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1
Stenberg, J. A., and P. A. Hambäck. "Host species critical for offspring fitness and sex ratio for an oligophagous parasitoid: implications for host coexistence." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 6 (July 14, 2010): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000143.
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AbstractIn theory, inferior apparent competitors sharing a natural enemy with superior apparent competitors should be excluded in the absence of stabilising factors. Nevertheless, plentiful examples of coexisting apparent competitors exist. In this paper, we show that parasitoid resource competition within hosts affects both parasitoid sex ratio and female body size, with implication for population growth and apparent competition between the two closely related hosts experiencing a strong asymmetry in their interaction. While the superior competitor delivers parasitoids with higher fitness to the shared parasitoid pool, the inferior competitor delivers a higher proportion of female parasitoids. Hence, the inferior host experience an inflow of fit parasitoids from the superior competitor, which should increase the risk of exclusion, but also an outflow of parasitoid females, which should reduce the risk of exclusion and increase stability. We conclude that differential outcomes of parasitoid resource competition in different host species may have profound effects on shared parasitoid populations and should be included in future studies of apparent competition between hosts.
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Vasey, Paul. "Female Choice and Inter-Sexual Competition for Female Sexual Partners in Japanese Macaques." Behaviour 135, no. 5 (1998): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792897897.
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AbstractObservations of a captive colony of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) were carried out with the goal of documenting (1) competition between males and females for female sexual partners and (2) choice of same-sex sexual partners by females, despite the presence of motivated, opposite-sex alternatives. Data were collected during 21 homosexual consorts hips involving 14 females living in a mixed-sex group of 37 individuals. Intersexual competition for female sexual partners was manifested when a sexually motivated male and female (competitors) simultaneously sought exclusive access to the same infertile or post-conception female (focus of competition). This occurred during male intrusions on female homosexual consortships and counter-challenges by female competitors against intruding males. Inter-sexual competition for female sexual partners took the form of approaches and solicitations directed at the focus of competition, as well as displacements and aggression directed at one's competitor. Females did not acquire alloparental care for their immature offspring from their same-sex consort partners. Thus, female competitors appeared to engaged in potentially risky competition for same-sex sexual partners in the absence of any obvious reproductive benefit (e.g. insemination or alloparental care). Following these interactions, females which were foci of competition chose to mount with the female competitors significantly more often than not.
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Kryveshko, O. V. "The Theoretical Principles of Analyzing the Competition in Consumer Markets." Business Inform 6, no. 521 (2021): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-6-251-258.
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The article considers the types of competition in consumer markets. Most authors when analyzing competition carefully analyze competitor brands. Instead, the author of this article proposes to determine the weight of the influence of related goods, substitutes and indirect competitors. All competitors on the basis of researches of domestic scholars are divided into the following groups: desire-competitors; commodity-kind competitors; commodity-type competitors (substitute goods); competitor brands. Each of these groups is analyzed and it is determined for which types of consumer markets it has a significant impact. In particular, desire-competitors are struggling for the consumers’ costs in the markets of durable goods and luxury goods, but they are not peculiar to social goods and necessities. In addition, it is determined that significant for the product markets is the division of competitors by: market share; presence in a retail network; territorial feature; price level. Market share generally defines the possibilities of influencing consumers and the ability to dictate market conditions. The level of presence of goods in the trading network determines the ease of finding it by the buyer. Increasing the presence in a particular region relatively quickly increases the market share of the corresponding goods in the region. Consumer goods of mass demand are characterized by the presence of not only international and national, but also local competitors. Such competition requires more efforts on the part of both the national and the international producers for studying the market and developing a strategy. In terms of price level, it is necessary to focus, first of all, on those competitors who compete in the same price category. The study of the soft drinks market in the City of Lviv allowed to distinguish in more detail the specific characteristics of competition. The main competitors are allocated. It is noted that over the past 15 years, the number and composition of both the local and the national competitors has changed significantly. On the basis of this, a map of the weight of competitors is developed, which enables the enterprise in the development of competitiveness strategies to concentrate on studying those market participants who are able to distract the attention of consumers to themselves.
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Krieger, Joshua L. "Trials and Terminations: Learning from Competitors’ R&D Failures." Management Science 67, no. 9 (September 2021): 5525–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3775.
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I analyze project continuation decisions where firms may resolve uncertainty through news about competitors’ research and development (R&D) failures, as well as through their own results. I examine the tradeoffs and interactions between product-market competition and technological learning from parallel R&D projects. Leveraging the biopharmaceutical industry’s unique characteristics to overcome barriers to measuring project-level responses, I use a difference-in-differences strategy to evaluate how competitor exit news alters a firm’s own project discontinuation decisions. The findings reveal that technological learning dominates competition effects. Firms are most sensitive to competitor failure news from within the same market and same technology area—more than doubling their propensity to terminate drug development projects in the wake of this type of information. Finally, I explore how levels of competition, uncertainty, and opportunities to learn moderate the response to competitor failure news. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
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Pedruski, Michael T., Gregor F. Fussmann, and Andrew Gonzalez. "Predicting the outcome of competition when fitness inequality is variable." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 8 (August 2015): 150274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150274.
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Traditional niche theory predicts that when species compete for one limiting resource in simple ecological settings the more fit competitor should exclude the less fit competitor. Since the advent of neutral theory ecologists have increasingly become interested both in how the magnitude of fitness inequality between competitors and stochasticity may affect this prediction. We used numerical simulations to investigate the outcome of two-species resource competition along gradients of fitness inequality (inequality in R *) and initial population size in the presence of demographic stochasticity. We found that the deterministic prediction of more fit competitors excluding less fit competitors was often unobserved when fitness inequalities were low or stochasticity was strong, and unexpected outcomes such as dominance by the less fit competitor, long-term co-persistence of both competitors or the extinction of both competitors could be common. By examining the interaction between fitness inequality and stochasticity our results mark the range of parameter space in which the predictions of niche theory break down most severely, and suggest that questions about whether competitive dynamics are driven by neutral or niche processes may be locally contingent.
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MARIAN, VIORICA, and MICHAEL SPIVEY. "Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items." Applied Psycholinguistics 24, no. 2 (June 2003): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716403000092.
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Performance of bilingual Russian–English speakers and monolingual English speakers during auditory processing of competing lexical items was examined using eye tracking. Results revealed that both bilinguals and monolinguals experienced competition from English lexical items overlapping phonetically with an English target item (e.g., spear and speaker). However, only bilingual speakers experienced competition from Russian competitor items overlapping crosslinguistically with an English target (e.g., spear and spichki, Russian for matches). English monolinguals treated the Russian competitors as they did any other filler items. This difference in performance between bilinguals and monolinguals tested with exactly the same sets of stimuli suggests that eye movements to a crosslinguistic competitor are due to activation of the other language and to between-language competition rather than being an artifact of stimulus selection or experimental design.
