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1
Yun, Young-Sup. Cloning and mapping of mouse complement factor 1 gene fragments and identification of an additional exon not present in the human factor 1 gene. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.
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2
Oran, Alp Eren. Definging sites of interaction in the A-chain of C3 for factor H, membrane cofactor protein (MCP), and complement receptor 1 (CR1). Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1997.
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3
Maxwell, Henry A. Complement and immunoglobulin serum factors in rheumatoid patients undergoing total hip andknee arthroplasty: Risk factors for later infective complications?. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1994.
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4
American Holistic Nurses' Association guide to common chronic conditions: Self-care options to complement your doctor's advice. New York, NY: J. Wiley, 2003.
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5
Vangi, Dario, and Virginio Rivano, eds. Ricostruzione della dinamica degli incidenti stradali. L'ambito giuridico, la strada, il conducente e il veicolo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-398-2.
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The third and last instalment of the Firenze University Press work devoted to the reconstruction of road accidents, this book is an important complement to the two previous volumes by Dario Vangi and Virginio Rivano. Consisting of original contributions written by experts in each individual sector, the work explores the legal aspect of road accidents, consultancy and the rules of behaviour and then x-rays all the aspects relating to the road (from risk factors to containment devices), the driver (from reaction times to forensic medicine) and, finally, the vehicle (from safety systems to causes of fire and techniques of repair and estimates).
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Jacobsson, Kerstin, and Jonas Lindblom. Animal Rights Activism. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789089647641.
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We're in an era of ever increasing attention to animal rights, and activism around the issue is growing more widespread and prominent. In this volume, Jonas Lindblom and Kerstin Jacobsson use the animal rights movement in Sweden to offer the first analysis of social movements through the lens of Emile Durkheim's sociology of morality. By positing social movements as essentially a moral phenomenon-and morality itself as a social fact-the book complements more structural, cultural, or strategic action-based approaches, even as it also demonstrates the continuing value of classical sociological approaches to understanding contemporary society.
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Pryzdial, Edward Louis George. Molecular aspects of the interaction between factor B and the third component of complement. 1988.
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9
Medjeral-Thomas, Nicholas, Anna Richards, and Matthew C. Pickering. Molecular basis of complement-mediated renal disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0333.
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Abnormal regulation of complement is intimately associated with C3 glomerulopathy and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome is characterized by renal thrombotic microangiopathy due to an inability to regulate complement activation along the renal endothelium. The development of thrombosis is critically dependent on the ability to activate C5. Eculizumab, a monoclonal anti-C5 antibody, is an effective therapy for this condition. C3 glomerulopathy refers to glomerular lesions characterized by accumulation of C3 in the absence of immunoglobulin. The prototypic example is dense deposit disease. This condition is associated with impaired regulation of the alternative pathway in plasma. In other subtypes of C3 glomerulopathy, familial studies have identified mutations within the complement factor H-related protein family. Polymorphic variation within this protein family also influences susceptibility to IgA nephropathy. The mechanism underlying these associations remains unknown and is the subject of ongoing research efforts.
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Rodriguez-Iturbe, Bernardo, and Mark Haas. Immunoglobulin A-dominant post-infectious glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0078_update_001.
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Immunoglobulin A (IgA)-dominant post-infectious glomerulonephritis is usually associated with infections with Staphylococcus aureus. It is most commonly seen in patients over 60, and particularly in men. The renal lesion is acute and severe, and commonly includes crescent formation, although the described histological features vary widely. IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin and in later phases when capillary deposits are resolving it may be impossible to distinguish the condition from IgA nephropathy without the use of electron microscopy. Diabetes appears to be a risk factor. Complement levels are frequently low but may be normal. Clinically there is often severe nephrotic syndrome and hypertension may be less prominent.
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McCumber, William R., and Jyotsaana Parajuli. Style Analysis and Consistency. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0028.
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This chapter explores the degree to which hedge funds’ performance is attributable to a self-declared style that broadly describes managers’ primary investment focus. Hedge funds’ self-declared styles and strategies are meant to be descriptive and to attract investor capital seeking exposure to that strategy and opportunity. Hedge fund strategies have evolved as managers uncover and exploit new opportunities. In practice, even when a majority of investor capital is dedicated to a primary strategy, managers complement a primary strategy with other positions in an attempt to earn positive returns. The freedom with which managers can operate regarding regulation and the breadth of financial instruments available make long-term and clear categorization of hedge fund styles difficult. Although research shows that many funds consistently deliver superior returns in a given style, many also deliver alpha, a positive return that is not attributable to any style or risk factor.
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Dubber, Markus D. Histories of Crime and Criminal Justice and the Historical Analysis of Criminal Law. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.29.
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This essay reflects on the relationship between the history of crime, the history of criminal justice, and the history of criminal law. It suggests an account of the historical-comparative analysis of criminal law that locates it within the general project of critical analysis of law and police on the one hand, and a rich multidisciplinary historiography of crime on the other hand. There are as many histories of crime as there concepts of crime. As a social phenomenon, social historians are interested; law may figure into these histories as one factor in constructing the social environment of crime. Social histories ought not to preclude other perspectives, such as moral, cultural, and political histories. Ideally, histories of crime will come from various perspectives, but with clearly defined tools of analysis, and will complement one another to generate a nuanced and contextual kind of historical inquiry.
