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1
Lockhart, Maureen. The subtle energy body: The complete guide. Rochester, Vt: Inner Traditions, 2010.
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2
Serenity Deluxe Personal Journal: Wider Format Features Scripture and Subtle Decorative Elements, Complete W/Cloth Spine Concealing a Spiral Binding,. C.R. Gibson Company, 2000.
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3
Lighthouse Deluxe Personal Journal: Wider Format Features Scripture and Subtle Decorative Elements, Complete W/Cloth Spine Concealing a Spiral Binding. C.R. Gibson Company, 2000.
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4
23rd Psalm Deluxe Personal Journal: Wider Format Features Scripture and Subtle Decorative Elements, Complete W/Cloth Spine Concealing a Spiral Binding. C.R. Gibson Company, 2000.
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5
Spring Harlequin Deluxe Personal Journal: Wider Format Features Scripture and Subtle Decorative Elements, Complete W/Cloth Spine Concealing a Spiral B. C.R. Gibson Company, 2000.
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6
Summer Bouguet Deluxe Personal Journal: Wider Format Features Scripture and Subtle Decorative Elements, Complete W/Cloth Spine Concealing a Spiral Bin. C.R. Gibson Company, 2000.
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7
Secret Garden Deluxe Personal Journal: Wider Format Features Scripture and Subtle Decorative Elements, Complete W/Cloth Spine Concealing a Spiral Bind. C.R. Gibson Company, 2000.
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8
Craig, Paul, and Gráinne de Búrca. 17. The Single Market. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198714927.003.0017.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. The single market is central to the EU and is still its principal economic rationale. This chapter discusses the forms and techniques of economic integration, the limits of integration prior to 1986, and the subsequent steps taken to complete the single market. There is both a substantive and an institutional dimension to this story. In substantive terms, it is important to understand the economic dimension to the single market. In institutional terms, a subtle mix of legislative, administrative, and judicial initiatives has furthered evolution of the single market.
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Maddy, Penelope. Three Forms of Naturalism. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0013.
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This article plans to sketch the outlines of the Quinean point of departure, then to describe how Burgess and this article differ from this, and from each other, especially on logic and mathematics. Though this discussion touches on the work of only these three among the many recent “naturalists,” the moral of the story must be that “naturalism,” even restricted to its Quinean and post-Quinean incarnations, is a more complex position, with more subtle variants, than is sometimes supposed.
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Cullen, Christopher. Liu Hong and the conquest of the moon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0009.
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In this chapter, we look at the work of Liu Hong, who emerges as the principal technical consultant involved in the later phases of the debates discussed in the last chapter, although it seems that he only had an official post concerned with celestial observation or calculation at the beginning of his career. He created the last great astronomical system that we shall discuss—the Qian xiang li ‘Uranic Manifestation’ system. This was the first system to give a complete account of the main irregularities of lunar motion, based on a subtle analysis of the mass of data gathered by the routine observations of Han sky-watchers in preceding centuries, and made it possible to predict when solar eclipses might take place. The methods used by Liu Hong set the pattern for the handling of such questions in later centuries.
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Klempe, Sven Hroar. Music and Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190468712.003.0012.
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Music is close to language, and when we listen to music, we may also imagine certain events, stories, and the like. The differences, although obvious, are not so easy to detect. These subtle nuances are examined in this chapter with the aim of delineating the general traits of musical imagination. The author defines musical imagination in terms of a human act that provides a type of framework for cognition in which cognition and sensations are united in feelings. This also forms the basis for verticality, which is expressed in terms of musical polyphony. The multitude in musical polyphony opens up for a sort of community, which brings in a social dimension. As long as the social community forms the basis of cultural psychology, a thorough understanding of musical imagination may contribute to a more complete understanding of cultural psychology as well.
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Olson, Kevin. Populism in the Socialist Imagination. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.33.
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Socialism is typically portrayed as a deeply populist doctrine, yet it often has difficulties reconciling populism with more centrally socialist ideals. As a result, populism is both a consistent preoccupation and a recurring problem for socialists. This chapter traces these shifting tensions through three episodes in socialism’s development: the works of Karl Marx, Auguste Blanqui, and Eduard Bernstein. Each manifests the tensions in complex and subtle ways. Ultimately, the contemporary forms of social democracy that have descended from this heritage provide the means for a potential reconciliation, establishing the material conditions for a radically populist politics.
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Radner, Hilary. Introduction. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422888.003.0001.
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This brief introduction offers an outline of the purpose and scope of the volume, which provides a synthetic overview of the work of a scholar characterized by a subtle and complex engagement with, and analysis of, cinema and moving-image installation art that takes place over a fifty-year span, addressing a massive list of films and artworks. It establishes that the goal of the book is not simply to summarize this oeuvre, but to offer “un passage,” a point of entry into the perspectives of this scholar, showing how they shifted and developed over many years.
