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Journal articles on the topic 'Competitive feeding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Robichaud, David, Louis Lefebvre, and Lucie Robidoux. "Dominance affects resource partitioning in pigeons, but pair bonds do not." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-096.

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Pigeons (Columba livia) show individual feeding specializations both in the field and in captivity. In competitive feeding conditions, these specializations change in a way that decreases dietary overlap between birds. We examine two potential status determinants of feeding competition, dominance and pair bonds. In pigeons, pair bonds are used in aggressive feeding coalitions at defendable patches, while dominance affects both feeding rate and priority of access to food. We compared the seed choices of pigeons feeding alone and in competitive conditions with those of a conspecific. In experiment 1, the competitor was either the mate or a familiar nonmate of the opposite sex; in experiment 2, the dominance rank of the competitors was known from a round-robin series of dyadic encounters in the presence of a defendable feeder. Pair bonds had no effect on competitive diet shifts, but dominance did: in competition, lower ranking pigeons ate less of the seed type they specialized on when feeding alone, while higher ranking pigeons ate more. Confirming previous results on resource partitioning, food choice showed less overlap between individuals in competition than in solitary feeding trials, but the magnitude of the change was not proportional to initial overlap.

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2

Borgström, Pernilla, Joachim Strengbom, Maria Viketoft, and Riccardo Bommarco. "Aboveground insect herbivory increases plant competitive asymmetry, while belowground herbivory mitigates the effect." PeerJ 4 (April 4, 2016): e1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1867.

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Insect herbivores can shift the composition of a plant community, but the mechanism underlying such shifts remains largely unexplored. A possibility is that insects alter the competitive symmetry between plant species. The effect of herbivory on competition likely depends on whether the plants are subjected to aboveground or belowground herbivory or both, and also depends on soil nitrogen levels. It is unclear how these biotic and abiotic factors interactively affect competition. In a greenhouse experiment, we measured competition between two coexisting grass species that respond differently to nitrogen deposition:Dactylis glomerataL., which is competitively favoured by nitrogen addition, andFestuca rubraL., which is competitively favoured on nitrogen-poor soils. We predicted: (1) that aboveground herbivory would reduce competitive asymmetry at high soil nitrogen by reducing the competitive advantage ofD. glomerata; and (2), that belowground herbivory would relax competition at low soil nitrogen, by reducing the competitive advantage ofF. rubra. Aboveground herbivory caused a 46% decrease in the competitive ability ofF. rubra, and a 23% increase in that ofD. glomerata, thus increasing competitive asymmetry, independently of soil nitrogen level. Belowground herbivory did not affect competitive symmetry, but the combined influence of above- and belowground herbivory was weaker than predicted from their individual effects. Belowground herbivory thus mitigated the increased competitive asymmetry caused by aboveground herbivory.D. glomerataremained competitively dominant after the cessation of aboveground herbivory, showing that the influence of herbivory continued beyond the feeding period. We showed that insect herbivory can strongly influence plant competitive interactions. In our experimental plant community, aboveground insect herbivory increased the risk of competitive exclusion ofF. rubra. Belowground herbivory appeared to mitigate the influence of aboveground herbivory, and this mechanism may play a role for plant species coexistence.

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3

Brouns, F., F. MacMenemy, and S. A. Edwards. "Dominance hierarchies in sows and the consequence for liveweight gain in competitive and non-competitive feeding systems." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002256x.

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In commercial situations dry sows are fed a relatively small amount of food once or twice a day. In group feeding systems this can cause a lot of aggression at feeding time and result in an unequal distribution of food between sows when dominant sows prevent subdominant sows from eating. Ad libitum feeding of a suitable diet may be one way to overcome these problems.Four groups of 12 multiparous sows were housed in deep straw pens (2.9 m2/sow). They were allocated to one of two feeding treatments involving high or low competition for food. Groups on the high competition (HC) treatment were floor-fed once a day 3.0 kg/sow of a barley-soyabean meal diet in pelleted (8 mm) form. Groups on the low competition (LC) treatment received ad libitum a diet containing 60% unmolassed sugarbeet pulp from a 3-space hopper. The composition of the diets is shown in table 1.Groups were allocated to treatment after service. Feed intake was recorded regularly, liveweight and backfat thickness were measured every fortnight over a 10 week period.

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4

Coulson, J. C., P. Monaghan, and S. A. Greig. "Feeding Strategies of Male and Female Adult Herring Gulls (Larus Argentatus)." Behaviour 94, no. 1-2 (1985): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853985x00262.

