejad, Philipp Hövel, and Chiara Poletto. "Interplay between competitive and cooperative interactions in a three-player pathogen system." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 190305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190305.
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In ecological systems, heterogeneous interactions between pathogens take place simultaneously. This occurs, for instance, when two pathogens cooperate, while at the same time, multiple strains of these pathogens co-circulate and compete. Notable examples include the cooperation of human immunodeficiency virus with antibiotic-resistant and susceptible strains of tuberculosis or some respiratory infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. Models focusing on competition or cooperation separately fail to describe how these concurrent interactions shape the epidemiology of such diseases. We studied this problem considering two cooperating pathogens, where one pathogen is further structured in two strains. The spreading follows a susceptible-infected-susceptible process and the strains differ in transmissibility and extent of cooperation with the other pathogen. We combined a mean-field stability analysis with stochastic simulations on networks considering both well-mixed and structured populations. We observed the emergence of a complex phase diagram, where the conditions for the less transmissible, but more cooperative strain to dominate are non-trivial, e.g. non-monotonic boundaries and bistability. Coupled with community structure, the presence of the cooperative pathogen enables the coexistence between strains by breaking the spatial symmetry and dynamically creating different ecological niches. These results shed light on ecological mechanisms that may impact the epidemiology of diseases of public health concern.
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Tsoi, Lily, J. Kiley Hamlin, Adam Waytz, Andrew Scott Baron, and Liane Lee Young. "A Cooperation Advantage for Theory of Mind in Children and Adults." Social Cognition 39, no. 1 (February 2021): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2021.39.1.19.
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Three studies test whether people engage in mental state reasoning or theory of mind (ToM) differently across two fundamental social contexts: cooperation and competition. Study 1 examines how children with an emerging understanding of false beliefs deploy ToM across these contexts. We find that young preschool children are better able to plant false beliefs in others' minds in a cooperative versus competitive context; this difference does not emerge for other cognitive capacities tested (e.g., executive functioning, memory). Studies 2a and 2b reveal the same systematic difference in adults' ToM for cooperation and competition, even after accounting for relevant predictors (e.g., preference for a task condition, feelings about deception). Together, these findings provide initial evidence for enhanced ToM for cooperation versus competition in early development and also adulthood.
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Büchner, Vera Antonia, Vera Hinz, and Jonas Schreyögg. "Cooperation for a competitive position." Health Care Management Review 40, no. 3 (2015): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hmr.0000000000000027.
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Manaseryan, Tatul. "Theoretical Aspects of the Bioinformatics Impact of Natural Intelligence in Cooperative Advantages." International Journal of Applied Research in Bioinformatics 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijarb.2021010104.
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The main findings of the study present the main shortcomings of the absolute, comparative, and competitive advantages and suggest new foundations of the theory of cooperative advantages with scientific arguments, justifications, statistics, economic indices, and factor analyses. If genuine competition pursues exclusively economic interests and implies a multiplication of profits from private capital, then cooperation and the utilization of cooperative advantages necessarily include the social component, in other words, the vital interests and well-being of the participating countries and their peoples. In the author's opinion, the realization of absolute, relative, competitive advantages implies the use of economic power from the positions acquired, while the utilization of cooperative advantages requires a combination of competitive advantages and a balance of forces.
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Formica, Piero, and Jay Mitra. "Cooperation and Competition." Industry and Higher Education 10, no. 3 (June 1996): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229601000303.
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The authors assess policies and strategies aimed at fostering the various types of innovation (organizational, infrastructural, technological) that are essential today for competitive success and local/regional economic prosperity. Central to the processes of innovation, and the consequent establishment of business ecosystems, is the encouragement of cooperation and competition between research and development activities in universities and companies. This paper examines some of the methods by which this maybe achieved, highlighting the need to distinguish between the functions of ‘research’ and ‘development’ and the increasingly significant role of university—industry companies.
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WANG, LIN-GANG, NENG-GANG XIE, GANG XU, CHAO WANG, YUN CHEN, and YE YE. "GAME-MODEL RESEARCH ON COOPETITION BEHAVIOR OF PARRONDO'S PARADOX BASED ON NETWORK." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 10, no. 01 (March 2011): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477511000417.