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Comentale, Edward P. ( ). University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037399.003.0006.
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This chapter concerns the formal silence that pervades pop music in the late modern era, which both allows for greater experimentation in music and preserves, in the face of complete commercial appropriation, the utopian possibility of some more subtle form of engagement with modernity. It argues that Buddy Holly's music represents the moment when popular music became “pop music,” and moreover that both John Cage and Holly pursued silence to the point of freeing song (and specifically lyrical song) from the expressive demands of identity and tradition. The chapter then draws from Jacques Derrida's Speech and Phenomena to show that Holly's vocals work via a process of “indication” rather than “expression” and thus point toward the very world that they fail to name or include. Finally, this chapter links Holly's music—and pop music in general—to the Pop Art movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s.
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Gilbert, Mark R., and Roberta Rudà. Ependymal tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0005.
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Ependymomas are uncommon central nervous system cancers that can arise in the supratentorial, infratentorial, or spinal cord region. Recently, there have been several seminal findings regarding the molecular profiles of ependymomas that have led to marked changes in the classification of this disease. In addition to the World Health Organization grading system that designates ependymomas based on histological appearance into grade I, II, or III, a new molecular classification with distinct entities within the three anatomical regions provides additional subtyping that has prognostic significance and may ultimately provide therapeutic targets. Ependymomas are typically treated with maximum safe tumour resection. Grade III tumours always require radiation treatment even with extensive resection. Radiation is also often administered to patients with grade II ependymomas. Grade I tumours typically receive radiation if there is extensive residual disease, but complete resection may be curative. Local radiation is optimal unless there is imaging or cytological evidence of dissemination in the cerebrospinal fluid. Chemotherapy is less well established although recent molecular findings may lead to subtype specific treatments.
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Nolte, David D. The Tangled Tale of Phase Space. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805847.003.0006.
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This chapter presents the history of the development of the concept of phase space. Phase space is the central visualization tool used today to study complex systems. The chapter describes the origins of phase space with the work of Joseph Liouville and Carl Jacobi that was later refined by Ludwig Boltzmann and Rudolf Clausius in their attempts to define and explain the subtle concept of entropy. The turning point in the history of phase space was when Henri Poincaré used phase space to solve the three-body problem, uncovering chaotic behavior in his quest to answer questions on the stability of the solar system. Phase space was established as the central paradigm of statistical mechanics by JW Gibbs and Paul Ehrenfest.
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Lynch, Deidre. Early Gothic Novels and the Belief in Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0010.
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This chapter looks at Gothic novels. A Gothic Romance or even ‘a Gothic Story’ may be one thing, but a Gothic Novel is something else again. Though that term has been retrospectively applied to a body of macabre, sensational, ghost-infested fiction from the late eighteenth century only since the early twentieth, in its suggestion of a perverse hybridizing of the outmoded and the up-to-date it aptly captures the transgressiveness these fictions represented for their original critics. More directly than the contemporary fictions that aspired to be life-like and observe the norms of probability, Gothic novels foreground that peculiar mental gymnastics that since the eighteenth century has enabled readers to participate in a secular culture industry ‘which invites the subtle and supple deployment of belief’. In this sense, by helping to define the frontiers of the fictive, the Gothic mode did not interrupt the rise of the novel, but instead completed it.
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Rondel, David. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0010.
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This chapter puts pragmatist egalitarianism to work, and shows how it reconciles many of the disputes that philosophical egalitarians are engaged in. It also considers inequality in the real world and provides an analysis of racial inequality in the United States. Racial inequality involves a complex imbroglio of (a) institutions like banks, the criminal justice system, media of various kinds, public schools, the healthcare system, zoning laws, electoral politics, public transportation, etc., (b) private individual feelings and biases about black work ethic, loan worthiness, personal responsibility, attitude, ambition, etc., (c) nebulous cultural meanings about black inferiority, violence, criminality, lesser intelligence, and, crucially, (d) the subtle ways in which (a), (b), and (c) mutually reinforce each other. The argument in this chapter is that all three variables are irreducible, triangulated, and mutually constituting and supporting.
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Young, Jason. African and African American Religions in the Early Americas. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.26.
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This chapter chronicles the relationship between African religious practices on the continent and African American religion in the plantation Americas in the era of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. A new generation of scholars who emerged in the 1960s and 1970s have demonstrated not only that African religious practices exhibit remarkable subtlety and complexity but also that these cultures have played significant roles in the subsequent development of religious practices throughout the world. Christianity, Islam, and traditional African religion comprised a set of broad and varied religious practices that contributed to the development of creative, subtle, and complex belief systems that circulated around the African Diaspora. In addition, this chapter addresses some of the vexed epistemological challenges related to discussing and describing non-Western ritual and religious practices.
