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Journal articles on the topic 'Complex conjunctions'
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1
Pometelina, Svetlana M. "Linking tools for complex constructions of temporal semantics: functional aspect." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2021): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/77/22.
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The paper is devoted to analyzing the temporal means of linking polypredicative constructions of the Russian language in functional aspects. From the standpoint of the functional approach, the linking tools for complex sentences with the value of time perform two functions: causator of time relations and formal indicator of the relationship between predicative units. The bifunctionality of linking tools determines its division into conjunctions, connectives, and functives. The term “functive,” already known in linguistics, acquires a new content: functives are suggested to be combinations of typified lexical elements with conjunctions, acting as conjunctions. The following criteria to distinguish complex conjunctions from their functional analogs were defined: semantic fusion (stability of component composition, idiomatic meaning of unions); structural fusion (singleness of a complex conjunction, inseparability of its components); functional fusion (a complex conjunction simultaneously performs both functions inherent in linking tools). Four types of temporal functives have been identified. The scale of their phraseologicalization was constructed based on the degree of compliance with the criteria of conjunctionality. It has been established that the functives of complex temporal sentences are the closest to conjunctions. The second place on the scale of phraseologization is occupied by functives of constructions with temporal concretizers. The third place goes to the functives of constructions of phraseological structure. The least close to the conjunction status are the functives representing the linking tools in syntactically related constructions.
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GOLTVENYTSKA, Margaryta. "CONJUNCTIVES IN COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONFORMITY AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY." Lingua Montenegrina 29, no. 1 (2022): 159–75. https://doi.org/10.46584/lm.v29i1.901.
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In modern syntactic science, despite the large number of publications, the issue of the qualification of conjunctions that combine components of complex sentences between which the predicative parts that is semantic-syntactic correspondence remains unresolved. In the article it is considered the connectors which researchers connect with correspondence: than... that, that... that, in ... as. The author analyzes the views expressed by Ukrainian and Russian researchers for recent years, and on significant theoretical and practical material proves that the conjunctions of correspondence are only paired conjunctions than... that something and contaminated formations which ...something. These conjunctions must be combined with the highest degree forms of adverbs and adjectives and are used only in the presence of these forms in both predicative parts. Sentences with a conjunction as are impossible in a two-comparative structure. Therefore, this conjunction is taken beyond the complex sentences of correspondence
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Patroeva, N. V., and T. V. Pashkova. "To the question of connectors in a complex sentence (on the example of the Livvi-Karelian language)." Bulletin of Ugric studies 10, no. 3 (2020): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2020-10-3-517-525.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: the article is a study of syntactic connectors and relationships in complex sentences of the Livvi-Karelian language, the objectification of which are conjunctions and conjunction words included in classes of connectors and discursive words that are wider in terms of coverage of units. Objective: a comprehensive description of the system conjunctions and conjunction words functioning in the Livvi-Karelian language. Research materials: conjunctions and conjunction words functioning in the Livvi-Karelian language. Results and novelty of the research: the article provides a comprehensive description of conjunctions and conjunction words functioning in the Livvi-Karelian language in comparative aspect with closely related languages (the Finnish and partly with the Karelian language); identifies the groups of conjunctions through the way of formation and structure, as well as through functional and semantic criteria. On the basis of the studied material, it was revealed that the richness of the functional-semantic potential of a complex sentence in the Livvi- Karelian language is due not only to the historically established immanent properties of Karelian syntax, but also to the double influence of the closely related Finnish language and the Russian language belonging to another language family. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive study of conjunctions and conjunction words in the Karelian language (on the example of the Livvi dialect).
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Sari, Novita, Amrin Saragih, and Anni Holila Pulungan. "External and Internal Conjunctions in the News Story Text of the Jakarta Post." LINGUISTIK TERAPAN 17, no. 1 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/lt.v17i1.19761.
