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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Competitive feeding

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Academic literature on the topic 'Competitive feeding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Competitive feeding"

1

Robichaud, David, Louis Lefebvre, and Lucie Robidoux. "Dominance affects resource partitioning in pigeons, but pair bonds do not." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-096.

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Pigeons (Columba livia) show individual feeding specializations both in the field and in captivity. In competitive feeding conditions, these specializations change in a way that decreases dietary overlap between birds. We examine two potential status determinants of feeding competition, dominance and pair bonds. In pigeons, pair bonds are used in aggressive feeding coalitions at defendable patches, while dominance affects both feeding rate and priority of access to food. We compared the seed choices of pigeons feeding alone and in competitive conditions with those of a conspecific. In experiment 1, the competitor was either the mate or a familiar nonmate of the opposite sex; in experiment 2, the dominance rank of the competitors was known from a round-robin series of dyadic encounters in the presence of a defendable feeder. Pair bonds had no effect on competitive diet shifts, but dominance did: in competition, lower ranking pigeons ate less of the seed type they specialized on when feeding alone, while higher ranking pigeons ate more. Confirming previous results on resource partitioning, food choice showed less overlap between individuals in competition than in solitary feeding trials, but the magnitude of the change was not proportional to initial overlap.

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Borgström, Pernilla, Joachim Strengbom, Maria Viketoft, and Riccardo Bommarco. "Aboveground insect herbivory increases plant competitive asymmetry, while belowground herbivory mitigates the effect." PeerJ 4 (April 4, 2016): e1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1867.

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Insect herbivores can shift the composition of a plant community, but the mechanism underlying such shifts remains largely unexplored. A possibility is that insects alter the competitive symmetry between plant species. The effect of herbivory on competition likely depends on whether the plants are subjected to aboveground or belowground herbivory or both, and also depends on soil nitrogen levels. It is unclear how these biotic and abiotic factors interactively affect competition. In a greenhouse experiment, we measured competition between two coexisting grass species that respond differently to nitrogen deposition:Dactylis glomerataL., which is competitively favoured by nitrogen addition, andFestuca rubraL., which is competitively favoured on nitrogen-poor soils. We predicted: (1) that aboveground herbivory would reduce competitive asymmetry at high soil nitrogen by reducing the competitive advantage ofD. glomerata; and (2), that belowground herbivory would relax competition at low soil nitrogen, by reducing the competitive advantage ofF. rubra. Aboveground herbivory caused a 46% decrease in the competitive ability ofF. rubra, and a 23% increase in that ofD. glomerata, thus increasing competitive asymmetry, independently of soil nitrogen level. Belowground herbivory did not affect competitive symmetry, but the combined influence of above- and belowground herbivory was weaker than predicted from their individual effects. Belowground herbivory thus mitigated the increased competitive asymmetry caused by aboveground herbivory.D. glomerataremained competitively dominant after the cessation of aboveground herbivory, showing that the influence of herbivory continued beyond the feeding period. We showed that insect herbivory can strongly influence plant competitive interactions. In our experimental plant community, aboveground insect herbivory increased the risk of competitive exclusion ofF. rubra. Belowground herbivory appeared to mitigate the influence of aboveground herbivory, and this mechanism may play a role for plant species coexistence.

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Brouns, F., F. MacMenemy, and S. A. Edwards. "Dominance hierarchies in sows and the consequence for liveweight gain in competitive and non-competitive feeding systems." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002256x.

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In commercial situations dry sows are fed a relatively small amount of food once or twice a day. In group feeding systems this can cause a lot of aggression at feeding time and result in an unequal distribution of food between sows when dominant sows prevent subdominant sows from eating. Ad libitum feeding of a suitable diet may be one way to overcome these problems.Four groups of 12 multiparous sows were housed in deep straw pens (2.9 m2/sow). They were allocated to one of two feeding treatments involving high or low competition for food. Groups on the high competition (HC) treatment were floor-fed once a day 3.0 kg/sow of a barley-soyabean meal diet in pelleted (8 mm) form. Groups on the low competition (LC) treatment received ad libitum a diet containing 60% unmolassed sugarbeet pulp from a 3-space hopper. The composition of the diets is shown in table 1.Groups were allocated to treatment after service. Feed intake was recorded regularly, liveweight and backfat thickness were measured every fortnight over a 10 week period.

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Coulson, J. C., P. Monaghan, and S. A. Greig. "Feeding Strategies of Male and Female Adult Herring Gulls (Larus Argentatus)." Behaviour 94, no. 1-2 (1985): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853985x00262.