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Frynta, Daniel, Margaréta Baladová, Barbora Eliášová, Silvie Lišková, and Eva Landová. "Why not to avoid the smell of danger? Unexpected behavior of the Cypriot mouse surviving on the island invaded by black rats." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.781.
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Abstract Mus cypriacus is a recently discovered endemic species that evolved about half a million years ago on the Cyprus Island in an absence of most mammalian predators and competitors. As on other Mediterranean islands, the faunal composition was dramatically changed by the invasion of commensal and domestic species following Holocene colonization by humans. We examined the behavioral responses of the Cypriot mouse to the odors of these new competitors (black and Norway rat, house mouse and spiny-mouse) and predator (domestic cat) as well as controls (Herb-field mouse, guinea pig). We compared them with those of mainland population of house mouse from Syria with different coexistence history. Surprisingly, the Cypriot mouse failed to avoid the odor of its current main competitor, the black rat. Moreover, the response patterns of both the Cypriot and Syrian house mice to the examined odor sources appeared fairly comparable. There was a clear tendency to prefer odors of other murids over unscented sawdust as well as to avoid the odor of a domestic cat. In conclusion, neither the long-term isolation from predators nor the recent strong competition with black rats affected mice competitory and antipredatory responses fundamentally.
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Zhao, Xin-Feng, Angus Buckling, Quan-Guo Zhang, and Elze Hesse. "Specific adaptation to strong competitors can offset the negative effects of population size reductions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1875 (March 28, 2018): 20180007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0007.
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Competition plays a crucial role in determining adaptation of species, yet we know little as to how adaptation is affected by the strength of competition. On the one hand, strong competition typically results in population size reductions, which can hamper adaptation owing to a shortage of beneficial mutations; on the other hand, specificity of adaptation to competitors may offset the negative evolutionary consequences of such population size effects. Here, we investigate how competition strength affects population fitness in the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens . Our results demonstrate that strong competition constrains adaptation of focal populations, which can be partially explained by population size reductions. However, fitness assays also reveal specific adaptation of focal populations to particular competitors varying in competitive ability. Additionally, this specific adaptation can offset the negative effects of competitor-mediated population size reductions under strong competition. Our study, therefore, highlights the importance of opposing effects of strong competition on species adaptation, which may lead to different outcomes of colonization under intense and relaxed competitive environments in the context of population dispersal.
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Santangelo, Nick, and M. Itzkowitz. "How does competition influence mate choice decisions for males and females in the monogamous convict cichlid fish, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus?" Behaviour 143, no. 5 (2006): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853906776759493.
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AbstractIt is understood that mate choice, competition, and sex differences produced by sexual selection underlie behavior, but few studies focus on their interactions within a system to understand how they shape behavior. Here, using the monogamous convict cichlid, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, we examined the mate choice process of males and females in the presence of intrasexual competition. We compared and contrasted patterns reported in a previous study exploring this process in the absence of competition by using the same methodological paradigm. Specifically, two individuals (i.e., the competitors) were presented with a choice of two alternative, visually and tactilely isolated, mates and observed until one competitor (i.e., the primary competitor) spawned with one of the potential mates (i.e., the accepted mate). This was done for males and females separately. Both sexes spent more time with their mates while attacking and inhibiting the courtship of the other competitor (i.e., the secondary competitor). Only females expressed this time preference in the absence of competition (Santangelo & Itzkowtiz, 2004), but both sexes visited accepted mates more in the presence of competition. These results suggest competition causes the adoption of a mate guarding tactic. Males exhibited more differences than females with the addition of competition suggesting that male mate choice patterns are more labile than females. We attribute this to the ability of males to be bigamous and the adoption of different strategies based on the level of male-male competition. Courtship was not affected by competition for either sex, however the courtship of secondary individuals did appear to be influenced by primary individuals. Competition did not eliminate a searcher's continuous assessment of potential mates, yet it was conducted to a lesser degree. Thus, mate guarding is an important strategy that must be balanced with an individual's inclination to continuously assess based on present competition levels.
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Wauben, M. H., C. J. Boog, R. van der Zee, I. Joosten, A. Schlief, and W. van Eden. "Disease inhibition by major histocompatibility complex binding peptide analogues of disease-associated epitopes: more than blocking alone." Journal of Experimental Medicine 176, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.176.3.667.
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Peptide analogues of disease-associated epitopes were studied for inhibition of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and adjuvant arthritis (AA) in Lewis rats. EAE- and AA-associated analogues were selected as competitors because of their in vitro inhibitory activity on proliferation of encephalitogenic and arthritogenic T cells. Although the EAE-associated competitor had a superior major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding affinity, the AA-associated competitor was a better inhibitor of the in vitro proliferation of arthritogenic T cells. Furthermore, although in vivo EAE was inhibited by both competitors, AA was only inhibited by the AA-associated competitor. Remarkably, in contrast to what was expected of a regular MHC competitor peptide, the AA-associated peptide analogue also prevented AA upon immunization before disease induction and appeared to induce T cell responses that crossreacted with the original disease-associated epitope. Therefore, it is concluded that antigen-specific regulatory mechanisms were involved in synergy with MHC competition. The integration of both qualities into a single "competitor-modulator" analogue peptide may lead to the development of novel, more effective, disease-specific immunomodulatory peptides.
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Levaggi, Laura, and Rosella Levaggi. "Rent Extraction through Alternative Forms of Competition in the Provision of Paternalistic Goods." ISRN Economics 2012 (December 31, 2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/703541.
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We compare the properties in terms of rent extraction of spatial competition and monopoly franchises using Dutch first price auctions, two of the most widely used tools to regulate public service provision. In a framework where the regulator can imperfectly observe costs, but the latter are not necessarily private information to each competitor, spatial competition is more effective in extracting rent if providers are very different in their productivity and if they can observe the costs of their competitors. When they are quite similar and have limited information on the competitors' characteristics, the use of a monopoly franchise through an auction mechanism should be preferred. In the latter environment, a multiple object auction allows more rent to be extracted from the provider.
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Raciti, Maria M. "Can an Index Approach Improve Social Marketing Competitor Analysis?" Social Marketing Quarterly 27, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15245004211031872.