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The paper devises a Parrondo's game model of biotic population with the network as its spatial carrier, trying to analyze individual's coopetition behavior and investigate the degree distribution of the heterogeneity on the impact of coopetition. The populational Parrondo's game model consists of a zero-sum game among individuals and a negative sum game between individuals and environment. In terms of relations of zero-sum game, four patterns are defined: cooperation, competition, harmony, and poor-competition-rich-cooperation. The simulation result shows that: (1) Cooperation and competition in any forms are adaptive behaviors. Cooperative and competitive behavior could convert the losing games combined into winning. The positive average fitness of the population represents the paradoxical feature that the Parrondo's game is counterintuitive. (2) BA Network is conducive to cooperation. (3) The relationships of individual fitness with node degree and with clustering coefficient are disclosed. As for cooperation and poor-competition-rich-cooperation pattern, the greater the node degree is, the greater the individual fitness is. (4) The heterogeneity has a positive impact on cooperation. (5) Population average fitness is the largest when the probability of playing zero-sum game is 1/3 in the Parrondo's game model.
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Kaya, Güven, and Kenan Ok. "Interactions among forest enterprises: Do they compete or cooperate with sales by auction on log prices?" Annals of Forest Research 64, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15287/afr.2021.2182.
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A few studies on log auction sales have addressed competition and cooperation among seller enterprises. Interactions among state forest enterprises in the same or neighboring regions have been neglected. This study aimed to determine the extent of competitive and cooperative relationships among forest enterprises (FEs) in relation to the prices of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and fir (Abies sp.) log sales by auction. The study investigated log sales between 2017 and 2018 conducted by 26 FEs in Turkey. Competitive and cooperative relations among FEs, based on auction time, volume and prices, were tested via correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results indicate that an FE may display competitive or cooperative relationships with other FEs, regardless of whether or not such FEs are border neighbors. We determined that an FE may compete with another FE in one log type, while cooperating in another wood type. Our study shows that log sales revenues of some FEs can be increased by changing the length of time between the sales of two FEs, by not holding the sales of two FEs on the same day, and by differentiating the volume of rival and complementary wood types. Our study found that better management of competition and solidarity between forest enterprises would help create more financial resources for sustainable forest management without having to harvest more trees.
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Liu, Mark, Bo-Fei Chen, Dustin R. Rubenstein, and Sheng-Feng Shen. "Social rank modulates how environmental quality influences cooperation and conflict within animal societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1935 (September 30, 2020): 20201720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1720.
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Although dominance hierarchies occur in most societies, our understanding of how these power structures influence individual investment in cooperative and competitive behaviours remains elusive. Both conflict and cooperation in animal societies are often environmentally regulated, yet how individuals alter their cooperative and competitive investments as environmental quality changes remain unclear. Using game theoretic modelling, we predict that individuals of all ranks will invest more in cooperation and less in social conflict in harsh environments than individuals of the same ranks in benign environments. Counterintuitively, low-ranking subordinates should increase their investment in cooperation proportionally more than high-ranking dominants, suggesting that subordinates contribute relatively more when facing environmental challenges. We then test and confirm these predictions experimentally using the Asian burying beetle Nicrophorus nepalensis . Ultimately, we demonstrate how social rank modulates the relationships between environmental quality and cooperative and competitive behaviours, a topic crucial for understanding the evolution of complex societies.
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Rebar, Darren, Nathan W. Bailey, Benjamin J. M. Jarrett, and Rebecca M. Kilner. "An evolutionary switch from sibling rivalry to sibling cooperation, caused by a sustained loss of parental care." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 5 (January 21, 2020): 2544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911677117.
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Sibling rivalry is commonplace within animal families, yet offspring can also work together to promote each other’s fitness. Here we show that the extent of parental care can determine whether siblings evolve to compete or to cooperate. Our experiments focus on the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, which naturally provides variable levels of care to its larvae. We evolved replicate populations of burying beetles under two different regimes of parental care: Some populations were allowed to supply posthatching care to their young (Full Care), while others were not (No Care). After 22 generations of experimental evolution, we found that No Care larvae had evolved to be more cooperative, whereas Full Care larvae were more competitive. Greater levels of cooperation among larvae compensated for the fitness costs caused by parental absence, whereas parental care fully compensated for the fitness costs of sibling rivalry. We dissected the evolutionary mechanisms underlying these responses by measuring indirect genetic effects (IGEs) that occur when different sibling social environments induce the expression of more cooperative (or more competitive) behavior in focal larvae. We found that indirect genetic effects create a tipping point in the evolution of larval social behavior. Once the majority of offspring in a brood start to express cooperative (or competitive) behavior, they induce greater levels of cooperation (or competition) in their siblings. The resulting positive feedback loops rapidly lock larvae into evolving greater levels of cooperation in the absence of parental care and greater levels of rivalry when parents provide care.