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This study was investigated external and internal conjunctions in the news story text of the Jakarta Post based on Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach. The objective of this study was to describe the realization of external and internal conjunctions. The research was conducted by using qualitative design. The data of this research were clause complex of external and internal conjunctions in the news text the Jakarta Post. The data were taken from website official Jakarta Post https://www.thejakartapost.com/. The data were collected by documentary technique. The technique of data analysis applied interactive model technique by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). The findings showed external and internal conjunctions describes in clause complex news text used to clause complex have several clauses consist of independent clause is an equal (paratactic) and clause complex have several clauses consist of independent clause relate with dependent clause is an unequal (hypotactic). Keywords: External Conjunction, Internal Conjunctions, News Text
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Nicolae, Andreea C., and Yasutada Sudo. "The exhaustive relevance of complex conjunctions." Snippets, no. 37 (December 2019): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/snip-2019-037-nisu.
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Sobari, Teti, Yadi Mulyadi, Wikanengsih Wikanengsih, and Ika Mustika. "Role of Conjunctions and Students’ Cognitive Characteristics in Argumentative Essay Writing." International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 23, no. 3 (2024): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.3.6.
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Most high school students are able to write arguments. However, most students are still unable to develop complex writing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' argumentative writing which displays various linguistic features and cognitive characteristics, and to investigate the conjunctions that fall into several categories (addition, opposition, causal, and time), which are markers of the complexity of the students' reasoning. The method used in this research was factorial analysis because it aimed to determine the students' linguistic and cognitive features in relation to improving the quality of the students' argumentative writing. The sample in this study was 350 high school students from grades 10 to 12. Analysis was carried out on the students' written argumentative essays which were written in the context of formal or academic language, transcribed and given an analysis code. The research findings show that students are able to demonstrate complex and high-level reasoning according to their use of conjunctions in their essays. The use of conjunctions based on class is relatively low in terms of the number of addition, contradiction, causal, and temporal conjunctions in each essay. The interclass correlation analysis shows that the essay length variable is in a stable condition, while student variability is higher in relation to the use of argument types and conjunctions. Based on the results following the testing of the predictability of conjunction use on argument sophistication, it was found that conflicting conjunctions contributed positively to argument sophistication apart from other variables (essay length, topic, gender, and student socioeconomic status). Contradictory conjunctions are the most complex conjunctions used by students using the integrative perspective. These conjunctions are also used to control the length and type of essay topic. Conjunctions can also contribute to the sophistication of the students' argumentative essays.
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Fišer, Daniel, and Marcel Steinmetz. "Towards Feasible Higher-Dimensional Potential Heuristics." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 34 (May 30, 2024): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v34i1.31478.
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Potential heuristics assign numerical values (potentials) to state features, where each feature is a conjunction of facts. It was previously shown that the informativeness of potential heuristics can be significantly improved by considering complex features, but computing potentials over all pairs of facts is already too costly in practice. In this paper, we investigate whether using just a few high-dimensional features instead of all conjunctions up to a dimension n can result in improved heuristics while keeping the computational cost at bay. We focus on (a) establishing a framework for studying this kind of potential heuristics, and (b) whether it is reasonable to expect improvement with just a few conjunctions. For (a), we propose two compilations that encode each conjunction explicitly as a new fact so that we can compute potentials over conjunctions in the original task as one-dimensional potentials in the compilation. Regarding (b), we provide evidence that informativeness of potential heuristics can be significantly increased with a small set of conjunctions, and these improvements have positive impact on the number of solved tasks.
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Wang, Lan. "The specifics of conditional conjunctions in modern Russian." Litera, no. 12 (December 2023): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2023.12.69304.
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The subject of research are the conjunctions used in a complex sentence to convey conditional relations. In the Russian language, the group of conjunctions capable of expressing the meaning of a condition is quite voluminous. In this article we turn to an insufficiently deeply developed issue, namely, the analysis of conjunctions located on the periphery of the means condition expressions. The purpose of the study is to identify conjunctions based on lexicographic sources and speech contexts that can express a conditional relation, and, using the example of a conjunction "добро бы", describe its semantic and pragmatic potential. The article uses the descriptive method, as well as the method of definitional analysis and elements of component and transformational analysis. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that 1) the analysis of dictionary entries of conditional conjunctions is given, the grouping of conditional conjunctions is described; 2) the experience of a comprehensive analysis of the conjunction of "добро бы" is demonstrated and its additional meanings (presumptive condition, conditionally opposed), as well as modal shades (assessment and desire) are revealed. The conclusions and materials of the study can be used in lectures, special courses and special seminars for students of philological and pedagogical specialties, in improving school curricula, creating textbooks, collections of exercises. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that, despite the many scientific papers devoted to specific conjunctions that are located in the central zone of the means of expressing conditional relations, the question of the interpretative potential of peripheral conditional conjunctions (the number of which is very large) has not been worked out deeply enough.