20
Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043.
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Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now an additional 12 JIA susceptibility loci with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
21
Hans, Steiner, Daniels Whitney, Kelly Michael, and Stadler Christina. Comprehensive and Integrated Treatment of Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265458.003.0005.
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This chapter maps evidence-based interventions on the biopsychosocial model of causation suggested by the current evidence. Medications and biological treatments are still second-line interventions, which should be considered only if there is insufficient progress with psychological and social-familial treatments. There is very little progress in the past decade in testing medication interventions. New findings from neuroscience suggest another subtype of disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs), which holds considerable promise to improve outcomes in this treatment category. Psychological treatments are best supported by the evidence, especially when delivered in manualized form with a high degree of treatment fidelity. Familial and community-based interventions are also well supported, especially in complex, severe and chronic cases. There is a dearth of intervention studies targeting the different phenotypes of antisocial and aggressive behavior and studies of integrated treatment However, many studies are now available that approach treatment from a medical evidence–based rather than criminological perspective.
22
Clarke, Katherine. Mapping Out the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820437.003.0002.
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Starting from the well-known episode in which Aristagoras presents a map of the world to Cleomenes of Sparta in a bid to persuade him to collaborate against Persia, this chapter explores Herodotus’ presentation of different ‘layers’ of geographical space, ranging from the edges of the earth and the encircling Ocean, through the vast scope of continents and geographical symmetries, through patterning sequences such as the interconnected seas stretching from Asia to the Atlantic, then down through various types of ‘travelled space’. First of these is the world as experienced by armies on the march, then the world of recreational travellers in search of enlightenment or pleasure. Lastly, the geographical picture evoked by lists within the narrative is considered. Throughout, the focus is on illuminating the detailed picture drawn by Herodotus from his authorial distance, but incorporating many different viewpoints to create a complex and subtle sense of geography.
23
Sugden, David, and Helen Soucie. Motor development. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0004.
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The development of motor skills in the first two years of life are dramatic, and then become more subtle with time. Chapter 4 describes these changes, and explains how these changes take place. Analysis is done via neuro-maturational theories, information processing, and cognitive terms as well as more recent ecological and dynamical systems viewpoints. The bidirectional influence of other faculties like embodied cognition and movement show that motor development does not occur in isolation. Movement skills are essential to daily life and influence our social, emotional, and cognitive being. This process of evolution and refinement is a complex, dynamic, self-organizing system. Theoretical explanations of motor development involve the transaction of children’s resources, the environmental context, and the task at hand. Not all children develop typically, although the influencing parameters are the same for all; rather, it is the metrics within the parameters that differ.
24
Cho, Jeasik. A Typology of the Evaluation of Qualitative Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199330010.003.0002.
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This chapter explores five specific categories of the evaluation of qualitative research (EQR): (1) a general EQR category for a universal set of criteria for any type of qualitative research; (2) a “subtle realist” category that does not necessarily give up on positivist aims while drawing on the insights of constructivist conceptions of social research; (3) a post-criteriology category that views as an impossibility setting up predetermined criteria for qualitative research that uncovers complex meaning-making processes; (4) an art-based research category that consists of six criteria—incisiveness, concision, coherence, generativity, social significance, and evocation and illumination—that serve as a cue for perception that assists audiences in making a better evaluation of an art product; and (5) a post-validity category seeking out openly ideological evaluation criteria. The author’s holistic view of EQR, underpinning a beehive metaphor, is presented as neither unitary nor paradigm-idiosyncratic.
25
Tsai, Ching-Wei, Sanjeev Noel, and Hamid Rabb. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury, Repair, and Regeneration. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0030.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI), regardless of its aetiology, can elicit persistent or permanent kidney tissue changes that are associated with progression to end-stage renal disease and a greater risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In other cases, AKI may result in complete repair and restoration of normal kidney function. The pathophysiological mechanisms of renal injury and repair include vascular, tubular, and inflammatory factors. The initial injury phase is characterized by rarefaction of peritubular vessels and engagement of the immune response via Toll-like receptor binding, activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T and B lymphocytes. During the recovery phase, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and chemokines may be instrumental by directing the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of renal epithelial cells; recent data also suggest a critical role of M2 macrophage and regulatory T cell in the recovery period. Other processes contributing to renal regeneration include renal stem cells and the expression of growth hormones and trophic factors. Subtle deviations in the normal repair process can lead to maladaptive fibrotic kidney disease. Further elucidation of these mechanisms will help discover new therapeutic interventions aimed at limiting the extent of AKI and halting its progression to CKD or ESRD.