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Fang, Ferric C., and Arturo Casadevall. "Competitive Science: Is Competition Ruining Science?" Infection and Immunity 83, no. 4 (January 20, 2015): 1229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02939-14.
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Science has always been a competitive undertaking. Despite recognition of the benefits of cooperation and team science, reduced availability of funding and jobs has made science more competitive than ever. Here we consider the benefits of competition in providing incentives to scientists and the adverse effects of competition on resource sharing, research integrity, and creativity. The history of science shows that transformative discoveries often occur in the absence of competition, which only emerges once fields are established and goals are defined. Measures to encourage collaboration and ameliorate competition in the scientific enterprise are discussed.
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Lechón-Alonso, Pablo, Tom Clegg, Jacob Cook, Thomas P. Smith, and Samraat Pawar. "The role of competition versus cooperation in microbial community coalescence." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): e1009584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009584.
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New microbial communities often arise through the mixing of two or more separately assembled parent communities, a phenomenon that has been termed “community coalescence”. Understanding how the interaction structures of complex parent communities determine the outcomes of coalescence events is an important challenge. While recent work has begun to elucidate the role of competition in coalescence, that of cooperation, a key interaction type commonly seen in microbial communities, is still largely unknown. Here, using a general consumer-resource model, we study the combined effects of competitive and cooperative interactions on the outcomes of coalescence events. To do so, we simulate coalescence events between pairs of communities with different degrees of competition for shared carbon resources and cooperation through cross-feeding on leaked metabolic by-products (facilitation). We also study how structural and functional properties of post-coalescence communities evolve when they are subjected to repeated coalescence events. We find that in coalescence events, the less competitive and more cooperative parent communities contribute a higher proportion of species to the new community because of their superior ability to deplete resources and resist invasions. Consequently, when a community is subjected to repeated coalescence events, it gradually evolves towards being less competitive and more cooperative, as well as more speciose, robust and efficient in resource use. Encounters between microbial communities are becoming increasingly frequent as a result of anthropogenic environmental change, and there is great interest in how the coalescence of microbial communities affects environmental and human health. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms behind microbial community coalescence, and a framework to predict outcomes based on the interaction structures of parent communities.
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Shaw, Lindsay A., Jude Buckley, Paul M. Corballis, Christof Lutteroth, and Burkhard C. Wuensche. "Competition and cooperation with virtual players in an exergame." PeerJ Computer Science 2 (October 31, 2016): e92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.92.
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Two cross-sectional studies investigated the effects of competition and cooperation with virtual players on exercise performance in an immersive Virtual reality (VR) cycle exergame. Study 1 examined the effects of: (1) self-competition whereby participants played the exergame while competing against a replay of their previous exergame session (Ghost condition), and (2) playing the exergame with a virtual trainer present (Trainer condition) on distance travelled and calories expended while cycling. Study 2 examined the effects of (1) competition with a virtual trainer system (Competitive condition) and (2) cooperation with a virtual trainer system (Cooperative condition). Post exergame enjoyment and motivation were also assessed.The results of Study 1 showed that the trainer system elicited a lesser distance travelled than when playing with a ghost or on one’s own. These results also showed that competing against a ghost was more enjoyable than playing on one’s own or with the virtual trainer. There was no significant difference between the participants’ rated enjoyment and motivation and their distance travelled or calories burned. The findings of Study 2 showed that the competitive trainer elicited a greater distance travelled and caloric expenditure, and was rated as more motivating. As in Study 1, enjoyment and motivation were not correlated with distance travelled and calories burned.ConclusionTaken together, these results demonstrate that a competitive experience in exergaming is an effective tool to elicit higher levels of exercise from the user, and can be achieved through virtual substitutes for another human player.
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Volf, Darina. "Evolution of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: The Effects of the “Third” on the Interplay Between Cooperation and Competition." Minerva 59, no. 3 (February 9, 2021): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-021-09435-8.