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Background: Competitive forces influence social marketing efforts. Indeed, social marketers often find themselves “shadow boxing” various forms of competition throughout their interventions. Despite the seminal role of competition as a threat to social marketing intervention efficacy, few empirical studies have undertaken competitive analysis or compared the usefulness of competitive typologies. Thus, this paper proposes an index approach to categorize competitive typologies relevant to a specific social marketing intervention in terms of their ease of use, intuitiveness and generalisability to the broader social cause domain. The proposed index approach is illustrated with empirical data, undertaking a competitive analysis of forces obstructing efforts to address educational inequality in Australia, then comparing the ease of use, intuitiveness and generalisability of 15 competitive typologies noted in the social marketing literature to produce a competitor analysis index. Research Question: Which competitive typologies most effectively frame forces that inhibit educational equality social marketing efforts in Australia? Methods: Via interviews and focus groups, qualitative data were collected from 46 students from low socioeconomic status (LSES) backgrounds at six universities and sought to understand the influence of their home residence’s geographical remoteness on their university participation. The analysis revealed eight participant-identified differential competitors experienced by students from regional, rural and remote settings (LSES-R, n = 25, 54.4%) that were not experienced by those from metropolitan areas (LSES-M, n = 21, 45.6%). Fifteen competitive typologies were identified in the social marketing literature, and their capacity to frame these eight differential forces in terms of their ease of use, intuitiveness and generalisability was critiqued. Findings: Unlike their metropolitan counterparts, LSES-R participants experienced situational (n = 3), dispositional (n = 3) and goal pursuit (n = 2) competitive forces. The most effective competition typologies comprised two classification options that were distinctly different and could classify both the unfriendly and friendly competition that exists in social marketing. Five competitor typologies were identified as easy to use, intuitive and generalizable to the broader educational inequality domain. Together, these five competitor typologies form a competitor analysis index for educational inequality researchers and practitioners to enhance their intervention efficacy. Recommendations: Despite widespread agreement as to the importance of competitor analysis in social marketing, the efficacy of various typologies has received little attention. Social marketers are encouraged to critique competitor typologies before selecting those which enable effective decision-making. Furthermore, it is recommended that social marketers use a competitor analysis index comprised of multiple typologies to better capture the nebulous nature of the many different types of competitors that exist in a specific social marketing context. Limitations: The educational inequalities cause and qualitative method may constrain generalisability, but they exemplify the importance of competition typology choice and model how competitor analysis indexes can be developed.
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T. C. Whitaker and J. Hill. "Non-completing horses within the cross country phase of selected advanced level Eventing competitions: the effect of rider gender and ‘course toughness’." BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042798.
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Non-completion of equestrian competition by competitors may occur for a variety of reasons. However, limited work has been conducted to establish the likely factors causing non-completion. Non-completion by a competitor needs to be carefully considered within any overall analysis of competition data. Non-completing competitors within sporting competitions are potential complicating and confounding factors in the analysis of performance data (Whitaker and Hill, in press). Within a population it is important to establish if there are systematic or nonrandom reasons for non completion; or whether non-completion is entirely a random event (Little and Rubin 1987). If systematic or nonrandom effects are occurring in competition they need to be considered carefully in the wider analysis of the whole population. This will include the application of appropriate statistical methods to the data sets. These may include such techniques as Regression Analysis, Approximate Bayesian Bootstrap, Hot Deck Method or Summary of Single Input Method (ibid).
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Santorizki, Baskoro. "STRUKTUR DAN PERILAKU INDUSTRI MASKAPAI PENERBANGAN DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2003-2007." Media Ekonomi 18, no. 3 (November 3, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/me.v18i3.846.
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<p>The purpose of this study is to analyze market structure in Indonesia Airline Industry. Concentration ratio is used see the market structure and competition behavior. Seventeen (17) Airline Firm are used as sample for 2003-2007. We fad that airline industry in Indonesia face high oligopoly, competition so the best strategy of the firm in industry to win the competiton one price leadership, low cosh carrie, maintain the service and proposal.<br />Keywords: Market stevence, Airline Industry, competitor behavior & strategy</p>
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Kruszewski, Artur, Stanisław Kuźmicki, Marek Kruszewski, and Władysław Jagiełło. "Trends in Technical and Tactical Modifications Among Competitors of Various Nationalities Based on Research Conducted During the 2009 World Youth Championship in Greco-Roman Style Wrestling in Turkey." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 19, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10197-012-0012-3.
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AbstractIntroduction. This paper discusses the relationship between the technique implemented during competition and the end result including an attempt to evaluate the technical and tactical preparation of different nationality competitors in Greco- Roman wrestling. The research was conducted during the 2009 Junior World Cup in Turkey. Material and methods. The research material included a video recording posted by the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA) on their website. The material contained recordings of 240 matches. An analysis of 212 matches with competitors from 49 countries was conducted; each team selected one competitor in each weight category (up to 8 competitors in total). Results and conclusions. During the competition there was strong correlation between victory and the execution of the roll-through and the combat zone and result defence, also in the ground position. Competitors from Russia and Iran, who were most successful, winning 6 and 4 medals respectively, obtained an average of 3.18 technical points in each match. Among the sample analysed this was the lowest score, indicating the optimal use of technical and tactical skills by the competitors resulting in a victory.
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White, Alan S., and Katherine J. Elliott. "Predicting the effects of hardwood competition on red pine seedling growth." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-201.
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Pin cherry (Prunuspensylvanica L.f.) and striped maple (Acerpensylvanicum L.) are potentially important competitors of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) planted on recently clear-cut hardwood sites. By experimentally manipulating initial competitor densities on 2.0-m2 plots, we were able to quantify and compare the effects of competitor species on red pine seedlings 2 years after planting on two sites in western Maine. Various measures of competitor biomass and leaf area index (LAI) were highly correlated; thus, we used LAI to quantify competitor abundance. On the site with poorer growth for both competitors and red pine, the only red pine variable significantly correlated with competitor LAI was specific leaf area (SLA) of current needles. On the site with better growth for all species, various measures of red pine biomass as well as diameter at ground level and SLA were significantly correlated with competitor LAI. Seedling height was not significantly correlated with competitor LAI at either site. Although there were no significant differences between competitor species in terms of their effect per unit of LAI, pin cherry tended to achieve much higher LAI (and biomass) than did striped maple and thus had a greater negative impact on red pine seedling growth. We conclude that general predictions of the early effects of competition under field conditions are possible, but that the strength of the relationships may be influenced by the extent to which microsite factors and site characteristics are incorporated.
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Cole, Elizabeth C., and Michael Newton. "Nutrient, moisture, and light relations in 5-year-old Douglas-fir plantations under variable competition." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-130.
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Competition for soil nutrients, moisture, and light was examined in 5-year-old plantations of young coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) growing at 17- to 123-cm spacings, alone or with either of two competitors, grass (Elymus spp. and Agrostistenuis L.) or red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.), on three different site types in the Oregon Coast Range. Douglas-fir foliar nitrogen concentration and total and available soil nitrogen did not differ significantly by competitor species; however, foliar phosphorus was higher in the grass treatments. Both foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were significantly lower at high planting densities. Predawn moisture stress varied with site, competitor, and density, the lowest stresses occurring at low densities where Douglas-fir was growing alone. Canopy light penetration varied with competitor, density, and height above ground, the lowest values occurring under the red alder canopy. Grass competed with Douglas-fir seedlings primarily for moisture until crown closure eliminated the grass. Nodulated red alder did not increase soil or Douglas-fir foliar nitrogen on any site or at any density, but competition from red alder trees reduced available light and moisture for Douglas-fir. Regardless of competitor type, high density resulted in increased demands on resources.