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Tolskaya, Inna. Nanosyntax of Russian Verbal Prefixes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0008.
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This chapter addresses the problem of widespread polysemy of Russian verbal prefixes and argues that multiple instantiations of a single prefix share a core conceptual meaning and receive the specific denotations as a function of its syntactic position. A link is demonstrated between the inner structure of a prefix and the PP complement of the prefixed verb, illustrated by five polysemous prefixes that demonstrate an asymmetry in admitting PP complements. Although goal prefixes allow only a goal PP, the more complex source prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, and even more route prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, in addition to route complements. Although the source–goal asymmetry has been pointed out for spatial prefixes before, the fact that the same asymmetry holds for nonspatial use is new and exciting and points to a structural identity of the spatial and nonspatial uses of a prefix.
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Rodríguez-Iturbe, Bernardo, and Mark Haas. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0077_update_001.
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Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a complication of Streptococcal infections that is responsible for classic acute nephritic syndrome, mostly seen in children. This is an acute nephritis associated with prominent fluid retention and oedema, hypertension and haematuria. Serum complement levels are diagnostically helpful as C3 levels are characteristically very low. However, many cases are much less severe and may pass unrecognized, only being identified by screening for dipstick haematuria. In children recovery is the rule but in adults, often with comorbid conditions, the prognosis is significantly worse. Management centres on loop diuretics plus treatment of the infection if still present, and additional hypotensive agents if required. Severe cases may require dialysis. High-dose corticosteroids have often been given in severe crescentic disease but there is no evidence that they are effective. In children, recovery of renal function is often excellent, though long-term studies now suggest that it may represent a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. When it occurs in developed societies it is often in older patients with comorbid conditions and atypical presentations. Resolution may be less complete than in children.
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Do, Thu T. Other Factors Influencing Religious Vocations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878153.003.0006.
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This chapter presents an overview of aspects that may influence women and men religious on their religious vocational decision during their childhood with their family and parish, their attendance of primary and secondary school, their participation in parish life, and their college years. The influential aspects addressed are: attending Mass regularly and devotional practices, having the opportunity to discuss and receive encouragement from others to discern a religious vocation, the witness of men and women religious, and being engaged in youth and voluntary ministry programs. The chapter concludes that while not every individual religious has opportunities to experience these activities in various environments before he or she decides to enter religious life, all the aspects complement one another and have an impact on religious vocational discernment and decision-making.
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Bürkardt, Dagmar, Harald Kohler, Norbert Kreuzkamp, and Josef Schmid, eds. Smart Factory und Digitalisierung. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845288093.
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Industry 4.0 and digitalisation are current developments that are having a strong impact on the world of work and our society. However, their consequences are still relatively unclear. A look at four economically strong European countries (Germany, Italy, Sweden and Spain) shows that technological and economic developments as well as expectations are debated differently. This book is separated into four sections. Its first part provides an overview of the scope and effects of digitalisation. Its second and third parts focus on reports and results from the four countries mentioned above. These are based on expert discussions and a Delphi online survey conducted in three waves which asked questions on and developed future scenarios. The book’s final part deals with possible courses of action at the workplace and in politics. The articles this book contains are written in German or English and are complemented with summaries in German, English, Italian and Spanish. With contributions by Krister Andersson, Prof. Dr. Daniel Buhr, Dagmar Bürkardt, Sonia Cattaneo, Massimo Darchini, Laura Diéguez Ferrer, Bernd Dworschak, Dr. Miriam Ferrari, Dan Gabrielsson, Daniel Garrell Ballester, Karl-Ulrich Gscheidle, Anneke Ilsemann, Kent Kling, Dr. Harald Kohler, Norbert Kreuzkamp, Martin Kunzmann, Luis Lageder, Dr. Luca Lombi, Dr. Erika Mezger, Dr. Raphael Menez, Prof. Dr. Josef Schmid, Welf Schröter, Heinrich Tiemann.
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Clark, Carolyn Chambers. American Holistic Nurses' Association Guide to Common Chronic Conditions: Self-Care Options to Complement Your Doctor's Advice. Wiley, 2002.
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18
Noris, Marina, and Tim Goodship. The patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0174.