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AbstractThe paper investigates the evolution of the first manned international space mission – a rendezvous and docking between a US and a Soviet spacecraft in 1975 known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The aim is to reconsider the rationales behind the ASTP from both a conceptual and an empirical perspective in order to get a better understanding of the evolution of international cooperation in the highly competitive and strategic field of space technology. Based on archival sources from Moscow, it sheds some light on those factors that led to a change in the previous reluctance of Soviets to cooperate with the US in the manned spaceflight. From the theoretical point of view, it argues that the ASTP was as much a tool of competition as one of cooperation and resulted from an interplay between cooperative and competitive logics. To explain the turn towards cooperative practices, the article looks at the complex constellation of competitive relations that existed within the national and international context of space exploration and changed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The decisive role in those changes was played by factors that can be subsumed under the notion of the so-called “third.”
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Fernández-Arias, M. Paula, Pilar Quevedo-Cano, and Antonio Hidalgo. "RELEVANCE OF THE COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE PROCESS ON THE SPANISH PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES." Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management 14, no. 1 (May 26, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.14488/bjopm.2017.v14.n1.a12.
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It is common to find Competitive Intelligence activities within the high-tech enterprises in particular in the pharmaceutical industry. These companies not only use the process of Competitive Intelligence to act against competitors, traditional aim of the Competitive Intelligence. It is increasingly used to enhance cooperation. The Cycle of CI Competitive Intelligence is used both as to extract offensive and defensive intelligence as cooperative intelligence. The paper presents the results of a sample study of 186 Spanish pharmaceutical companies that were asked about the purpose of cooperation in their Competitive Intelligence activities. The results confirm that these are used in the development of business relationships, search for partners, joint research, etc. and that companies bet on these relationships for the future within the Competitive Intelligence.
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Köseoğlu, Mehmet Ali, Mehmet Yildiz, Fevzi Okumus, and Mehmet Barca. "The intellectual structure of coopetition: past, present and future." Journal of Strategy and Management 12, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 2–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-07-2018-0073.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the intellectual structure of coopetition through utilizing a citation and co-citation analysis of scholarly articles focusing on coopetition.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted bibliometric analyses of citation and co-citation analysis. The units of analysis were original research articles and research notes retrieved from journals indexed by well-known databases. Keywords used in the search were “co-opet, co-opet, coopetition, coopetition, simultaneous cooperation and competition, simultaneously cooperate and compete, coexistence of cooperation and competition, coexistence of cooperation and competition, cooperate and compete simultaneously, coopetitive relationships, coopetitive relationships, coopetitive networks, horizontal alliances, cooperate with competitors, cooperation with competitors, cooperative relationships with competitors, cooperative competition and competitive cooperation.” Regarding the time period for publication of the sample articles, the authors did not place any restrictions.FindingsThe research findings provide evidence that coopetition demonstrates multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary characteristics. Subfields of the coopetition field were identified based on the components of coopetition, which are relation, process and strategy. The component dealing with relationship management and innovation as strategy become prominent. Although coopetition literature has emerged as a relation view of strategy, it is still fragmented and diverse. Additionally, the robust subfields generated from the analysis were super-positioned with low degrees.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies offering a critical review of coopetition research via quantitative research approach.
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Leite, Emilene, Cecilia Pahlberg, and Susanne Åberg. "The cooperation-competition interplay in the ICT industry." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-02-2017-0038.
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Purpose Building on a business network perspective, the paper addresses the following question: Why do firms move between cooperation and competition in the context of high-tech industry? Hence, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the complex cooperation–competition interplay between actors in a business network. Design/methodology/approach A single case study within the information and communication technology industry is undertaken and illustrates the cooperation–competition interplay in projects of technology. Findings The authors discuss the implications of interdependence on relationship dynamics. The main argument is that business relationships survive despite periods of competition if interdependence is high. Thus, firms move between a state of cooperation and a state of competition within business relationships, rather than ending the relationships when starting to compete. Practical implications This study suggests that managers need to pay attention to how different degrees of interdependence lead firms to be embedded in cooperative or competitive forms of relationships. Originality/value The paper contributes to the ongoing debate about cooperation, competition and coopetition within international business and industrial marketing literature. An interesting aspect in the paper is the cooperation–competition interplay, which is associated with positioning. A centrally positioned actor will choose who to bring into the partnership, with positioning concomitantly changing from project to project. The willingness of being a central actor, i.e. a project leader, places traditional buyer–supplier partners in competition. Thus, cooperation and/or competition becomes contextual.
