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Journal articles on the topic 'Complex abbreviated words'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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1

Li, Xiaoge. "First Morpheme in Compound Words in Modern Chinese (Words from Coronavirus Era)." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 3 (2022): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-3-78-95.

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The article is devoted to the study of the principles of the formation of abbreviated words and the establishment of semantic and syntactic relationships between their constituent parts using the example of new abbreviated words that appeared with the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. The words recorded in the Chinese language in 2020—2021 are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the principle of selecting the first morpheme, in which the first morphemes of the original significant segments are preserved to form an abbreviated form. The relevance of the study is due to the increasing num

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2

Ashinova, K. A. "Abbreviated and Combined Diplomatic Terms." Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. PHILOLOGY Series 132, no. 3 (2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-678x-2020-132-3-60-65.

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This article provides a brief description of the abbreviation and its specificity in diplomaticlanguage. The article studies the formation of abbreviations, their linguistic characteristics, generalprinciples, patterns of formation, their scope, proportion of international terms in the language. With thehelp of linguistic analysis, methods of their creation and application for their conceptual features weredeterminated. The components which combine words in creation of complex words are entirely composedfrom international seme. The borrowed diplomatic terms in English often change their origin

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3

Емельянова, Ксения. "Complex derivative quasi-abbreviations." Bulletin of the Donetsk National University. Series D: Philology and Psychology 1 (February 26, 2025): 104–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14933187.

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The work deals with complex derivative quasi-abbreviations, which are treated as lexemes formed from abbreviations morphologically without using an abbroconstruct. The relevance of the study is accounted for by the need to clarify some provisions of the theory of quasi-abbreviation and the need for methodological support for dictionary work. The following methods have been applied in the study: observation, dictionary definitions analysis, generalization method, chronological method, quantitative analysis, semantic analysis, onomasiological analysis. The source of the empirical material is the

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4

Terkulov, Viacheslav I., and Irina R. Smirnova. "Abbreviated Construct: Principles of Definition and Description." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-2-28-42.

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The article is devoted to the abbreviations basic characteristics determination and the principles of their lexicographic description in the “Dictionary of Russian Language Abbreviations”, created by the Experimental Laboratory of Abbreviation Trends Research at the Russian Language Department of Donetsk National University. The urgency of the work is determined, firstly, by the attempts to give a consistent interpretation of the language unit, which is considered as one of the main means of new nominations forming at this stage of Russian language development and, secondly, by the fact that t

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Wei, Yu. "Peculiarities of the structural organization of ﬁnancial terms in modern Chinese and Russian languages (comparative aspect)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 66, № 3 (2021): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2021-66-3-327-332.

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The article deals with the features of the formal and structural organization of ﬁnancial terms and designations in the Russian and Chinese languages of diﬀerent structures, as well as the problems of distinguishing between one-word and names consisting of several words in the Chinese language. Special attention is paid to the problem of the correspondence of Chinese characters to the signiﬁcant parts of the nominative unit and the division of Chinese ﬁnancial names into signiﬁcant structural fragments (morphemes, parts of complex and compound words, names consisting of several words, etc.). T

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6

Luo, Hongyan, Robin D. Rogers, and Martin W. Brechbiel. "A convenient and selective route to a trans-difunctionalized macrocyclic hexadentate N4O2 ligand." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 7 (2001): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-095.

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The synthesis and characterization of a novel difunctionalized tetraaza macrocycle, 1,8-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (abbreviated H2bcyclamb), is described. The diprotic hexadentate ligand N4O2 was conveniently synthesized in two steps by the cyclic condensation reaction of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (abbreviated cyclam) and salicylaldehyde, followed by NaBH4 reduction of the cyclic hexahydropyrimidine condensate. The difunctionalization was selective and is the first procedure of trans-difunctionalization of a tetraazamacrocycle, without generating mono-, tri-

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7

Ulitkin, Ilya, Irina Filipova, Natalia Ivanova, and Yuriy Babaev. "Use and translation of abbreviations and acronyms in scientific texts." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 21006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021021006.

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Most new concepts both in the Russian and English languages are expressed using phrases or compound words, because such complex words make it possible to represent a particular concept with completeness and accuracy. But multicomponent terms—complex words and phrases—are cumbersome; therefore, there is a need to abbreviate them in one way or another. In some cases this leads to the use of short versions of the term in the form of only one main component, while in others, various types of abbreviations are used, which can save time. However, their imprecise or incorrect translation can change o

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Konstantynova, Tetiana. "Research of abbreviations in the professional foreign maritime sphere." Pedagogical Education:Theory and Practice 36 (June 5, 2024): 277–88. https://doi.org/10.32626/2309-9763.2024-36-277-288.

