Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Compétitivité (économie politique) – Modèles économétriques'
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Moukala, Jean-Chrios. "La formation continue, fondement de la compétitivité économique ? : des approches déductives à une tentative d'approche inductive." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON10058.
Full textTruong, Quang Thong. "La compétition bancaire et le financement des PME : le cas du Vietnam." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010042.
Full textKpondjo, Nadia. "Modélisation de la compétitivité industrielle." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100127.
Full textThis thesis deals with the concept of competitiveness of industrial units by the efficiency indicator obtained by DEA approach. We use a cross section data over four different years around 2009. The results show that these units are generally technically inefficient (inefficiency of the order of 1 to 5% by technology and region); their productive combination thus seems less than optimal. In addition, the inefficiency is more pronounced in the cost and allocation of resources by considering the inputs prices of an aluminum smelter in another. All this may explain the closures of recent years. We analyze the assessment of how external factors such as exchange rate, vintage and scale affect the smelters efficiency. Through a linear VECM model we have shown a long-term relationship between the financial performance of major car manufacturers and the price of aluminum alloy. This result is indicative of the interdependence between the two industries
Ghadban, Socrat. "Le taux de change et la demande touristique." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937271.
Full textBui, Minh Phuong. "Some interpretations and application of the concept of Prudence." Toulouse 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU10059.
Full textThis research is built in the framework of expected utility theory. The first essay studies the agents' behavior towards risk and uncertainty in the context of consumption externalities : an agent extracts utility not only from his own consumption but also from his peers' consumption. In the second essay, we considered an extension of the Arrow-Debreu model with incomplete market structure : assets are made contingent on the verifiable signals, not on the realized state (each signal may be associated to several states. The third essay studies individual's risk attitudes when utility is multidimensional. Using the concept of "harm-mitigation" (Eechoudt-Schlesinger 2003), we provide intuitive interpretations of the sign of cross-deritatives of the utility function. The fourtht essay discusses comparative Prudence and Temperance by means of a new concept so-called prudence and temperance premia. It also provides conditions on the distribution of the risk under which comparative risk aversion, comparative prudence and comparative temperance are preserved for all utility functions
Péchoux, Isabelle. "Contribution à l' analyse des politiques environnementales en économie ouverte." Toulouse 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU10103.
Full textThe first chapter analyses the effect of international mobility on the environmental quality. The second chapter is devoted to the effects of environmental policies on the possibilities of bilateral trade in the short term and on the impact in the long term of the decisions of environmental policy on the location of firms. The third chapter studies the effect of opening borders to international competition between two regulated monopolies when production generates transboundary pollution and examines the consequences of delegating the choice of environmental policy at a supranational level
Mihoubi, Ferhat. "Estimation, tests et évaluation du modèle de déséquilibre avec micro-marchés par le pseudo-maximum de vraissemblance : application à l'emploi en France." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010003.
Full textThis thesis concentrate on econometric modeling of dynamics disequilibrium models with micro-markets. The first chapter is devote to the presentation of the mains econometrics methods of estimation, simulation and test which could be applied to disequilibrium models. We point out the fruitfulness of the simulate pseudo-maximum likelihood method in order to estimate this type of model. In the second chapter, we survey economics and econometrics studies on aggregation of micro markets in disequilibrium. We study, in the third chapter, the available econometric methods which could overcome the cumbersome problem of dynamics disequilibrium models estimation. We show also the usefulness of the pseudo maximum likelihood in presence lagged latents variables in disequilibrium models. In the last chapter, we apply the pseudo maximum likelihood method to a partial dynamic disequilibrium model with micro-markets of the french labour market. The dynamic aspects come from the wage equation and the demand and supply equations via the dynamics spill over effects and the adjustments of effectives demands and supplies to theirs notionals values. The results indicate a significant impact of past disequilibrium on current labour demand. The appendix describes pmv an econometric softwar we built to estimate our econometric disequilibrium model
Kouassi, Eugène. "Approche fréquentielle de la causalité évolutive entre processus aléatoires bivariés non-stationnaires." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON10006.
Full textIn the study of causality between stochastic processes, the assumption of stationarity (at least of second order) is often tacitly made. It's possible, indeed, essential to release such assumption (case of nonstationary processes) using evolutionary spectral analysis and timedependant parameters models. Evolutionary causality (i. E time-dependant causality) which is issued results partly from frequency-domain analysis (evolutionary causality test) and from the combination of a set of evolutionary prediction models (arma models and transfer function models with changing parameters)
Uctum, Ugur Remzi. "Aspects internationaux d'une économie en déséquilibre : fondements théoriques et applications économétriques : France 1963-1984." Paris 10, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA100032.
