Academic literature on the topic 'Complex abbreviated words'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Complex abbreviated words.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Complex abbreviated words"
1
Li, Xiaoge. "First Morpheme in Compound Words in Modern Chinese (Words from Coronavirus Era)." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 3 (2022): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-3-78-95.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the principles of the formation of abbreviated words and the establishment of semantic and syntactic relationships between their constituent parts using the example of new abbreviated words that appeared with the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. The words recorded in the Chinese language in 2020—2021 are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the principle of selecting the first morpheme, in which the first morphemes of the original significant segments are preserved to form an abbreviated form. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing number of new abbreviated words, the complexity of their word-formation structures and the importance of their adequate understanding by both native Chinese speakers and foreign students. 12 compound abbreviated words (4 single-level and 8 multi-level) were analyzed, naming current phenomena in the life of Chinese society in the era of coronavirus. Five types of semanticsyntactic connections have been established: attributive connection, copulative connection, verbal-object connection, resultative connection and subject-predicative connection. It is concluded that among the principles on the basis of which complex abbreviated words are formed in modern Chinese, such as equivalence, distinctiveness, familiarity, etc., the principle of selecting the first morpheme plays an important role.
2
Ashinova, K. A. "Abbreviated and Combined Diplomatic Terms." Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. PHILOLOGY Series 132, no. 3 (2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-678x-2020-132-3-60-65.
Full textAbstract:
This article provides a brief description of the abbreviation and its specificity in diplomaticlanguage. The article studies the formation of abbreviations, their linguistic characteristics, generalprinciples, patterns of formation, their scope, proportion of international terms in the language. With thehelp of linguistic analysis, methods of their creation and application for their conceptual features weredeterminated. The components which combine words in creation of complex words are entirely composedfrom international seme. The borrowed diplomatic terms in English often change their original forms, butdiplomatic terms in Kazakh usually retain their original forms. Here we can assume that their phoneticstructures will also be changed gradually. The article was prepared on the basis of written sources andliterature.
3
Емельянова, Ксения. "Complex derivative quasi-abbreviations." Bulletin of the Donetsk National University. Series D: Philology and Psychology 1 (February 26, 2025): 104–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14933187.
Full textAbstract:
The work deals with complex derivative quasi-abbreviations, which are treated as lexemes formed from abbreviations morphologically without using an abbroconstruct. The relevance of the study is accounted for by the need to clarify some provisions of the theory of quasi-abbreviation and the need for methodological support for dictionary work. The following methods have been applied in the study: observation, dictionary definitions analysis, generalization method, chronological method, quantitative analysis, semantic analysis, onomasiological analysis. The source of the empirical material is the Dictionary of Compound Abbreviated Words of the Russian Language. In the course of the comprehensive analysis of complex-derived nouns and adjectives the following results have been obtained: the characteristics of complex-derived words have been described, their typology and patterns of formation have been determined, words with secondary text equivalents and words without them, i. e. abbroaffixoid units, have been considered. The question of multiple motivations of complex-derived quasi-abbreviations is brought into the open.
4
Terkulov, Viacheslav I., and Irina R. Smirnova. "Abbreviated Construct: Principles of Definition and Description." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-2-28-42.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the abbreviations basic characteristics determination and the principles of their lexicographic description in the “Dictionary of Russian Language Abbreviations”, created by the Experimental Laboratory of Abbreviation Trends Research at the Russian Language Department of Donetsk National University. The urgency of the work is determined, firstly, by the attempts to give a consistent interpretation of the language unit, which is considered as one of the main means of new nominations forming at this stage of Russian language development and, secondly, by the fact that there are no dictionaries that give a relevant comprehensive description of these language units; the necessity of their creation is to help a native speaker to “model” the meanings of new items on the basis of described semantics and tactics of abbreviated constructs usage. On the one hand, the declared topic involves determining the abbreviated construct status, its similarities and differences with affixoids and words; on the other hand, it is important to establish the unit basic characteristics and describe them in the “Dictionary of Russian Language abbreviated constructs”. There have been studied 590 abbreviated constructs selected from the material of “The Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Abbreviated Words”. The study uses the traditional descriptive method - observation, generalization, interpretation and classification - and the methods and techniques of equivalence analysis developed by the Experimental Laboratory of Abbreviation Studies, which include methods and techniques of prediction and confirmation by means of equivalent texts of equivalence relations between a word and its descriptive equivalent, onomasiological analysis of compound abbreviation meaning structure; analysis of the formal correlation of the abbreviation structure and its descriptive equivalence. The work practical significance is supported by material selection methods and material description that can be used in compiling different types of abbreviations dictionaries: initial abbreviations dictionaries, ideographic abbreviations dictionaries, etc. In addition, dictionary entries of the Abbreviated Constructs Dictionary can be used in explanatory dictionaries so as to describe “complex words first parts”.