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The article emphasizes the fact that any language is full of abbreviations, and we are so used to them that we use them everywhere. The texts of professionally oriented marine literature and programs contain a large number of diverse subjects with a complex structure. To convey information as quickly as possible and to reduce the number of cumbersome phrases, an abbreviation should be used. Abbreviations can be used to save space and time, to avoid repeating long words and phrases, or simply to conform to common usage. The most common types of abbreviations used in maritime professional texts

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9

Korkiakangas, Timo. "Late Latin Charter Treebank: contents and annotation." Corpora 16, no. 2 (2021): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0217.

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This paper describes the construction and annotation of the Late Latin Charter Treebank, a set of three dependency treebanks (llct1, llct2 and llct3) which together contain 1,261 Early Medieval Latin documentary texts (i.e., original charters) written in Italy between ad 714 and 1000 (about 594,000 tokens). The paper focusses on matters which a linguistically or philologically inclined user of llct needs to know: the criteria on which the charters were selected, the special characteristics of the annotation types utilised, and the geographical and chronological distribution of the data. In add

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Mikellidou, Kyriaki, Nefeli Lambrou, Ellada Georgiou, and Marios Avraamides. "Visual orientation discrimination skills are tightly linked with specific aspects of human intelligence." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (2023): e0289590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289590.

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We investigate the notion that basic visual information is acting as a building block for more complex cognitive processes in humans. Specifically, we measured individual visual orientation discrimination thresholds to report significant correlations against the total standardised intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal-IQ and non-verbal IQ scores evaluated using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Second Edition (WASI-II) test battery comprising Verbal Reasoning, Block Design, Similarities and Matrix Reasoning subtests (N = 92). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that particip

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11

Atabey, Hasan, Faisal Naji Al-Obaidi, and Hayati Sari. "Potentiometric Study of the Dissociation and the Metal Complex-formation Competence of 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1- triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (Dacarbazine)." Acta Chimica Slovenica 70, no. 1 (2023): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2022.7756.

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A potentiometric investigation has been carried out to disclose the coordination properties of Dacarbazine, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (abbreviated DTIC) with particular transition metal ions (Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Co2+). The coordination of DTIC with these metal ions results in several complexes emerging in solution. The aim of this work is to determine the protonation constants of the DTIC and to show the extent of its coordination with (Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Co2+), in other words, establish the stability of the complexes formed between the DTIC and these metal ions by

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A. Almehizia, Abdulrahman, Hamad M. Alkahtani, Amer Alhaj Zen, et al. "Complexes of the antibiotic drug succinylsulfathiazole with the La(III), Sm(III), and Tb(III) ions: Spectral characterizations, microscopic pictures, and thermal properties." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 39, no. 2 (2024): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i2.11.

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Reacting the antibiotic drug succinylsulfathiazole (abbreviated as SST) with the lanthanide metal ions La(III), Sm(III), and Tb(III) generated thermal stable metal-based complexes. The temperature of the reaction was 70 oC, at a pH of ~ 8.5, using stoichiometry of 2:1 (SST ligand to metal ion). Spectral and analytical characterizations of the SST metal-based complexes were obtained using ultraviolet/visible (UV-visible), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and CHN elemental analysis. The microscopic pictures of the SST complexes were captured by a hig

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Majid A. Adam, Abdel, Moamen S. Refat, Q. Mohsen, and Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani. "Synthesis and characterization of gallic acid complexes with cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) ions: Spectral analysis, x-ray structures, and microscopic imaging." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 39, no. 7 (2025): 1335–48. https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i7.8.

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This study examines the synthesis, characterization, thermal stability, and microscopic analysis of gallic acid (abbreviated as GA) complexes formed with three transition metal ions: Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II). The researchers carried out a multi-step process, beginning with a series of chemical reactions between GA, acting as an organic ligand, and the respective metal ions. These reactions were conducted at a temperature of 65 °C and a pH of approximately 8, with a molar ratio of 2:1 between the GA ligand and the metal ion. The resulting products were referred to as the GA-Co complex, the GA

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14

NEVIAROUSKAYA, ALENA, HELMUT PRENDINGER, and MITSURU ISHIZUKA. "Affect Analysis Model: novel rule-based approach to affect sensing from text." Natural Language Engineering 17, no. 1 (2010): 95–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324910000239.