Full textThe main theoretical idea of this research is to introduce disequilibrium situations in a mundell-fleming type open economy model. The economy is compound, on the one hand, of the goods and labour markets with sticky prices in the short run. These markets are subject to quan titative rationings, and therefore produce spill-over effects on the other markets. On the other hand, the model contains the stock market and the balance of paiements that are always in equilibrium. A stochas tic specification is chosen for the effective demands and supplies of goods and labour. The parameters of the disequilibrium model are then estimated using a non-linear iterative optimisation procedure based on maximum likelihood method and the occurence probalities of the random regimes are computed (quarterly french data, period 1963-1984). A rationing on a market leads to three types of repercussions : intramarket restrictive effects, spill-over effects between markets and gross compensation effects with foreign markets. The results of various economic policies are studied. The computation of the occurence probabilities of the regimes shows some persistence of the classical un employment regime over the 1976-84 period in the industrial sector
Gourdel, Pascal. "Contribution à la théorie de l’équilibre général : non convexités et marchés incomplets." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010050.
Full textBonnisseau, Jean-Marc. "Existence de l'équilibre : le cas d'ensembles de production non convexes." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010028.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to study the existence of a general equilibrium in a model of economy a la Arrow-Debreu in which the technological possibilities of the may exhibit increasing returns or fixed costs. This implies the non convexity of the production sets. To describe the behaviour of the producers, we use the concept of pricing rule which allows us to encompass the cases of producers which are profit maximizer, or which follow the average cost pricing rule, the marginal cost pricing rule, or the voluntary trading pricing rule. We prove several existence theorems. The first ones are devoted to the marginal pricing rule and the marginal cost pricing rule. We also show the link between this two rules. We next state an existence result for general pricing rules which essentially rests on a bounded losses assumption. From this theorem, we deduce all the existing results in the literature but the ones presented above. The last chapter is devoted to the definition of a new concept of equilibrium called equilibrium with quantity targets. The main difference with the standard equilibrium is that one requires a minimal level of production. We state an existence theorem of equilibrium with quantity targets which is deduced from the existence theorem with bounded losses pricing rules
Garnier, Jean-Philippe. "Indétermination dans les modèles de croissance bi-sectoriels : le rôle des préférences." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX24012.
Full textIn endogenous cycle theory, equilibrium indeterminacy, which is sufficient condition for the existence of sunspots, may arise because of the presence of external effects affecting either demand or supply. Hence, in two sectors infinite horizon growth models, there exists a mechanism of endogenous fluctuations coming from imperfections of market supply. These market failures arise from positive sector specific technological externalities such that economies of scale are decreasing from private perspective and constant from social perspective. We will deepen knowledge of this mechanism through study of the impact of non unitary capital-labor substitution elasticities which are different in each sector and through study of the impact of a utility function that is concave with respect to consumption and leisure. Then, in order to determine the role of the economies scale in bringing indeterminate equilibria, we will construct a model where returns to scale are not specified. This will allow us to identify two types of mechanism that triggers endogenous fluctuations. The first coming from constant returns to scale at social level and the second coming from increasing returns to scale at social level. Turning to imperfections of market demand, we will show that the presence of consumption externalities of “keeping up with the Joneses” type, in the utility function, is sufficient for generating a locally indeterminate equilibrium. We will also see that this new mechanism can intertwine with that coming from the supply side, giving rise to periodic cycle
Hamoudi, Hamid. "Existence d'équilibres en prix dans les modèles de différenciation des produits." Toulouse 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU10006.
Full textIn recent years theorizing on products differentiation has revealed the problem of the non-existence of Nash equilibrium in prices in pure strategies. This difficulty in generally due to discontinuity or non quasi concavity of profit functions of firms, and it is linked with the specifications adopted in the models. This study is centered on the analysis of the non-existence of Nash equilibrium in prices on differentiated duopolis tic markets. We intend to highlight the specifications chosen in the models and also the eventual modifications that can be achieved to restore the existence of price equilibrium. The classical existence theorem in mixed strategy equilibrium (Glicksberg, 1952) favours the restoratium of the equilibrium however the solutions presented by a number of authors are obtained on continuous strategy sets and by the means of great hypothesis on the functions of profit. Thus, following this observation, we will propose a simpler and more manageable equilibrium concept, namely: a concept of a lengthening of mixed game on finished supports. The implementation of this notion is very helpful at the level of economic realism and of mathematical technique
Dupont-Kieffer, Ariane. "Ragnar Frisch et l'économétrie : l'invention de modèles et d'instruments à des fins normatives." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010025.