26
Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
27
Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043_update_003.
Full textAbstract:
Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
28
Austen, Jane, and Jane Stabler. Mansfield Park. Edited by James Kinsley. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199535538.001.0001.
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‘Me!’ cried Fanny … ‘Indeed you must excuse me. I could not act any thing if you were to give me the world. No, indeed, I cannot act.’ At the age of ten, Fanny Price leaves the poverty of her Portsmouth home to be brought up among the family of her wealthy uncle, Sir Thomas Bertram, in the chilly grandeur of Mansfield Park. There she accepts her lowly status, and gradually falls in love with her cousin Edmund. When the dazzling and sophisticated Henry and Mary Crawford arrive, Fanny watches as her cousins become embroiled in rivalry and sexual jealousy. As the company starts to rehearse a play by way of entertainment, Fanny struggles to retain her independence in the face of the Crawfords’ dangerous attractions; and when Henry turns his attentions to her, the drama really begins… This new edition does full justice to Austen’s complex and subtle story, placing it in its Regency context and elucidating the theatrical background that pervades the novel.
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Trollope, Anthony. An Autobiography. Edited by Nicholas Shrimpton. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199675296.001.0001.
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I hated the office. I hated my work...the only career in life within my reach was that of an author.' The only autobiography by a major Victorian novelist, Trollope’s account offers a fascinating insight into his literary life and opinions. After a miserable childhood and misspent youth, Trollope turned his life around at the age of twenty-six. By 1860 the ‘hobbledehoy’ had become both a senior civil servant and a best-selling novelist. He worked for the Post Office for many years and stood unsuccessfully for Parliament. Best-known for the two series of novels grouped loosely around the clerical and political professions, the Barsetshire and Palliser series, in his Autobiography Trollope frankly describes his writing habits. His apparent preoccupation with contracts, deadlines, and earnings, and his account of the remorseless regularity with which he produced his daily quota of words, has divided opinion ever since. This edition reassesses the work’s distinctive qualities and includes a selection of Trollope’s critical writings to show how subtle and complex his approach to literature really was.
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Remes, Jacob A. C. “The Relief Would Have Had to Pay Someone”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039836.003.0005.
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This chapter examines how the people of Halifax integrated disaster relief aid into their complex family economies following the explosion. Relief workers and managers offered aid that seemed obvious after the Halifax explosion destroyed houses and rendered them uninhabitable. However, only a few people availed themselves of the help extended by the army, people, and institutions of Halifax, often preferring to stay in their ruined houses, in the overcrowded homes of their friends and relatives, or even in hastily jerry-rigged shacks. Drawing on a random sample of 739 case files of the Halifax Relief Commission, this chapter considers how survivors and other Haligonians engaged in delicate, subtle, and often tacit negotiations as they sought to maximize the material aid they claimed from the state while minimizing the autonomy and privacy the state took from them in return. It shows that many Haligonians rejected, or tried to reject, the new bureaucratic machine that offered them money and other material aid, and instead turned to the reciprocal solidarity of people they knew.
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Garrison, Alysia. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423632.003.0014.
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Though more studies have been dedicated to the place of Kant in Agamben’s oeuvre, Hegel – that other major Enlightenment philosopher indispensable to modernity – holds an equally formative, if perhaps more subtle, place in his work. From the very earliest to the latest texts, Agamben’s work seeks to surpass the horizon of Western metaphysics through a philological engagement with the negative, formed in large part through a complex confrontation with Hegel. Agamben’s grappling with the dialectic in search of its idling is not merely strategic, but as he puts it, ‘one of the most urgent tasks today’ for a Marxist philosophy shored on its wreckage (IH 39). In ‘The Discreet Taste of the Dialectic’, Antonio Negri claims that the work of Agamben enables a ‘discreet dialectical rediscovery’ typifying left Hegelianism and the young Marx, resulting not in ‘the triumph of the Aufhebung‘, but in ‘the heroism of the negative’.1 Rather than valorising the negative, however, as Agamben painstakingly argues in his early text Language and Death, it is precisely the negative structure of the Voice, or, in Hegel’s terms, the ‘bad infinity’ predicted on division, that Agamben’s thought seeks to absolve (LD 100).
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Hamou, Philippe, and Martine Pécharman, eds. Locke and Cartesian Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815037.001.0001.