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Sylwester, Karolina, and Gilbert Roberts. "Cooperators benefit through reputation-based partner choice in economic games." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (April 21, 2010): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0209.
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Explaining unconditional cooperation, such as donations to charities or contributions to public goods, continues to present a problem. One possibility is that cooperation can pay through developing a reputation that makes one more likely to be chosen for a profitable cooperative partnership, a process termed competitive altruism (CA) or reputation-based partner choice. Here, we show, to our knowledge, for the first time, that investing in a cooperative reputation can bring net benefits through access to more cooperative partners. Participants played a public goods game (PGG) followed by an opportunity to select a partner for a second cooperative game. We found that those who gave more in the PGG were more often selected as desired partners and received more in the paired cooperative game. Reputational competition was even stronger when it was possible for participants to receive a higher payoff from partner choice. The benefits of being selected by a more cooperative partner outweighed the costs of cooperation in the reputation building phase. CA therefore provides an alternative to indirect reciprocity as an explanation for reputation-building behaviour. Furthermore, while indirect reciprocity depends upon individuals giving preference to those of good standing, CA can explain unconditional cooperation.
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Pei, De Chao, and Guo Li. "The Motive Mechanism of the Development of Competitive Sports by Synergetic View." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1833.
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Based on the theories of System and Synergy, by analyzing Competition phenomenon and Synergies phenomenon in the development of Competitive Sports to seek the motive mechanism of Competitive Sports. Conclusion: (1) Competition and Synergy between Athletes are the driving forces of the Competitive Sports. (2) Order parameters—-Competitive Sports Theory which can disclaimer system elements are formed in the development process of Competitive Sports. Suggestion: (1) Adjusting system’s external control parameters to promote competition between system elements; (2) Promoting cooperation of athletes and coaches to seek common improvement; (3) promoting the application of the theory of competitive sports and displaying its control functions.
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Calzaretta, Robert J., Yair Eilat, and Mark A. Israel. "COMPETITIVE EFFECTS OF INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE COOPERATION." Journal of Competition Law & Economics 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 501–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhx016.
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Klimenko, A. Y. "Complex competitive systems and competitive thermodynamics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1982 (January 13, 2013): 20120244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0244.
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This publication reviews the framework of abstract competition, which is aimed at studying complex systems with competition in their generic form. Although the concept of abstract competition has been derived from a specific field—modelling of mixing in turbulent reacting flows—this concept is, generally, not attached to a specific phenomenon or application. Two classes of competition rules, transitive and intransitive, need to be distinguished. Transitive competitions are shown to be consistent (at least qualitatively) with thermodynamic principles, which allows for introduction of special competitive thermodynamics. Competitive systems can thus be characterized by thermodynamic quantities (such as competitive entropy and competitive potential), which determine that the predominant direction of evolution of the system is directed towards higher competitiveness. There is, however, an important difference: while conventional thermodynamics is constrained by its zeroth law and is fundamentally transitive, the transitivity of competitive thermodynamics depends on the transitivity of the competition rules. The analogy with conventional thermodynamics weakens as competitive systems become more intransitive, while strongly intransitive competitions can display types of behaviour associated with complexity: competitive cooperation and leaping cycles. Results of simulations demonstrating complex behaviour in abstract competitions are presented in the electronic supplementary material.
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Lombard, John R., and John C. Morris. "Competing and Cooperating across State Borders in Economic Development." State and Local Government Review 42, no. 1 (April 2010): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160323x10365482.
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This essay discusses the evolution of cross-border cooperation in local and state government in the contentious and competitive arena of economic development. Drawing on literatures from economic development and public administration, the authors highlight current issues and conflicts in cross-border cooperation drawing on several cases of successful ventures. In particular, they suggest that state and local governments adopt a new frame for understanding and evaluating cross-border cooperation as economic development “coopertition.” The logic of coopertition in economic development is that while a particular unit of government may not secure a specific economic development project, the odds of securing any project are increased if that government becomes more competitive by cooperating with other governments. Coopertition is thus the result of a need to cooperate to be more competitive.
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Balconi, Michela, and Laura Angioletti. "Unravelling competitors’ brain-andbody correlates. The two-persons social neuroscience approach to study competition." Neuropsychological Trends, no. 29 (April 2021): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/neur-2021-029-bal2.