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Broz, Amanda K., Daniel K. Manter, Ragan M. Callaway, Mark W. Paschke, and Jorge M. Vivanco. "A molecular approach to understanding plant - plant interactions in the context of invasion biology." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 11 (2008): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08155.
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Competition is a major determinant of plant community structure, and can influence the size and reproductive fitness of a species. Therefore, competitive responses may arise from alterations in gene expression and plant function when an individual is confronted with new competitors. This study explored competition at the level of gene expression by hybridising transcripts from Centaurea maculosa Lam., one of North America’s most invasive exotic plant species, to an Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh microarray chip. Centaurea was grown in competition with Festuca idahoensis Elmer, a native species that generally has weak competitive effects against Centaurea; Gaillardia aristata Pursh, a native species that tends to be a much stronger competitor against Centaurea; and alone (control). Some transcripts were induced or repressed to a similar extent regardless of the plant neighbour grown with Centaurea. Other transcripts showed differential expression that was specific to the competitor species, possibly indicating a species-specific aspect of the competitive response of Centaurea. These results are the first to identify genes in an invasive plant that are induced or repressed by plant neighbours and provide a new avenue of insight into the molecular aspects of plant competitive ability.
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Staněk, Rostislav, and Michal Kvasnička. "Access Pricing Under Imperfect Competition Reconsidered." Review of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10135-012-0012-8.
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Abstract This paper claims that Onemli’s results published in “Access Pricing under Imperfect Competition”, Review of Economic Perspectives, 2012, are incorrect. Contrary to Onemli, we claim that in an industry, where a monopoly incumbent produces a key input used by itself and its competitors on a downstream market which is Cournot oligopoly, the regulator should set the second-best access charge such that the incumbent’s total profit is zero if the first-best access charge is not feasible. The competitors’ ability to produce the key input themselves does not change the outcome since no competitor chooses to use this option under this regulation. We also discuss some limitations of the Onemli’s model.
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Auty, Susan, and Geoff Easton. "Patterns of Competition: A Study of Local Restaurants." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000001072.
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Competitors come a very poor second to consumers as the focuses for studies carried out by marketing academics. Since the marketing concept is so much at the heart of what many academics think marketing is all about this should surprise no one. However, the emergence of the subject of marketing strategy with its concern over sustainable competitive advantage and the current popularity of competitiveness, however defined, as an adjunct or complement to marketing studies suggest that competitors and competition may be about to become a fashionable area for study. And not before time. The trinity of company, consumer and competitor, however stark as a framework, represents the minimum knowledge anyone would require before taking a major marketing decision.
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Antai, Imoh, and Crispin M. Mutshinda. "Competitor Identification for Sustainable Survival Strategies: Illustration with Supply Chain Versus Supply Chain Competition." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 7861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147861.
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We describe a methodology for identifying competitors from first principles, drawing on the ecological niche theory which stipulates that competition arises from the dependence of interacting entities on the same limiting resources or, in ecological terms, from overlap in their niches. Depending on the context, the entities of interest may be species, products, firms, countries, or supply chains. We discuss the concepts of niche breadth and niche overlap and provide a mathematical expression for computing the competitive effects of interacting entities on one another from niche breadth and overlap measures. We illustrate the competitor identification procedure with simulated data mimicking a situation where supply chains compete over logistics modes on which they rely for moving goods from point to point. Competition identification is invaluable to business sustainability as it allows the entities involved to remain sustainable and persist in a competitive environment by crafting effective strategies that allow them to continuously adapt to changes and mitigate the negative impacts of competition.
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Rosiana, Nia, Rita Nurmalina, Ratna Winandi, and Amzul Rifin. "Dynamics of Indonesian Robusta Coffee Competition Among Major Competitor Countries." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v5n1.2018.p1-10.
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<p>Fluctuations in Indonesian Robusta coffee exports occurred along with a declining trend in coffee exports compared to major competitor countries over the past fifteen years. This research aimed to analyze the dynamics of the competitiveness of Indonesian Robusta coffee exports and the level of competition among the major competitor countries such as Vietnam and India. The methods used are <em>Revealed Comparative Advantage</em> (RCA), <em>Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantage</em> (DRCA), and <em>Rank Spearman Correlation</em>. These methods were selected to analyze changes in competition level within 15 years’ time dimension (2000–2015) as well as to analyze the relationships among competing countries, which may affect Robusta coffee market of each country. The analysis showed that Indonesia's coffee competitiveness tends to increase compared to the two major competitors of Robusta coffee exporter of the world such as Vietnam and India. However, Indonesia's coffee competitiveness is still a half below Vietnam. The Indonesian coffee rivalry against Vietnam and India is not significantly correlated due to the different markets of export destination countries.<em> </em>Increasing competitiveness and the strength of competition in export market can be done through quality improvement and continuity of domestic Robusta coffee in accordance to the demand of world consumers.</p>
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Maheshwari, Vaibhav, Xia Tao, Stephan Thijssen, and Peter Kotanko. "Removal of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Using Binding Competitors in Hemodialysis: A Narrative Review." Toxins 13, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090622.
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Removal of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) during conventional dialysis is insufficient. PBUTs are associated with comorbidities and mortality in dialysis patients. Albumin is the primary carrier for PBUTs and only a small free fraction of PBUTs are dialyzable. In the past, we proposed a novel method where a binding competitor is infused upstream of a dialyzer into an extracorporeal circuit. The competitor competes with PBUTs for their binding sites on albumin and increases the free PBUT fraction. Essentially, binding competitor-augmented hemodialysis is a reactive membrane separation technique and is a paradigm shift from conventional dialysis therapies. The proposed method has been tested in silico, ex vivo, and in vivo, and has proven to be very effective in all scenarios. In an ex vivo study and a proof-of-concept clinical study with 18 patients, ibuprofen was used as a binding competitor; however, chronic ibuprofen infusion may affect residual kidney function. Binding competition with free fatty acids significantly improved PBUT removal in pre-clinical rat models. Based on in silico analysis, tryptophan can also be used as a binding competitor; importantly, fatty acids or tryptophan may have salutary effects in HD patients. More chemoinformatics research, pre-clinical, and clinical studies are required to identify ideal binding competitors before routine clinical use.
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Gomes, Andreia Maria da Anunciação, Sandra Maria Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo, and Miquel Lürling. "Temperature Effect on Exploitation and Interference Competition amongMicrocystis aeruginosa,Planktothrix agardhiiand,Cyclotella meneghiniana." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/834197.