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This book is a collection of twelve critical essays, by leading French and Anglo-American scholars on Locke’s relation to Descartes and to Cartesian Philosophers, such as Malebranche, Clauberg, Arnauld, and Nicole. The essays, preceded by a substantial introduction, cover a large variety of topics from natural philosophy (cosmology) to religion, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and epistemology. The volume underlines Locke’s complex relationship to Descartes and Cartesianism, where stark opposition and subtle family resemblances are tightly intertwined. Since the turn of the twentieth century, the theory of knowledge has been the main locus for the comparison of the two authors. According to an influential historiographical conception, Descartes and Locke form together the spearhead in the ‘epistemological turn’ of early modern philosophy. In bringing together the contributions to this volume, the editors advocate for a shift of emphasis. A precise comparison of Locke’s and Descartes’s positions should cover not only their theory of knowledge, but also their views on natural philosophy, metaphysics, and religion. Their conflicting claims on issues such as cosmic organization, the qualities and nature of bodies, the substance of the soul, God’s government of the world, are relevant not only in their own right to take the full measure of Locke’s intricate relation to Descartes, but also as they allow a better understanding of the epistemological debate that is still running between their heirs.
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Phillips, Lynne. Genders, Spaces, Places. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.193.
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The concepts of gender, space, and place have significant social and political implications for the kind of world that people inhabit and the kinds of lives we can lead. That there has been a transformation in thinking about these concepts is indicated in references today to pluralized (and polymorphic) spaces, to the waxing, and waning of distinctions between space and place, and to the idea that gender, space, and place are something produced rather than simply lived in, or ventured into. These subtle shifts hint at a complex history of ideas about what constitutes gender, space, and/or place and how we might understand the connections and disjunctures between and among them. The theoretical roots of space act as the starting point for discussion, since these have a longer historical record than work which also explicitly includes gender. Western conceptions of space have drawn primarily from early Greek philosophers and mathematicians, and these conceptions indicate an early distinction between a philosophy of space and a pre-scientific notion of space. From here, the development of feminist methods has become essential for revealing how spatial thinking informs ideas about gender. These methods include deconstructing canons, asking the profoundly spatial question of “Where are the women?” and “ungendering” space. These methodological strategies reveal the extent to which the central concerns of feminism today have spatial and place-based dimensions.
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Foxen, Anya P. Inhaling Spirit. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190082734.001.0001.
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This book follows up on recent findings that modern postural yoga is the outcome of a complex process of transcultural exchange and syncretism and digs even deeper, looking to uncover the disparate but entangled roots of contemporary yoga practice. In doing so, it proposes that some of what we call yoga, especially when it comes to North America and Europe, is only slightly genealogically related to premodern Indian yoga traditions. Rather, they are equally if not more grounded in Hellenistic theories of the subtle body, Western esotericism and magic, premodern European medicine, and late nineteenth-century women’s wellness programs. Marshalling these under the umbrella category of “harmonialism,” the book argues that they constitute a history of analogous practices that were gradually subsumed into the language of yoga. This allows us to fundamentally recontextualize the peculiarities of Western and especially certain mainstream American forms of yoga—their focus on aesthetic representation, their privileging of bodily posture and unsystematic incorporation of breathwork, and above all their overwhelmingly privileged female demographics. The initial chapters lay out the basic shape and history of these concepts and practices, and the later chapters explore their development into a spiritualized form of women’s physical culture over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including the ways in which they became increasingly associated with yoga.
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Tatlisumak, Turgut, and Lars Thomassen, eds. Ischaemic Stroke in the Young. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.001.0001.
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Stroke in the young is different, complex, and challenging. This book delivers a comprehensive review of the different aspects of young ischaemic stroke. Incidence, risk factors, and aetiology differ notably from those seen in the elderly. There is an increased prevalence of traditional risk factors already at a young age, but the book also focuses on special risk factors in young stroke patients. In many young stroke patients, aetiology remains unclear. The book outlines an extensive diagnostic workup and a stroke subtype classification adapted for young strokes. Gender differences are prevalent in young stroke. The book describes risk factors that are either unique or more prevalent in women and the importance of treating them aggressively. Stroke symptoms in children are comparable to those in adults, but there is a dramatic bystander delay in diagnosing the stroke. The text therefore also deals with rapid stroke recognition and adaption to the special needs in children. Young stroke patients are under-represented in randomized controlled treatment trials. In the emergency setting, unusual clinical findings and off-label situations may be faced and the decision-making process may be challenging. Recommendations for secondary prevention are also mainly extrapolated from studies in older individuals. The authors extrapolate data and draw conclusions on the acute and prophylactic treatment of young stroke. Prognosis after young stroke is poor. Even minor stroke may have devastating life-long consequences for quality of life, education, and working capacity. The book points to the opportunity for lifelong prevention of vascular events.
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Fay, Jessica. Wordsworth's Monastic Inheritance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816201.001.0001.