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Искандари, М. "On the question of the connectors in the complex sentence in Russian and Persian." Cherepovets State University Bulletin, no. 5(116) (October 13, 2023): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2023-5-116-11.
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Данная статья посвящена сопоставительному изучению коннекторов в сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточными определительными и изъяснительными в персидском и русском языках. Средством прикрепления главной части к изъяснительным и определительным придаточным предложениям в русских и персидских сложноподчиненных предложениях являются союзы и союзные слова, входящие в более широкий по охвату единиц класс коннекторов. Цель – описание системы союзов, функционирующих в персидском языке, и сопоставление коннекторов сложноподчиненных предложений с придаточными изъяснительными и определительными в персидском и русском языках. Материал исследования: союзы персидского языка (в персидском языке нет союзных слов), союзы и союзные слова русского языка и сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточными изъяснительными и определительными в персидском и русском языках. Результаты и научная новизна исследования. В статье речь идет о союзах, прикрепляющих части сложноподчиненных предложений с изъяснительными и определительными придаточными предложениями в персидском языке в сопоставлении с русским языком. Представлены союзы персидского языка по структуре и способу образования. На основе изученного материала выявлено, что изъяснительные и определительные придаточные предложения в персидском языке прикрепляются к главной части только при помощи одного союза که ‘что’. В русском языке союзы и союзные слова что, который, чей, какой, как будто, будто, ли и др. связывают части сложноподчиненных предложений с изъяснительными и определительными придаточными предложениями. Новизна исследования заключается в сопоставлении коннекторов сложноподчиненных предложений в русском и персидском языках и выявлении сходства и различия между ними. This article considers communication means of complex sentences in the Persian language in comparison with the Russian language. The means of attaching the main part to complement and attributive subordinate clauses in Russian and Persian complex sentences are conjunctions and syndetic words, which are included in a class of connectors that is wider in coverage of units. This article considers communication means of complex sentences in the Persian language in comparison with the Russian language. The means of attaching the main part to complement and attributive subordinate clauses in Russian and Persian complex sentences are conjunctions and syndetic words, which are included in a class of connectors that is wider in coverage of units. Objective: description of the conjunction system functioning in the Persian language and comparison of the connectors in complex sentences with the subordinate complement and attributive clauses in the Persian and Russian languages. Research material: conjunctions of the Persian language (there are no syndetic words in the Persian language), conjunctions and syndetic words of the Russian language and complex sentences with subordinate complement and attributive clauses in Persian and Russian. Results and novelty of the research. The article deals with conjunctions that attach parts of complex sentences with complement and attributive clauses in Persian in comparison with Russian. The conjunctions of the Persian language are presented in terms of structure and meaning. Based on the studied material, it is revealed that complement and attributive clauses in Persian are attached to the main part only with the help of one conjunction که 'what', and in Russian the conjunctions and syndetic words what, which, whose, which, as if, whether and others connect parts of complex sentences with complement and attributive subordinate clauses. The novelty of the study lies in the comparison of connectors in complex sentences in the Russian and Persian languages.
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Kostrova, O. A. "MODUS CONCEPT CONDITIONALITY AND ITS STRUCTURE IN GERMAN LINGUISTIC CULTURE." Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, no. 3 (2023): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2023-3-76-84.