Full textRuiz, Fernando Matias. "Concurrence et convergence fiscales." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0146.
Full textThe subject studied on this doctoral dissertation is “Tax competition and tax convergence”. An important objective of my research is to examine tax competition and tax convergence in an integrated for me. This line of research provides new insights of the tax competition problem. A second objective is to confront the theory with the empirical data. Chapter 2 defines the tax we use and presents the effective tax rate literature, where we provide some extensions. Once defined the tax on capital as the tax under study, chapter 3 develops a model of tax competition. Chapter 4 observes tax competition and provides a link with next chapter. Finlay, chapter 5 analyses tax convergence
Thibault, Florence. "Que peut-on apprendre du concept de chômage d'équilibre issu des modèles wage setting-price setting." Paris 13, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA131002.
Full textDeveloped there is more than ten years, the Wage Setting - Price Setting models have contributed to the debate on the reasons of unemployment. This work proposes to draw up an assessment of the contributions and limits of the concept of equilibrium unemployment based on these models. After a presentation of the various concepts of equilibrium unemployment, we expose the three major contributions of this concept deduced from the relations Wage Setting and Price Setting. : it makes possible to exceed the shortcomings of the PHILLIPS Curve ; it contributes to create original indicators such as the replacement rate ; it is a reliable tool for analysing economic policy. However, as all the equilibrium concepts refering to medium term, it contains a great normative component. It is possible to chek this point when the period used to estimate the level of the equilibrium unemployment is longer. This problem can be extend in economics to all equilibrium concepts refering to the medium term
Festré, Agnès. "Crédit et dynamique productive : une perspective historique et analytique." Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE0012.
Full textThe purpose of the dissertation consists in studying the real influence exerted by credit on the level as well as on the structure of economic activity. The analytical framework which has been privileed corresponds to a multiple good economy. It implies the treatment of the evolution of national production, of the diffusion of technological change as well as of the structure of relative prices over time. The first part of the work is greatly related to the history of economic thought. It covers the literature of interwar period authors who have focused on the articulation between credit and production and tried to provide an analytical formulation of this relation. The main authors that have been considered are hayek, keynes, schumpeter and robertson. They correspond to different extensions of the original intuition of knut wicksell. The comparative perspective that has been privileged in this part then permits a better understanding of the weaknesses as well as the potentialities of all these research works. The second part of the dissertation is concerned with the approach developed by michio morishima in his book entitled capital and credit. This approach deserves special attention for at least two reasons. On one hand, it permits to reconsider, on the basis of a consistent and unified analytical framework, the interwar period contributions that have been presented in the first part of the work. On the other hand, it provides a comprehensive research agenda allowing the treatment of macro, "intermediary" and microeconomic levels of economic activity. The dissertation ends up with an attempt to reformulate morishima's approach in order to provide an analysis of disequilibria related to the existence of credit within a multi-sector production economy
Erkel-Rousse, Hélène. "Commerce international et différenciation de produit : modélisation théorique et applications empiriques." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010049.
Full textDuverger, Corinne. "Théorie évolutionnaire et modèles métaphoriques : étude des liens entre l'économie et la biologie." Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOE011.
Full textThis work is concerned by the links between economy and biology in order to understand why economists use biological theory of natural selection. In the first part, we have studied the nature and the function of metaphor and examined links between metaphor and economic models. We have not omitted the relations with the philosophical literature about the cognitive force and linguistic structure of metaphor. And so, we have explained why the gary Becker's model of altruism is perfectible. In the second part, we have studied the links between the theory of games and the evolutionary theory. And we have shown the evolutionary stable strategy can be used in economy and biology
Tolla, Christian-Joseph. "Regard historique et épistémologique sur l'évolution du statut des mathématiques dans l'économie, depuis les origines jusqu'à Cournot." Corte, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CORT0007.