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The patient who presents with microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and evidence of acute kidney injury presents a diagnostic and management challenge. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are two of the conditions that frequently present with this triad. They are characterized by low platelet count with normal or near-normal coagulation tests, anaemia, and signs of intravascular red cell fragmentation on blood films, and high LDH levels.HUS associated with shiga-like toxins produced usually by E.coli (typically O157 strains) may occur in outbreaks or sporadically, with geographical variations in incidence. It is predominantly a disease of young children in which painful blood diarrhoea in a minority of infected patients is succeeded by microangiopathy and acute kidney injury. Management is supportive and recovery is usual, although permanent renal damage may lead to later deterioration. Older patients may be affected and tend to have worse outcomes. Neuraminidase-producing Streptococcus pneumoniae infections (usually pneumonia) very rarely cause a similar HUS.Atypical HUS occurs sporadically and is increasingly associated with defects in the regulation of the complement pathway, either genetic or autoimmune-caused. It may respond to plasma exchange for fresh frozen plasma. Recurrences are common, including after transplantation.TTP is associated with more neurological disease and less renal involvement, but HUS and TTP overlap substantially in their manifestations. The underlying problem is in von Willebrand factor (vWF) cleavage. The plasma metalloprotease ADAMTS13 is responsible for cleaving vWF multimers, a process that is important to prevent thrombosis in the microvasculature. Autoantibodies or rarely genetic deficiency may impair this process. Plasma exchange may remove antibodies and replenish the protease.
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Cui, Zhao, Neil Turner, and Ming-hui Zhao. Antiglomerular basement membrane disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0074_update_001.
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Individuals appear to be predisposed to antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease by carrying a predisposing human leucocyte antigen type, DRB1*1501 being identified as the highest risk factor, and there are likely to be other predisposing genes or influences on top of which a relatively rare ‘second hit’ leads to the development of autoimmunity. In anti-GBM disease this appears to have a self-perpetuating, accelerating component, that may be to do with antibodies and altered antigen presentation. Lymphocyte depletion may also predispose to the disease. A number of second hits have been identified and they seem to share a theme of damage to the glomerulus. There may be a prolonged (months to years) and usually subclinical phase in anti-GBM disease in which usually relatively low level antibody titres are associated with variable haematuria, sometimes minor pulmonary haemorrhage, but often no symptoms. Damage to the lung seems to determine whether there is a pulmonary component to the disease. Without pulmonary damage caused typically by smoking, inhalation of other fumes, and potentially infection or oxygen toxicity, the disease remains an isolated kidney disease. Antibodies appear to be an important component of the disease, but cell-mediated immunity is also critical to the clinical picture. In animal models, cell-mediated immunity triggered by the GBM antigen can cause severe renal damage in the absence of pathogenic antibody. The development of specific antibody also requires T-cell sensitization and help, and suppressing the response is likely to require suppressing both antibody and cell-mediated immunity. Antibodies recognize one major and some other epitopes, which are now well described. T-cell epitopes are becoming better understood. Evidence from animal models also suggests that the damage in anti-GBM disease is dependent on complement, macrophages, and neutrophils.
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(Editor), John N. Abelson, Melvin I. Simon (Editor), Laszlo Lorand (Editor), and Kenneth G. Mann (Editor), eds. Methods in Enzymology, Volume 222: Proteolytic Enzymes in Coagulation, Fibrinolysis, and Complement Activation, Part A: Mammalian Blood Coagulation Factors (Methods in Enzymology). Academic Press, 1993.
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21
Legate, Julie Anne. The Locus of Ergative Case. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.6.
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This chapter demonstrates that for a diverse range of languages the assignment of ergative case is determined by a cluster of factors, which vary between the languages. While ergative assignment thus resists a simple, uniform analysis, the relevant factors are consistently based low in the clausal structure, centered around vP. The low factors identified include the theta-position and theta-role of the subject, the presence of a complement, the presence of a DP object, the case of the object, the presence of object agreement, and the Aspect selecting vP. Illustrative languages examined are Tsova-Tush (East Caucasian), Nez Perce (Sahaptin), Warlpiri (South-West Pama-Nyungan), Tshangla (Tibeto-Burman), and Hindi/Urdu (Indo-Aryan). Kurmanji Kurdish (Iranian) and Yukulta (Tangic) are also considered: here, the governing factors of ergative case assignment are prima facie high in the clause, based in TP/CP. These languages are revealed to instead fall under the low ergative pattern.
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Brennand, Kristen. Application of Stem Cells to Understanding Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0005.
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While much has been learned through clinical post-mortem and neuroimaging studies of patients and animal models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), these classical approaches have yet to fully elucidate the interaction of complex genetic risk factors on disease predisposition. The derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from patients with psychiatric disorders permits the study of the full complement of risk variants (known and unknown) that underlie disease predisposition, precisely in the cell types relevant to disease. The following chapter covers work to date regarding the advancements in the use of hiPSCs to model psychiatric disorders.
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Hamilton, Kirk, John Hartwick, Kirk Hamilton, and John Hartwick. Wealth and Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0015.
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In 1974, it was a live question whether the exhaustion of natural resources, such as oil, would necessarily lead to the decline of economic activity. Solow showed that constant levels of consumption could be sustained if there is sufficient substitutability between produced and natural factors of production. Hartwick then proved that underpinning this result is a saving rule—set investment in produced capital equal to the value of resource depletion at each point in time. A large literature has shown that a comprehensive measure of the change in real wealth—net saving—plays a central role in determining whether current well-being can be sustained. The current composition of wealth serves to define the policy challenges that countries face in achieving sustainable development. If substitution possibilities are limited between natural and other factors of production, as one might expect, then technical progress is a necessary complement to policies for sustainability.