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AbstractIn this paper, we address the tasks of recognition and interpretation of affect communicated through text messaging in online communication environments. Specifically, we focus on Instant Messaging (IM) or blogs, where people use an informal or garbled style of writing. We introduced a novel rule-based linguistic approach for affect recognition from text. Our Affect Analysis Model (AAM) was designed to deal with not only grammatically and syntactically correct textual input, but also informal messages written in an abbreviated or expressive manner. The proposed rule-based approach proc

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15

Halyan, Oksana. "Formation and functioning of initial abbreviations in physical terminology (on the french language material)." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 37 (2020): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2020.37.01.

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In the French language, the number of new terminology units has increased significantly, enriching the vocabulary and increasing the intensity of information exchange between communicators in the scope subsystems. In linguistics, the principle of linguistic economy is used to order the flow of information conveyed with the minimum number of linguistic characters. A large number of abbreviated word forms, which is a feature of modern language systems, is appearing. In terminology, the largest number of shortened form of a word is in initial abbreviations. Physical Terminology (PhT) uses the abb

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Viono, Tono, Zully Hijah Yanti AD, Hasan Busri, and Hery Yanto The. "Language Dromology: A New Abbreviation Phenomenon in Twitter Messages." KEMBARA Journal of Scientific Language Literature and Teaching 9, no. 2 (2023): 611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/kembara.v9i2.25660.

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In this era, technological developments increasingly show complex influences on cultural discourse due to the tremendous speed of information production. Language as a product of culture is essential as a reflective tool for every social practice. Using abbreviations on social media, Twitter shows a tendency for language acceleration. This study aims to explore some of the emergences of abbreviation forms and patterns on Twitter social media, then explore the function of meaning generated through a dromological perspective. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data was collecte

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17

Xue, Zhao-Ming, Ying-Wen Tang, Jie-Ying Wu, et al. "Crystal structure, spectroscopic studies, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Schiff base metal complexes containing an N, S donor ligand." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 12 (2004): 1700–1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-142.

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A new ligand, 4-dipropylaminobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (abbreviated as HL), and its complexes ML2 (M = Ni, Pd, and Cu) have been synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analyses, EI-MS, IR and UVvis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence measurements. All of the compounds exhibit a bluegreen color with dual fluorescence in DMF solution. The quantum yield ratio (Φ′(CT)/Φ(LE)) decreases in the order NiL2 > HL > PdL2 > CuL2. The ligand HL crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, with a = 15.1680, b = 8.5573, and c = 25.3920 Å, β = 100.3457°, and V = 3242.2 Å

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18

Karaağaç, D. "Spectroscopic and thermal studies of cyano bridged hetero-metallic polymeric complexes derived from ligands containing N and S donor atoms." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 34, no. 2 (2020): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i2.13.

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The new cyano bridged hetero-metallic polymeric complexes [Cu(dmtu)2Pd(CN)4]∙H2O and [Cu(H2O)2(detu)2Pd(CN)4]∙2H2O (dmtu = N,N'-dimethylthiourea, detu = N,N'-diethylthiourea; abbreviated henceforth as Cu–Pd–dmtu and Cu–Pd–detu) have been synthesized for the first time in powder form and their structures have been determined by vibrational (FT-IR and Raman) spectroscopy, thermal and elemental analysis techniques. Using vibration spectra of the complexes, it has been discussed whether the ligands are bound to metal atoms or not. According to the results obtained from the spectra of the complexes

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19

Liepa, Dite, and Velga Polinska. "„Vieglā valoda. Rokasgrāmata” – pirmais vieglajai valodai veltītais izdevums latviešu valodā." Valodu apguve: problēmas un perspektīva : zinātnisko rakstu krājums = Language Acquisition: Problems and Perspective : conference proceedings, no. 19/20 (December 16, 2024): 138–57. https://doi.org/10.37384/va.2024.19.20.138.

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In February 2022, the University of Latvia Press published the electronic book “Easy-to-Read Language: a Handbook” as part of the ERASMUS+ cooperation project “Promoting Easy-to-Read Language for Social Inclusion” (abbreviated to PERLSI). It was one of the project results. The necessity for this publication was determined by the fact that, like in many other countries, the number of people who are unable to comprehend longer sentences and more complex texts has increased in Latvia. The people affected by this can be both children with special needs and adults with impaired cognitive skills due

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20

Джапанов, Аттокур. "Т.СЫДЫКБЕКОВДУН «КӨК АСАБА» РОМАНЫНДАГЫ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМДЕРДИН". Vestnik Bishkek Humanities University, № 51 (19 березня 2020): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bhu.2020.51.9.