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AbstractThis paper examines the foraging behaviour of adult male and female herring gulls at refuse tips during winter. Although the majority of herring gulls were either on the tip or nearby for much of the daylight period, an individual male or female fed at the tip for only 30 minutes per day. Three types of feeding were distinguished: (a) undisturbed primary feeding on freshly dumped refuse; (b) disturbed primary feeding where the gulls fed whilst a bulldozer was moving the refuse; and (c) secondary feeding on dispersed refuse partially covered with earth. During primary feeding the herring gulls fed at high density and the feeding flock comprised 73% adults whilst during secondary feeding they were at low density and the flock contained only 25 % adults. A comparison of disturbed and undisturbed primary feeding showed that the birds dipped for food from the air in the former but searched for food on the ground in the latter. This resulted in eight times more encounters per individual and much greater competition in undisturbed feeding. Proportionally more adult male than female herring gulls participated in undisturbed (i.e. competitive) feeding, whereas the reverse was true of disturbed feeding. These differences were greatest in the first half of the winter (i.e. October-mid-December). There were no differences in the sex-ratio of those participating in secondary feeding. During undisturbed primary feeding adult females had higher pecking and walking rates and lower encounter rates than males. Males obtained at least a fifth of their food by attacking and displacing other feeding herring gulls, three times more than females. Female herring gulls fed more often on the edge of the refuse pile where competitive interactions were less frequent but also where foraging success was lower. As the undisturbed feeding bout progressed, attack rates of males increased and their swallowing rate was sustained. In contrast, the attack rates of females decreased as did the swallowing rates. The proportion of females present also decreased, suggesting that some females were responding to the increased levels of aggression by leaving the feeding area. Refuse tips provide a variety of feeding opportunities. In a competitive feeding situation the smaller female herring gulls are disadvantaged by the dominance of males. In disturbed feeding they are able to compensate to some extent because their smaller size results in greater manoeuvrability.

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Taniguchi, Yoshinori, Frank J. Rahel, Douglas C. Novinger, and Kenneth G. Gerow. "Temperature mediation of competitive interactions among three fish species that replace each other along longitudinal stream gradients." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-072.

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Competitive ability changed across a range of 3-26°C among three fish species that show longitudinal replacement in Rocky Mountain streams: brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) at high elevations, brown trout (Salmo trutta) at middle elevations, and creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) at low elevations. Competitive ability was measured by food consumption and aggression in a stream tank. At 20°C, the trout species were competitively equal, and both were competitively superior to creek chub. Creek chub began to have competitive success against brook trout at 22°C and brown trout at 24°C, temperatures stressful but not lethal for the trout. Creek chub became competitively dominant over brook trout at 24°C and brown trout at 26°C, temperatures lethal to a portion of each trout species. We examined whether reduced food consumption was due to appetite loss or the presence of other species. For brook trout, interactions influenced feeding behavior at 22°C, but appetite loss became important at 24°C. For brown trout, interactions influenced feeding behavior at 24°C, but appetite loss became important at 26°C. For creek chub, there was an interaction between behavioral interactions and appetite in determining food consumption. Field data support a transition from trout to non-trout fishes at 22-25°C.

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Ansarin, Morteza, and Jack G. Woolley. "Competitive Feeding Experiments with Tropic Acid Precursors in Datura." Journal of Natural Products 56, no. 8 (August 1993): 1211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50098a002.

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Amorim, M. C. P., Y. Stratoudakis, and A. D. Hawkins. "Sound production during competitive feeding in the grey gurnard." Journal of Fish Biology 65, no. 1 (July 2004): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00443.x.

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Elsacker, Linda Van, Hilde Vervaecke, and Han De Vries. "AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE CONSISTENCY OF COMPETITIVE ABILITY AND AGONISTIC DOMINANCE IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL CONTEXTS IN CAPTIVE BONOBOS." Behaviour 136, no. 4 (1999): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501405.

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AbstractBonobos have been described as a relatively egalitarian and female dominant species. The exact nature and quality of their dominance relationships and the existence of female dominance are current topics of dispute. We investigated the consistency across social contexts, the stability in time, and the degree of expression of the competitive feeding ability and agonistic dominance in a captive group of bonobos. First, we examined whether the competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks differed in different dyadic contexts, triadic contexts and the whole group context. For some pairs of animals the dominance relationships with respect to competitive feeding altered with different group compositions. The agonistic dominance relationships changed accordingly. The competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks in the experiments correlated strongly with each other. The alpha position was occupied by a female, but not all females outranked all males. We suggest that females can profit from each others presence to gain inter-sexual dominance. Second, although the agonistic rank order in the whole group remained the same over at least five years, some dyadic competitive feeding ranks changed over time, resulting in a stronger female intersexual dominance. Third, the degree of expression of the behaviors used to quantify dyadic competitive and agonistic dominance was not high, in line with the popular 'egalitarian' epithet. Notwithstanding its low consistency across contexts, the dominance hierarchy in the whole group has a strong predictive value for other social relationships such as grooming. Given this strong effect of rank on other behaviours and given the strong dependency of rank on social context, the choice of the right party members may be a crucial factor in the fission-fusion processes of free-ranging bonobos.

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Smith, Richard D., and Neil B. Metcalfe. "Age, Sex and Prior Site Experience Have Independent Effects On the Foraging Success of Wintering Snow Buntings." Behaviour 129, no. 1-2 (1994): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00370.