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Philip, Pierre, Stephanie Bioulac, Patricia Sagaspe, and Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi. Drowsy driving. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0021.
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Drowsy driving increases risk of traffic accidents. A major problem remains in the identification of drowsy drivers at risk for traffic accidents. Drowsy driving is the consequence of various behavioural factors (e.g. sleep duration, work duration, shift-work schedules) combined or not with sleep and iatrogenic disorders (e.g. obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, hypersomnia, drug-induced sleepiness). Severity of sleep disorders is a non-linear predictor of traffic accident risk. In comparison, sleepiness at the wheel (SAW) can be considered as a reliable indicator of a combination of behavioural and sleep disorder factors, and is a better risk predictor. It remains thus very important to question patients about SAW when clinicians have to determine the medical fitness to drive of such patients. Because of the potential risk of under-reporting of SAW, especially in professional drivers, objective measures can help to complement the clinical evaluation. Further researches are needed to optimize objective measures able to predict the risk of traffic accidents due to drowsy driving.
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Prowse, Martin, and Ellen Hillbom. Policies or Prices? A Gendered Analysis of Drivers of Maize Production in Malawi and Zambia, 2002–13. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0008.
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Maize is the basis for both agricultural production and food consumption in many areas of Southern Africa. This chapter presents a longitudinal study on changes in maize production based on Afrint data for Malawi and Zambia. It compares the extent to which farms managed by men and women have experienced such changes and identifies the factors driving the processes. It also locates the discussion within the context of government agricultural policies, especially fertilizer subsidy schemes, and trends in global as well as national maize prices. As a complement to Afrint I, II, and III rounds of data collection the chapter utilizes qualitative data collected in Malawi and Zambia in 2012 and 2016 containing interviews with key informants, households, and focus groups.
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Greenstein, Shane, Chris Forman, and Avi Goldfarb. How Geography Shapes—and Is Shaped by—the Internet. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.21.
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The literature on the geographical implications of the Internet are reviewed, both those studying the adoption and use of the Internet, as well as those examining the Internet’s economic consequences for productivity, wealth, innovation, trade, and consumer behavior. The chapter emphasizes that the Internet reduces three key interrelated economic frictions: communication costs, transportation costs, and search costs. The impact of reducing these frictions varies across locations because it depends on three factors that vary locally: preferences, the availability of substitutes, and the availability of complements. Thus, the diffusion of the Internet benefits some locations more than others. The chapter concludes by discussing directions for future research.
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Chen-Wishart, Mindy. Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806356.001.0001.
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Contract Law offers a new approach, utilising diagrams to complement the text. The book explains the intricacies of contract law and the questions that arise during the life of a contract. Part I of the book explains what contract law is and defines its scope. Part II of the book looks at contract formation: the finding of agreement and meeting the criteria of enforceability. Part III focuses on the position of third parties. Part IV considers the vitiating factors of misrepresentation and non-disclosure, mistake, frustration, duress, undue influence, and unconscionability. Part V analyses the terms of contracts: express, implied, collateral, and examines their interpretation and enforceability. Part VI considers the breach of a contract and the remedies of termination, damages, and specific and agreed remedies. Part VII examines good faith in current contract law.
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Bi, Xiaojun, Andrew Howes, Per Ola Kristensson, Antti Oulasvirta, and John Williamson. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the field of computational interaction, and explains its long tradition of research on human interaction with technology that applies to human factors engineering, cognitive modelling, artificial intelligence and machine learning, design optimization, formal methods, and control theory. It discusses how the book as a whole is part of an argument that, embedded in an iterative design process, computational interaction design has the potential to complement human strengths and provide a means to generate inspiring and elegant designs without refuting the part played by the complicated, and uncertain behaviour of humans. The chapters in this book manifest intellectual progress in the study of computational principles of interaction, demonstrated in diverse and challenging applications areas such as input methods, interaction techniques, graphical user interfaces, information retrieval, information visualization, and graphic design.
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Segall, Liviu, and Adrian Covic. Immune-mediated tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0093_update_001.
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Immune-mediated tubulointerstitial nephritides (TINs) are generally encountered in the context of systemic or extrarenal autoimmune diseases, such as sarcoidosis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, TIN and uveitis (TINU) syndrome, and immunoglobulin G4-related disease. The pathogenesis of these TINs is complex and more or less unclear; it usually involves leucocyte activation, autoantibodies, immune complex deposition, complement activation, and release of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Tubulointerstitial inflammation most commonly has a chronic pattern, although acute forms of TIN may also occur. Furthermore, inflammation may be granulomatous (as in sarcoidosis or Crohn’s disease) or non-granulomatous. Immunofluorescence staining can sometimes reveal immune complex deposits and even antitubular basement membrane autoantibodies. Systemic immunosuppressive therapies are almost always required to prevent progression to irreversible interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and end-stage renal disease.