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Аннотация: Фразеологизмдердин варианттары өзүлөрүнүн жасалышы, пайда болуш мүнөздөрү боюнча бирдей эмес. Алар тутумуна сөз кошулуу, экинчисинде бир компоненттин башка сөз менен алмаштыруу жана үчүнчүсүндө компоненттердин өз ара орун алмаштыруу аркылуу жасалат. Көркөм чыгарма жаратууда фразеологизмдердин лексикалык варианттарын колдонуу стилистикалык аспектиден алганда да татаал кубулуш, ал кепте анын маданияттуулугун көтөрүү стилди жакшыртуу максаттарын ишке ашырууда табылгыс тилдик каражат болуп саналат. Т.Сыдыкбеков бул максатта лексикалык кордогу фразеологизмдердин айрым бөлүктөрүн башка сө

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21

Brovets, Andrey I. "The deciphering stimulus of a compound word: the problem of definition and description." Russian Language Studies 17, no. 4 (2019): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2019-17-4-487-501.

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The article discusses the concept of abbreviated decryption of stimulus, which refers to a method of rolling out a contracted construct abbreviation in an equivalent phrase. The study is relevant because it implements and describes a new approach to abbreviation interpretation, stating that a complex word in a synchronous section of the language usually corresponds not to not, but to several equivalent phrases that appear as a result of actualizing alternative decryption stimuli of a contracted abbreviation construct in the text, while existing dictionaries of complex words give only one phras

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Чи, Я. "Typology of abbreviations in the language of Russian mass media." Modern scientist, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2541-8459-2024-2-7-12.

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цель исследования заключается в рассмотрении понятия аббревиатура и аббревиация применительно к языку масс-медиа, а также определяются главные функции и роль сложносокращенных слов в мире масс-медиа. Автор выделяет наиболее распространенные типы аббревиатур в современных масс-медиа и причины появления аббревиатур. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена тенденциями в активном развитии научного интереса на изучении аббревиации в лингвистике. Цель исследования обусловила постановку следующих задач: выделять наиболее распространенные типы аббревиатур в современных масс-медиа; выявить причин

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23

IVANOVA, Iryna, Liudmyla POTAPENKO, and Svitlana USTYCHENKO. "ABBREVIATION AS A COMPONENT OF GLOBAL PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM OF IT-PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT SPHERE." Folia Philologica, no. 4 (2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/folia.philologica/2022/4/4.

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Despite the fact that the practice of shortening words has ancient roots, modern high-tech society is characterized by the emergence of new trends in the formation of abbreviations. Processes of European integration, labour migration, as well as the expansion of opportunities for remote work of specialists in various fields in international companies, have led to the need to study the functioning of abbreviated lingual units in professional terminology systems. The above-mentioned factors testify to the relevance of the issues addressed in the article. The purpose of the research is to determi

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24

Lkhagvasuren, Battuvshin, Tetsuya Hiramoto, Enkhnaran Tumurbaatar, et al. "The Brain Overwork Scale: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study on the Psychometric Properties of a New 10-Item Scale to Assess Mental Distress in Mongolia." Healthcare 11, no. 7 (2023): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11071003.

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Identifying mental distress is a complex task, particularly when individuals experience physical symptoms. Traditional self-report questionnaires that detect psychiatric symptoms using emotional words may not work for these individuals. Consequently, there is a need for a screening tool that can identify both the physical and mental symptoms of mental distress in individuals without a clinical diagnosis. Our study aimed to develop and validate a scale that measures mental distress by measuring the extent of brain overwork, which can be extrapolated as the burden of mental distress. In this pop

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25

Potreba, N. A. "PECULIARITIES OF FRENCH YOUTH’S ARGOT." INTELLIGENCE. PERSONALITY. CIVILIZATION, no. 1 (22) (June 30, 2021): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4835-2021-22-2-57-64.

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Objective. The objective of the article is to determine the status of the youth’s argot and its role in modern French, as well as to identify the most productive models of the formation of the youth’s argot, which makes the language of young people more expressive and emotional. Methods. The work uses a complex of general scientific and special research methods, namely linguistic observation and description, analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature, which make it possible to understand the features of the French youth’s argot and its meaningful characteristics. Res

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Putri ; Jonathan Hans Yoas S., Nadia Rahmalia. "DESIGN THINKING DONE BY BUDI PRADONO IN THE HOTEL U JANEVALLA DESIGN PROCESS." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 4, no. 1 (2020): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v4i1.3684.15-32.