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Competition refers to a condition for which an individual or a group strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others. It follows that, unlike cooperation, the gain of one foresees the loss of the other. Most accounts have focused on the individual and social cognitive mechanisms featuring cooperative/competitive behavior, however, a fascinating question regards the neurophysiological correlates of competitive social phenomenon. What happens at a neural and peripheral level in the brain-and-body system of two people engaged in a competitive dynamic? The combination of multiple neuroscientific techniques adopted to unveil the individual and social complexity of competition leads us discussing a more recent and promising paradigm in neuroscience, the hyperscanning. In the social neuroscience field, hyperscanning allowed shifting from a single-person to a two-persons perspective and can open new opportunities to study interpersonal brain-and-body connectivity during competitive social interactions in increasingly ecological contexts.
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Nikolaieva, D. O. "Turkish-Iranian bilateral relations as an example of competitive cooperative cooperation." Politicus, no. 1 (2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616-2020.1.11.
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Palinchak, Mykola, Olena Zayats, and Viktoria Bokoch. "THE APEC INTEGRATED COMPETITIVE FORCE INDEX." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-4-118-124.
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The number of actors that affect the distribution of the competitive force in the global economy is growing, and the spheres of economic competition or cooperation are expanding to build up the competitive force. The article emphasizes the significant impact of international economic integration on the sustainable economic development of the world economy. It also shows that the study of the competitive force of interstate integration groupings is highly relevant today, as international economic integration plays a fundamental role in the development of trade and competitive relations between countries. The paper offers the methodology for competitiveness grouping of Member States of the international integration groupings in order to assess the global competitive force of trade and economic groupings in the world economy. The purpose is to investigate the Integrated Competitive Force Index of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 2019 in order to analyze the attractiveness of APEC in terms of the global competitive force. It is also important to determine the attractiveness of APEC competitive environment according to 12 criteria on the basis of the research, which, in turn, allows for a better understanding and ranking of interstate integration groupings according to their competitive forces. Result. Based on the data of the Global Competitiveness Report 2019 on the competitiveness of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Member States (APEC), the Integrated Competitive Force Index of APEC as an interstate integration grouping has been calculated. The Index will help to assess economic integration or disintegration processes in the global economy. The article proves the necessity of the annual integrated competitive force ranking of international integration groupings. Practical implications. The introduction of the new Integrated Competitive Force Index of interstate integration groupings will help competition policymakers to decide which processes of economic integration or disintegration should be preferred in order to build up their competitive force in the global economy.
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Wicaksono, Aryo, Rivaldi Arissaputra, and Popy Rufaidah. "Development Global Competitive Advantage at PT Tiphone Mobile Indonesia, Tbk Case Study using 4C’s Framework Model." International Journal of Applied Business and International Management 3, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v3i1.75.
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This paper discusses about the application of global competitive advantage with the 4C's Framework model (Hao Ma, 2004) that consists of Creation, Competition, Cooperation and Co-option variables in PT Tiphone Mobile Indonesia, Tbk.. The research method used is case study and SWOT Analysis method. The research provides a managerial impact to the company that is under study, namely the implementation of 4C’s Framework model so the company has the advantage of competing globally. The Company achieves global competitive advantage based on ownership-based, access-based, and proficiency-based through the implementation of Creation and Innovation, Competition, Cooperation, and Co-option.
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Antonova, M. P., and A. A. Potapova. "Proposals for the Development and Institutionalization of Modern Cooperative Models in Agriculture." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 12 (2020): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2020-0-12-55-59.
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A number of government attempts to stimulate cooperation processes in Russian agriculture unfortunately did not result in expected results. The major reason is the outdated view on cooperation. In Russian legislation and policy measures the only one cooperative model is recognized and accepted, namely a traditional cooperative. This model is prescribed in Federal Law No. 193 “On agricultural cooperation”. However, in some aspects traditional cooperative model does not meet requirements of the modern business and social environment. This article discusses and analyses alternative cooperative models, which can be more competitive in modern business environment than a traditional cooperative model.
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Moran, Nick, and Jordan Pollack. "Evolving Complexity in Cooperative and Competitive Noisy Prediction Games." Artificial Life 25, no. 4 (November 2019): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00302.