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We studied the effect of temperature (18 and 30°C) on growth and on the exploitation and interference competition of three species:Microcystis aeruginosa(MIJAC),Planktothrix agardhii(PAT), andCyclotella meneghiniana(CCAP). Coculturing the organisms in batch systems allowed for the examination of both competitive interactions, while the interference competition was studied in cross-cultures. The experiments were done during 10–12 days, and samples were taken for chlorophyll-aanalysis, using PHYTO-PAM. The temperature did not influence exploitation competition between MIJAC and other competitors and it was the best competitor in both temperatures. PAT presented higher growth rates than CCAP in competition at 18 and 30°C. The temperature influenced the interference competition. The growth of MIJAC was favored in strains exudates at 30°C, while CCAP was favored at 18°C, revealing that the optimum growth temperature was important to establish the competitive superiority. Therefore, we can propose two hypotheses: (i) different temperatures may results in production of distinct compounds that influence the competition among phytoplankton species and (ii) the target species may have different vulnerability to these compounds depending on the temperature. At last, we suggest that both the sensitivity and the physiological status of competing species can determine their lasting coexistence.
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Harkleroad, David. "Competitor response modeling out-thinking the competition." Competitive Intelligence Review 5, no. 3 (1994): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cir.3880050310.
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Fahey, Liam. "Invented competitors: a new competitor analysis methodology." Strategy & Leadership 30, no. 6 (December 2002): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10878570210697964.
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Warnock, Will G., and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Assessing the effects of fish density, habitat complexity, and current velocity on interference competition between bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in an artificial stream." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 9 (September 2013): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0044.
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In this experiment, competition was observed among native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley, 1859)) and non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)) in artificial streams. In intraspecific competitions, brook trout engaged in territorial interference foraging strategies, and their foraging success was correlated with occupancy of the lead position in the stream. No correlation was apparent for bull trout, most of which engaged in nonterritorial scramble foraging tactics. In interspecific competitions, four stream environments were constructed in which fish density, habitat complexity, and current velocity were altered. Bull trout outcompeted brook trout for food in simple pool habitat devoid of cover when competition was head-to-head (density = 3 fish·m−2) between the species. When competitor number was doubled in this habitat, the two became equal competitors. At this higher density, bull trout again outcompeted brook trout for food when the habitat was changed to a complex riffle with substrate cover. Brook trout were more aggressive towards bull trout than vice versa, and interspecific aggression was decreased by low density, cover, and high stream velocity. Territorial brook trout aggressively interfere with their competitor for access to resources, but the success and intensity of this tactic against bull trout may be mitigated by environmental factors.
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Ranganathan, P. N., and J. L. Mego. "Renal plasma membrane receptors for certain modified serum albumins Evidence for participation of a heparin receptor." Biochemical Journal 239, no. 3 (November 1, 1986): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2390537.
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Binding of formaldehyde-treated (f-alb), reduced-carboxymethylated (ac-alb) or reduced-acetamidated (am-alb) bovine serum albumins to purified rat renal plasma membranes was studied. Radioiodinated f-alb or ac-alb bound to kidney membranes while am-alb neither bound significantly nor competed with f-alb binding to kidney membranes. The binding was specific, saturable and heat- and proteinase-sensitive. Competition studies showed that f-alb and ac-alb sites may be the same on these membranes. To determine the role played by charge in binding, competition experiments with polyanions were performed. Polyanions such as nucleic acid or glycosaminoglycans were effective competitors of f-alb binding to cell membranes. Heparin was especially inhibitory, being several-fold more so than chondroitin sulphate. Completely reduced and carboxymethylated albumin was a better competitor than its partially modified counterpart. Furthermore, f-alb was a significant competitor of [35S]heparin binding to kidney membranes. Also, partially purified heparin receptor demonstrated specific binding of 125I-f-alb. These data suggest that a heparin receptor is responsible for binding and internalization of intravenously injected f-alb. A Scatchard plot revealed two classes of receptors with dissociation constants of 3.2 × 10(-6) M and 4.7 × 10(-5) M.
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Mattoo, Aaditya, Prachi Mishra, and Arvind Subramanian. "Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Effects of Exchange Rates: A Study of the Renminbi." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 344–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150293.
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This paper estimates the effect of China's exchange rate changes on exports of developing countries in third markets. The degree of competition between China and its developing country competitors in specific products and destinations plays a key role in the identification strategy. The strategy exploits variation across exporters, importers, products and time—afforded both by disaggregated trade data and bilateral exchange rates—to estimate this “competitor country effect.” There is robust evidence of a statistically and quantitatively significant effect. A 10 percent appreciation of China's real exchange rate boosts a developing country's exports at the product level on average by about 1.5–2.5 percent. (JEL F14, F31, F33, O19, O24, P33)
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Kwon, Yona, Dahee Kang, Sinji Kim, and Seungho Choi. "Coopetition in the SoC Industry: The Case of Qualcomm Incorporated." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6010009.
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This study uses the lens of competitive dynamics to examine the coopetition process, which combines both cooperation and competition, employed by Qualcomm within the SoC (System on a Chip) design market related to smart devices. Qualcomm succeeded in developing the first SoC, which integrated GPS (Global Positioning System) and other software, and during the process of developing mobile chips has simultaneously cooperated and competed with competitors. In particular, Samsung, which began as a customer of the firm, has since become its competitor. By conducting descriptive case analysis, this study shows a coopetition process in the SoC industry and supplemented a coopetition study with the actual exemplary coopetition case.
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Myers, Shelley S., Thomas R. Buckley, and Gregory I. Holwell. "Mate detection and seasonal variation in stick insect mating behaviour (Phamatodea: Clitarchus hookeri)." Behaviour 152, no. 10 (2015): 1325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003281.
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For animals that exhibit a scramble competition mating system, sexual selection pressures on mate searching ability are expected to be strong. Scramble competition mating systems evolve when populations provide females with equal accessibility to all male competitors, yet sex ratio and population density influences mating systems and varies seasonally. The stick insect species,Clitarchus hookeri, is frequently found in copula, yet very little is known about it’s mating behaviour. We preformed behavioural tests and assayed antennal sensory morphology to determine whether males used chemosensory cues to detect females. Through natural field observations we found populations to be significantly male-biased earlier in the season, while later, populations began to display equal sex ratios. With increasing female availability mating pair proportions steadily increased, while copulation duration declined. These results supportC. hookerias a scramble competitor, and demonstrate males may alter their behaviour in response to the seasonal variation in female density.
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Wagner, Markus, and Thomas M. Meyer. "The Radical Right as Niche Parties? The Ideological Landscape of Party Systems in Western Europe, 1980–2014." Political Studies 65, no. 1_suppl (July 10, 2016): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321716639065.
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The emergence of the radical right as a strong competitor to mainstream parties has fundamentally reshaped patterns of competition in many European party systems. In this article, we systematically explore changes to the ideological landscape in Western Europe by examining whether there has been programmatic mainstreaming of radical right parties due to (a) accommodation to and (b) moderation by radical right parties. We examine positions and salience on liberal-authoritarianism and the salience of economic issues using manifesto data from 68 parties in 17 countries. Our findings provide empirical support for a rightward shift in European party systems: on liberal-authoritarianism, mainstream left and right parties have increased their emphasis and moved to the right. Yet radical right parties have generally remained niche competitors; they are increasingly extreme and more focused on liberal-authoritarianism. Our analysis has important implications for understanding party systems, party competition and citizen representation in Europe.