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Shrivastava, Seema, Beverley J. Hunt, and Anthony Dorling. Coagulopathies in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0135.
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Coagulation abnormalities are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both haemorrhage and thrombosis are more common than in the general population. Haemorrhage, when it occurs, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared to that seen in non-uraemic patients. It is more likely spontaneously, but particularly in association with anti-platelet agents or anticoagulants. The increased risk of both arterial and venous thrombosis occurs in part because of the increase prevalence of traditional risk factors for thrombosis in CKD, in part because of the specific problems associated with nephrotic syndrome, and also because of specific putative prothrombotic factors associated with CKD, such as increased levels of coagulation factors and altered platelet function associated with uraemia. Two syndromes, both characterized by intravascular thrombosis can contribute to the development of CKD. The first is antiphospholipid syndrome, due to the presence of antibodies against negatively charged phospholipids, in which thrombosis of the renal vasculature is relatively common. The second is a group of conditions, the thrombotic microangiopathies, in which inherited or acquired deficiencies of ADAMTS13, antiphospholipid antibodies, or pathological endothelial cell activation in renal vessels, sometimes due to functional deficiencies of one or more proteins regulating coagulation or complement activation, leads to acute renal dysfunction associated with anaemia.
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Yanovich, Igor. May under verbs of hoping: Evolution of the modal system in the complements of hoping verbs in Early Modern English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0008.
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The chapter traces two stages of the rise of the may-under-hope construction of Late Modern English, present in examples like (i) Dearest, I hope we may be on such terms twenty years hence. Despite the archaic feel to it, this construction is in fact a very recent innovation that arose not earlier than the sixteenth century. I conjecture that its elevated flavor does not stem from its old age, but rather was inherited from another construction, with the inflectional subjunctive under hope. Along the way, I also present evidence that the textual absence of may under verbs of hoping before the rise of this construction was not due to narrow compositional semantics.
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Gabriel, Angela, and Tiffany C. Hoyt. Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and discusses how it can serve the geriatric population. Aging is viewed in TCM as a natural progression of the life cycle, with a major focus on achieving longevity, with good physical condition and cognitive health, optimizing one’s genetic potential, and maintaining quality of life. The importance of harmonizing one’s life with the natural elements and in relation to the social environment is an essential part of health care in TCM. This is attained through attention to work–rest balance, “climactic factors,” proper nutrition, and mental and physical exercise, using such therapeutic modalities as diet modification, herbal medicine, acupuncture and acupuncture-related therapies, and therapeutic massage. TCM has treatment plans for both the acute and chronic health conditions of aging, which can successfully complement and enhance Western medical treatments.
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Ur, Jason. Ancient Landscapes in Southeastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0038.
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This article considers the nature of ancient landscapes and their archaeological investigation in southeastern Anatolia, one of the most intensively studied regions in modern Turkey. Southeastern Anatolia's diversity of environments and long history of settlement make it an ideal region for a landscape approach to the human past. Shifting constellations of settlement—in response to environmental, social, and political factors—have been revealed through decades of field survey and have provided a broad geographic frame that complements the spatially limited results of excavation. At present, particularly vivid trends in settlement and land use have been demonstrated for the Late Chalcolithic Uruk Expansion, the mid-to-late-third-millennium-BCE phase of urban growth, and the Iron Age/Neo-Assyrian period, to name a few examples.
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Schütze, Robert. The Rise of the Federal Model II. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803379.003.0006.
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The federal model is potentially subject to two ‘special’ cases. First, because the jurisprudence on Article 34 primarily concerned goods produced within the Union, the question arises whether the same constitutional principles also apply to restrictions imposed on goods coming from outside the Union. A second special problem, on the other hand, relates to export restrictions under Article 35. Section I discusses these special cases, while Section II subsequently explores the various exemptions and justifications for national measures considered to hinder intra-Union trade. According to the so-called ‘purely internal situation’ rule, the Court has traditionally exempted situations from the scope of both Articles 34 and 35 that were, as regards their facts, procedurally confined to a single Member State. This ‘procedural’ exemption was complemented by those substantive justifications expressly mentioned in Article 36, which were—after Cassis—themselves complemented by an unlimited number of ‘mandatory’ or ‘imperative’ requirements.
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Runhaar, Jos, and Sita M. A. Bierma-Zeinstra. Lifestyle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0012.
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Modern lifestyles put a great burden on the human musculoskeletal system. Since 1980, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has tripled in many European countries. Obesity is known to affect both weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints due to a combination of mechanical overload and systemic inflammation. On the other hand, both to combat the obesity pandemic and to increase or maintain the quality of life, physical activity and sports are encouraged next to a healthy diet. Although both have a positive influence on cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity and especially sporting activities do lead to increased loading of the active joints and increased risk for joint injuries, which might lead to osteoarthritis development. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on lifestyle risk factors for the development and progression of osteoarthritis as published in recent systematic reviews, complemented with several narrative reviews.