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AbstractIntraspecific variation in foraging success amongst birds is often associated with differences between individuals in competitive ability or experience. However, it is usually difficult to separate the importance of experience per se from that of age. Here we examined the feeding rates of wintering snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis) at Cairn Gorm, North-east Scotland in both competitive and non-competitive situations. Although flock-size/density and stage of the feeding bout accounted for most of the explainable variation in peck-rates, there remained significant and additive residual effects of both age and prior experience of the site (older/more experienced birds achieving higher feeding rates) and these effects were very similar for birds feeding alone or in flocks. Sex differences in feeding rates were only apparent in large flocks, where males (the dominant sex) had faster peck-rates than females. Birds without previous experience (whether age or site-related) showed increases in relative feeding rate during the course of the winter, whereas experienced birds did not. This suggests that the differences between experienced and inexperienced birds were due to learning rather than the disproportionate loss of poor foragers.

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Craig, J. V., and N. C. Ramos. "Competitive feeding behavior and social status in multiple-hen cages." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16, no. 1 (August 1986): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(86)90041-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Competitive feeding"

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Morrisey, D. J. "Competitive avoidance in marine deposit feeding invertebrates." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332468.

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Zobel, Gosia. "Beef feedlot cattle use individual feeding strategies to gain access to feed in a competitive environment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32281.

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Cattle are social animals and frequently interact with other members of their social group, especially when access to food is limited. Despite considerable interest in the social behavior of cattle, no research has focused on assessing the relationship between competition and the feeding behavior of individual feedlot cattle housed in small groups. Forty-five British crossbred feedlot heifers (520.5 ± 32 kg BW) were used to determine how successful competitive interactions impacted an individual's ability to consume and gain access to feed in a competitive feeding environment. Heifers were randomly assigned to 3 pens of 15 animals. Pens were fitted with two radio frequency equipped feed tubs that monitored individual dry matter intake and bunk attendance duration. Cattle were fed a total mixed ration once daily consisting of barley silage, concentrate and mineral supplement at 0900, 1200 and 1500 and had ad libitum access to both feed and water. All competitive interactions at and around the feed tubs were monitored continuously from 0900 to 2200 on three separate days. Animals were considered successful if they either gained access to feed, or if they were already eating, they maintained their position. There was a positive relationship between the number of successful interactions displayed and dry matter intake (R² = 0.26, P = 0.0003), bunk attendance duration, (R² 0.45, P < 0.0001) and bunk attendance frequency (R² = 0.49, P < 0.0001). The strength of these relationships varied dramatically throughout the day and was strongest in the first hour after feed delivery between 0900 and 1000. Large variation between individuals suggests that different animals develop individual feeding strategies in competitive environments. Animals used competition, varied eating rate, and shifted feeding times to access feed. Although this study suggests that the success of an animal in competitive interactions at the feedbunk plays a role in its ability to access and consume feed, individual behavioral differences also play a significant role.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
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Thouless, C. R. "Feeding competition in red deer hinds." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382325.

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Hutchinson, Stephen J. "Scramble competition and the ideal free distribution." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367251.

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Hill, Russell Anthony. "Ecological and demographic determinants of time budgets in baboons : implications for cross-populational models of baboon socioecology." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366387.

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Cowlishaw, Guy Charles. "Trade-offs between feeding competition and predation risk in baboons." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437081.

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Emidio, Ricardo Almeida. "Otimiza??o no uso de martelos e bigornas para quebrar sementes por macacos prego (Cebus flavius e C. libidinosus) no Bioma Caatinga." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17298.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoAL_DISSERT.pdf: 2035586 bytes, checksum: ca26983e504667d744bf6cb052c449e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Recently, capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.) inhabitants of dry environments and with restriction of fleshy fruits, have been the subject of several studies regarding the use of instruments. During behaviour of using stones to crack open nuts there is evidence of selection of more effective hammers, as well as selection of anvils related to reducing the risk of predation. The aim of this study was to determine whether two groups of capuchin monkeys (C.flavius and and C.libidinosus) inhabitants of the Caatinga of Rio Grande do Norte make choice of hammers and anvils. The record of weight and location of stones indicated active choices of with what (choice of hammers) and where (selection of anvils) to crack open encapsulated seeds. The choice of hammers to break nuts depended on the type and degree of ripeness seed. Thus, smaller seeds were smashed with lighter hammers and larger seeds with heavier hammers. Still, C. flavius was the only species that presented a refinement in the choice of hammers that depended on the ripeness of seeds. For both species of capuchin monkeys studied, the nut-crack sites were not spread in accordance with the spatial distribution of seed-producing species, suggesting that the capuchin monkeys promote active choice of anvils. Thus, in environments with more escape routes through the trees, the nut-crack sites were found further apart than in regions that had less chance of escape through the trees. Also, there was a difference in the spacing of the anvils to depend on the type of seed: sites used to crack larger and more caloric seeds were found farther apart than the sites used to crack smaller and less caloric seeds, suggesting a pattern of avoiding direct competition. We conclude that the capuchin monkeys maximize energy savings and reduced risk of predation and the costs of food competition during the behaviour of using stones to crack open nuts
Recentemente, macacos prego (Cebus spp.) habitantes de ambientes secos e com restri??o de frutos carnosos, v?m sendo alvo de diversos estudos acerca do uso de instrumentos. Em atividades de quebra de sementes, h? ind?cios de escolhas eficientes de martelos, bem como de sele??o de bigornas para redu??o dos riscos de preda??o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se dois grupos de macacos prego (C. flavius e C. libidinosus) habitantes da caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte realizam escolhas de martelos e bigornas. O registro do peso e da localiza??o das pedras indicou escolhas ativas de com o que (escolha de martelos) e onde (sele??o de bigornas) quebrar sementes encapsuladas. O padr?o de escolha dos martelos para quebrar sementes dependeu da esp?cie e do estado de matura??o. Assim, sementes menores foram quebradas com martelos mais leves e sementes maiores com martelos mais pesados. Ainda, C. flavius foi a ?nica esp?cie que apresentou um refinamento na escolha de martelos que dependia do estado de matura??o de sementes. Para ambas as esp?cies de macacos prego estudadas, os s?tios de quebra n?o estavam dispostos de acordo com a distribui??o espacial das esp?cies produtoras de sementes, sugerindo que os macacos prego promovem escolha ativas de bigornas. Assim, em ambientes que havia maior chance de fuga atrav?s das ?rvores, os s?tios de quebra foram encontrados mais afastados entre si do que em regi?es que havia menor chance de fuga pelas ?rvores. Tamb?m, foi verificada diferen?a no espa?amento das bigornas a depender do tipo de semente: s?tios de quebra de sementes maiores e mais cal?ricas foram encontrados mais distantes entre si do que os s?tios de quebra de sementes menores e menos cal?ricas, sugerindo um padr?o de evitac?o de competi??o direta. Conclu?mos que os macacos prego maximizam os ganhos energ?ticos e reduziram os riscos de preda??o bem como os custos de competi??o por alimento durante o comportamento de uso de pedras para quebra de sementes