Full textEconomics and mathematics have always been related and no one knows which one came first. In all the important civilizations in which functions are organized in a hierarchy, one found written evidences of the existence of mathematics. In addition, at each stage of the economic development corresponds a set of mathematical tools associated with a particular mode of thought. In the broader context of human knowledge, even a partial bird’s -eye view of the history of mathematics shows how a simple tool of the economic activity turns into the theoretical framework of economics. The first reasoning appear with the philosophers of ancient Greece; and mathematical conceptualization, in the wake of major discoveries of the 17th century, is closely related to humanist philosophy which builds political economy on the basis of the individual. In order to form a stand-alone science, political economy will find in mathematical concepts its first models during the 18th and 19th centuries. The use of mathematics in order to clarify the presentation of economic theories was and is still a subject of debates. As a teacher in mathematics in a faculty of economics, my project aims at exploring some phases of the penetration of mathematics into economics, and in fact their interaction. I also try to understand, through the example of the apparition of the concept of function raised from the concept of number and the way they became together tools for economic modeling, how the encounter between these concepts and the paradigm of economic individualism allowed Cournot to create mathematical economics
Chancellier, Eric. "La modélisation du cycle économique : formes, usages, instruments (1887-1950)." Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0051.
Full textBontemps, Christian. "Modèles de recherche d'emploi d'équilibre." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010045.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the study of equilibrium search models. It consists of three parts the first one is dedicated to a survey of this kind of literature whereas the next two ones expose the models we develop and which incorporate (and generalise) features of previously developed equili- brium search models. In particular, the models allow for on-the-job search. Two kinds of heterogeneity are studied: in the second chapter, we introduce firms' heterogeneity and in the third chapter, we introduce both workers' and firms' heterogeneity. For both cases the equilibrium of the economy is studied in details. When the distribution of firms' productivities is continuous, there is a one-to-one function between wage offered and productivity. An important part of the theoretical analysis concerns the derivation of qualitative features of the equilibrium wage distributions. In fact, the existing models have the drawback of generating a wage earning distribution rather different from the empirical one. Firms' heterogeneity is necessary for a good fit. Other qualitative results relate the shape of the tail of the productivity distribution to the shape ot the tail of the wage offer distributions. In addition to this, we allow for mandatory minimum wage in the models and we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the wage distributions to display a peak at the mandatory minimum wage. We develop a semi-parametric structural estimation method, based on an inversion from wages to productivities. This is applied to longitudinal data issued from the french labour survey enquête- emploi de l'INSEE)
Dubois, Éric. "Économie politique et prévision conjoncturelle : construction d'un modèle macroéconométrique avec prise en compte des facteurs politiques." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010069.
Full textBen, Aï͏ssa Mohamed Safouane. "Dynamiques de l'inflation américaine autour des changements structurels : essais théoriques & empiriques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX24013.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the performance of neo-Keynesian Phillips curves at times of structural changes. The first part studies the central topic of inflation persistence. Indeed in the first chapter, we compare the performance of a number of alternative models of price stickiness, all widely used in the literature. The sensitivity of the models results to the arbitrary choice of model periodicity is then evaluated in the second chapter. In the second part, we provide an overview of spectral analysis with a special emphasis on the spectral analysis of non-stationary processes. Then, the American inflation data is analyzed. Some of the tools used in this empirical investigation stem directly from chapter three and some new techniques are introduced. The third part focuses on the estimation of the simple neo-Keynesian Phillips curves with the GMM approach in the fifth chapter and on the estimation of the macroeconomic model (AS-IS-Monetary rule) with FIML approach in the sixth chapter
Darné, Olivier. "La désaisonnalisation des chroniques économiques : Analyse des conditions conjoncturelles." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON10057.
Full textGaudreau, Julie. "Pouvoir de marché dans la distribution de l'essence au Québec : analyse empirique du lien entre les marges de distribution et la concentration." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24836/24836.pdf.
Full textChigolet, Grégory. "Recherche sur la notion d'équilibre et ses applications aux théories de la planification économique." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370463.
Full textBen, Arfa Nabil. "Mécanismes de propagation et politiques de gestion des chocs exogènes dans les petites économies ouvertes : étude de cas de la France et de quelques pays du Centre et de l'Est de l'Europe." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0023.