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Abstract- Design thinking is the process by which architects carry out problem-solving approaches to address problems in the design process. The process of problem-solving is the process of finding the most appropriate solution from all solutions that are created. Solutions, which are taken and become design decisions, are the forming factors of the overall design of the building and its process is influenced by the normative positions of the architect. One of the architects in Indonesia who has a strong character that always produces an attractive architectural design is Budi Pradono. His arc

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Chopra, Naveen, Leslie C. Damude, Philip A. W. Dean, and Jagadese J. Vittal. "Pyridine-2-selenolate and -2-tellurolate as ligands: a multinuclear (77Se, 119Sn, 125Te) magnetic resonance study of some tin(IV) complexes, and X-ray structural analyses of Sn(SPh)2(2-Se-C5H4N-N,Se)2 and Sn(SPh)1.85(2-Se-C5H4N)2.15." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 11 (1996): 2095–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-238.

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Reactions between Sn(E′Ph)n (E′ = S or Se; n = 2 or 4) and the bis(pyridine) dichalcogenides 2,2′-(C5H4NE)2 (E = Se or Te), abbreviated py2E2, have been studied using multinuclear (77Se, 119Sn, 125Te) magnetic resonance. In this way the occurrence of the pyridine-2-chalcogenate complexes Sn(E′Ph)4−x(Epy)x (E′ = S or Se; E = Se, x = 1–4; E = Te, x = 1 or 2) has been demonstrated. The pattern of 119Sn NMR chemical shifts for Sn(E′Ph)4−x(Sepy)x (E′ = S or Se, x = 0–4) is consistent with bidentate bonding for the pySe− ligand when x = 1 and 2. The pyTe− ligand is probably bidentate also in all fou

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Syroishko, M. "Study of the relationship between psychoneurological and degenerative disorders in patients with pain dysfunction of the temporomandibular joints." SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA 121, no. 4 (2024): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33295/1992-576x-2024-4-76.

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Summary: An increase in the prevalence of painful dysfunctions of the temporomandibular joints (TMD), which, according to the modern views of the theory of combined pathogenesis, has neuromuscular, occlusive-articulation, psychophysiological, psychoemotional, and ischemic components, up to 82-87% among the general applications of dental patients profile indicates the need for new scientific research in this direction. And the increase in manifestations of the phenomenon of pain and its diversity in TMJ dysfunctions indicates that traditional therapy remains insufficiently effective and needs c

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Gillespie, Lynn J., Laurie L. Consaul, and Susan G. Aiken. "Hybridization and the origin of the arctic grass Poa hartzii (Poaceae): evidence from morphology and chloroplast DNA restriction site data." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 11 (1997): 1978–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-910.

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The hypothesized hybrid origin of Poa hartzii Gand. (Poaceae) was investigated by analysis of morphological and molecular data. This endemic nearctic caespitose grass has been considered to be a hybrid between two of the three sympatric arctic species, Poa glauca M. Vahl, Poa arctica R. Br., and Poa abbreviata R. Br. Field observations and morphological studies indicate that Poa hartzii is a morphologically distinct apomictic species that reproduces and disperses by seed. Restriction enzyme analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified chloroplast DNA revealed the presence in Poa hartzii of

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Cvetković, Branislav. "Zaglavlje Dekaloga u Hvalovom zborniku: prilog semantici srednjovjekovne iluminacije." Ars Adriatica, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.493.

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This article is dedicated to the interpretation of the header before the text of the Ten Commandments on fol. 150 of the Hval Codex. The author is drawing attention to a gloss in the margin to the left of the banner which has not been addressed in the earlier scholarly literature nor recorded in the facsimile transcription of 1986. The rectangular banner consists of a lozenge net filled with gold lilies while three gold interlace crosses of a complex shape are placed on top of the banner. The gloss next to it was written in blue ink as an abbreviated word under a line. It is a rather common ab

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Richards, Joan L. "Generations of Reason: A Family's Search for Meaning in Post-Newtonian England." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 75, no. 1 (2023): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-23richards.