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Wilson, Lindsay J. "The diet and feeding ecology of harbour seals around Britain." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6554.

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Since 2000, there has been a marked decline in the number of harbour seals in some regions around Britain; one possible contributing cause is competition for prey with sympatric grey seals. To explore one important aspect of this interaction, in this thesis the diet of harbour seals is estimated using analysis of hard prey remains recovered from faeces and compared with equivalent results for grey seals. To estimate coefficients to account for partial and complete digestion of hard prey remains, 100 whole prey feeding trials were conducted with six harbour seals and 18 prey species. Differences were found among prey species and between harbour and grey seals highlighting the importance of applying predator- and prey-specific digestion correction factors when reconstructing diet. In a comprehensive exploration of the diet of harbour seals around Britain, sandeel and flatfish dominated in the North Sea and large gadoids dominated on the Scottish west coast with seasonal pulses of pelagic prey. Variation in diet was linked to regional and seasonal differences in prey distribution and abundance. Sex-specific variation in harbour seal diet was examined in four regions. The main difference detected was in The Wash, where female diet quality was significantly higher than males in winter, which appeared to be driven by greater consumption of pelagic prey by female seals associated with seasonal energetic requirements of their annual life cycle. Comparison of the diet of harbour and grey seals revealed regional differences in diet composition, diversity and quality between the two species. However, there was no consistent pattern in this variation in relation to regional variation in harbour and grey seals population trajectories and no clear evidence for interspecific competition for prey. Future work should focus on an integrated investigation of prey abundance and distribution, and seal diet and foraging behaviour/distribution.

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Syarifuddin, S. "The effect of group size on feeding competition in blue gouramis (Pisces:Trichogaster trichopterus) /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69662.

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Laboratory experiments examined now aggressive behavior, use of space, activity and breathing frequency were affected by the number of fish competing for a concentrated, renewing, intermittent food source. Total aggression rate per fish and the proportion of long chases decreased in larger groups and increased during short periods in which food was unavailable. The proportional use of the area near the food source was maximal at intermediate group sizes suggesting that use of the feeding area was reduced by aggressive defense at low densities and by passive interference at high densities. Air-breathing frequency tended to be lower when food was available than when it was not, suggesting that gouramis reduce their use of atmospheric oxygen when it may result in loss of food to competitors. Group size affects the pattern of food competition more through economic resource defense than through passive interference.

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Kurihara, Yosuke. "Feeding competition in Japanese macaques in Yakushima: effects of intergroup hostility and group size." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225442.

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Books on the topic "Competitive feeding"

1

Georgsson, Lotta. Competition at feeding: Effects on growing-finishing pigs and rats. Alnarp [Sweden]: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002.

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Vogel, Colin. The complete performance horse: Preventive medicine, fitness, feeding, lameness. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles, 1996.

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Botermans, Jos A. M. Feeding environment for growing-finishing pigs: Effects of competition for feed and feeding frequency on performance, behaviour, injuries, plasma cortisol and exocrine pancreatic secretion. Alnarp: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1999.

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Dixon, Franklin W. Feeding Frenzy: Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers #20. Aladdin, 2008.

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The Parent's Guide to the Proper Psychological Care and Feeding of the Competitive Swimmer. Keel Pubns, 2001.