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The paper is devoted to interaction of cognitive and language mechanisms forming conditional sense in German linguistic culture. Dominant language units that represent this sense are conditional clauses. In the German language there are some conjunctions with conditional sense making the meaning of subordinate clauses variable: wenn, falls, sofern, wenn also . The purpose of the paper is to find out conceptual variability that indicates the interpretation modus of conditionality. Realizing this purpose, the author uses the principle of situation performing that allows to differentiate subconcepts of CONDITIONALITY in the German linguistic culture. The semantics of clauses depends on the semantics of the conjunctions. Following its etymology, the conjunction falls is connected with the verb fallen and the noun der Fall . Both indicate the component ‘moving down’ in their meaning. In German the subconcept represented by the conjunction falls implies especially marked situations that are unexpected or undesired. The conjunction sofern is etymologically connected with the preposition in that indicates some restricted room. That’s why the clauses connected with sofern denote some restriction of situations. The conjunction wenn also is complex, so in this case we have to do with complex cognitive activity. The first step of this activity is to summarize the pretext content by the component also , the second step is to change the summarized content by the component wenn into a condition, so that clauses sign especially marked summarized conditional situations. In the structure of CONDITIONALITY the author distinguishes between the center represented by wenn -clauses and the periphery represented by the following conjunctions whose interpretation modus is specific: falls indicates the modus of unexpected or undesired condition , sofern signs the modus of restriction and wenn also the modus of resuming. The outlook provides researching of other modus concepts that are represented by subordinate clauses connected with other conjunctions.
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Mammadova, Malahat. "The Comparative Typology of Subordinate Conjunctions of Auxiliary Parts of Speech in the Azerbaijani and Russian Languages." EuroGlobal Journal of Linguistics and Language Education 1, no. 2 (2024): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.69760/jkb08f33.
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This article explores the comparative typology of subordinating conjunctions among auxiliary parts of speech in the Azerbaijani and Russian languages. The study aims to identify and analyze the structural and functional characteristics of subordinating conjunctions in both languages, highlighting their similarities and differences. Through comprehensive linguistic analysis, the research examines the usage patterns of auxiliary parts of speech, focusing on their roles in constructing complex sentences and expressing subordinate clauses. The article presents distinctive features of subordinating conjunctions in Azerbaijani and Russian, offering insights into their syntactic behaviors and semantic effects. This comparative approach aids in a broader understanding of conjunction usage in Turkic and Slavic languages, emphasizing the importance of auxiliary parts of speech in language structure and communication.
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Kovacevic, Milos. "Status of the conjunction док (‘while’) in contrast clauses". Juznoslovenski filolog 79, № 2 (2023): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi2302171k.
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This paper deals with the criteria based on which the conjunction ??? is classified as a coordinating or subordinating conjunction in contrast clauses. This paper was occasioned by the one written by D. Klikovac (2022) published in ?????????????? ??????? (vol. LXXVIII, no. 1), in which the application of pseudo-scientific criteria brought into question the exact syntactic criteria according to which the conjunction ??? is classified exclusively as a subordinating conjunction. This paper presents a detailed and criteria-based analysis of all the arguments that the author provided in order to prove that the conjunction ??? in complex contrast sentences does not belong to the subordinating, but to the coordinating conjunctions. The detailed analysis of each of the arguments given by the author with a view to refuting the subordinating status of the contrastive conjunction ??? showed that none of those criteria has the status of the sufficient reason for classifying this conjunction as a coordinating one. This paper confirmed the scientific findings that the contrastive conjunction ??? shares all the features of the subordinating conjunctions, which are the following: a) it introduces the clause structure it belongs to into the complex sentence, b) introduces only dependent clauses, c) contrast ???-clauses can be condensed into prepositional case constructions functioning as an adverbial. None of those features is shared by any coordinating conjunction.
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Curenton, Stephanie M., and Laura M. Justice. "African American and Caucasian Preschoolers’ Use of Decontextualized Language." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 35, no. 3 (2004): 240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2004/023).
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Purpose: Low-income preschoolers’ use of literate language features in oral narratives across three age groups (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) and two ethnic groups (Caucasian and African American) was examined. Method: Sixty-seven preschoolers generated a story using a wordless picture book. The literate language features examined were simple and complex elaborated noun phrases, adverbs, conjunctions, and mental/linguistic verbs. Results: Literate language features occurred at measurable rates for 3- to 5-year-old children. Conjunction use was positively associated with the use of complex elaborated noun phrases and adverbs, and the use of complex and simple elaborated noun phrases was inversely related. There were no differences between African American and Caucasian children’s usage rates. Age-related differences were observed in the use of mental/linguistic verbs and conjunctions. Clinical Implications: The importance of supporting decontextualized language skills during the preschool period is discussed.