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We examine the effect of cooperative and competitive interactions on the evolution of complex strategies in a prediction game. We extend previous work to the domain of noisy games, defining a new organism and mutation model, and an accompanying novel complexity metric. We find that a mix of cooperation and competition is the most effective in driving complexity growth, confirming prior results. We also compare our complexity metric with simpler metrics such as raw strategy size, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our metric in distinguishing true complexity from mere genetic bloat.
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Costa Pinto, Diego, Márcia Maurer Herter, Patrícia Rossi, Walter Meucci Nique, and Adilson Borges. "Recycling cooperation and buying status." European Journal of Marketing 53, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 944–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2017-0557.
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Purpose This study aims to reconcile previous research that has provided mixed results regarding motivation for sustainable behaviors: pure altruism (cooperation) or competitive altruism (status). Drawing on evolutionary altruism and identity-based motivation, the authors propose that a match between pure (competitive) altruism and individualistic (collectivistic) identity goals enhance consumers’ motivations to engage in recycling (green buying). Design/methodology/approach Three experimental studies show how pure and competitive altruism are associated with specific sustainable consumption (Study 1) and how altruism types should be matched with identity goals to motivate sustainable consumption (Studies 2 and 3). Findings Study 1 shows that pure altruism is associated with recycling but not with green buying. Studies 2 and 3 show that pure (competitive) altruism and individualistic (collectivistic) goals lead to higher recycling (green buying) intentions. Research limitations/implications The present research extends previous findings by showing that pure and competitive are indeed associated with specific sustainable behaviors. The authors suggest that the interaction between motives and identity goals can lead to a greater impact on recycling and green buying intentions. Practical implications Public policymakers and companies will benefit by better understanding how specific combinations of altruism types and identity goals can foster recycling or green buying intentions. Originality/value This research is the first to show how matches between pure and competitive altruism types and individualistic and collectivistic identity goals affect consumers’ motivations to engage in recycling and green buying.
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Holubcik, Martin. "Theoretical knowledge in terms of forming cooperation." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 4 (March 22, 2017): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v3i4.1517.
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Cooperation, participation, partnership is essential element for human and biological nature of the world, as well as its development in the future. It creates new connections, repeats old, reinforces bonds and relationship between individual subjects, brings positive value (benefits) into the relationship or creates negative effects. Main goal of this paper is theoretical definition of cooperation as a general picture of cooperation. The findings of cooperation are important to understand complexity of possible use in business environment. Establishing a base for assessing appropriate cooperation in market conditions is vital. The success rate of cooperation depends on the rate of using elements of cooperation. This base ensures higher chance to become more competitive, meets the objectives and brings a synergy effect to business relationship.
Keywords: cooperation; cooperative potential; cooperative environment; aspect and criteria of cooperation;
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Zykiene, Ineta, Rūta Laučienė, Rasa Daugėlienė, and Aistė Leskauskienė. "Strengthening Lithuanian - Latvian Cross - Border Cooperation in the Context of International Trade." European Integration Studies 1, no. 15 (September 16, 2021): 138–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.1.15.29062.
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The article analyses the strengthening of the competitiveness of countries based on crossborder cooperation through the prism of international trade indicators. Due to the increase in international competition, countries, especially small economies, are finding it increasingly difficult to maintain their position in the global market and remain competitive if this position is pursued individually. It is therefore necessary to review competition strategies and reassess opportunities and competitive advantages, as well as to promote coopetition between border region companies at institutional level. The article presents a new approach to regional competitiveness, which is achieved not through the development of the competitive advantages of the regions of individual countries, but through their cooperation and thus achieving common benefits. This is particularly relevant for border regions, as their uniqueness allows them to exploit cross-border region cooperation, which can generate added value by utilising the potential of cooperating regions to complement each other and become a competitive hub for economic growth. Only a strategic partnership based on regional cooperation will promote cooperation between manufacturers in different regions and ensure the achievement of co-creation and international development goals. The article analyses the case of Lithuania and Latvia as an example of cross-border cooperation, as internationally these countries are often matched and treated as one region, but in fact they compete fiercely with each other for better positions in foreign markets. This also shows that Lithuania’s and Latvia’s foreign trade with the European Union (hereinafter - the EU) accounted for the largest share of their foreign trade. Secondary statistical data of the EU-28 Eurostat of 2010 - 2019 and Finger Kreinin, RCA, and Lafay indices were used for the study. After assessing the convergence of the Lithuanian and Latvian export structure according to the FKI index during the study and finding that the export structure of these countries is very similar, the relative comparative advantage of exports by individual product sectors was assessed on the basis of the RCA index and the comparative advantage on the basis of the LAFAY index. The study showed that both countries had comparative advantages in the same product groups. The identification of common points of contact has highlighted economic activities, the development of which could be given more attention through the cooperation between the countries, and which would ensure overall economic benefits. The article concludes with strategic recommendations and measures to promote cross-border cooperation and increase the region’s competitiveness. The article contributes to the regional economic subject literature, as the concept of cross-border region competitiveness is developed by promoting not the competition of individual regions, but their cooperation by discovering common similarities in economic development. The article presents methodological logic and empirical calculations that would allow policy makers to develop cooperation strategies with those border regions with which it is expedient to cooperate for greater economic benefits. Promoting regional development and reducing regional disparities not only between regions within the same country but also between different countries requires the patient and consistent work of governments, businesses and academia, as well as individual communities, to develop measures and initiatives to promote cross-border cooperation.