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AbstractThis paper examines the foraging behaviour of adult male and female herring gulls at refuse tips during winter. Although the majority of herring gulls were either on the tip or nearby for much of the daylight period, an individual male or female fed at the tip for only 30 minutes per day. Three types of feeding were distinguished: (a) undisturbed primary feeding on freshly dumped refuse; (b) disturbed primary feeding where the gulls fed whilst a bulldozer was moving the refuse; and (c) secondary feeding on dispersed refuse partially covered with earth. During primary feeding the herring gulls fed at high density and the feeding flock comprised 73% adults whilst during secondary feeding they were at low density and the flock contained only 25 % adults. A comparison of disturbed and undisturbed primary feeding showed that the birds dipped for food from the air in the former but searched for food on the ground in the latter. This resulted in eight times more encounters per individual and much greater competition in undisturbed feeding. Proportionally more adult male than female herring gulls participated in undisturbed (i.e. competitive) feeding, whereas the reverse was true of disturbed feeding. These differences were greatest in the first half of the winter (i.e. October-mid-December). There were no differences in the sex-ratio of those participating in secondary feeding. During undisturbed primary feeding adult females had higher pecking and walking rates and lower encounter rates than males. Males obtained at least a fifth of their food by attacking and displacing other feeding herring gulls, three times more than females. Female herring gulls fed more often on the edge of the refuse pile where competitive interactions were less frequent but also where foraging success was lower. As the undisturbed feeding bout progressed, attack rates of males increased and their swallowing rate was sustained. In contrast, the attack rates of females decreased as did the swallowing rates. The proportion of females present also decreased, suggesting that some females were responding to the increased levels of aggression by leaving the feeding area. Refuse tips provide a variety of feeding opportunities. In a competitive feeding situation the smaller female herring gulls are disadvantaged by the dominance of males. In disturbed feeding they are able to compensate to some extent because their smaller size results in greater manoeuvrability.

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5

Taniguchi, Yoshinori, Frank J. Rahel, Douglas C. Novinger, and Kenneth G. Gerow. "Temperature mediation of competitive interactions among three fish species that replace each other along longitudinal stream gradients." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1894–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f98-072.

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Competitive ability changed across a range of 3-26°C among three fish species that show longitudinal replacement in Rocky Mountain streams: brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) at high elevations, brown trout (Salmo trutta) at middle elevations, and creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) at low elevations. Competitive ability was measured by food consumption and aggression in a stream tank. At 20°C, the trout species were competitively equal, and both were competitively superior to creek chub. Creek chub began to have competitive success against brook trout at 22°C and brown trout at 24°C, temperatures stressful but not lethal for the trout. Creek chub became competitively dominant over brook trout at 24°C and brown trout at 26°C, temperatures lethal to a portion of each trout species. We examined whether reduced food consumption was due to appetite loss or the presence of other species. For brook trout, interactions influenced feeding behavior at 22°C, but appetite loss became important at 24°C. For brown trout, interactions influenced feeding behavior at 24°C, but appetite loss became important at 26°C. For creek chub, there was an interaction between behavioral interactions and appetite in determining food consumption. Field data support a transition from trout to non-trout fishes at 22-25°C.

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6

Ansarin, Morteza, and Jack G. Woolley. "Competitive Feeding Experiments with Tropic Acid Precursors in Datura." Journal of Natural Products 56, no. 8 (August 1993): 1211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50098a002.

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7

Amorim, M. C. P., Y. Stratoudakis, and A. D. Hawkins. "Sound production during competitive feeding in the grey gurnard." Journal of Fish Biology 65, no. 1 (July 2004): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00443.x.

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8

Elsacker, Linda Van, Hilde Vervaecke, and Han De Vries. "AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE CONSISTENCY OF COMPETITIVE ABILITY AND AGONISTIC DOMINANCE IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL CONTEXTS IN CAPTIVE BONOBOS." Behaviour 136, no. 4 (1999): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501405.

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AbstractBonobos have been described as a relatively egalitarian and female dominant species. The exact nature and quality of their dominance relationships and the existence of female dominance are current topics of dispute. We investigated the consistency across social contexts, the stability in time, and the degree of expression of the competitive feeding ability and agonistic dominance in a captive group of bonobos. First, we examined whether the competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks differed in different dyadic contexts, triadic contexts and the whole group context. For some pairs of animals the dominance relationships with respect to competitive feeding altered with different group compositions. The agonistic dominance relationships changed accordingly. The competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks in the experiments correlated strongly with each other. The alpha position was occupied by a female, but not all females outranked all males. We suggest that females can profit from each others presence to gain inter-sexual dominance. Second, although the agonistic rank order in the whole group remained the same over at least five years, some dyadic competitive feeding ranks changed over time, resulting in a stronger female intersexual dominance. Third, the degree of expression of the behaviors used to quantify dyadic competitive and agonistic dominance was not high, in line with the popular 'egalitarian' epithet. Notwithstanding its low consistency across contexts, the dominance hierarchy in the whole group has a strong predictive value for other social relationships such as grooming. Given this strong effect of rank on other behaviours and given the strong dependency of rank on social context, the choice of the right party members may be a crucial factor in the fission-fusion processes of free-ranging bonobos.

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9

Smith, Richard D., and Neil B. Metcalfe. "Age, Sex and Prior Site Experience Have Independent Effects On the Foraging Success of Wintering Snow Buntings." Behaviour 129, no. 1-2 (1994): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00370.