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This is the first extended study of Wordsworth’s complex, subtle, and often conflicted engagement with the material and cultural legacies of monasticism. It reveals that a set of topographical, antiquarian, and ecclesiastical sources consulted by Wordsworth between 1806 and 1822 provided extensive details of the routines, structures, landscapes, and architecture of the medieval monastic system. In addition to offering a new way of thinking about religious dimensions of Wordsworth’s work and his views on Roman Catholicism, the book offers original insights into a range of important issues in his poetry and prose, including the historical resonances of the landscape, local attachment and memorialization, gardening and cultivation, Quakerism and silence, solitude and community, pastoral retreat and national identity. Wordsworth’s interest in monastic history helps explain significant stylistic developments in his writing. In this often-neglected phase of his career, Wordsworth undertakes a series of generic experiments in order to craft poems capable of reformulating and refining taste; he adapts popular narrative forms and challenges pastoral conventions, creating difficult, austere poetry that, he hopes, will encourage contemplation and subdue readers’ appetites for exciting narrative action. This book thus argues for the significance and innovative qualities of some of Wordsworth’s most marginalized writings. It grants poems such as The White Doe of Rylstone, The Excursion, and Ecclesiastical Sketches the centrality Wordsworth believed they deserved, and reveals how Wordsworth’s engagement with the monastic history of his local region inflected his radical strategies for the creation of taste.
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Formisano, Marco, and Christina Shuttleworth Kraus, eds. Marginality, Canonicity, Passion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818489.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years the discipline of classics has been experiencing a profound transformation, which affects not only methodologies and hermeneutic practices (i.e. how classicists read and interpret ancient literature) but also, and more importantly, the objects of study themselves (i.e. what they read and interpret). One of the most important factors has been the establishment of reception studies. The reception of classical literature and culture in later ages and/or in non-western cultures considerably expands the field. This temporal and cultural expansion has had many salutary effects. But reception studies has focused almost exclusively on the most canonical Greek and Latin texts, not only because they are valued per se but also because they have been received, rewritten, adapted, discussed, and alluded to on such a scale as to discourage discussion of other ancient texts, which were rarely or never the objects of significant reception. By definition, reception studies is uninterested in texts that have had no ‘success’ and thus, implicitly adopting canonicity as an unspoken criterion, it de facto marginalizes those ancient texts that were not blessed with a significant Nachleben. This volume is not a discussion of what is central, what is marginal, and why. Nor are we interested in exploring the powerful and complex connections between canonicity and, say, religion, politics, and power more generally. Rather, this volume aims at unveiling the many subtle implications of canonicity and marginality within the discipline, both at a theoretical and at a practical level.
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Etty, John. Graphic Satire in the Soviet Union. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496820525.001.0001.
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Krokodil produced state-sanctioned satirical comments on Soviet and international affairs from 1922 onward. Authored by professional and non-professional contributors, and published by Pravda in Moscow, it became the satirical magazine with the largest circulation in the world. Every Soviet citizen and every scholar of the USSR was familiar with Krokodil as the most significant and influential source of graphic satire in the USSR. This book uses an original framework for reconsidering the forms, production, consumption, and functions of Krokodil magazine. It considers the magazine's content, structures and conventions; it also uses modern cultural and media theory to look beyond content analysis to consider visual language and the performative construction of character. Empirical analysis of Krokodil is thus used to extend and nuance our understanding of Soviet graphic satire beyond state-sponsored propaganda. In several ways, this book challenges existing approaches. It conducts close readings of a large range of different types of cartoons that have not before been discussed in depth, and it does so in ways that reveal new insights. It shows that Krokodil's satire was complex, subtle and intermedial. It highlights the importance of Krokodil's readers' and artists' collaborative exploration and shaping of the boundaries of permissible discourse, and it argues that Krokodil's cartoons simultaneously affirmed, refracted and critiqued official discourses, counterposing them with visions of Soviet citizens' responses. Ideology, Krokodil's satire suggests, is an interpretive tool for negotiating everyday reality and official discourses, and it was not always to be taken seriously.
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Ron, James, Shannon Golden, David Crow, and Archana Pandya. Taking Root. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199975044.001.0001.
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The number of rights organizations worldwide has grown exponentially, as the term “human rights” becomes increasingly common among politicians and civil society activists. As international donors pour money into global human rights promotion, many governments—as well as scores of scholars and activists—fear a subtle, Western-led campaign for political, economic, and cultural domination. This book asks: What do publics in the global South think? Drawing on surveys in India, Mexico, Morocco, and Nigeria, the book finds most people are in fact broadly supportive of human rights discourse, trust local, rights-promoting organizations, and do not view human rights as a tool of foreign powers. Pro-human rights constituencies, rather, tend to be highly skeptical of the U.S. government, of multinational corporations, and of their own governments. However, this generalized public support for the human rights “brand” is not grounded in strong commitments of public effort or money, or in dense social ties to the nongovernmental rights sector. Publics in the global South rarely give to their local rights groups, and few local rights organizations attempt to raise funds apart from foreign aid. This strategy is becoming increasingly untenable as governments crack down on foreign aid to civil society. The book also analyzes the complex relationships between religion and human rights, finding that public or social elements of religiosity are often associated with less support for human rights organizations. Personal religiosity, on the other hand, is often associated with more human rights support.