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The Complete Performance Horse: Feeding, Fitness, Lameness, Preventive Medicine. 2nd ed. David & Charles Publishers, 2006.

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Vogel, Colin. The Complete Performance Horse: Preventive Medicine, Fitness, Feeding, Lameness. David & Charles, 1997.

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Hirsch, Ben T., and Matthew E. Gompper. Causes and consequences of coati sociality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0028.

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Coati species exhibit a level of sociality uncommon among carnivores, and coatis can provide a valuable test of models relating ecology to social behaviour. This chapter draws principally on the authors’ research in Panama (Nasua narica) and Argentina (Nasua nasua), but also discuss insights gained from work conducted in the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Brazil. Based on these comparisons, the authors posit that predation and feeding competition have been two of the strongest forces shaping coati social patterns and discuss how socio-ecological pressures affect almost every aspect of coati biology, including; morphology, feeding ecology, reproduction, demography, and disease spread.

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Srikosamatara, Sompoad. Group size in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivanceus) :vulnerability to predators, intragroup and intergroup feeding competition. 1987.

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Sakaluk, Scott Kitchener. Nuptial feeding behaviour and sexual competition in the decorated cricket "Gryllodes supplicans" Walker (orthoptera gryllidae). 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Competitive feeding"

1

Wei, Kai, Ariel Grostern, Winnie W. M. Chan, Ruth E. Richardson, and Elizabeth A. Edwards. "Electron Acceptor Interactions Between Organohalide-Respiring Bacteria: Cross-Feeding, Competition, and Inhibition." In Organohalide-Respiring Bacteria, 283–308. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49875-0_13.

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Crowder, Larry B. "Ecological and morphological shifts in Lake Michigan fishes: glimpses of the ghost of competition past." In Contemporary studies on fish feeding: the proceedings of GUTSHOP ’84, 147–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1158-6_12.

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Wirth, Stefan. "Food competition and feeding behavior and its implications for the phylogeny of the Histiostomatidae (Astigmata)." In Trends in Acarology, 37–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5_6.

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Laudelout, A., and R. Libois. "On the Feeding Ecology of the Pied Kingfisher, Ceryle rudis at Lake Nokoué, Benin. is there Competition with Fishermen?" In Interactions Between Fish and Birds: Implications for Management, 165–77. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470995372.ch12.

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Betancourt Vásquez, Jaime Andrés, María Camila Guerrero Núñez, and Luz Andrea Estrada Núñez. "Integridad intestinal en pollos de engorde alimentados con ensilaje de ramio (boehmeria nivea) mezclado con afrecho de yuca (manihot esculenta)." In Competitive Risaralda, generating research alliances for development. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22517/9789587224955.4.3.

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Bird’s intestinal health is determinant because of its connotation on disease control, but also because it is the source of utilization of nutrients that results in successful production. Conventional raw material used for the fabrication of concentrate is expensive and has low availability, for these reasons, food alternatives with indigenous resources such as forage, have been sought out. In this way, B. nivea stands out as an alternative for feeding birds. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of using silage from B. nivea mixed with cassava bran (Manihot esculenta) on the intestinal integrity of fed broilers. 60 male broilers of the Ross 308 line were located in 12 pens, to each of which a completely randomized experimental treatment design was given. The treatments consisted in two types of diets provided to the birds, a control group that was only given concentrate and another group, that additional to the concentrate used in the control group, was given B. nivea ...

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Conway, G. "Practical innovation: Partnerships between Scientists and Farmers." In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0027.

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Farmers have been experimenters since the beginning of agriculture. Hunters and gatherers had long since learned to use fire as a means of stimulating the growth of tubers and other food plants, and of grass to attract game. Plant selection began when people found they could encourage favored fruiting trees by clearing their competitive neighbors, but the first steps toward intensive plant breeding were taken when an individual, probably a woman rather than a man, deliberately sowed a seed from a high-yielding plant somewhere near the dwelling and observed it grow to maturity. In Europe and Asia, wheat and rice naturally attracted experimental attention. Because they are predominantly self-pollinating, selection produces rapid improvements and the rare crosses provide new material, often with exciting potential. The first bread wheat, a natural cross between emmer wheat and a wild goat grass, was noticed by farmers as early as 8,000 years ago; it was the kind of exotic cross that modern genetic engineers strive for and that is announced in the press, today, as a miracle variety. Farmers continued to domesticate new species, but most attention was devoted to the local selection and adaptation of the existing relatively small number of cereals and livestock. Experimentation also resulted in new whole systems of agriculture— swidden, rice terracing, home gardens, irrigated agriculture, the Mediterranean Trio of wheat, olives, and vines, the Latin American multiple cropping of maize, beans, and squashes, and, in many parts of the world, various forms of integrated crop-livestock agriculture. As is evident from their writings, the Romans analyzed the structure and functions of agricultural systems in a scientific manner. They also described the process of experimentation. Marcus Terentius Varro, who wrote a treatise on agriculture in the 1st century BC, urged farmers to both “imitate others and attempt by experiment to do some things in a different way. Following not chance but some system: as, for instance, if we plough a second time, more or less deeply than others, to see what effect this will have” (Hooper and Ash, 1935). The great agricultural revolution of Britain in the late 18th century was led by farmers.