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AbstractIntraspecific variation in foraging success amongst birds is often associated with differences between individuals in competitive ability or experience. However, it is usually difficult to separate the importance of experience per se from that of age. Here we examined the feeding rates of wintering snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis) at Cairn Gorm, North-east Scotland in both competitive and non-competitive situations. Although flock-size/density and stage of the feeding bout accounted for most of the explainable variation in peck-rates, there remained significant and additive residual effects of both age and prior experience of the site (older/more experienced birds achieving higher feeding rates) and these effects were very similar for birds feeding alone or in flocks. Sex differences in feeding rates were only apparent in large flocks, where males (the dominant sex) had faster peck-rates than females. Birds without previous experience (whether age or site-related) showed increases in relative feeding rate during the course of the winter, whereas experienced birds did not. This suggests that the differences between experienced and inexperienced birds were due to learning rather than the disproportionate loss of poor foragers.

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10

Craig, J. V., and N. C. Ramos. "Competitive feeding behavior and social status in multiple-hen cages." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16, no. 1 (August 1986): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(86)90041-9.

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11

Abrahams, Mark V. "Risk of Predation and Its Influence on the Relative Competitive Abilities of Two Species of Freshwater Fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-163.

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Experiments were conducted with fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) to determine whether their relative feeding rates were affected by risk of predation. Six groups of both species were observed foraging for food provided by an automated feeder while two parameters were manipulated: the presence or absence of a predator, yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and clear or turbid water. It was hypothesized that the armour and spines of brook stickleback would be of greatest benefit during a direct encounter with a predator. I attempted to simulate this condition with turbid water and predator present. Feeding rates of the two species were significantly different, with fathead minnow feeding at a greater rate than brook stickleback in the absence of a predator. In the presence of a predator the feeding rate of fathead minnow declined significantly whereas that of brook stickleback was unaffected. This resulted in similar feeding rates for the two species in the presence of a predator. Results demonstrate that risk of predation can alter the relative competitive abilities of two species in situations where one species possesses a morphological adaptation against predation. In the absence of predators, these traits may be detrimental in interspecific competition for food.

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12

Laflamme, Marc, Lija I. Flude, and Guy M. Narbonne. "Ecological tiering and the evolution of a stem: the oldest stemmed frond from the Ediacaran of Newfoundland, Canada." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 2 (March 2012): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11-044.1.

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The ecological segregation of large, multicellular eukaryotes in the Ediacaran in response to competitive feeding results in the evolution of novel morphological adaptations such as sturdy stems to elevate above lower-tier feeding guilds. Culmofrons plumosa n. gen. n. sp. lived attached to the ocean floor and probably fed osmotrophically from dissolved organic nutrients in the water column. Competition for nutrients with specialized lower-tiered organisms resulted in the evolution of a specialized non-feeding structure, drastically expanding the functional morphospace available to Ediacaran rangeomorphs. The first appearance of a cylindrical macroscopic stem in C. plumosa in the Briscal Formation of the Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve marks a significant departure from the modular repetitive branching typical of the Rangeomorpha, and exemplifies the importance of nutrient acquisition in early ecosystem engineering.

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13

Zobel, G., K. S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, B. M. A. Genswein, and M. A. G. von Keyserlingk. "Impact of agonistic interactions on feeding behaviours when beef heifers are fed in a competitive feeding environment." Livestock Science 137, no. 1-3 (May 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.09.022.

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14

Weinrich, Mason. "HUMPBACK WHALE COMPETITIVE GROUPS OBSERVED ON A HIGH-LATITUDE FEEDING GROUND." Marine Mammal Science 11, no. 2 (April 1995): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00524.x.

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15

CRESSWELL, WILL. "Relative competitive ability changes with competitor density: evidence from feeding blackbirds." Animal Behaviour 56, no. 6 (December 1998): 1367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1998.0902.

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16

Aljetlawi, Albashir A., and Kjell Leonardsson. "Size-dependent competitive ability in a deposit-feeding amphipod, Monoporeia affinis." Oikos 97, no. 1 (April 2002): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970103.x.

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17

Monori, István, Alajos Fehér, and Róbert Czimbalmos. "Feeding questions of organic lamb fattening." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 33 (June 5, 2009): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/33/2864.

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Organic farming has done in line with conventional farming in the Karcag Research Institute of DU CASE since 2001. Our organic farming activities were enhanced with sheep farming andgrassland management in 2005. We started our study of technology development of organic lamb fattening and the treatment of its economic effect this year. Our goal was to developthe elements of the technology to reach a more efficient organic lamb fattening. We also studied what economic advantages the organic sheep farming could realize in the present economic environment. Our studies were carried out between 2005 and 2007. We established that the excellent ewe feeding (good quality of fodder and silage) can decrease the lamb feeding cost between the 2nd and 8th weeks of the lambs’ life. We established that theyield of convention lambs are significantly higher than the yield of organic lambs. The cost of organic lamb fodder is significantly lower than the cost a convention lamb fodder, but the profit was higher in the case of convention lamb fattening. The organic lamb fattening technology (without extra price) is not competitive to the conventional lamb fattening technology. We think that the profitability of organic lamb fattening is significantly less than of the convention one. The organic lamb price should be 20-30% higher than the other price to be competitive. Unfortunatly there is only a little demand for organic lamb and there is no difference between the prices of organic and convention lambs, so organic sheep farmers have worse economic circumstances than conventional sheep farmers.