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Pala, Giacomo. "Conjunctions Or, Space as Oxymoron." Architectural Design 93, no. 6 (2023): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.2995.
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AbstractTraditional architectural thought and practice decrees that buildings should be spatially homogeneous, revealing themselves to their viewers and users as episodic and carefully orchestrated wholes. Giacomo Pala argues that the world is more complex than this, and that the digital has further enhanced its heterogeneous festival of formal, semiotic and spatial jump‐cutting to establish conjunctions from which we can be architecturally inspired.
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Karymshakova, Aisha. "TURKOLOGISTS ABOUT DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS, THEIR STRUCTURE, SEMANTICS AND FUNCTIONS." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 4 (2023): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.234.28.
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The article aims to make a comparative-typological analysis of disjunctive conjunctions of the modern Kyrgyz language and their corresponding equivalents in a number of Turkic languages. For this purpose, scientific works in the field of auxiliary parts of speech by such leading Turkologists as Kononov A.N., Shcherbak A.M., Zeynalov F.R, Shukurov A.J., Sultanbaeva H.V., Molgazharov K.K. and others were thoroughly studied and analyzed. Thus, the article provides a comparative analysis of disjunctive conjunctions of the modern Kyrgyz language with similar conjunctions in some Turkic languages. As a result, phonetic features of disjunctive conjunctions, frequency of their use, their semantics in the sentence, in general their similarities and differences are revealed according to their area of distribution. Besides, the peculiarities of using disjunctive conjunctions of Kyrgyz language in different contexts of sentences, as well as terminological inconsistency and their reasons are described in detail. For example, it can be noted that in the modern Kyrgyz language among the conjuctions analyzed in the article, je (in Russian: ili (or)) is the most actively used in the phonetic form. In addition, it is determined that this conjunction is mainly used to connect similar parts of a sentence, as well as to connect simple sentences in the system of complex sentences. The article also notes that Kyrgyz dialectologists in their works with the use of relevant examples have scientifically substantiated that the southern dialect of the Kyrgyz language uses a variety of phonetic form of this conjunction that is not characteristic for the standard language.
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Xu, Xiaodong, Meizhu Pan, Haoyun Dai, Hui Zhang, and Yiyi Lu. "How referential uncertainty is modulated by conjunctions: ERP evidence from advanced Chinese–English L2 learners and English L1 speakers." Second Language Research 35, no. 2 (2018): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658318756948.
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Conjunctions play a crucial role in the construction of a coherent mental representation by signaling coherence relations between clauses, especially for second language users. By using event-related potentials (ERPs), this study aimed to investigate how different conjunctions ( so, and, although, or a full stop) affect the interpretation of a following ambiguous pronoun for both native and non-native speakers, in sentences such as Lily disappointed Nina, so she …. ERP results showed that relative to so, and, and full stop sentences, the pronoun in although clauses elicited a larger Nref (sustained negativity) response in both native (L1) readers and second language (L2) readers, irrespective of whether the verb in the first clause biased towards a particular noun phrase (NP) referent. Moreover, larger Nrefs to pronouns were seen in L2 than L1 readers when clauses were connected by so, although or a full stop. Additionally, larger Nref responses were evoked by pronouns in NP2- than NP1-biased conditions when the clauses were connected by the conjunction so or when sentences contained no overt conjunctions ( full stop). These findings indicate that different conjunctions exert different modulating effects on resolving referential uncertainty/ambiguity. Relative to native speakers, non-native speakers are more likely to encounter referential uncertainty when the sentences are conjoined by conjunctions with more complex semantics.
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Ruzic, Vladislava. "About intentional sentences in the Serbian language." Juznoslovenski filolog 78, no. 2 (2022): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi2202557r.
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The paper discusses main structural models and submodels of the clauses with the general meaning of purpose, most commonly with the conjunctions da (with the present tense or potential) and kako (with the potential), as well as complex conjunctions ne bi li, and e/da. The analysis is done mostly on the corpus of contemporary Serbian writers, and various criteria are combined for the typology, in order to provide a complete overview of their status in the system of complex sentences. Intentional clauses with the potential are marked by a greater level of uncertainty as regards achieving the goal, while the intentional clauses with the conjunction da (followed by the present tense) are unmarked in that sense, since they refer to actions which are more certain, as they are not dependent upon the will of the subject, but upon the ?xpected/unexpected results of a previous event.