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Gruenewald, Paul J., Andrew J. Treno, Harold D. Holder, and Elizabeth A. LaScala. Community-Based Approaches to the Prevention of Substance Use-Related Problems. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.005.
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Scientific research into the environmental prevention of alcohol and drug-use problems has a distinguished history, with the goal of identifying environmental factors that can be modified to reduce harmful alcohol and drug use. This chapter shows how effective community-based prevention programs have applied environmental prevention strategies to reduce substance use and abuse. Although not all environmental prevention strategies can be implemented at the community level, communities can use a number of these strategies to reduce heavy drinking, access to harmful legal products, and related problems. The authors contrast environmental prevention strategies with individual-based approaches to highlight differences and demonstrate synergies that exist between efforts to change substance use environments and programs that attempt to affect personal choices to use or abuse drugs. The authors highlight the global breadth of community-based prevention research efforts and contributions to broader based international efforts that benefit all societies, inform community-based prevention programs, and complement individual-based prevention strategies.
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Smuts, Malcolm. Introduction. Edited by Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.1.
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After a brief survey of the evolution of interdisciplinary historical work on the English Renaissance since the 1980s, this introduction comments upon the material covered by the collection and how individual chapters reflect recent and current historiographical trends. The decline of older master narratives of Elizabethan and early Stuart history is examined, along with the emergence of increasingly complex views of politics, religion, society and culture during the period. Particular attention is paid to issues and methodologies that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. It is argued that rather than providing scholars of literature with a stable framework of established facts and interpretations, historical research is best appreciated as an ongoing enterprise that can stimulate and inform literary analysis by suggesting fresh questions and furnishing insights and information that complement the work of close reading.
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Buckenmaier, Chester C., Michael Kent, Jason C. Brookman, Patrick J. Tighe, Edward R. Mariano, and David Edwards, eds. Acute Pain Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190856649.001.0001.
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Acute Pain Medicine tackles a large array of diagnostic and treatment consideration across a variety of surgical and nonsurgical acute pain conditions. It reviews a variety of acute pain–modulating factors followed by interventional and pharmacologic treatment options. For each applicable condition, perineural and neuraxial considerations are given when appropriate along with nociceptive anatomic complements. Pharmacologic modalities are described, stressing the use of multimodal analgesia and a variety of opioid-based options if necessary. The book reviews cases that commonly are associated with significant acute pain but also highlight the role of acute pain medicine physicians in the postdischarge phase. Finally, the book includes a critical update of the Military Advanced Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia handbook. This update serves as an essential bedside tool in the performance of regional anesthetic techniques and their corresponding anatomic considerations.
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Sainsbury, Mark. Inference. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.003.0006.
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Display theory predicts that no inferential relations among attitude attributions are based on the logical or semantic properties of the expressions in attribution complements. This chapter shows various ways in which there may be an illusion that such relations obtain. One common basis for the illusion is that we implicitly appeal to psychological facts. Since there is no reason to think these are necessary, the inferences are not truth preserving of necessity, even if they generally have true conclusions when they have true premises. They are examples of “plausible reasoning”. Wanting and fearing are discussed in detail as potential sources of the apparently inferential phenomena.
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Hilliard, Christopher. Bad Language. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799658.003.0011.
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This chapter is a complement to chapter five. Where chapter five examined handwriting as a site of the social and the individual, this chapter deals with vocabularies in a similar context. It focuses in particular on the nature of the swearing in the libels, a substantial sample of which are reproduced and discussed in this chapter. Swan’s obscenities were creative in a childish way, reflecting the fact that, as a respectable single woman, she was excluded from the kinds of places where people learned to swear proficiently. Her profanity was ‘bad language’ not just in the ordinary sense, but also in the allusive sense used by the ethnographic historian Greg Dening: a failure to master the codes of a specific social setting.
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Gillingham, John R. 3. The German Problem and European Integration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199570829.003.0004.
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This chapter examines how European integration contributed to the so-called German Problem — the problem of managing Germany's political rehabilitation and economic resurgence after World War II. The achievement rested not only on the Schuman Plan and the ensuing European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), but also on cooperation among French and German coal and steel producers in the interwar period. The adoption by the new Federal Republic of homegrown economically liberal policies, which complemented and implemented the wartime vision of American postwar policy, was another decisive factor. The chapter first provides an overview of the postwar framework for Germany's economic recovery and political rehabilitation, focusing on the Marshall Plan, the German economic boom, and Jean Monnet's role in shaping postwar Europe. It also considers the evolution of French Ruhrpolitik, the Schuman Plan negotiations, and the eclipse of Monnetism and the founding of the European Economic Community.
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Lobina, David J. On recursive parsing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785156.003.0006.
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The processing of a linguistic expression, when viewed as a complex of (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) phrases (SHCs), whilst suggestive of a recursive solution—that is, a sentence is a matrix SHC (subject-verb-object) composed of internal SHCs and the completion of the overall task is divisible into smaller but equivalent subtasks—in fact proceeds iteratively. This is here shown by manipulating the memory load of processing SHCs and measuring the reaction times of participants to extraneous tones placed at specific places within a sentence. The results show that there is a decreasing tendency in reaction times across a sentence, this pattern being explained in terms of two different types of uncertainty, a linguistic type and a more perceptual type. The results are discussed in the context of classic results with the tone-monitoring technique and future work along these lines is announced.