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Hart, Simon P., Martin M. Turcotte, and Jonathan M. Levine. "Effects of rapid evolution on species coexistence." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (January 18, 2019): 2112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816298116.
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Increasing evidence for rapid evolution suggests that the maintenance of species diversity in ecological communities may be influenced by more than purely ecological processes. Classic theory shows that interspecific competition may select for traits that increase niche differentiation, weakening competition and thus promoting species coexistence. While empirical work has demonstrated trait evolution in response to competition, if and how evolution affects the dynamics of the competing species—the key step for completing the required eco-evolutionary feedback—has been difficult to resolve. Here, we show that evolution in response to interspecific competition feeds back to change the course of competitive population dynamics of aquatic plant species over 10–15 generations in the field. By manipulating selection imposed by heterospecific competitors in experimental ponds, we demonstrate that (i) interspecific competition drives rapid genotypic change, and (ii) this evolutionary change in one competitor, while not changing the coexistence outcome, causes the population trajectories of the two competing species to converge. In contrast to the common expectation that interspecific competition should drive the evolution of niche differentiation, our results suggest that genotypic evolution resulted in phenotypic changes that altered population dynamics by affecting the competitive hierarchy. This result is consistent with theory suggesting that competition for essential resources can limit opportunities for the evolution of niche differentiation. Our finding that rapid evolution regulates the dynamics of competing species suggests that ecosystems may rely on continuous feedbacks between ecology and evolution to maintain species diversity.
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Ovadia, Ofer, Inon Scharf, Erez David Barkae, Tanya Levi, and Yehonatan Alcalay. "Asymmetrical intra-guild predation and niche differentiation in two pit-building antlions." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 66, no. 1-2 (December 19, 2019): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191067.
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Abstract Co-occurring species often compete with each other directly and indirectly. Intra-guild predation (IGP) is an extreme manifestation of direct competition, which involves the attack, killing and eating of potential competitors. We studied the competitive interactions between two pit-building antlion species that co-occur in the Israeli desert: Myrmeleon hyalinus residing in the more productive sandy soil, and Cueta lineosa solely inhabiting poorer loess soils. To understand the mechanisms driving C. lineosa away from the more productive habitat, we explored the factors triggering IGP of one antlion species on the other. We tested whether IGP is affected by soil type, depth and temperature. IGP was asymmetrical with M. hyalinus preying on C. lineosa, and it intensified as the size difference favoring the former increased. Interactive rather than additive effects governed IGP, which was lowest in sandy soil combined with low temperature, and highest in shallow loess soil. C. lineosa possesses a smaller head and thorax relative to its abdomen compared to M. hyalinus, providing a possible explanation for the advantage of M. hyalinus in direct competition. We then focused on the weaker competitor, C. lineosa, examining how it copes with competition induced by M. hyalinus. Both the growth and survival rates of C. lineosa declined in the presence of M. hyalinus. The asymmetrical IGP C. lineosa experiences from M. hyalinus combined with its competitive inferiority may explain why it is mostly found in poor habitats, while its intra-guild competitor is abundant in the more productive habitats.
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Orsucci, Marion, Pascal Milesi, Johanna Hansen, Johanna Girodolle, Sylvain Glémin, and Martin Lascoux. "Shift in ecological strategy helps marginal populations of shepherd's purse ( Capsella bursa-pastoris ) to overcome a high genetic load." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1927 (May 20, 2020): 20200463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0463.
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The outcome of species range expansion depends on the interplay of demographic, environmental and genetic factors. Self-fertilizing species usually show a higher invasive ability than outcrossers but selfing and bottlenecks during colonization also lead to an increased genetic load. The relationship between genomic and phenotypic characteristics of expanding populations has, hitherto, rarely been tested experimentally. We analysed how accessions of the shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris , from the colonization front or from the core of the natural range performed under increasing density of competitors. First, accessions from the front showed a lower fitness than those from the core. Second, for all accessions, competitor density impacted negatively both vegetative growth and fruit production. However, despite their higher genetic load and lower absolute performances, accessions from the front were less affected by competition than accessions from the core. This seems to be due to phenotypic trade-offs and a shift in phenology that allow accessions from the front to avoid competition.
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Bailey, Susan F., Jeremy R. Dettman, Paul B. Rainey, and Rees Kassen. "Competition both drives and impedes diversification in a model adaptive radiation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1766 (September 7, 2013): 20131253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1253.
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Competitors are known to be important in governing the outcome of evolutionary diversification during an adaptive radiation, but the precise mechanisms by which they exert their effects remain elusive. Using the model adaptive radiation of Pseudomonas fluorescens , we show experimentally that the effect of competition on diversification of a focal lineage depends on both the strength of competition and the ability of the competitors to diversify. We provide evidence that the extent of diversification in the absence of interspecific competitors depends on the strength of resource competition. We also show that the presence of competitors can actually increase diversity by increasing interspecific resource competition. Competitors that themselves are able to diversify prevent diversification of the focal lineage by removing otherwise available ecological opportunities. These results suggest that the progress of an adaptive radiation depends ultimately on the strength of resource competition, an effect that can be exaggerated or impeded by the presence of competitors.
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Kunstek, Rolf. "Forecasting the development of a pursuit race between competitors." International Journal of Bank Marketing 28, no. 3 (April 13, 2010): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02652321011036486.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a method of forecasting the development of the market shares of competitors in a pursuit race.Design/methodology/approachThe statistical concept of co‐integration is applied to a state space model in order to operationalize the pursuit race in competition. Two time series served as data input for the designed model. They document the development of the monthly market shares of German savings banks and German cooperative banks with respect to the end‐of‐month volume of non‐bank deposits.FindingsThe analysis of the competition between the two bank groups proves that the development of their market shares is co‐integrated in the shape of a long lasting pursuit race. Therefore, the forecasts of the changes in market shares are very accurate and reliable.Practical implicationsWith the help of such a statistical analysis, a competitor is able to monitor the development of competition effectively to forecast the changes that are to be expected. Thus, the method described here helps the firm to react in time to the movements of its competitors.Originality/valueThis paper is an important contribution to gain insight in the quantitative dynamics of competition according to co‐integration by the parameters of state space model.
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Abbott, Andrew. "Jurisdictional Conflicts: A New Approach to the Development of the Legal Professions." American Bar Foundation Research Journal 11, no. 2 (1986): 187–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1986.tb00239.x.