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Solntseva, Anna V. "Comparative and contrastive analysis of French conjunctive expressions «autant que», «d'autant que and d'autant plus que» and their Spanish equivalents." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 25 (2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-119-128.
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The article is an attempt of a semantic and syntactic analysis of French complex conjunctions autant que, d'autant que and d'autant plus que. The author undertakes to find out which means of conjunction can be regarded as their equivalents in Spanish. The research is based on the data provided by dictionaries and translations of French fiction and press into Spanish. The article defines the grammatical status and lexical meaning of the conjunctions autant que, d'autant que and d'autant plus que and their Spanish equivalents, analyzes the conditions of their functioning in speech, reveals common features and differences in the fields of syntagmatics and paradigmatics. The conjunction autant que can denote a variety of meanings and their shades: comparison, limitation, equivalence, condition, concession. In Spanish it corresponds to tanto como, como, cuanto, hasta donde, según lo que, en lo que, todo lo que and the combination a más po + infinitive, cuando, por mucho que. French verbless constructions containing autant que can be translated by Spanish constructions containing lo que, lo mismo que, el mismo + noun + que, al mismo tiempo. French conjunctions d'autant plus que and d'autant que correspond in Spanish to tanto más cuanto que, tanto más cuanto, tanto más que. These conjunctions serve to indicate additional motivation for the action described in the mainsentence. They introduce subordinate clauses expressing additional reason and operate within constructions consisting of three components: the motivated message, the main reason, and the additional reason.
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Liang, Jackson C., Jonathan Erez, Felicia Zhang, Rhodri Cusack, and Morgan D. Barense. "Experience Transforms Conjunctive Object Representations: Neural Evidence for Unitization After Visual Expertise." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 5 (2020): 2721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz250.
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Abstract Certain transformations must occur within the brain to allow rapid processing of familiar experiences. Complex objects are thought to become unitized, whereby multifeature conjunctions are retrieved as rapidly as a single feature. Behavioral studies strongly support unitization theory, but a compelling neural mechanism is lacking. Here, we examined how unitization transforms conjunctive representations to become more “feature-like” by recruiting posterior regions of the ventral visual stream (VVS) whose architecture is specialized for processing single features. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to scan humans before and after visual training with novel objects. We implemented a novel multivoxel pattern analysis to measure a conjunctive code, which represented a conjunction of object features above and beyond the sum of the parts. Importantly, a multivoxel searchlight showed that the strength of conjunctive coding in posterior VVS increased posttraining. Furthermore, multidimensional scaling revealed representational separation at the level of individual features in parallel to the changes at the level of feature conjunctions. Finally, functional connectivity between anterior and posterior VVS was higher for novel objects than for trained objects, consistent with early involvement of anterior VVS in unitizing feature conjunctions in response to novelty. These data demonstrate that the brain implements unitization as a mechanism to refine complex object representations over the course of multiple learning experiences.
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Jasionytė-Mikučionienė, Erika. "On adverbial clauses in spoken Lithuanian." Lietuvių kalba, no. 15 (December 28, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2020.22443.