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Steane, Andrew. Science and Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.001.0001.
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This volume offers an in-depth presentation of the structure of science and the nature of the physical world, with a view to showing how it complements and does not replace other types of human activity, such as the arts and humanities, spirituality and religion. The aim is to better inform scientists, science educators, and the general public. Many think that science can and does establish that the natural world is a vast machine, and this is the whole truth of ourselves and our environment. This is wrong. In fact, scientific models employ a rich network of interconnecting concepts, and the overall picture suggests the full validity of further forms of truth-seeking and truth-speaking, such as art, jurisprudence, and the like. In fundamental physics, the equations that describe physical behaviour interact in a subtle symbiotic way with symmetry principles which describe overarching guidelines. The relationship between physics and biology is similar, and so is the relationship between biology and the humanities. Darwinian evolution is an exploratory mechanism which allows richer patterns and truths to come to be expressed; it does not negate or replace those truths. The area of values, of what can or should command our allegiance, requires a different kind of response, a response that is not completely captured by logical argument, but which is central to human life. Religion, when it is understood correctly and done well, is the engagement with the idea that we have a meaningful role to play, and much to learn.
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Cruz, Dinna N., Anna Giuliani, and Claudio Ronco. Acute kidney injury in heart failure. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0248.
Full textAbstract:
Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring during heart failure (HF) has been labelled cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1. CRS is defined as a group of ‘disorders of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other’. This consensus definition was proposed by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative, with the aim to standardize those disorders where cardiac and renal diseases coexist. Five subtypes have been proposed, according to which organ is affected first (cardiac vs renal) and whether the dysfunction is acute or chronic. Another subtype which includes systemic conditions leading to both heart and kidney dysfunction is also described.The term ‘worsening renal function’ has been regularly used to describe the acute and/or subacute changes that occur in the kidneys following HF. However, the AKI classification according to the current consensus definition better represents the entire spectrum of AKI in the setting of HF.The pathophysiology of heart–kidney interaction is complex and still poorly understood. Factors beyond the classic haemodynamic mechanisms appear to be involved: neurohormonal activation, venous congestion, and inflammation have all been implicated.Diuretics are still a cornerstone in the management of HF. Intravenous administration by bolus or continuous infusion appears to be equally efficacious. Biomarkers and bioelectrical impedance analysis can be helpful in estimating the real volume overload and may be useful to predict and avoid AKI. The role of ultrafiltration remains controversial, and it is currently recommended only for diuretic-resistant patients as it has not been associated with better outcomes. The occurrence of AKI during HF is associated with substantially greater short- and long-term mortality.
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Pepinsky, Thomas B., R. William Liddle, and Saiful Mujani. Piety and Public Opinion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697808.001.0001.
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Across the Muslim world, religion plays an increasingly prominent role in both the private and public lives of over a billion people. Observers struggle to understand the consequences of this Islamic resurgence. Will democratic political participation by an increasingly religious population lead to victories by Islamists at the ballot box? Will more conspicuously pious Muslims participate in politics and markets in a fundamentally different way than they had previously? Will a renewed attention to Islam lead Muslim democracies to turn away from alignments with the West and toward an Islamic civilizational identity? Piety and Public Opinion presents a fresh new perspective on these issues, based on the simple fact that the answers to these questions depend on what ordinary Muslims think and do. In contrast to most research on Islam and politics which focuses narrowly on the Middle East or the Arab world, it argues that Indonesia—the world’s largest Muslim majority country, with a thriving democratic government, an emerging middle-income economy, and flourishing Islamist movement—is an ideal context to study how politics, markets, globalization, and Islamic revivalism interact. Leveraging original data and cutting-edge methods, the authors find no evidence that pious Muslims are more or less democratic, more or less market-oriented, or more or less cosmopolitan than their less pious peers. Against the common assumption that piety would naturally inhibit any tendencies toward modernity, democracy, or cosmopolitanism, Piety and Public Opinion reveals the complex and subtle links between religion and political beliefs in an important Muslim democracy.
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Hide, Geoff, and Jennifer Humphries. Computed tomography. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0069.