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Kodish, Eric, and Robert M. Nelson, eds. Ethics and Research with Children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190647254.001.0001.
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In Ethics and Research with Children, authors present and discuss challenging cases in the field of pediatric research ethics. This 2nd Edition includes a revised and updated introduction along with 13 completely new chapters with compelling cases, analysis and questions for discussion. After years of debate and controversy, fundamental questions about the morality of pediatric research persist: Is it ever permissible to use a child as a means to an end? How much authority should parents have over decisions about research that involves young children? What should be the role of the older child in decisions about research participation? How do the dynamics of hope and desperation influence decisions about research involving dying children? Should children or their parents be paid for participation in research? How do economic incentives for doctors, researchers, and the pharmaceutical industry factor into the decisions? Most importantly, how can the twin goals of access to the benefits of clinical research and protection from the risks research involves be reconciled? This volume complements but does not replace the 1st Edition of this book published in 2005. Using a case-based approach, the Second Edition of Ethics and Research with Children provides a balanced and thorough account of the enduring dilemmas that arise when children become research subjects
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et, Mokal. Procedure under the Modular Approach. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799931.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the core aspects of the default procedural framework of the Modular Approach and then describes the modules by which the default framework may be adapted. The core elements of the Modular Approach provide a simple, cost-effective framework to liquidate or continue an MSME, recognizing the diversity in size and nature of MSMEs. The two basic options—automatic liquidation, and continuation proceedings—meet multiple objectives. The former facilitates efficient liquidation of MSME assets while allowing entrepreneurs a fresh start, and the latter enables the entrepreneur to continue the business while addressing the factors that caused its financial and economic distress. The core elements are complemented by additional modules that allow policymakers in each jurisdiction, and the entrepreneurs, creditors, and other stakeholders in each such jurisdiction, to identify and deploy the tools suited to the nature and type of debtor and its assets, the causes of its distress, and the prospects for its viability and rehabilitation.
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Karoly, Paul, and Geert Crombez, eds. Motivational Perspectives on Chronic Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.001.0001.
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This edited volume is the first to present a cohesive account of adaptation to chronic pain from a motivational perspective. Across the 15 chapters, scholars from diverse domains of psychology explore the multileveled and bidirectional nature of pain and motivation, drawing from a broad array of constructs, including self-regulation, goal systems, cognitive control, attention, conflict, interpersonal processes, coping, conditioning, and stress reactivity. Also addressed is the relation between pain and psychopathology, the nature of pain-affect dynamics, and the neural mechanisms underlying the pain experience. Applied considerations are presented in chapters on Motivational Interviewing, ACT, Internet-based methods, and related clinical topics. Our volume provides an up-to-date compendium of cutting-edge research and interventions that collectively illustrate the utility of viewing chronic pain as neither a “disease” nor an imposed lifestyle, but as the emergent and potentially flexible product of a complex transactional system that is bounded by sociocultural factors, on the one hand, and by biogenetic and neural moderating forces on the other. The chapters capture the vibrancy of current theory, research, and practice while pointing toward unexplored new directions. Students and seasoned pain researchers will find within the motivation-centered framework a host of intriguing ideas to complement extant formulations. And those engaged in treating/training persons with chronic pain will discover the unique, integrative value of motivational models.
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Brown, Katie. Writing and the Revolution. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786942197.001.0001.
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In contrast to recent theories of the ‘global’ or ‘post-national’ Latin American novel, this book reveals the enduring importance of the national in contemporary Venezuelan fiction, arguing that the novels studied respond to both the nationalist and populist cultural policies of the Bolivarian Revolution and Venezuela’s literary isolation. The latter results from factors including the legacy of the Boom and historically low levels of emigration from Venezuela. Grounded in theories of metafiction and intertextuality, the book provides a close reading of eight novels published between 2004 (the year in which the first Minister for Culture was appointed) and 2012 (the last full year of President Chávez’s life), relating these novels to the context of their production. Each chapter explores a way in which these novels reflect on writing, from the protagonists as readers and writers in different contexts, through appearances from real life writers, to experiments with style and popular culture, and finally questioning the boundaries between fiction and reality. This literary analysis complements overarching studies of the Bolivarian Revolution by offering an insight into how Bolivarian policies and practices affect people on an individual, emotional and creative level. In this context, self-reflexive narratives afford their writers a form of political agency.
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Barros, Rodrigo José Saraiva de, Tereza Cristina de Brito Azevedo, Carla de Castro Sant’Anna, Marianne Rodrigues Fernandes, Leticia Martins Lamarão, and Rommel Mario Rodríguez Burbano. Grupos sanguíneos e anticorpos anti-eritrocitários de importância transfusional. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-112-7.