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18

Svetocheva, Olga N., and Vladislav N. Svetochev. "Analysis of seasonality in trophic relationships of true seals (Phocideae) in the White Sea." Czech Polar Reports 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2015-2-20.

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The analysis of interspecific trophic relations of true seals in the White Sea on the basis of long-term study, done on feeding, is shown. Main finding is that the ringed and bearded seals have no competitive interrelations. Contrastingly, the harp seal had an impact on background seals, intensity of the competition was, however, insignificant due of harp seal seasonal stay in the White Sea. The ice-free seals, i.e. grey and harbor seals, did not show a trophic competition with ice-liking seals thanks to seasonality of stay in the White Sea and insignificant number. The trophic competition of these seals to other pinnipeds is possible at restoration of areas.

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19

Hoxha, Tedi, Steve Crookes, Ian MacIsaac, Xuexiu Chang, Mattias Johansson, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Annegret Nicolai, and Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Comparative feeding behaviour of native and introduced terrestrial snails tracks their ecological impacts." NeoBiota 47 (June 20, 2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.47.35000.

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A developing body of theory and empirical evidence suggest that feeding behaviour as measured by the functional response (FR) can assist researchers in assessing the relative potential, ecological impacts and competitive abilities of native and introduced species. Here, we explored the FRs of two land snails that occur in south-western Ontario, one native (Mesodonthyroidus) and one non-indigenous (Cepaeanemoralis) to Canada. The non-indigenous species appears to have low ecological impact and inferior competitive abilities. Consistent with theory, while both species conformed to Type II functional responses, the native species had a significantly higher attack rate (5.30 vs 0.41, respectively) and slightly lower handling time (0.020 vs 0.023), and hence a higher maximum feeding rate (50.0 vs 43.5). The non-indigenous species exhibited a significantly longer time to contact for a variety of food types, and appeared less discriminating of paper that was offered as a non-food type. The non-indigenous species also ate significantly less food when in mixed species trials with the native snail. These feeding patterns match the known low ecological impact of the introduced snail and are consistent with the view that it is an inferior competitor relative to the native species. However, field experimentation is required to clarify whether the largely microallopatric distributions of the two species in south-western Ontario reflect competitive dominance by the native species or other factors such as habitat preference, feeding preferences or predator avoidance. The relative patterns of feeding behaviour and ecological impact are, however, fully in line with recent functional response theory and application.

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Pushchina, Olga I., Sergey F. Solomatov, Pavel V. Kalchugin, and Ludmila L. Budnikova. "Feeding and food relations of mass species of sculpins (Cottidae, Pisces) in Peter the Great Bay (Japan Sea) in summer." Izvestiya TINRO 184, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 186–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-184-186-203.

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Feeding and competitive relationships are considered qualitatively and quantitatively for 9 common species of sculpins (Cottidae) on the data of bottom-trawl surveys of the shelf and upper continental slope of Peter the Great Bay conducted in June-September of 2002-2009. Most of these species are facultative predators (elkhorn sculpin Alcichthys elongatus , blackedged sculpin Gymnocanthus herzensteini , plain sculpin Myoxocephalus jaok , snowy sculpin M. brandti , and great sculpin M. polyacanthocephalus ), two of them are euryphages (thorny sculpin Icelus cataphractus and graypurple sculpin G. detrisus ), and two other are benthophages (antlered sculpin Enophrys diceraus is benthophagous polyphage and thread sculpin G. pistilliger is benthofagous worm-feeder). Daily ration of these species is estimated as 2.4-3.6 % of body weight, with exception of antlered sculpin that is distinguished by lower feeding intensity (on average 1.0 % per day) due to features of its physiology. Food competition between sculpins is estimated as very low, at least in summer feeding season. Cases of significant overlapping of trophic niches noted for the predatory species, as common consumption of echiuran Echiurus echiurus and snow crab Chionoecetes opilio , are reasoned by high abundance and availability of these prey, not by real competition.

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21

Madire, Lulama G., David O. Simelane, and Terence Olckers. "Competitive interactions between the root-feeding Heikertingerella sp. and foliage-feeding Mada polluta on the invasive Tecoma stans." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 15, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-021-09814-8.

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22

Verderane, Michele P., Patrícia Izar, Elisabetta Visalberghi, and Dorothy M. Fragaszy. "Socioecology of wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus): an analysis of social relationships among female primates that use tools in feeding." Behaviour 150, no. 6 (2013): 659–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003076.

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Socioecology considers that the features of food sources affect female social relationships in group-living species. Among primates, the tests of socioecological models are largely focused on Old World species and do not evaluate if the use of feeding tools affects the competitive regime over food and females’ relations in wild populations. We studied female social relationships among a wild population of bearded capuchins monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) that use percussive tools (stones) to crack encased foods, in a semi-arid habitat in Brazil. Females fed mainly on clumped, high quality resources, indicating that the habitat provides a high quality diet year-round. Females experienced contest competition within and between-groups. As predicted by socioecological models, females’ social relationships were characterized by philopatry, linear dominance hierarchies, coalitions, and tolerance in feeding bouts. Females spent a small proportion of their feeding time using tools. Nevertheless, tool sites generated high rates of contest competition and lower indices of tolerance among females. Although the social structure of our study population did not differ significantly from the pattern observed in wild populations of Sapajus that do not use tools, tool use increased within-group contest competition and apparently contributed to the linearity of the dominance hierarchies established among females. We predict that when tool use results in usurpable food resources, it will increase contest competition within group-living species.