Full textThe concept of fluctuations resulting from the interaction of endogenous dynamic of an economic system and exogenous impulses occupies an important place in the analysis of economic disturbances. It is within this framework of analysis in terms of impulse and propagation mechanisms that our research work takes place. We proposed throughout this thesis, empirical exercises (SVAR models, DSGE models) whose objective is to identify the nature of shocks which caused economic fluctuations in small open economies -France and the Central and Eastern European countries candidates to membership-, to check the mechanisms of their propagation and to underline the principal recommendations as regards to economic policies. The results raised from empirical application relating to the French economy reveal a rather serious vulnerability to domestic shocks with a prevalence of supply shocks. Nevertheless, and in spite of the mitigated role of external shocks, the French economy remains sensitive to international disturbances in particular those relating to prices of imported energies. Concerning the small economies of Central and Eastern Europe, the results of our investigations show that joining the E. M. U is not yet possible. Indeed, exercises of identification of the nature of shocks to which these countries are exposed lead us to think that they are rather asymmetric and that business cycles of the majority of countries sample are rather divergent from those of euro area. The considerable efforts on adaptation of their policies with those of E. M. U are unfortunately insufficient
Peyrache, Éloïc. "Essais sur la théorie économique des signaux : applications aux marchés du travail et de la certification." Toulouse 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU10075.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing various strategic behaviors in information transmission. Chapter one considers agents who, in order to signal their ability to the market, strategically decide to compete or to differentiate on different projects. Chapter two analyses the impact of informational externalities on the structure of optimal contracts. It provides a new rationale for the optimality of relative performance contracts and shows that the principal can, on purpose, limit its access to information regarding agents' performance. Chapter three considers the amount of information that is disclosed by strategic certification intermediaries whenever certification provides either some insurance to risk-averse buyers or a means for sellers to differentiate themselves. In both of these settings, information is only partially disclosed at equilibrium
Da, Silva Martins Francisco Vitorino. "Modélisation de la politique de produit dans l'analyse prévisionnelle des secteurs en phase de maturité : application économétrique au secteur d’édition de périodiques au Portugal." Paris 9, 1994. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1994PA090051.
Full textSuvorov, Anton. "Essays on Information Transmission in Principal-Agent Models." Toulouse 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU10051.
Full textThe first chapter explores the "hidden costs of rewards" in a dynamic informed-principal framework. It shows that rewards are "addictive" : once offered, a contingent reward makes the agent expect it in the future. In a long-term relationship there is a two-sided ratchet effect : the principal is concerned about creating addiction for the agent, whereas the agent does not want to appear too enthusiastic. The second chapter suggests a rationale for paying discretionary bonuses in finitely repeated principal-agent interactions. If the principal cannot commit to contingent rewards, he may still pay discretionary bonuses to give the agent credible feedback about his performance. The third chapter investigates the credibility of advice of a broker, who mediates trade between a seller and a buyer and is partially informed about the buyer's valuation. We derive the optimal direct mechanism maximizing the broker's profit, and investigate information transmission in a decentralized mode
Lavoie, Charles. "Changement de cible d'inflation dans un modèle d'équilibre général dynamique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26574/26574.pdf.
Full textAubert, Cécile. "Essais en théorie des contrats : réglementation et imperfections contractuelles, altruisme et risque moral." Toulouse 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU10079.
Full textThe contractual relationship between a principal and an agent may depend on third parties with whom the principal cannot contract. We analyse several such cases. Chapter 1 studies competition between two firms producing imperfect substitues. We analyse the effects of collusion when the regulator can only regulate one of the firms. Chapter 2 consideres renegociation of regulatory contracts. We show that a Government can use these contracts strategically, to influence its successor. In chapter 3, we determine conditions under which the principal benefits from the agent's altruism vis-à-vis a third person. Altruism in multi-agent or multi-principal situations is then studied. Chapter 4 focuses on norms of resource sharing in a community, liking them to the incentives of its members in a relationship with moral hazard
Fauveau, Armelle. "Construction d'un système expert en économétrie : application à la demande d'énergie." Paris 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA020158.
Full textThe proper use of econometric softwares requires both statistical and economic skill. The main objective of this thesis is to provide the users of regression programs with assistance in the process of regression analysis, by means of expert system technology. We first built an expert system providing general econometric strategy. Then we considered the inclusion of the economic knowledge required to produce a consistent analysis ; we focused on energy demand modelling
Bayoudh, Mohamed. "Investissement en infrastructure publique et croissance en Tunisie : une analyse en équilibre général calculable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28823/28823.pdf.
Full textBlot, Christophe. "Politiques macroéconomiques et taux de change : fondements théoriques et éléments d'appréciation empirique des fluctuations de l'euro." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE0509.
Full textBangake, Chrysost. "L'intégration monétaire en Afrique : analyse théorique et empirique." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE0510.