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This paper sketches a new theoretical approach to the study of professions and uses that approach to analyze differences that have emerged between the American and English legal professions since the late nineteenth century. Earlier studies have generally emphasized professional structure and organization while ignoring work and its control. I argue that control of work is central to professional development. Since work is central and since professions compete for it, interprofessional competition is the determining fact in the history of professions. This paper analyzes the work available to the legal profession, the numbers and types of legal personnel available to do that work, and the various competitors contesting it. Studying in detail complaints of unqualified practice in England (1870–1940) and two American states (1910–50), I locate the types of contested work and the competitors involved, using these to explain important aspects of the two legal prof essions today. Throughout, a variety of theoretical concepts are developed and applied to the particular case. One striking discovery is the contrast in competitors; American lawyers' chief competitors were corporations, while British lawyers' chief competitor was the state. I close by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the particular methodology here used—the study of conflicts—and suggest alternative methods using the same theoretical framework.
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Song, Jinyuan, and Wenpin Tsai. "Concealing Outside Industry Competitors? Nonspecificity in Competitor Framing." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1 (August 2018): 16636. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.16636abstract.
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Zambre, Amod M., Akshay Khandekar, Rajesh Sanap, Clairissa O'Brien, Emilie C. Snell-Rood, and Maria Thaker. "Asymmetric interspecific competition drives shifts in signalling traits in fan-throated lizards." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1940 (December 9, 2020): 20202141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2141.
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Interspecific competition can occur when species are unable to distinguish between conspecific and heterospecific mates or competitors when they occur in sympatry. Selection in response to interspecific competition can lead to shifts in signalling traits—a process called agonistic character displacement. In two fan-throated lizard species— Sitana laticeps and Sarada darwini —females are morphologically indistinguishable and male agonistic signalling behaviour is similar. Consequently, in areas where these species overlap, males engage in interspecific aggressive interactions. To test whether interspecific male aggression between Si. laticeps and Sa. darwini results in agonistic character displacement, we quantified species recognition and signalling behaviour using staged encounter assays with both conspecifics and heterospecifics across sympatric and allopatric populations of both species. We found an asymmetric pattern, wherein males of Si. laticeps but not Sa. darwini showed differences in competitor recognition and agonistic signalling traits (morphology and behaviour) in sympatry compared with allopatry. This asymmetric shift in traits is probably due to differences in competitive abilities between species and can minimize competitive interactions in zones of sympatry. Overall, our results support agonistic character displacement, and highlight the role of asymmetric interspecific competition in driving shifts in social signals.
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Robichaud, David, Louis Lefebvre, and Lucie Robidoux. "Dominance affects resource partitioning in pigeons, but pair bonds do not." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-096.
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Pigeons (Columba livia) show individual feeding specializations both in the field and in captivity. In competitive feeding conditions, these specializations change in a way that decreases dietary overlap between birds. We examine two potential status determinants of feeding competition, dominance and pair bonds. In pigeons, pair bonds are used in aggressive feeding coalitions at defendable patches, while dominance affects both feeding rate and priority of access to food. We compared the seed choices of pigeons feeding alone and in competitive conditions with those of a conspecific. In experiment 1, the competitor was either the mate or a familiar nonmate of the opposite sex; in experiment 2, the dominance rank of the competitors was known from a round-robin series of dyadic encounters in the presence of a defendable feeder. Pair bonds had no effect on competitive diet shifts, but dominance did: in competition, lower ranking pigeons ate less of the seed type they specialized on when feeding alone, while higher ranking pigeons ate more. Confirming previous results on resource partitioning, food choice showed less overlap between individuals in competition than in solitary feeding trials, but the magnitude of the change was not proportional to initial overlap.
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Huang, Cheng-Yen, Yih-Leh Huang, Menghsiao Meng, Yau-Heiu Hsu, and Ching-Hsiu Tsai. "Sequences at the 3′ Untranslated Region of Bamboo Mosaic Potexvirus RNA Interact with the Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase." Journal of Virology 75, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 2818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.6.2818-2824.2001.
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ABSTRACT The 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) genomic RNA was found to fold into a series of stem-loop structures including a pseudoknot structure. These structures were demonstrated to be important for viral RNA replication and were believed to be recognized by the replicase (C.-P. Cheng and C.-H. Tsai, J. Mol. Biol. 288:555–565, 1999). Electrophoretic mobility shift and competition assays have now been used to demonstrate that theEscherichia coli-expressed RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain (Δ893) derived from BaMV open reading frame 1 could specifically bind to the 3′ UTR of BaMV RNA. No competition was observed when bovine liver tRNAs or poly(I)(C) double-stranded homopolymers were used as competitors, and the cucumber mosaic virus 3′ UTR was a less efficient competitor. Competition analysis with different regions of the BaMV 3′ UTR showed that Δ893 binds to at least two independent RNA binding sites, stem-loop D and the poly(A) tail. Footprinting analysis revealed that Δ893 could protect the sequences at loop D containing the potexviral conserved hexamer motif and part of the stem of domain D from chemical cleavage.
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Trinick, M. J., and P. A. Hadobas. "Effectiveness and competition for nodulation of Vigna unguiculata and Macroptilium atropurpureum with Bradyrhizobium from Parasponia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m89-191.
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Strains of Bradyrhizobium sp., from Parasponia and from legumes, were tested in Leonard jars and enclosed plant tubes for their effectiveness at nitrogen fixation and competitiveness for nodulation of Vigna unguiculata and Macroptilium atropurpureum. With the exception of CP283, strains of Bradyrhizobium from Parasponia were ineffective in fixing nitrogen on both legumes; on V. unguiculata, they were poor competitors with strains from legumes of similar host effectiveness, only occupying 29 of 1189 nodules examined. On M. atropurpureum. the highly effective strain CP283 was a strong competitor with equally effective legume strains. Dual occupancy of nodules was common in competition studies on M. atropurpureum, but not with V. unguiculata as the host plant. The time taken to nodulate the legume host did not appear to be a factor influencing competition for nodulation. Of the strains isolated from Parasponia, only strain CP283 had attributes common to both groups of Bradyrhizobium. The poor compatibility of Bradyrhizobium strains from Parasponia with the two tested legumes further supports their inclusion in a group separate from the Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from legumes.Key words: Parasponia, Bradyrhizobium, competition, nitrogen fixation, specificity, Macroptilium, Vigna.
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Albert, Hans. "Die ökonomische Tradition und die Verfassung der Wissenschaft." Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 7, Supplement (May 2006): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-6493.2006.00219.x.
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Abstract The usual view on the division of labour between the philosophy of science and economics is mistaken. The concentration on formal problems in both sciences has concealed the convergence of their problems. This convergence has been revealed by the institutional change in both sciences. The common problems of these sciences are related to the explanation of phenomena in the realm of knowledge. For this assumptions are needed about problem-solving behavior of competing individuals. The institutional theory of the progress of knowledge by Karl Popper refers to this competition. One of the rewards desired in this competiton is the acknowledgment of the value of the solutions offered by the competitors. These solutions are goods which are evaluated by rules of method. The competition in science can be seen as a competition for status in the framework of incentive-compatible rules in which bilateral exchange plays no role. The question to what extent the institutional arrangements in the realm of science in the western world are adequate for the progress of knowledge may have different answers for different countries.