5
Wei, Yu. "Peculiarities of the structural organization of financial terms in modern Chinese and Russian languages (comparative aspect)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 66, № 3 (2021): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2021-66-3-327-332.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the features of the formal and structural organization of financial terms and designations in the Russian and Chinese languages of different structures, as well as the problems of distinguishing between one-word and names consisting of several words in the Chinese language. Special attention is paid to the problem of the correspondence of Chinese characters to the significant parts of the nominative unit and the division of Chinese financial names into significant structural fragments (morphemes, parts of complex and compound words, names consisting of several words, etc.). The main structural types of financial names in Russian (one-word and consisting of several words) and Chinese (simple, synthetic and consisting of several words) languages are identified, the differences of abbreviated names in Russian and Chinese languages are shown, the quantitative relations of the structural types of Russian and Chinese financial names are considered.
6
Luo, Hongyan, Robin D. Rogers, and Martin W. Brechbiel. "A convenient and selective route to a trans-difunctionalized macrocyclic hexadentate N4O2 ligand." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 7 (2001): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-095.
Full textAbstract:
The synthesis and characterization of a novel difunctionalized tetraaza macrocycle, 1,8-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (abbreviated H2bcyclamb), is described. The diprotic hexadentate ligand N4O2 was conveniently synthesized in two steps by the cyclic condensation reaction of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (abbreviated cyclam) and salicylaldehyde, followed by NaBH4 reduction of the cyclic hexahydropyrimidine condensate. The difunctionalization was selective and is the first procedure of trans-difunctionalization of a tetraazamacrocycle, without generating mono-, tri-, or tetra-functionalized products, with only 1,8-difunctionalized product being isolated, and with the convenience of the functionalization occurring as a result of deprotection. The trans-arrangement of the two functional groups in H2bcyclamb was verified by X-ray crystallographic studies of the copper(II) complex [Cu(H2bcyclamb)](OAc)2·2H2O. The crystal is monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 10.0931(2), b = 13.8820(1), c = 10.8752(1) Å, β = 106.332(1)°, V = 1462.26(3) Å3. The structure of [Cu(H2bcyclamb)](OAc)2·2H2O also shows the metal ion in an elongated octahedral geometry.Key words: 1,8-difunctionalized, cyclam, copper(II) complex.
7
Ulitkin, Ilya, Irina Filipova, Natalia Ivanova, and Yuriy Babaev. "Use and translation of abbreviations and acronyms in scientific texts." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 21006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021021006.
Full textAbstract:
Most new concepts both in the Russian and English languages are expressed using phrases or compound words, because such complex words make it possible to represent a particular concept with completeness and accuracy. But multicomponent terms—complex words and phrases—are cumbersome; therefore, there is a need to abbreviate them in one way or another. In some cases this leads to the use of short versions of the term in the form of only one main component, while in others, various types of abbreviations are used, which can save time. However, their imprecise or incorrect translation can change or confuse the intended meaning. The paper discusses the differences in using abbreviations and acronyms in British and American scientific texts, as well as difficulties of their translation and optimal strategies of interlanguage adaptation. The investigation is performed using various research techniques, including a comparative method, a continuous sampling method, semantic structure analysis, and contextual analysis. It is shown that the existing modern classifications of abbreviations greatly differ in linguistic scientific literature and lexical units are abbreviated using various methods. It is found that there exist various traditions of their usage in scientific and technical texts. It is demonstrated that various standards for introducing, spelling, and punctuating abbreviations and acronyms in British and American scientific journals pose additional difficulties in the work of a translator in the field of science and technology, provokes translation errors and requires the use of normalization and explication as the main strategies for their translation. The paper may be of interest for those who translate scientific texts for British and American readership.
8
Konstantynova, Tetiana. "Research of abbreviations in the professional foreign maritime sphere." Pedagogical Education:Theory and Practice 36 (June 5, 2024): 277–88. https://doi.org/10.32626/2309-9763.2024-36-277-288.