Full textThere is an increasingly interest for monetary integration in Africa in theses last years. In a context of instability of exchange rate and inconvertible currencies in most of Africa countries, African policy-makers have been looking for an exchange rate regime which is able to provide stability and development to their economies. This study consists in theorical and empirical analysis of the monetary integration in Africa by using the optimal areas theories ans taking account political dimension. The study is organized in two parts. The first part analyses the traditional optimal currency areas theories in African context. We develop a theorical model which assesses the gain and the costs of monetary integration in Africa, then measure the symmetry of macro-structural shocks recovered from estimated structural vector autoregressive (SVAR). In the second part, we use the endogeneity approach in order to take in account the recent criticisms on traditional approach. The general conclusion is that the prospect of creation of regional monetary unions in Africa would be an appropriate option because the African countries CFA zone fills endogenous criteria of OCA. This stage will allow gradually the implementation of zn African single currency
Mbih, Boniface. "Essai sur la manipulation des procédures de choix collectif." Caen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CAEN0509.
Full textOne important problem relating to preference aggregation is the possibility of strategic behaviour. The fundamental result obtained in the early seventies by Gibbard and Satterthwaite establishes that any non dictatorial collective choice procedure selecting a unique outcome is subject to individual manipulation. This result relies on the concept of nash equilibrium. In this work other equilibrium concepts are studied, e. G. The admissible-strategy equilibrium concept (which is more realistic in the context of noncooperative games) and a combination of the concepts of exact equilibrium and nash admissible equilibrium ; results similar to Gibbard-Satterthwaite's are obtained. Evaluation of the proportions of strategic voting opportunities is then explored, for a specific procedure, the plurality rule. For several concepts of equilibrium formulas allowing to obtain exact values with respect to the number of individuals in the society are provided. This is done both in the cases of noncooperative and cooperative games
Kolozsi, Pál Péter. "Libéralisation commerciale et politique de change : possibilités et contraintes dans une petite économie ouverte : le cas de la Hongrie." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9je5hhe4q4.
Full textThe thesis is based on two main ideas: the institutions matter concerning the success of economic policy during the trade liberalization process and monetary policy can be seen as a key factor from that point of view. The line of argument of the thesis is based on a theoretical model of trade balance, inflation and exchange rate. The model is applied to the case of Hungary and the Hungarian experiences back the main conclusions of the model: monetary and exchange rate policy is unsustainable if it is determined without taking into consideration the trade effects. The economic history of Hungary between 1989 and 2009 gives several examples for that unsustainability. Chapter 1 describes the development of institutionalism; chapter 2 demonstrates the importance of monetary policy as an institution from the point of view of trade liberalization describes the optimal monetary policy and explains why it is difficult to follow that policy. Chapter 3 presents the relationship between exchange rate policy and trade. Chapter 4 outlines the functioning of manipulative exchange rate policies. Chapter 5 presents the model deficit-inflation. Chapter 6 presents the Hungarian experiences and underlines that monetary policy focused only on disinflation has to fail and the independence of the central bank can even represent risks to the economies in transition
Mésonnier, Jean-Stéphane. "Taux d'intérêt naturel et politique monétaire : quatre essais." Paris 13, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA131023.
Full textSince Wicksell (1898), the natural rate of interest (NRI) is frequently defined as the real short term interest rate consistent with stable inflation, This PhD dissertation aims both to re-interpret the concept in a history-of-thought perspective and to assess the practical usefulness of empirical estimates of the NRI for monetary policy. The first essay is devoted to Henry Thornton (1760-1815), who is commonly seen as a precursor of Wicksell’s model. Three empirical studies follow. In the second one, a time-varying natural rate of interest is estimated for the euro area with the Kalman filter. Using the same model, the third essay investigates on the basis of simulations whether the multifaceted uncertainty that blurs the perception of changes in the NRI should deter the central bank from using such estimates. Finally, the fourth essay assesses the leading indicator properties of the estimated gap between the real interest rate and its natural level for key macroeconomic variables
Pintus, Patrick. "Indetermination et fluctuations conduites par les anticipations dans les modeles agreges d'equilibre economique general." Paris, EHESS, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EHES0095.