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Brien, H. V., S. A. Watson, and M. O. Hoogenboom. "Presence of competitors influences photosynthesis, but not growth, of the hard coral Porites cylindrica at elevated seawater CO2." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv162.
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Abstract Changes in environmental conditions, such as those caused by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), potentially alter the outcome of competitive interactions between species. This study aimed to understand how elevated CO2 could influence competitive interactions between hard and soft corals, by investigating growth and photosynthetic activity of Porites cylindrica (a hard coral) under elevated CO2 and in the presence of another hard coral and two soft coral competitors. Corals were collected from reefs around Orpheus and Pelorus Islands on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. They were then exposed to elevated pCO2 for 4 weeks with two CO2 treatments: intermediate (pCO2 648) and high (pCO2 1003) compared with a control (unmanipulated seawater) treatment (pCO2 358). Porites cylindrica growth did not vary among pCO2 treatments, regardless of the presence and type of competitors, nor was the growth of another hard coral species, Acropora cerealis, affected by pCO2 treatment. Photosynthetic rates of P. cylindrica were sensitive to variations in pCO2, and varied between the side of the fragment facing the competitors vs. the side facing away from the competitor. However, variation in photosynthetic rates depended on pCO2 treatment, competitor identity, and whether the photosynthetic yields were measured as maximum or effective photosynthetic yield. This study suggests that elevated CO2 may impair photosynthetic activity, but not growth, of a hard coral under competition and confirms the hypothesis that soft corals are generally resistant to elevated CO2. Overall, our results indicate that shifts in the species composition in coral communities as a result of elevated CO2 could be more strongly related to the individual tolerance of different species rather than a result of competitive interactions between species.
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Bosela, Michal, Brian Tobin, Vladimír Šebeň, Rudolf Petráš, and Guy R. Larocque. "Different mixtures of Norway spruce, silver fir, and European beech modify competitive interactions in central European mature mixed forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 11 (November 2015): 1577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0219.
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The influence of forest ecology and strategic planning has increased in importance to support the management of mixed-species forests to enhance biodiversity. However, little is known about competitive and facilitative interactions between trees and species in mixed fir–beech–spruce forests, mostly because of a lack of long-term experimental research. In the 1960s, long-term sample plots were established in the Western Carpathians to develop region-specific yield models. Trees in the plots were measured at 5- to 16-year intervals from 1967(69). In 2010, the positions of standing trees in all plots were identified spatially. Stump positions were also identified to record the coordinates of trees that had been removed or had died. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the applicability of widely used competition indices for mature fir–beech–spruce mixed forests and to test whether the tree competition zone changes among species and forest stands of different stocking densities. Results showed that the best competition index was based on the comparison of the basal area of competitors and the subject tree in the radius, which was defined as a function of stand density and species. In addition, beech was found to be a strong self-competitor, which was not the case for silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). Results suggest that simpler competition indices are better suited for such diverse forests, as more complex indices do not describe the competition interactions sufficiently well.
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Menezes, Flavio M., and John Quiggin. "More competitors or more competition? Market concentration and the intensity of competition." Economics Letters 117, no. 3 (December 2012): 712–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.11.001.
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Ding, Na. "Research and Construction of the Enterprise Competitive Intelligence System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 1589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.1589.
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In the era of rapid growth and high competition, a company must possess an information/knowledge advantage in order to hold the upper hand in the industry. Therefore, the company has to continuously monitor its competitors in order to get enough information and convert the information into competitive knowledge. Although information technology has been used in many areas and has many successful examples, it is rarely the case that information technology was used for the task of competitor intelligence. Accordingly, this study describes the Enterprise Competitive Intelligence System. Competitive Intelligence (CI) is one of the key factors for enterprise risk management and decision support. However, the functions of Competitive Intelligence are often greatly restricted by the lack of sufficient information sources about the competitors. Competitive Intelligenceaims to monitor a firms external environment for information relevant to its decision-making process. The article describes the concept and the functions of the Enterprise Competitive Intelligence System, discusses the principle of its construction, and also discusses the construction process and the awareness of CI.
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Bulfone, Liliana. "High prices for generics in Australia — more competition might help." Australian Health Review 33, no. 2 (2009): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090200.
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It is commonly believed that dispensed prices of medicines in Australia are substantially lower than those in other developed countries, particularly the US. This article reports the results of an analysis comparing dispensed prices for the most commonly prescribed and the highest cost items in Australia with dispensed prices in the US. Although a large majority of items are less expensive in Australia than in the US, Australian prices are higher for a substantial number of products, particularly generic drugs. This article examines various policies affecting the pricing of generics in Australia. It is postulated that the main cause for higher prices for a substantial number of generic products is the lack of price competition. This results from government policy which ensures that a price reduction by one company is communicated immediately to all competitors in that market along with an invitation to match the reduced price. The dominant strategy for all suppliers is to only reduce their price in response to a reduction in price by a competitor. The result is a lack of differentiation in pricing across brands of a medicine on the Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits. The government could improve the structure of the generics market and encourage greater competition by ceasing to disclose competitor firms? offers to other competitors. The government could conduct pricing reviews of each generic product relatively infrequently (eg, only once annually or every 18 months). At the time of the pricing review, the government would request confidential offers on price for a generic from all players in the market. Brands should then all be listed under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) at the offered price. Prices offered by the individual supplier would apply until the next pricing review. The PBS would continue to subsidise up to the price of the lowest priced brand, with brand premiums applying to all brands priced higher than the benchmark price. Such an approach would provide opportunity for players in the market to capture market share by being the lowest priced brand.
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Righi, Giulia, Sheila E. Blumstein, John Mertus, and Michael S. Worden. "Neural Systems underlying Lexical Competition: An Eye Tracking and fMRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 2 (February 2010): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21200.
Full textAbstract:
The present study investigated the neural bases of phonological onset competition using an eye tracking paradigm coupled with fMRI. Eighteen subjects were presented with an auditory target (e.g., beaker) and a visual display containing a pictorial representation of the target (e.g., beaker), an onset competitor (e.g., beetle), and two phonologically and semantically unrelated objects (e.g., shoe, hammer). Behavioral results replicated earlier research showing increased looks to the onset competitor compared to the unrelated items. fMRI results showed that lexical competition induced by shared phonological onsets recruits both frontal structures and posterior structures. Specifically, comparison between competitor and no-competitor trials elicited activation in two nonoverlapping clusters in the left IFG, one located primarily within BA 44 and the other primarily located within BA 45, and one cluster in the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) extending into the posterior superior temporal gyrus. These results indicate that the left IFG is sensitive to competition driven by phonological similarity and not only to competition among semantic/conceptual factors. Moreover, they indicate that the SMG is not only recruited in tasks requiring access to lexical form but is also recruited in tasks that require access to the conceptual representation of a word.