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GENERATIONS OF REASON: A Family's Search for Meaning in Post-Newtonian England by Joan L. Richards. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021. 456 pages, with 21 b/w illustrations, 1,218 endnotes, and a 35-page index. Hardcover; $45.00. ISBN: 9780300255492. *The title gives no clue who this book is about. Nor does the publisher's description on its website, the abbreviated blurb inside the book jacket, the four endorsements posted on the jacket's back ("beautifully written," "epic masterpiece," "magnificent study," "compelling and wide-ranging"), or even the chapter titles. The reader first l

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Sadoqat, Ergasheva. "ABBREVIATED WORDS. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS." March 25, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15082622.

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<em>This article explores the role of abbreviated words, focusing on acronyms and abbreviations, which are commonly used in modern communication to simplify complex phrases and enhance efficiency. It differentiates between acronyms—formed from the initial letters of a phrase to create a new word—and abbreviations, which are shortened versions of words or phrases. The article examines the use of acronyms and abbreviations in various fields, including technology, medicine, business, and casual communication. </em> <em>It also discusses the historical evolution of these linguistic for

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Opaeva Raygul Aymanovna. "SEMANTICS AND STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX WORD COMBINATIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY KARAKALPAK LANGUAGE." EPRA International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD), July 8, 2020, 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra4733.

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The article deals with semantics and structure of complex and composite words appearing nowadays in the modern Karakalpak language. Complex words are formed from two or more words and denote a broad concept. Combination of their components are combined by meaning as fixed combinations and they perform a function of one member of a sentence. KEY WORDS: Composite terms, thematic classification, lexical-semantic classification, structure, paired words, abbreviated words, borrowed composite words, tracing.

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Kyriaki, Mikellidou. "Visual orientation discrimination skills are tightly linked with specific aspects of human intelligence." October 27, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.04.438355.

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We investigate the notion that basic visual information is acting as a building block for more complex cognitive processes in humans. Specifically, we measured individual visual orientation discrimination thresholds to report significant correlations against the total standardised intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal-IQ and non-verbal IQ scores evaluated using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Second Edition (WASI-II) test battery comprising Verbal Reasoning, Block Design, Similarities and Matrix Reasoning subtests (N=92). A multiple linear regression analysis showed that participan

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"Translating Acronyms of Media & U.N. Organizations." AL – Bahith AL – A a‚LAMI 1, no. 4 (2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33282/abaa.v1i4.466.

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: translating acronyms of media and international (& world) organizations helps the researcher to draw the following conclusions:1- Acronyms of world news agencies can be translated into Arabic in three ways: by indicating the lexical meaning; by indicating English abbreviated form as letter by letter & by indicating Arabic abbreviated form as a word. 2- Acronyms of world satellite TV's can be translated into Arabic in two ways: by indicating the lexical meaning & by indicating English abbreviated form as letter by letter. 3- Acronyms of world newspapers can be translated into Arab

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Dr, Wajiha Sajjad Amrina Raj Dr Zara Tahir. "EVALUATION OF PERCEPTION GOLDEN PROPORTION BETWEEN MAXILLARY FRONTAL TEETH IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF JINNAH HOSPITAL LAHORE." December 25, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4393585.

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<strong><em>Background</em></strong><em>: The perception of Golden proportion has often offered as a corner stone of smile design theory. The golden proportion is a mathematically constant ratio between the larger and smaller length. The ratio is approximately 1.618:1In terms of proportion, the smaller tooth is about 62% the size of the larger one golden, because it is noble, unique, ideal and perfect with many amazing properties. Abbreviated to Greek Letter Phi.First Described by Euclid. Where to find golden ratio. In the next few slides, some examples of the Golden Proportion depicted. Many

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Dr, Imad Ali Dr Ahmad Ali Dr Tariq Shah. "ASSESSMENT OF GOLDEN PROPORTION BETWEEN MAXILLARY ANTERIOR TEETH IN UNDER GRADUATE STUDENTS OF MAYO HOSPITAL LAHORE." March 15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3711173.

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<strong><em>Background</em></strong><em>: The golden proportion is a mathematically constant ratio between the larger and smaller length. The ratio is approximately 1.618:1 In terms of proportion, the smaller tooth is about 62% the size of the larger one. Golden, because it is noble, unique, ideal and perfect with many amazing properties. Abbreviated to Greek Letter Phi. First Described by Euclid Where to find golden ratio. In the next few slides, some examples of the Golden Proportion are depicted. Many of them have Golden Mean Gauge, superimposed over the picture. One of the important and cr

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