Full textAbstract:
The article emphasizes the fact that any language is full of abbreviations, and we are so used to them that we use them everywhere. The texts of professionally oriented marine literature and programs contain a large number of diverse subjects with a complex structure. To convey information as quickly as possible and to reduce the number of cumbersome phrases, an abbreviation should be used. Abbreviations can be used to save space and time, to avoid repeating long words and phrases, or simply to conform to common usage. The most common types of abbreviations used in maritime professional texts are acronyms, letter abbreviations and abbreviations, abbreviations of multicomponent maritime professional terms in the English language. Abbreviations in this field can also be divided into non-standard, phraseological and compound to optimize the exchange and transfer of information. Phraseological abbreviations are a means of shortening colloquial phrases and expressions. It goes without saying that we use abbreviations not only in the maritime and other work fields, but also in our everyday life. The study of abbreviations is also relevant and related to the widespread use of abbreviated words in marine foreign-language scientific and technical literature. The article states that abbreviations give us many advantages, namely: an abbreviation provides a quick, easy and convenient way to refer to something; saves time, effort and space; it is easier to use in everyday writing; the abbreviation makes it easier to read. Therefore, abbreviations in our everyday speech make communication easier and faster, especially on a ship. Difficulties may arise in the correct use of certain abbreviations and features of professional terminology. However, as in any area of language learning, knowledge and a little practice will help overcome difficulties. The ship also contains a lot of equipment with long names, and as a ship's crew, you must know many abbreviated forms of phrases. Correct terminology and abbreviations also play a fundamental role in this complex field. By speaking the same professional language, you can avoid misunderstandings that often lead to errors and negatively affect service efficiency and revenue.
9
Korkiakangas, Timo. "Late Latin Charter Treebank: contents and annotation." Corpora 16, no. 2 (2021): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0217.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes the construction and annotation of the Late Latin Charter Treebank, a set of three dependency treebanks (llct1, llct2 and llct3) which together contain 1,261 Early Medieval Latin documentary texts (i.e., original charters) written in Italy between ad 714 and 1000 (about 594,000 tokens). The paper focusses on matters which a linguistically or philologically inclined user of llct needs to know: the criteria on which the charters were selected, the special characteristics of the annotation types utilised, and the geographical and chronological distribution of the data. In addition to normal queries on forms, lemmas, morphology and syntax, complex philological research settings are enabled by the textual annotation layer of llct, which indicates abbreviated and damaged words, as well as the formulaic and non-formulaic passages of each charter.
10
Mikellidou, Kyriaki, Nefeli Lambrou, Ellada Georgiou, and Marios Avraamides. "Visual orientation discrimination skills are tightly linked with specific aspects of human intelligence." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (2023): e0289590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289590.
Full textAbstract:
We investigate the notion that basic visual information is acting as a building block for more complex cognitive processes in humans. Specifically, we measured individual visual orientation discrimination thresholds to report significant correlations against the total standardised intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal-IQ and non-verbal IQ scores evaluated using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Second Edition (WASI-II) test battery comprising Verbal Reasoning, Block Design, Similarities and Matrix Reasoning subtests (N = 92). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that participants’ performance in our visual discrimination task, could be explained only by individual scores in Verbal Reasoning which quantifies the ability to comprehend and describe words and Matrix Reasoning, which evaluates general visual processing skills including abstract and spatial perception. Our results demonstrate that low-level visual abilities and high-level cognitive processes are more tightly interwoven together than previously thought and this result could pave the way for further research on how cognition can be defined by basic sensory processes.
Books on the topic "Complex abbreviated words"
1
Stein, Gabriele. On the sources of Huloets Dictionarie (1572). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807377.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter discusses the French translations in John Higgins’ revision of Richard Huloet’s bilingual dictionary, the Abecedarium Anglico–Latinum (1552). The revision appeared in 1572 as a trilingual work including English, Latin, and French. Higgins acknowledges his main sources for the revision in his preface. For the French language, these are the dictionaries compiled by Hadrianus Junius and Robertus Stephanus. In the dictionary itself, further sources are indicated in the form of abbreviated names, consisting of up to four letters. The investigations reveal that for the French language the Englishman also turned to the works of Ambrogio Calepino, John Palsgrave, and Mathurin Cordier. The reliability of Higgins’ source attributions is established. It is shown that when Higgins provides several French translation equivalents for an English headword he used his source works side by side.