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Bashevkin, Samuel M., and Steven G. Morgan. "Predation and Competition." In Developmental Biology and Larval Ecology, 361–82. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648954.003.0013.

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Crustacean larvae are subject to predation by a diverse assemblage of invertebrate and vertebrate predators. These predators can find larval prey through visual, tactile, or chemical means and then capture larvae with feeding currents, grasping appendages, suction, or filtering sieves. In response to this predation, crustacean larvae have evolved extensive morphological defenses such as long spines and hard chitinous carapaces. They also exhibit sophisticated behaviors, including extensive vertical and horizontal migrations to avoid encountering predators, rapid darting to evade attacks by nearby predators, and strong swimming to escape after an attack by a predator. Chemical defenses have not yet been documented in crustacean larvae. Interspecific differences in defensive capabilities can be profound, including crab zoeae with spines zero to seven times their body length, and copepod nauplii with dichotomous swimming behaviors that trade off detectability by predators with escape ability. Our review of the literature on predator gut contents and lab feeding experiments found that crustacean larvae are consumed by a vast diversity of predators of all feeding types. These include gray whales, fishes, ascidians, bivalves, octopus larvae, cnidarians, insects, and numerous other crustaceans. Crustacean larvae are important components of many predators’ diets, and the primary food for others, including larvae of commercially important species such as cod. Future research on chemical defenses and phenotypic plasticity are needed to fill gaps in our knowledge of crustacean larval defenses. The predatory threats faced by crustacean larvae and their defensive adaptations have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of larval forms in Crustacea and the factors determining crustacean abundance and distribution.

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Brüne, Martin. "Feeding and eating disorders." In Textbook of Evolutionary Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, 233–44. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198717942.003.0015.

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Feeding and eating disorders comprise syndromes occurring in childhood or in people with intellectual disability, as well as the classic eating disorders, namely anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder. Individuals with anorexia nervosa are preoccupied with body weight and shape. They engage in diverse activities aimed to reduce body weight. People with bulimia have normal body weight, and have episodes of uncontrolled intake of food (binge eating). Both anorexia and bulimia are associated with the desire to gain control over pressures to fulfil sociobiological role models. Paradoxically, these disorders occur more often in societies where food is abundant. Eating disorders are much more prevalent in females than males. It is unclear whether amenorrhoea is key to the control of one’s reproductive potential, and whether this behaviour is maternally induced to promote ‘help at the nest’. Alternatively, thinness, as in anorexia, may be a by-product of intrasexual competition for mates.

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Strang, Kenneth David. "Balanced Assessment of Flexible e-Learning versus Face-to-Face Campus Delivery Courses at an Australian University." In Cases on Technological Adaptability and Transnational Learning, 42–68. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-779-4.ch003.

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This case study reminded researchers of the value in using formal methodologies to gain an objective balanced perspective of actual practice. By using models and survey instruments that gathered objective input from key stakeholders in the higher education market, several of the true underlying factors were revealed. The key instrument used in the case study allowed us to objectively measure if flexible e-learning was at least as effective as campus delivery mode. More so, the assessment was not just performance and not just student satisfaction – instead the outcomes assessed included six factors that were linked to Australian university accreditation: Industry focus, resources/content materials, critical thinking activities, teaching quality, student satisfaction, and student performance (including completion). One of the most interesting aspects of the case study was that we are seeing history in the making to some degree in that as a result of the 2008 global economic crises, the international student market is changing which will force universities to change what and how they offer higher education in the future. More countries (and their populations) in the world are seeking a credible university higher education and they do not always want to travel to holiday destinations to obtain that… the world economic model is changing, continuing to increase the demand for education, yet changing how that product/service must be delivered. Successful higher education institutions around the world are already showing the followers how to do that. This case study provides some ideas and benchmarks for becoming more competitive in higher education, and while the model was developed and used in Australia, likely it can be applied elsewhere since the majority of students feeding into this model and research were international.

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Fitzhugh, H. A. "Competition between Livestock and Mankind for Nutrients: Let Ruminants Eat Grass." In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0024.

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As we contemplate the challenge of feeding more than 8 billion people —more than three quarters living in developing countries —the even greater challenge will be feeding their grandchildren. Consideration of competition between livestock and mankind for nutrients must include both near-term food needs and long-term sustainability of agricultural production systems. Producing more livestock products at the expense of eroding the natural resource base is not an acceptable solution. Livestock have been denigrated as both competitors for food and degraders of the natural resource base for food production. These often emotionally argued allegations against livestock generally do not stand up to objective analysis. Livestock arc most often complementary elements of food production systems, converting otherwise unused feed sources to highly desired food and livestock products such as leather and wool. Moreover, well-managed livestock are positive contributors to the natural resources base supporting balanced agricultural systems. In this chapter, the following points are addressed from the perspective of current and future role for livestock in feeding 8 billion people: . . . • Growing demands for human food and livestock feed • Domesticated food-producing animals • World livestock production systems • Human food preferences and requirements • Dietary requirements and conversion efficiencies • Contributions of science to livestock improvement . . . The overarching issue is the difference in the current and future role for livestock in developed and in developing regions. Less than 11 percent of the global land mass of 13.3 billion hectares is cultivated; the remainder supports permanent pasture, 26%; forest, 31%; and other nonagricultural uses, 32% (U.N. data as cited by Waggoner, 1994). The concerns about competition between livestock and mankind for nutrients center primarily on grains and legumes grown on arable land. Even the most avid vegetarians have little taste for the forages and other herbaceous materials from pasturelands, forests, roadsides, and fence rows that arc consumed by livestock. Since the 18th century, the amount of land cultivated has increased from approximately 0.3 to 1.5 billion ha (Richards, 1990, as cited by Waggoner, 1994). This increase in cultivated land has primarily come at the expense of forest and grasslands.