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23

Matsuzawa, Y., and T. Mino. "Role of Glycogen as an Intracellular Carbon Reserve of Activated Sludge in the Competitive Growth of Filamentous and Non-Filamentous Bacteria." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0541.

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Activated sludge mixed cultures were cultivated with a glucose containing substrate in order to investigate the relationship between the feeding pattern (continuous or intermittent feeding) and the glycogen reservation capacity of activated sludge. An experimental method to measure the maximum capacity of glycogen reservation in the sludge was developed. Sludge with higher glycogen reservation capacity has an ability to synthesize glycogen faster, which ensures the higher glucose uptake. Therefore, sludge which has high glycogen reservation capacity becomes predominant in intermittently fed reactors. When the feeding pattern was changed from continuous feeding to intermittent feeding, a filamentous bacterium, Type 1701, started to decrease and a gram positive tetrad coccus became predominant. When the feeding pattern was returned to continuous feeding, Type 1701 re-appeared. Type 1701 has lower glycogen reservation capacity than the tetrad coccus. Therefore, the former cannot dominate over the latter in intermittently fed reactors.

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24

Neave, Heather W., and Gosia Zobel. "Personality of dairy goats affects competitive feeding behaviour at different feeder heights." Small Ruminant Research 192 (November 2020): 106222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106222.

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25

Hartwich, M., A. Wacker, and G. Weithoff. "Changes in the competitive abilities of two rotifers feeding on mixotrophic flagellates." Journal of Plankton Research 32, no. 12 (July 6, 2010): 1727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq081.

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26

Amorim, M. C. P., and A. D. Hawkins. "Growling for food: acoustic emissions during competitive feeding of the streaked gurnard." Journal of Fish Biology 57, no. 4 (October 2000): 895–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02200.x.

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27

Weber, Sebastian, and Walter Traunspurger. "Food choice of two bacteria-feeding nematode species dependent on food source, food density and interspecific competition." Nematology 15, no. 3 (2013): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002679.

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Feeding selectivity and flexibility are generally poorly understood behaviours of free-living nematodes. In the present study, the food choice and feeding habits of two bacteria-feeding, free-living species, Panagrolaimus cf. thienemanni and Poikilolaimus sp. (Nematoda), isolated from Movile Cave (Romania), were examined with respect to food source, food density and interspecific competition. These two species coexist in a very stable environment, compete for the same food resources, and play a major role in Movile Cave’s food web. Panagrolaimus and Poikilolaimus were found to favour significantly the bacterium Escherichia coli as a food source compared with glucose or algae. High densities of E. coli (109 cells ml−1) were preferred by Panagrolaimus, in contrast to the low densities (106 cells ml−1) preferred by Poikilolaimus. This result held true when the two species were exposed to intra- and interspecific competition, when Panagrolaimus significantly preferred E. coli at densities of 109 cells ml−1, whereas Poikilolaimus, while not significantly preferring a fixed bacterial density, was nonetheless attracted to densities of 105 – 107 cells ml−1. These density-related differences in food choice could explain the ability of these species to coexist without competitive exclusion in the same stable environment of Movile Cave.

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28

Uetake, K., K. Yayou, and T. Okamoto. "Influence of feeding operation and social factors on cattle locomotion in free stall barns." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-095.

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The influence of feeding operation and social factors on voluntary movement of cattle was studied with a group of nine Holstein calves in free stall barns. The results of this study suggest that cattle can move more voluntarily when rations are put beyond the place that farmers want them to walk through. The results also suggest that conflicts between motivations for approaching rations and avoiding competitive feeding behaviour should be considered when efficient systems of locomotion control of cattle groups are designed, such as in AMSs. Key words: Dairy cattle, feeding, social behaviour, motivation

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29

Crofoot, Margaret. "Mating and feeding competition in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): the importance of short- and long-term strategies." Behaviour 144, no. 12 (2007): 1473–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907782512119.

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AbstractI investigate the ecological context of intergroup agonism (IGA) in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) to elucidate the roles of feeding and mating competition, explicitly exploring both long- and short-term competitive strategies. Short-term mating competition is not a major function of IGA in C. capucinus. Males were the primary participants in IGA, but did not attempt to prevent extra-group copulations by herding females, and there was no relationship between IGA rate and conception rate. Long-term mating competition, on the other hand, may be important: 41% of interactions were low intensity, as would be expected if males were assessing the composition of neighboring groups in anticipation of a takeover. However, 59% of intergroup interactions escalated to chases or physical contact and females were frequent participants in IGA, directing aggression at adults of both sexes and at juveniles. These findings are not consistent with male mating competition and, in conjunction with overlapping home ranges, high interaction rate, and a positive relationship between IGA rate and both food availability and fruit patch size, they indicate that intergroup feeding competition may be important for capuchins. However, interactions do not preferentially occur at food sources, suggesting that capuchins may gain long-term, rather than short-term, benefits from IGA.