Book chapters on the topic "Complex abbreviated words"
1
Mosiyevych, Larysa. "PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH METALLURGICAL TERMS ON THEIR UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION." In Development of scientific, technological and innovation space in Ukraine and EU countries. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-151-0-3.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the paper is to study the structural, lexical and grammatical peculiarities of English metallurgical terms, to investigate their influence on translation into Ukrainian. Methodology. The research was carried out on the material of English metallurgical terms, taken from dictionaries and Internet sources. Using methods of component analysis and dictionary definitions analysis, we studied structural, grammatical and lexical peculiarities of those terms. Then a comparative analysis of English terms and their Ukrainian translation was carried out. The results have shown that English metallurgical terms are divided into simple, complex, compound and derivative terms according to their structure. It has been observed that English complex (binary) metallurgical terms are formed according to five models: N + N; Adj + N; P. I (G) + N; P. II + N; Prop. N + N. The most productive model of English binary terminological phrases is N + N model (30.3%). It has been noticed that the majority of complex terms are multicomponent, they comprise terms consisting of three or more words. It has been found out that a number of components in multicomponent terms in the target language may decrease or increase due to the different grammatical structures of the English and Ukrainian languages. Consecutive translation of words in multicomponent terms is rarely preserved: an English terminological phrase, which mainly has semantic development of components from the left to the right, is often translated into Ukrainian from the right to the left. If the number of components is large, a term tends to become an abbreviation. Research has shown that a common technique to translate abbreviated terms is translation by its full form. Terms consisting of one or two words, as a rule, do not cause difficulties in translation, with the exception of synonymy and polysemy. Synonyms can influence the translation of terms. They appear in terminology due to some processes: usage of synonymous attributive components, functioning of doublets which belong to national variants of the English language, alternation of nuclear components within a complex term. The terms containing proper names are called eponymous. While translating names of inventors, scientists into Ukrainian they are transcribed/ transliterated and put to the end of a phrase in Genitive case. However, there are some cases when proper names do not pass to the target language at all. A small number of pragmatonyms has been identified in terms as well.
2
Auerbach, Brent. "Analysis of Three Works in Contrasting Styles." In Musical Motives. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526026.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
The three analyses presented in this chapter expound on the theory and methodology presented in chapters 5–7. The first of these, an abbreviated complex motivic analysis of “L’Ondine,” by Cécile Chaminade, reinforces the content of chapter 7 by again taking readers through the processes of narrative construction: segmentation, Focal Point selection, quantification and tally, and the drawing of the Narrative line graph. The other BMA and CMA analyses examine modern works in other genres, a Broadway number by Marvin Hamlisch (“At the Ballet”) and a rock song by Radiohead (“Paranoid Android”). The latter two works are texted, offering a model for how to responsibly integrate a piece’s literal poetic and/or theatric meaning into an account of its motivic activity. As a group, the three analyses are intended to bolster the claim that motivic analysis applies broadly to music.
3
Mitchell, Lee Clark. "Less Time in Can’t and Won’t." In More Time. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198839224.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Lydia Davis’s “flash fictions” shift our attention from narrative to verbal craft, evident in her resolute choice of words, syntax, and sentence rhythms. An abbreviated style compels readers to focus on fully stopped moments, an effect that defies narrative progression much as do Joy Williams’s and Alice Munro’s discontinuous stories. Like them as well, the development of a later style is a matter of branching into new directions—in her case, continuing a microscopic fascination with individual words and their resonances, but now shifting toward found objects (Flaubert’s letters), or letters of complaint, or grammatical puzzles: all as “witness” narratives revealing the ways in which the mundane minutiae of life is transformed into art. The borders between fiction and nonfiction become less clear, as Davis presses on the boundaries of what a short story can be.
4
Smullyan, Raymond M. "Double Generativity and Complete Effective Inseparability." In Recursion Theory for Metamathematics. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195082326.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
§1. Complete Effective Inseparability. A disjoint pair (A1,A2) is by definition recursively inseparable if no recursive superset of A1 is disjoint from A2. This is equivalent to saying that for any disjoint r.e. supersets ωi and ωj of A1 and A2, the set ωi is not the complement of ωj —in other words, there is a number n outside both ωi and ωj. The disjoint pair (A1,A2) is called effectively inseparable—abbreviated E.I.—if there is a recursive function δ(x, y)—called an E.I. function for (A1, A2)—such that for any numbers i and j such that A1⊆ ωi and A2Í ωj. with ωi being disjoint from ωj, the number d(i , j) is outside both a;,- and ωj. We shall call a disjoint pair (A1, A2) completely E.I. if there is a recursive function δ(x, y)—which we call a complete E.I. function for (A1, A2)—such that for any numbers i and j, if A1⊆ ωi and A2Í ωj, then δ(i , j) Í ωi ↔ d(i , j)Í ωj (in other words, d(i, j) is either inside or outside both sets ωi and ωj.). [If ωi and ωj happen to be disjoint, then, of course, d(i, j) is outside both ωi and ωj, so any complete E.I. function for (A1,A2) is also an E.I. function for (A1,A2) In a later chapter, we will prove the non-trivial fact that if (A1, A2) is E.I. and A1 and A2 are both r.e., then (A1,A2) is completely E.I. [The proof of this uses the result known as the double recursion theorem, which we will study in Chapter 9.] Effective inseparability has been well studied in the literature. Complete effective inseparability will play a more prominent role in this volume—especially in the next few chapters. Proposition 1. (1) If (A1,A2) is completely E.I., then so is (A2,A1) —in fact, if d(x,y) is a complete E.I. function for (A1,A2), then d(y,x) is a complete E.I. function for (A2, A1).