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Conference papers on the topic "Competitive feeding"

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Draganskaya, Maria, Inna Savvicheva, Pavel Lishchenko, and Vasily Adamko. "COMPETITION TEST RESULTS OF VARIETIES AND VARIETIES OF YELLOW LUPINE." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-24-72-88-93.

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To successfully solve the problem of vegetable protein deficiency in animal feeding and preserve soil fertility, the need for expanding the sown area under yellow lupine has been established. The results of competitive testing of varieties and varieties of yellow lupine on sandy and sandy loamy soils according to the parameters of the structural analysis of plants, resistance to diseases and grain productivity are presented. Breeding variety samples 4-12-302, 3-12-182, 5-10-84, 1-08-7-75 were obtained, with an average yield of 14.7-16.5 kg/ha, which is higher than the average standard by 2, 0-3.8 kg/ha. The grades and varieties of yellow lupine are evaluated for their resistance to anthracnose in the field. The correlation coefficients between productivity and weather conditions were calculated in the years of research, which to a greater extent (60%) affect the structural elements and productivity.

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Hirao, Akihiro, Tsuyoshi Koga, and Kazuhiro Aoyama. "A Modular Design Method Considering Defense From Leakage of Synthetic Functions: A Case Study of a Paper Feeding System." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28706.

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This study proposes a modular design method that considers defense from leakage of the synthetic function. Today’s modular design method might lead to an increase in of the leakage of intellectual property. If the modular design were able to conceal the structure of the interactions of product components which realize the product functions, the competitive value of synthetic function might be protected and its life might be extended in the market. The proposed method was implemented to a prototype system (the paper feeder on a photocopier). The result showed the Pareto solution for the trade-offs of manufacturing cost reduction through outsourcing and the defense against the leakage of synthetic function value, indicating a module division plan with both aspects balanced at a high level. The comprehensive evaluation confirmed that the proposed balanced plan accounted for a more satisfactory evaluation value than the other two plans. Specifically, the study recommended the module division plan that enables around a 74% reduction of risk of leakage of synthetic function and about a 43% overall loss, even though the manufacturing cost worsened by approximately 42% when compared to the plan emphasizing manufacturing cost reduction. These application results support the hypothesis that modular design can conceal the structure of functional interactions. Therefore, it was concluded that the proposed module design method was more effective than the existing method, which does not consider the hiding and concealing of the functional interactions of the synthetic value.

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Zhang, Haoxiang, Feng Wang, and Kim A. Stelson. "Modeling and Design of a Hydraulic Hybrid Powertrain for Passenger Vehicle." In ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4353.

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A hydraulic hybrid powertrain for passenger vehicle is studied in this paper. The hydraulic hybrid powertrain consists of a hydro-mechanical transmission and a hydraulic accumulator. The key component of this hydro-mechanical transmission is a pressure-controlled hydraulic transmission. It combines pumping and motoring function in one unit and is potentially more competitive in terms of both energy efficiency and cost effectiveness than a conventional hydrostatic transmission. By feeding the output flow of the pressure-controlled hydraulic transmission to a variable displacement motor coupled to the transmission output shaft, a more compact and simpler hydro-mechanical transmission is constituted. In this paper the systematic approach of applying the hydraulic hybrid powertrain to a passenger vehicle is studied. A dynamic simulation model is developed in Simulink and the U.S. EPA’s urban cycle is used as the test driving cycle. A rule-based energy management strategy (EMS) for the hydraulic hybrid powertrain has also been developed. The system parameter design, controller design and the energy management strategy are evaluated through simulation.

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Rossetti, Ilenia, Cesare Biffi, Lucio Forni, Gian Franco Tantardini, Giuseppe Faita, Mario Raimondi, Edoardo Vitto, and Davide Alberti. "Integrated 5 kWe + 5 kWt PEM-FC Generator From Bioethanol: A Demonstrative Project." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33049.