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Baldi, Brunetta. "Il federalismo competitivo: l'Italia in prospettiva comparata." TEORIA POLITICA, no. 2 (October 2009): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tp2009-002005.
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- The article analyses the most recent reforms of Italian regionalism using the theory of competitive federalism as opposed to cooperative federalism. Although new competitive dynamics are developing with main reference to asymmetrical regionalism and fiscal federalism, the article shows the coexistence of competitive and cooperative institutional arrangements. Taking a comparative perspective the case of Italy portrays similarities to those of Germany and Spain: German cooperative federalism is more and more challenged by the developing of competitive dynamics between the Western and Eastern Länder as well as Spanish competitive regionalism is opening up to intergovernmental cooperation to assure policy coordination. As a whole the article provides an analytical framework to guide future empirical research.
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Чернова, Ольга, and Olga Chernova. "Competitive Cooperation in the Modernization of the Domestic Industry." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2019, no. 1 (April 18, 2019): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2019-4-1-159-165.
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The research seeks to substantiate the possibility of modernization reforms in the domestic industry on the basis of competitive cooperation within a cluster. The author identifies some factors and conditions that increase the effectiveness of these interactions. The processes of competitive cooperation are considered from the position of J. F. Moore, who saw competition as a special form of interaction between companies, through which they can coordinate their activities. The research revealed that cluster structures based on the network principles of interaction contribute to the formation of relations of competitive cooperation and manifestation of synergetic and multiplicative effects in the national economy. The study also introduces factors and conditions that ensure the development of cluster structures in the region. The limiting factors include a low level of competitiveness of domestic industrial products and the lack of development of environmental subsystem of modernization development of the region, as well as the asymmetry of intraregional development. The author associates the prospects for the formation of clusters with a balanced development of their object, environment, and design-process subsystem.
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Gerrish, Philip J., and Claudia P. Ferreira. "A thermodynamic limit constrains complexity and primitive social function." International Journal of Astrobiology 18, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550418000149.
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AbstractThe evolutionary trend toward increasing complexity and social function is ultimately the result of natural selection's paradoxical tendency to foster cooperation through competition. Cooperating populations ranging from complex societies to somatic tissue are constantly under attack, however, by non-cooperating mutants or transformants, called ‘cheaters’. Structure in these populations promotes the formation of cooperating clusters whose competitive superiority can alone be sufficient to thwart outgrowths of cheaters and thereby maintain cooperation. But we find that when cheaters appear too frequently – exceeding a threshold mutation or transformation rate – their scattered outgrowths infiltrate and break up cooperating clusters, resulting in a cascading loss of social cohesiveness, a switch to net positive selection for cheaters and ultimately in the loss of cooperation. Our findings imply that a critically low mutation rate had to be achieved (perhaps through the advent of proofreading and repair mechanisms) before complex cooperative functions, such as those required for multicellularity and social behaviour, could have evolved and persisted. When mutation rate in our model is also allowed to evolve, the threshold is crossed spontaneously after thousands of generations, at which point cheaters rapidly invade. Probing extrapolations of these findings suggest: (1) in somatic tissue, it is neither social retro-evolution alone nor mutation rate evolution alone but the interplay between these two that ultimately leads to oncogenic transitions; the rate of this coevolution might thereby provide an indicator of lifespan of species, terrestrial or not; (2) the likelihood that extraterrestrial life can be expected to be multicellular and social should be affected by ultraviolet and other mutagenic factors.