Full textThe main purpose of the research is to study the possibility of expectations driven fluctua, tions in general equilibrium dynamic models, when preferences, technology, and endowments are stationary. The plausibility of these fluctuations, in particular with respect to values of fundamental economic parameters whose estimates are provided by empirical studies, is also assessed. Simple geometrical methods for deriving easily the occurence of local indeterminacy and bifurcations are applied to a model with heterogeneous infinitely-lived agents as well as to the overlapping generations model, in the context of perfect or imperfect competition, of constant or increasing returns to scale, and of constant or variable factor utilisation. On the one hand, endogenous fluctuations occur only when factors are complementary enough while utilisation is not too elastic, when returns are constant. In particular, these fluctuations are not compatible with capital-labor substitution elasticities larger than the capital share in total income (chapters 2 and 3). It turns out in chapter 4, however, that this is not true any longer in the presence of productive externalities or internal increasing returns: fluctations do occur, in this context, for arbitrarily high elasticities of factor substitution. Finally, chapter 5 investigates the influence of various policy regimes and shows that predeterminate policies enlarges the set of parameter values which are compatible with endogenous fluctuations. A contrario, there exist policies with feedback that may rule out, at least partly, fluctuations, but these policies require restrictive assumptions on the information held by policy makers
Severe, Wendy Rousseau. "Informalité et dynamique intersectorielle de l'économie haïtienne : une analyse dans le cadre d'un modèle d'équilibre général calculable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27702/27702.pdf.
Full textMarchand, Mathieu. "Flux financiers et endettement de l'État : simulations par modèle d'équilibre général calculable (MEGC)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24520/24520.pdf.
Full textHoarau, Jean-François. "Le mésalignement du taux de change réel dans le cadre d'une petite économie ouverte : causes, procédures d'estimation et politiques de correction : une application à l'économie Australienne." La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_18_Hoarau.pdf.
Full textThis thesis aims at analysing the conceptual and operational aspects of the real exchange rate misalignment for a small open economy. The first part focuses on the theoretical definition of the real misalignment. For that purpose, we introduce a new version of the NATREX model which studies the importance of several crucial structural parameters and the effect of a set of fondamental determinants on the equilibrium real exchange rate. The second part deals with the operational aspects of the real misalignment for Australia over the period 1976-2000. On one hand, we determine by means of econometric tools some indicators for the equilibrium real exchange rate and the misalignment, and the possible presence of structural breaks in the misalignment behavior. On the hand, we show that economic policy holds a decisive place in the real exchange rate distortions analysis. Indeed, this one can be both a cause of and a cure for the misalignment
Randriamboarison, Radonandrasana. "Modélisation et estimation de la demande touristique : un essai pour l'explication du paradoxe du secteur touristique français." Perpignan, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PERP0523.
Full textThe motivations at the base of the researches presented in this thesis are primarilly related to the will to improve comprehension of tourists'behaviour. We limit ourselves to the case of tourists having chosen France as the destination country. While seeking the determinants relating to the tourism demand, we came to enlighten the discussion regarding the imbalance between the number of tourists arrivals and the income generated by the sector of tourism, which will be qualified as "paradox of the French tourist sector" Five econometric models are successively estimated. We show that contrary to the generally accepted ideas, the low number of stays and the geographical location of France explain only to one small degree the imbalance of the French tourist market. As matter of fact, such a situation can be viewed as the corollary linked to the rigidity of tourists'demand
Hervé, Karine. "Une nouvelle approche du taux de change d'équilibre à partir des équations du commerce extérieur : une application aux grands pays industrialisés et aux nouveaux états membres de l'Union européenne." Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA131022.
Full textThe purpose of this PhD thesis is to estimate the equilibrium exchange rates for the major industrialised countries (the United States, the euro area, Japan and the United Kingdom) and the new Member States of the European Union (EU). Drawing on a critical analysis of the literature on equilibrium exchange rates, we focus on the approach based on trade equations and enrich it. The contribution of the thesis is both empirical and methodological. First, we develop a computation method that aims to adhere to the bilateral exchange rate constraint and minimise the gap between the target rates set ex ante and those observed ex post. Second, we estimate external trade elasticities that take due account of the long-term country asymmetries and of the specificities of the aggregated euro area. Third, we analyse and quantify the impact of current account balances on equilibrium exchange rates, using an application on the new EU Member States. We derive from this computation an analysis that highlights the large misalignments experienced by the nominal exchange rates of major currencies, which reflect the magnitude of the current account imbalances in these economies. The huge current account deficit of the United States has resulted in particular in a high overvaluation of the dollar. As far as the new EU Member States are concerned, the risks stemming from a rapid integration in the euro area should be highlighted. It seems therefore all the more appropriate that these countries keep some leeway with respect to their fiscal and current imbalances, given their huge financing needs
Douillet, Mathilde. "Trade policies and agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa : comparative analysis in a Computable General Equilibrium framework." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/45eb019724sn6sg9melpggksl.