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A power unit constituted by a reformer, a H2 purification section and a fuel cell is being installed c/o the Dept. of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Universita` degli Studi di Milano, on the basis of a collaboration with Helbio S.A. (Hydrogen and Energy Production Systems, supplier) and the support of some sponsors (Linea Energia S.p.A., Parco Tecnologico Padano and Provincia di Lodi). The system is suitable to obtain 5 kWelectric (a.c.) + 5 kWthermal (hot water at 70°C) as peak output. H2 is produced by steam reforming (SR) of second generation bioethanol, obtainable by different non-food competitive biomass. The assessment of the effect of biomass nature and of the consequent different impurities left in the produced bioethanol is part of the experimentation, together with the evaluation of the impact of bioethanol production cost on the final energy cost. Furthermore, the effect of different ethanol/steam ratios will be taken into account to lighten as much as possible the energy demanding ethanol dehydration process. The former point focuses on catalyst life, imposing careful ethanol characterisation and proper catalyst formulation, whereas the latter is connected with the overall energetic efficiency and economic sustainability. Indeed, the reforming process requires co-feeding of water, opening the way to the research of different, cheaper, ethanol purification strategies, leading to lower ethanol concentration with respect to the azeotrope. The reformate is purified from CO down to a concentration below 20 ppm, suitable to feed the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) stack integrated in the fuel processor. This result is achieved by feeding it to two water gas shift reactors, connected in series and operating at high and low temperature, respectively. The expected CO concentration in the outcoming gas is ca. 1 vol% and the final CO removal to meet the specifications is accomplished by selective methanation. The purified H2 is fed to a 5 kWe PEMFC stack, which should have an expected overall efficiency around 80% (including thermal output). The main goal of the present project is to check system performance under widely different operating conditions and load, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technology and to suggest adequate improvements. Different operating conditions are under evaluation as for ethanol origin, purity, concentration, temperature and space velocity of every reaction step, so to obtain the best compromise between H2 yield, power output and operating costs.

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Rossetti, Ilenia, Cesare Biffi, Lucio Forni, Gian Franco Tantardini, Giuseppe Faita, Mario Raimondi, Edoardo Vitto, and Andrea Salogni. "5 KWe + 5 KWt PEM-FC Generator From Bioethanol: Fuel Processor and Development of New Reforming Catalysts." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54900.

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A power unit constituted by a reformer, a H2 purification section and a fuel cell is being tested c/o the Dept. of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Universita` degli Studi di Milano, on the basis of a collaboration with Helbio S.A. Hydrogen and Energy Production Systems (supplier of the unit) and some sponsors (Linea Energia S.p.A., Parco Tecnologico Padano and Provincia di Lodi). The system size allows to cogenerate 5 kWe (a.c.) + 5 kWt (hot water at 65°C) as peak output. Bioethanol, obtainable by different non-food competitive biomass is transformed into syngas by a prereforming and a reforming stage and the reformate is purified from CO to a concentration below 20 ppmv, suitable to feed the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) stack integrated in the fuel processor. This result is achieved by feeding the reformate to two water gas shift reactors, connected in series and operating at high and low temperature, respectively. CO concentration in the outcoming gas is ca. 0.7 vol% and the final CO removal to meet the specifications is accomplished by two methanation stages in series. The second methanation step acts as a guard since ca. 15 ppmv of CO are obtained even after the first reactor. The purified H2 is suitable for feeding a 5 kWe PEMFC stack, which should have an expected overall efficiency higher than 80% (including thermal output). The main goal of the present project is to check system performance under different operating conditions, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technology and to suggest adequate improvements. In particular, the system will be tested under different load, to check for the readyness of response. Another point will be the effect of bioethanol origin, purity and concentration, so to open the way to separation processes different from distillation. Due to the demonstrative character of the project the main part of the experimentation focuses on the accumulation of a suitable amount of hours-on-stream to validate the system feasibility. A parallel investigation is active on the development of alternative nanostructured catalysts for the present application. In particular, Ni, Co and Cu-based catalysts, supported over La2O3, TiO2 and SiO2 were tested at 500, 625 and 750°C. At the moment no perfect candidate has been found to operate the steam reforming at the lowest temperature, due to unsatisfactory material balances and by-products formation at 500°C with most catalysts. Good H2 productivity, with 100% C balance has been achieved at higher temperature (≥ 625°C).

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Jihong Zhang, Shunlian Chai, Ke Xiao, Liang Ding, and Fei Zhao. "Differential feeding technique for full-polarization conformal phased array." In 2017 International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwem.2017.7968770.

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Wu, Y., M. Li, M. Qu, and Y. Liu. "A novel single-layer wideband filter-integrated feeding network with quadruple outputs." In 2016 IEEE International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwem.2016.7504940.

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Hasegawa, Masahiko, and Hiroyuki Arai. "Multi-band polarization diversity array antenna by tri-plate feeding line for cellular base stations." In 2015 International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwem.2015.7365028.

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9

Wei Huang, Shunlian Chai, Ke Xiao, and Liang Ding. "An aperture coupled 5-element microstrip patch array for 35 GHz with ridge gap waveguide feeding." In 2017 International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwem.2017.7968774.

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Sun, Mei-Jiao, Neng-Wu Liu, and Lei Zhu. "A Low-Profile Microstrip Patch Antenna With Enhanced-Bandwidth by employing the Slot and Feeding network." In 2019 International Workshop on Electromagnetics: Applications and Student Innovation Competition (iWEM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwem.2019.8887947.

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