Academic literature on the topic 'Compilation (informatique)'

This chapter examines the works of British Old Norse-Icelandic scholars. It explains that from the start, British interest in Old Norse studies was closely bound up with contemporary Old Norse-Icelandic scholarship in Scandinavia and that the British connection was only established after James Johnstone's translation of extracts from the thirteenth-century historical compilation Heimskringla. This chapter also discusses the trend in Old Norse-Icelandic studies in Britain which involved the recognition of sagas as being informative not in their details of event and character, but in their portrayal of society and culture.

Abstract This compilation lists 2,300 English words collected from newspapers during 1987, grouped under seven subjects (politics, daily news, advertising, jobs, culture, economics, and science) and accompanied by quotations. No linguistic information about the English loanwords is provided. The volume contains a very well-balanced and informative chapter (‘La lingua dell’okey’, 217-45) about the spread of English in Italy. Starting from a historical perspective on linguistic exchange, Beccaria praises the vitality of the English language, condemns purist policies directed against foreign words, as was the case in Italy during the Fascist regime, but also criticizes today’s excessive use of English words in the press.

Abstract Sixteenth-century chronologers were usually grave and learned. But they also enjoyed what now seems a surprising degree of licence to innovate. Since Annius at least, modern scholars had rewritten all of political and cultural history in many mutually inconsistent ways. Any source could be supported or called into question, any nation from Sweden to Spain supplied on demand with a starring role in forgotten dramas that had once occupied centre stage in world history. No wonder, then, that the grand historical works of the period from 1550 to 1580 often have a carnivalesque flavour—an air of jubilance in overturning received opinions and overthrowing old authorities. Sweeping new versions of history, often highly charged with political and religious goals, were probably more prevalent—and often more impressive in their documentation—than merely informative compilations.

<em>Abstract.</em>—The causes of spatial and temporal variation in Pacific salmon abundance are poorly understood. An additional challenge in the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region is the expansive and remote nature of salmon habitat. In this paper, the authors discuss a hierarchical framework that may prove helpful in identifying key variables regulating Pacific salmon abundance. The hierarchical framework considers processes that act at multiple scales of space and time, identifies generalizations across scales, and considers interactions among variables operating at different scales. This framework is used to address three overarching questions for the AYK region: 1) What are the important units of focus for conservation and management? 2) What are the factors that control abundance and connectivity of these units? 3) How can these two questions be integrated to better understand and manage Pacific salmon? Genetic and ecotypic units are organized hierarchically in space and time. Genetic units of AYK salmon have been identified at a local level among tributaries in the Yukon and Kuskokwim drainages, the Norton Sound, and at a regional level where all species share similar genetic discontinuities. Ecotypic units are habitat-organismal trait associations characteristic of Pacific salmon, but are not well documented for AYK stocks. The processes controlling abundance and connectivity among these units also occur at multiple hierarchical levels with respect to life history, space, and time. Identifying the scale at which processes or interaction among processes have the largest relative impact on salmon recruitment will be critical to effectively managing Pacific salmon. Four feasible lines of study proposed for gathering informative data from the expansive and remote AYK region include: (1) a spatial comparison between habitat and spawning populations, (2) a comparison of mortality as related to life history diversity, (3) compilation of existing migration data to explain patterns in migration timing, and (4) coordination of genetic data to test hypotheses regarding population structure. Use of existing long-term data and coordination of ongoing research efforts should be of high importance for AYK biologists and managers.