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Rust, J. W., C. C. Sheaffer, V. R. Eidman, R. D. Moon, and R. D. Mathison. "Intensive rotational grazing for dairy cattle feeding." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 10, no. 4 (December 1995): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300006378.

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AbstractA 2-year study compared milk production and profitability for confinement feeding versus rotational grazing. Guernsey and Guernsey x Holstein cows grazed perennial grass pastures from mid-May to October or were fed in confinement. Averaged over both years, confined cows produced 7% more milk; their milk was similar in fat concentration to that of grazing cows. Body weight changes and health of the two groups were similar. Net return per cow averaged $64 higher for rotational grazing than for confinement because of lower costs for feeding, facilities, equipment, and labor. Intensive rotational grazing of pastures is a competitive alternative for dairy cow feeding. However, farmers in the northern U.S. will still require stored feeds from late fall through early spring.

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Iuso, Salvatore, Antonello Bellomo, Tiziana Pagano, Raffaella Carnevale, Antonio Ventriglio, and Annamaria Petito. "Sport Activity as Risk or Protective Factor in Feeding and Eating Disorder." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9120143.

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Emerging evidence suggests controversial results on the associations between sport activity and eating disorders (EDs). The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between sport activity in general, weight-dependent/independent sport activity particularly, and risk or protective factors in feeding and eating disorder (FED). The sample (n = 282, divided into two successive groups), included competitive athletes in the first analysis, non-competitive athletes, and sedentary peers; in the second analysis it has been divided into weight-dependent athletes, weight-independent athletes, non-competitive athletes, and sedentary peers. The participants were tested with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and Body Uneasiness Test (BUT). The results show higher levels of self-esteem among athletes in general and particularly in weight-independent athletes (p = 0.0210). We found higher levels of image and body dissatisfaction among sedentary peers and weight-dependent athletes (0.0005 < p < 0.0015). Sedentary peers also reported higher levels of tension/anxiety, depression/dejection, confusion/bewilderment and fatigue/inertia (0.0001 < p < 0.0331). Dieting and oral control were found to be higher among weight-dependent athletes (0.0337 < p < 0.0400). The findings suggest that sedentary condition is associated with higher levels of body-image discomfort and higher level of psychological distress, whereas weight-dependent athletes may report dietary issues and bodily concerns. Sport activity should be promoted and specific trainings on diet and body-consciousness encouraged among athletes.

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Huckins, Casey J. Fisher. "FUNCTIONAL LINKAGES AMONG MORPHOLOGY, FEEDING PERFORMANCE, DIET, AND COMPETITIVE ABILITY IN MOLLUSCIVOROUS SUNFISH." Ecology 78, no. 8 (December 1997): 2401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2401:flamfp]2.0.co;2.

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Hammarlund, Sarah P., Jeremy M. Chacón, and William R. Harcombe. "A shared limiting resource leads to competitive exclusion in a cross-feeding system." Environmental Microbiology 21, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 759–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.14493.

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Reeve, Erik, Serge Herilala Ndriantsoa, Axel Strauß, Roger-Daniel Randrianiaina, Tahiry Rasolonjatovo Hiobiarilanto, Frank Glaw, Julian Glos, and Miguel Vences. "Acoustic underwater signals with a probable function during competitive feeding in a tadpole." Naturwissenschaften 98, no. 2 (December 15, 2010): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-010-0752-1.

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35

Duan, Ming, Tanglin Zhang, Wei Hu, Zhongjie Li, L. Fredrik Sundström, Tingbing Zhu, Chengrong Zhong, and Zuoyan Zhu. "Behavioral alterations in GH transgenic common carp may explain enhanced competitive feeding ability." Aquaculture 317, no. 1-4 (July 2011): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.04.013.

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36

Metcalfe, Neil B. "Competitive ability influences seaward migration age in Atlantic salmon." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 815–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-121.

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Juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reach a life-history decision in late summer as to whether they will migrate to sea the following spring or remain in fresh water for at least a further year. Here I show that the feeding efficiency of those fish that subsequently defer migration is significantly impaired by the presence of a size-matched competitor, whereas that of fish adopting the strategy of early migration is unaffected by a competitor's presence. This suggests that competitive ability influences the decision as to when to migrate, through its effect on food intake and growth rates, later migrating fish being the poorer competitors.

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37

Rossbach, A., B. Löhr, and S. Vidal. "Interspecific competition between Diadegma semiclausum Hellen and Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren), parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L), feeding on a new host plant." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 2 (December 7, 2007): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307005482.