Conference papers on the topic "Complex abbreviated words"
1
Gulbrandsen, Egil, and Katerina Bilkova. "Solution Chemistry Effects on Corrosion of Carbon Steels in Presence of CO2 and Acetic Acid." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06364.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The corrosion behavior of X65 pipeline steel in solutions containing carbon dioxide (CO2), acetic acid (CH3COOH, abbreviated HAc) and 0.1-0.3 % sodium chloride (NaCl) was investigated on rotating cylinder specimens in glass cells. The tests were carried out at 25 °C (1 bar CO2) and 80 °C (0.5 bar CO2). The initial concentration of HAc was varied between 0 and 600 ppm (0-10 mM). The ferrous ion (Fe2+) concentration was in most of the tests held far below the iron carbonate (FeCO3) saturation limit. The electrode rotation rate was 1900 RPM, corresponding to ca. 1 m/s peripheral velocity. At 25 °C the HAc inhibited general corrosion, but promoted formation of deep corrosion pits. At 80 °C the corrosion was uniform; the corrosion rates were high (several tens of mm/y) in presence of HAc. The literature on CO2 corrosion in presence of HAc was reviewed. Some studies reported increased corrosivity in presence of HAc, whereas others reported that HAc works as an inhibitor. Most of the corrosion data reported in the literature was, however, found to be consistent when the effect of temperature and type of corrosion attack observed in the present work was taken into consideration. The literature data indicated that HAc corrosion could be mitigated by means of corrosion inhibitors and pH control. The physiochemical properties of HAc was also reviewed: diffusion coefficient, partial pressure of HAc over aqueous HAc solutions, HAc solubility in oil, and formation constants of ferrous and calcium acetate complexes. The effect of complex formation was investigated and discussed.
2
Bychkova, Tatyana. "Cognitive approach to the theory of abbreviation." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.11129b.
Full textAbstract:
The formation of abbreviations is explained mainly by the action of two factors: extralinguistic and intralinguistic. Extralinguistic factors include social transformations, scientific and technological progress, and interethnic changes. Being qualitative in nature, they are characterized by dialectical dynamics. Intralinguistic factors should be understood as the effect of internal laws that determine the evolution of language. In language there is a dialectical struggle of opposites, which determines its self-development. These opposites can be called language antinomies, each identity is the key to the stability of the system, the specific resolution of any of these opposites generates new collisions, new contradictions in the language (in principle-of the same order) and, consequently, their final resolution is impossible: they are a constant stimulus for the internal development of the language. The stimulus to abbreviate lies with the speaker, who has full knowledge of information, in the process of communication and unilaterally seeks to reduce multi-component and cumbersome terms represented by long words, complex words and phrases. Language signs are replaced with codes by communicants, and familiar words are shortened.
3
Bychkova, Tatyana. "Cognitive approach to the theory of abbreviation." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.11129b.
Full textAbstract:
The formation of abbreviations is explained mainly by the action of two factors: extralinguistic and intralinguistic. Extralinguistic factors include social transformations, scientific and technological progress, and interethnic changes. Being qualitative in nature, they are characterized by dialectical dynamics. Intralinguistic factors should be understood as the effect of internal laws that determine the evolution of language. In language there is a dialectical struggle of opposites, which determines its self-development. These opposites can be called language antinomies, each identity is the key to the stability of the system, the specific resolution of any of these opposites generates new collisions, new contradictions in the language (in principle-of the same order) and, consequently, their final resolution is impossible: they are a constant stimulus for the internal development of the language. The stimulus to abbreviate lies with the speaker, who has full knowledge of information, in the process of communication and unilaterally seeks to reduce multi-component and cumbersome terms represented by long words, complex words and phrases. Language signs are replaced with codes by communicants, and familiar words are shortened.