Full textThis dissertation aims at contributing to the comparative analysis of trade and agricultural policies in Sub-Saharan Africa from a policy coherence for development point of view. The framework is established by reviewing the policies historically implemented in the region, linking them to the history of economic thought. The debates on the role of agriculture for development and on the use of public intervention and trade policies to promote development strategies are explored justifying the need to prioritize potential policy reforms based on their impacts on agriculture and economic growth, and the choice of computable general equilibrium modeling. Chapter I highlights the main challenges and opportunities for Sub-Saharan African agricultural trade stemming from the changes in the global agricultural markets and the trade agreements currently negotiated. Chapter II and III show that global computable general equilibrium provides a useful tool to compare regional integration to multilateral integration, in terms of their impacts on gross domestic product, welfare and sectoral growth distribution. Chapter III is a case study on Malawi. The global model is linked to a national model including household data to compare the distributional impacts of trade policies and agricultural policies on poverty. This dissertation highlights that regional integration could bring substantial economic gains to Sub-Saharan Africa, together with more diversified and more processed agricultural exports than multilateral integration. Not all policy reform is found to equally reduce the poverty of the small-scale farmers, the majority of the poors and vulnerable in Sub-Saharan Africa
Hanchane, Hicham. "Investissement direct étranger, capital humain et croissance économique dans les pays en développement : une proposition théorique et approches empirique [sic] de validations à l’aide des données de panel." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU2001.
Full textThis work of thesis concentrates on the impact of foreign direct investments (FDI) on the economic growth of developing countries. It is interested both in the theoretical aspect of the subject by using the models of endogenous growth and in its empirical aspect by using econometrics of the panel data. The theoretical and empirical literature confirms the positive impact of these flows of FDI on the economic growth of the host countries. According to the model I propose in the third chapter, this impact however is not always positive on the economy of the host countries. Indeed, the FDI can have a negative effect on the developing countries, if the technological difference between the multinational firms and the local firms is large and if these latter do not have a level of sufficient qualified labour. The empirical study, while using the econometrics of the panel data on 30 developing countries observed from 1982 to 1996, confirms these theoretical predictions. In order to obtain more robust results I varied the methods of specification of heterogeneity non observed (instrumental variable (IV) and GMM within the static and dynamic framework)
Bellet, Clément. "Essays on inequality, social preferences and consumer behavior." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0004/document.
Full textThis thesis studies ways in which inequality between and within groups affects consumer behaviors and welfare through social comparison effects. The objective is to provide a better understanding of a number of economic phenomena, namely: How to understand the extensive use of credit by lower income households in periods of stagnating real income growth? How do visible identities such as race or caste affect consumption choices, and can social hierarchies lead to poverty traps? Do luxury goods become more necessary when inequality rises, and what does such a phenomenon tell us about the social limits to growth? To that aim, the thesis incorporates important findings of behavioural economics, in particular on other-regarding preferences and subjective well-being, into theories of consumption and savings. Chapter 1 presents a model of relative consumption which accounts for comparison effects over time and across goods. The following chapters identify these effects using representative survey data and large datasets obtained via web-scrapping techniques. Chapter 2 looks at mortgage debt in the United States when households care about the relative size of their house. Chapters 3 and 4 study the social component of expenditures in India and its implication in terms of malnutrition using standard and structural estimation techniques
Winant, Pablo. "Modèles stochastiques d'équilibre général dynamique à deux agents." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0048.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on the numerical solution and properties of dynamic general equilibrium models, in which two agents can trade in one or many assets. In the first chapter, I develop an approximation method around a « risky steady-state » which captures precautionary behavior of economic agents. In a simple two-countries models, I show that this effect stabilizes the net foreign asset position. The second chapter provides theoretical foundations to adapt classical perturbation methods in order to characterize dynamic portfolios in general or partial equilibrium. It also evaluates its precision relative to other concurring methods. The third chapter studies financial integration in the stochastic neoclassical model. By comparing quantitatively the effects of precautionary savings by risky countries with the effects of efficient capital allocation, the model is able to predict capital flow reversals a few years after integration. Counter-intuitively, the safer country benefits more from financial integration that the risky one. Last chapters links an increase in income inequalities with a debt accumulation by the 95% poorest households. The debt buildup induces in turn a rational default by bottom earners, leading to crises episodes similar to the great depression and the great recession. The debt accumulation comes from the preference for wealth by top earners that matches the observed behavior of the top 5% households. When calibrated to empirical data, the model is able to reproduce the magnitude of debt accumulation and the increase in crisis probability that were historically observed before the two historical episodes