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AbstractInterspecific competition between an introduced parasitoid species aimed at controlling a herbivorous pest species and a native parasitoid parasitising the same host may influence the success of classical biological control programmes. In Kenya, interspecific competition between an introduced and a local parasitoid on two diamondback moth populations (DBM, Plutella xylostella) was investigated on two different host plants. We tested simultaneous and delayed competition of the local parasitoid Diadegma mollipla Holmgren and its exotic congenus D. semiclausum Hellen on a newly aquired DBM host plant (snowpea) in the laboratory. Under simultaneous competition, D. mollipla produced more progeny than D. semiclausum on snowpea. A head start of D. Mollipla, of four and eight hours before its congenus was introduced, resulted in a similar number of progeny of both species. In delayed competition (time intervals of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h), progeny production was similar for both parasitoids when the time interval was 24 h, irrespective of which species parasitized first. More progeny was produced by the species which attacked first, when the time interval was greater than 24 h, although it was only significant at 72 h. Competitive abilites of both parasitoids on the new host plant differed largely between laboratory and semi-field conditions. The influence of two host plants (snowpea and cabbage) on competition was studied in the greenhouse with different host and parasitoid densities. Parasitism levels of D. semiclausum were significantly higher than those of D. mollipla, regardless of host plant, host and parasitoid densities, but progeny production of D. mollipla on snowpea was still slightly higher than on cabbage. As compared to the confinement of parasitoids and larvae to small containers, D. mollipla parasitized very few larvae in the cages. Competitive ability of the two parasitoid species tested was influenced both by the density of the searching females and by parameters related to either the host plant and/or the herbivorous hosts.

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Greter, A. M., K. E. Leslie, G. J. Mason, B. W. McBride, and T. J. DeVries. "Feed delivery method affects the learning of feeding and competitive behavior in dairy heifers." Journal of Dairy Science 93, no. 8 (August 2010): 3730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2978.

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Unprasert, Pakorn, John B. Taylor, and H. Randall Robinette. "Competitive Feeding Interactions between Small and Large Channel Catfish Cultured in Mixed-Size Populations." North American Journal of Aquaculture 61, no. 4 (October 1999): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0336:cfibsa>2.0.co;2.

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Bergquist, Carol A. L., and John L. Craig. "Competitive asymmetries, status, and breeding success of tui (Meliphagidae) at an established feeding station." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 15, no. 3 (July 1988): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1988.10422962.

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BOSÈ, MICHELA, and FRANÇOIS SARRAZIN. "Competitive behaviour and feeding rate in a reintroduced population of Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus." Ibis 149, no. 3 (March 2, 2007): 490–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00674.x.

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42

Hoek, Tim A., Kevin Axelrod, Tommaso Biancalani, Eugene A. Yurtsev, Jinghui Liu, and Jeff Gore. "Resource Availability Modulates the Cooperative and Competitive Nature of a Microbial Cross-Feeding Mutualism." PLOS Biology 14, no. 8 (August 24, 2016): e1002540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002540.

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43

SARANGI, MANASWINI, ARCHANA NAGARAJAN, SNIGDHADIP DEY, JOY BOSE, and AMITABH JOSHI. "Evolution of increased larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster without increased larval feeding rate." Journal of Genetics 95, no. 3 (July 7, 2016): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12041-016-0656-8.

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44

Rutter, S. M., D. A. Jackson, C. L. Johnson, and J. M. Forbes. "Automatically recorded competitive feeding behaviour as a measure of social dominance in dairy cows." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17, no. 1-2 (April 1987): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(87)90006-2.

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45

Gil-Burmann, Carlos, Fernando Peláez, and Susana Sánchez. "Variations in competitive mechanisms of captive male hamadryas-like baboons in two feeding situations." Primates 39, no. 4 (October 1998): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02557570.

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46

Keupp, Stefanie, Farhan Abedin, Lena Jeanson, Carolin Kade, Josefine Kalbitz, Rowan Titchener, Thomas Mussweiler, Thomas Bugnyar, and Julia Fischer. "Performance-based Social Comparisons in Humans and Long-tailed Macaques." Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 325–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.02.2021.

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Social comparisons are a fundamental feature of human thinking and affect self-evaluations and task performance. Little is known about the evolutionary origins of social comparison processes, however. Previous studies that investigated performance-based social comparisons in nonhuman primates yielded mixed results. We report three experiments that aimed (a) to explore how the task type may contribute to performance in monkeys, and (b) how a competitive set-up affects monkeys compared to humans. In a co-action touchscreen task, monkeys were neither influenced by nor interested in the performance of the partner. This may indicate that the experimental set-up was not sufficiently relevant to trigger social comparisons. In a novel co-action foraging task, monkeys increased their feeding speed in competitive and co-active conditions, but not in relation to the degree of competition. In an analogue of the foraging task, human participants were affected by partner performance and experimental context, indicating that the task is suitable to elicit social comparisons in humans. Our studies indicate that specifics of task and experimental setting are relevant to draw the monkeys’ attention to a co-actor and that, in line with previous research, a competitive element was crucial. We highlight the need to explore what constitutes “relevant” social comparison situations for monkeys as well as nonhuman animals in general, and point out factors that we think are crucial in this respect (e.g., task type, physical closeness, and the species’ ecology). We discuss that early forms of social comparisons evolved in purely competitive environments with increasing social tolerance and cooperative motivations allowing for more fine-grained processing of social information. Competition driven effects on task performance might constitute the foundation for the more elaborate social comparison processes found in humans, which may involve context-dependent information processing and metacognitive monitoring.

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47

Hall, S. J. G., B. Schmidt, and D. M. Broom. "Feeding behaviour and the intake of food and water by sheep after a period of deprivation lasting 14 h." Animal Science 64, no. 1 (February 1997): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800015605.