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Computed tomography (CT), along with its cross-sectional partner MRI, continues to evolve apace. Although MRI retains the larger role in the musculoskeletal system due to its unparalleled soft tissue contrast and, not least, its lack of ionizing radiation, CT offers significant advantages in many areas. Imaging acute trauma is more rapid with CT, allowing 'whole body' assessment of patients following polytrauma, and CT is more useful than MRI in demonstrating the configuration of fractures, aiding surgical planning. CT can clearly identify cortical bone and areas of calcification, making the diagnosis of tarsal coalitions straightforward and facilitating the diagnosis and characterization of bone tumours such as osteoid osteoma and chondroid lesions. CT arthrography supplements standard imaging with intra-articular contrast to allow the detection of subtle joint abnormalities, and CT can demonstrate needles precisely within bone and soft tissue to enable the performance of complex image-guided procedures. Developments in CT have been especially rapid in the past decade and although this has particularly impacted on cardiac imaging, other areas of medicine, including rheumatology, have benefited. High multislice scanners can obtain data for a volume of tissue allowing reconstruction of slices with exceptional detail in any plane, and can rapidly image large areas of the body such as the spine. CT is responsible for a large proportion of the population's medical radiation exposure. Although techniques allowing reduction in dose continue to advance, radiologists and referrers retain responsibility to ensure that requests for CT examinations are necessary and justifiable.
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Çolak, Alper H., Simay Kirca, and Ian D. Rotherham, eds. Ancient Woods, Trees and Forests. Pelagic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53061/kzad4079.
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As trees age, they become ecologically richer and more full of life. The process of a tree, wood or forest becoming ‘ancient’, however defined, involves a vast and subtle web of relations – among the trees themselves, with other organisms, with the wider landscape and with human beings. A single tree can provide a vast array of habitats which are an integral part of the complex co-evolutionary relationships evolved over its lifetime and later during its sometimes long afterlife. From ancient times until today, trees and woods have inspired artists, writers and scientists; they have shaped cultures and reverberated through belief systems. Yet worldwide, forest cover has declined dramatically over the last 1,000 years, and what remains has been more or less altered from its original condition. Today, ‘virgin forests’ are only to be found at a few sites unreachable by humans, and even then they are affected by climate change, atmospheric pollution and species extinctions. The aim of this book is to help an understanding of the web of connections relating to ancient trees and woodlands, and to offer techniques to ensure effective conservation and sustainability of this precious resource. This book considers the key issues from a range of different aspects and varied geographical locations, beginning with fundamental concepts and reflecting on the strengths and limitations of the idea of ancient trees. Individual chapters then deal with cultural heritage, the archaeology of trees, landscape history, forest rights, tree management, saproxylic insects, the importance of dead wood, practical conservation and monitoring, biodiversity, and wood pasture among many other themes. Fresh perspectives are put forward from across Europe as far as Turkey, as well as Great Britain. Overall, given the urgent need to discover, understand, conserve and restore ancient woodlands and trees, this publication will raise awareness, foster enthusiasm and inspire wonder.
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Cruickshank, Steven. Mathematical models and anaesthesia. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0027.
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The use of mathematics in medicine is not as widespread as it might be. While professional engineers are instructed in a wide variety of mathematical techniques during their training in preparation for their daily practice, tradition and the demands of other subjects mean that doctors give little attention to numerical matters in their education. A smattering of statistical concepts is typically the main mathematical field that we apply to medicine. The concept of the mathematical model is important and indeed familiar; personal finance, route planning, home decorating, and domestic projects all require the application of the basic mathematical tools we acquire at school. This utility is why we learn them. The insight that can be gained by applying mathematics to physiological and other problems within medical practice is, however, underexploited. The undoubted complexity of human biology and pathology perhaps leads us to give up too soon. There are useful and practical lessons that can be learned from the use of elementary mathematics in medicine. Anaesthetic training in particular lends itself to such learning with its emphasis on physics and clinical measurement. Much can be achieved with simple linear functions and hyperbolas. Further exploration into exponential and sinusoidal functions, although a little more challenging, is well within our scope and enables us to cope with many time-dependent and oscillatory phenomena that are important in clinical anaesthetic practice. Some fundamental physiological relationships are explained in this chapter using elementary mathematical functions. Building further on the foundation of simple models to cope with more complexity enables us to see the process, examine the predictions, and, most importantly, assess the plausibility of these models in practice. Understanding the structure of the model enables intelligent interpretation of its output. Some may be inspired to investigate some of the mathematical concepts and their applications further. The rewards can be intellectually, aesthetically, and practically fruitful. The subtle, revelatory, and quite beautiful connection between exponential and trigonometric functions through the concept of complex numbers is one example. That this connection has widespread practical importance too is most pleasing.