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Immunohematology is an area dedicated to the study of the interactions of the immune system and blood cells in transfusion practice. Blood transfusion is a therapeutic technique that has been widely used since the 17th century. The transfusion medicine aims to repair the pathological needs of blood components in the living organism, be it red blood cells, plasma, platelets, clotting factors, among others. Despite being a therapeutic means, transfusion of blood components can be considered at risk because it is a biological material and due to the transfusion immunological reactions that can be caused during or after the moment of transfusion. In the surface structure of red blood cells, numerous molecules of a protein, glycoprotein or glycolipid nature are found, which are also called membrane antigens that make up structures and perform transport functions, as receptors, as adhesion, enzymatic and / or complement regulatory molecules. The formation of these antigens occurs by an approximate amount of 39 genes involved in their production, of which 282 different antigens are organized in more than 30 blood group systems. This antigenic diversity is a major cause of the formation of irregular anti-erythrocyte antibodies. Therefore, with the increase in blood transfusions in surgeries, transplants and clinical treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases, a significant increase in the occurrence of alloimmunizations in polytransfused patients began to be observed. Such biological phenomena motivated us to carry out this study and the antigenic diversity motivated us to elaborate this small compendium where we also describe the main blood groups.
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Bågenholm, Andreas, Monika Bauhr, Marcia Grimes, and Bo Rothstein, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Quality of Government. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198858218.001.0001.
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Recent research demonstrates that the quality of public institutions is crucial for a number of important environmental, social, economic, and political outcomes, and thereby human well-being broadly conceived. The Quality of Government (QoG) approach directs attention to issues such as impartiality in the exercise of public power, professionalism in public service delivery, effective measures against corruption, and meritocracy instead of patronage and nepotism. The 38 chapters in this handbook offer a comprehensive, state of the art overview of this rapidly expanding research field and also identify viable avenues for future research. The initial chapters focus on theoretical approaches and debates, and the central question of how QoG can be measured. The remaining chapters examine the wealth of empirical research on how QoG relates to democratic accountability, ethnic diversity, human well-being, economic growth, political legitimacy, environmental sustainability, gender equality, social cohesion, and the outbreak of civil conflicts. A third set of chapters turns to the perennial issue of what contextual factors and policy approaches have proven successful (and not so successful) for increasing QoG. The QoG approach both challenges and complements important strands of inquiry in the social sciences. For research about democratization, QoG adds the importance of taking state capacity into account. For economics, the QoG approach shows that in order to produce economic prosperity, markets need to be embedded in institutions with a certain set of qualities. For development studies, QoG emphasizes that issues concerned with corruption are integral to understanding development writ large.
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Cusumano, Eugenio, and Christopher Kinsey, eds. Diplomatic Security. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804791052.001.0001.
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The inviolability of diplomatic personnel and premises is a cornerstone of interstate relations and international law. As epitomized by the murder of US Ambassador Christopher Stevens in Benghazi, host countries are not always willing or capable to protect foreign diplomats and missions, which have become increasingly vulnerable to terrorism and other forms of political violence. Consequently, states with a large diplomatic presence have complemented host countries protection with a host of additional measures ranging from relocating embassies to fortified suburban locations to the deployment of military, police, and private security guards. By increasing the separateness of foreign envoys from local societies and informing local societies’ perceptions of the sending states, however, diplomatic security policies may not simply protect diplomats, but also reshape the institution and practice of diplomacy. In spite of its theoretical and policy relevance, diplomatic security has received very sporadic scholarly attention. This volume fills this gap by providing a comparative analysis of diplomatic protective policies enacted by the US, China, the UK, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Israel and Turkey. Moreover, the book investigates the reasons underlying the evolution of diplomatic security policies over time and their variations across countries, examining the factors underlying the choosing of protective actors and arrangements. It then examines the effectiveness of these arrangements analyzing how diplomatic security policies have been reformed in response to major incidents and the extent to which they can secure diplomats without hindering their ability to interact with local society and tarnishing the image of the sending state.
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Steane, Andrew. Science and Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.001.0001.
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This volume offers an in-depth presentation of the structure of science and the nature of the physical world, with a view to showing how it complements and does not replace other types of human activity, such as the arts and humanities, spirituality and religion. The aim is to better inform scientists, science educators, and the general public. Many think that science can and does establish that the natural world is a vast machine, and this is the whole truth of ourselves and our environment. This is wrong. In fact, scientific models employ a rich network of interconnecting concepts, and the overall picture suggests the full validity of further forms of truth-seeking and truth-speaking, such as art, jurisprudence, and the like. In fundamental physics, the equations that describe physical behaviour interact in a subtle symbiotic way with symmetry principles which describe overarching guidelines. The relationship between physics and biology is similar, and so is the relationship between biology and the humanities. Darwinian evolution is an exploratory mechanism which allows richer patterns and truths to come to be expressed; it does not negate or replace those truths. The area of values, of what can or should command our allegiance, requires a different kind of response, a response that is not completely captured by logical argument, but which is central to human life. Religion, when it is understood correctly and done well, is the engagement with the idea that we have a meaningful role to play, and much to learn.