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AbstractAfter 14 h of confinement in a stationary trailer, sheep were found to have lost proportionately a mean of 0·057 of their body weight. Two experiments, one with a heterogeneous flock (28·6 to 93·2 kg body weight) and the other with a more homogeneous flock (32·4 to 46·6 kg) showed very little recovery of this loss after 1 h of ad libitum food and water. When offered familiar concentrates, sheep ate on average 1·2 kg per animal in the 1st h, water only being taken in quantity (>5·01 per animal) in the next 6 h. Hay was taken at a much lower rate (0·25 kg per animal) and less water drunk (1·51 per animal). Competitive social interactions were five times more frequent during hay feeding than during concentrate feeding. After 14 h of confinement a break of Ih is evidently insufficient for feeding and watering and could result in poor welfare. If concentrates are offered, the resulting water deficit will not be redressed within 1 h, resulting in a strong motivation to drink when no water is available. If hay is offered, the heightened level of competitive social interaction could also result in poor welfare.

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Skoglund, Helge, Sigurd Einum, Torbjørn Forseth, and Bjørn Torgeir Barlaup. "Phenotypic plasticity in physiological status at emergence from nests as a response to temperature in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 8 (August 2011): 1470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-056.

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Successful transitions from relying on yolk to exogenous feeding may be strongly influenced by temperature conditions experienced both during embryonic development, through effects on juvenile phenotype, and during initiation of feeding. Here we simultaneously assess these two effects of temperature treatments (2, 5, 8, and 12 °C) in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). Fry emerging from low incubation temperatures were smaller and had metabolized more energy prior to emergence, but had larger yolk sacs and higher mass specific energy levels, than those experiencing higher temperatures. After emergence, activity, feeding, and growth increased significantly with increasing temperature, but fry were able to initiate feeding and maintain positive growth at all four temperatures. Larger energy stores may provide an advantage when emerging at cold temperatures with a low potential for feeding activity, whereas having a large body size, which is primarily of importance in competitive interactions, may be less important owing to cryptic feeding and sheltering at low temperatures. However, the adaptive significance of the observed phenotypic response to incubation temperature remains untested.

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Corkeron, Peter, and Miranda Brown. "Pod Characteristics of Migrating Humpback Whales (Megaptera Novaeangliae) Off the East Australian Coast." Behaviour 132, no. 3-4 (1995): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00676.

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AbstractThe size and sex composition of migrating humpback whale pods were investigated off the east Australian coast. Two hundred and thirty one singletons, 257 pairs, 63 trios, 7 quads and 4 pods containing more than 5 individuals were observed during two land-based surveys carried out throughout the northward migration in 1991 and 1993. Generally humpback whales migrated northward towards the breeding area in pods of I or 2 individuals. In 1992, a biopsy study was carried out throughout the northward and southward migrations. Pods migrating southward (mean = 2.59, SE = 0.19) towards the feeding areas were significantly larger than those travelling north (mean = 1.75, SE = 0.03). The sex of 134 individuals in 63 complete pods was determined by molecular analysis of skin biopsies. Male humpback whales were found in larger pods than females. The most common pod type observed was the male-female pair, which is suggestive of either mating on migration and/or mate-guarding. Males were found associated together frequently. Competitive behaviour was observed during both the northward and southward migrations. The sexing of all individuals within 8 competitive pods indicated that not all contained a female. Although competitive behaviour was observed during the migration, most male-male associations were charactcrised by non-agonistic and occasionally cooperative interactions. We suggest there is a behavioural continuum on migration between the feeding and breeding grounds which is not governed solely by spatial proximity to the terminus. The pod characteristics of humpback whales on their return migration to the feeding grounds showed greatest similarity to those observed on breeding grounds elsewhere. In conclusion, our study showed that the migration of humpback whales is more

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50

Thayer, Charles W. "Are brachiopods better than bivalves? Mechanisms of turbidity tolerance and their interaction with feeding in articulates." Paleobiology 12, no. 2 (1986): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013634.

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The dominance of Paleozoic articulate brachiopods in once-muddy environments may be explained by an array of mechanisms and structures that reject nonfood particles, in some cases without interruption of feeding: (1) behavioral flexibility of the lophophore and its individual filaments; (2) persistent, variable-speed rejection currents on the mantle, which sometimes concentrate pseudofeces in topographically controlled vortices; (3) costae and alae (which have many other probable functions); (4) inhalant currents elevated above substrate; (5) marginal setae.Some mantle currents parallel (and presumably augment) lophophore feeding currents; others diverge up to 90° to provide rejection while feeding continues. Contrary to previous reports, the lateral cilia seem to be involved in rejection and may reverse.Repeated claims for the superiority of the gill of suspension-feeding bivalves over the “weak” individual filaments of the lophophore are probably false. In suspension-feeding bivalves, simultaneous feeding and rejection are likely to be hindered by fused gill elements and mucus-trapping of food. The energetically efficient articulates are predicted to have a competitive advantage over suspension-feeding bivalves when oxygen or food is limiting, as, for example, after a bolide impact.

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