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The aim of the paper is to investigate adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession in spontaneous private communication. The study explores semantic relations between the main and subordinate clauses, grammatical features and predominant conjunctions.The data for the research was collected from the morphologically annotated Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, namely, its sub-corpus of spontaneous private speech which is used at home, at friends’ place, or which is produced by close friends.The analysis of spontaneous private communication shows that the finite adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession are related to a set of conjunctions, but other indicators such as the use of verbal categories (especially tense, aspect and mood), contextual lexical markers as well as pragmatic inference also help to determine the semantic relationship between the main and the subordinate clause.In a spoken language, temporal clauses are usually combined with the conjunctions kai, kaip ‘when’, kol ‘while’, less frequently – with kada ‘when’; causal clauses are combined with the conjunction nes ‘because; since’, less frequently – with kad and kadangi ‘because’; conditional clauses are typically combined with the conjunction jeigu ‘if’, less frequently – with jei ‘if’, concessive clauses – with the conjunction nors ‘though’. The conjunctions kai ‘when’, kol ‘while’, kadangi ‘because’, jeigu and jei ‘if’ correlate with the particle tai that is very frequent in a spoken language, while the conjunction nors ‘though’ – with the contrastive conjunction bet ‘but’.In the natural language flow, the structure of adverbial sentences is modified: other sentential and discourse units can intervene between the main and the subordinate clauses, and the adverbial conjunction moves from the initial to the medial position.Traditional Lithuanian grammars emphasise that the position of adverbial clauses is undefined: they can appear before or after the main clause. However, the analysis of spontaneous speech shows that the position of a subordinate clause is influenced by the semantic relationship between the clauses. If a subordinate clause refers to a previous action or event, then it dominates in a preposition. Besides, the position of an adverbial clause is also influenced by correlative conjunctions: the main clause with the correlative particle tai dominates in the postposition.The research also revealed that Lithuanian adverbial clauses could function at the discourse level: in dialogues, the structure of a complex sentence is broken down and subordinate adverbial clauses can acquire additional – discourse – functions. Adverbial conjunctions, in their turn, can indicate relations with a previous discourse.
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Weiler, Brian K., and C. Melanie Schuele. "Joining Clauses with Subordinate Conjunctions: One Type of Complex Syntax." Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 21, no. 4 (2014): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/lle21.4.182.
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The purpose of this article is to enhance clinicians' knowledge and skills about one complex syntax type, subordinate conjunction clauses. Children's complex syntax skills are critical to the expression of increasingly elaborate ideas and to meeting the demands of academic tasks. Complex syntax development begins in the preschool years. It is essential for clinicians to support young children's complex syntax development. To this end, the present article offers a framework to support a clinician's consideration of the range of subordinate conjunction clauses that appear in the spoken language of young children.
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Repnina, T. V. "Integral nonprototypical conditional and imperative constructions in Catalan (in comparison with Spanish and French)." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 1 (2021): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-1-142-150.
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This article examines one type of constructions that can express both conditional and imperative meanings. They represent complex sentences, the first part of which expresses a condition and urging and the second, the consequence with future reference. It is important to distinguish constructions of this type from prototypical imperative conditional constructions built as complex sentences, in which the condition is introduced by a subordinate clause with a conjuction meaning if and the conseqence verb is encoded for the imperative. The aim of this article is to identify, describe, and analyze the main types of integral nonprototypical conditional-and-imperative constructions, as well as the relevant conjunctions, tenses, and moods used in Catalan as compared to Spanish and French. While nonprototypical conditional / imperative constructions are actively studied in many languages, they have been apparently barely touched upon in Catalan. Our analysis revealed the following types of integral nonprototypical conditional / imperative constructions with: imperatives in the first clause; imperative verbs and verb periphrases in the first clause; a nominal phrase in the first clause; the conjunction or repeated in both clauses; present indicatives in the first clause and the conjunction and between two parts. The use of conjunctions meaning and (i (Cat.), y (Es.), et (Fr.)), or (o (Cat.), o (Es.), ou (Fr.)), as well asotherwise (si no (Cat.), si no (Es.), sinon (Fr.)) coincide. Only conjunctions meaning if are conditional in their basic meaning; conjunctions and, or, and otherwise are coordinating: and is copulative (it shows conditional meaning in the constructions addressed), or is delimiting, and otherwise adversative, with the latter two signaling negative condition in the targeted constructions. The research was conducted by the following methods: sampling, classification, description, contrastive and transformational analysis, and synthesis. The examples used were borrowed from texts by Catalan authors with their Spanish and French translations that were analyzed and classified. The whole sample of the conditional constructions analyzed is over 1000 examples for each of the three languages.
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Maslyuk, Nataliya. "Семантико-синтаксичний потенціал синкретичних підрядно-сурядних сполучників". Acta Academiae Beregsasiensis, Philologica II, № 2 (2023): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.58423/2786-6726/2023-2-133-150.
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Semantic and syntactic potential of syncretic subjunctive-sequential conjunctions (on the material of V. Shevchuk’s novels) The article is devoted to the analysis of the semantic and syntactic potential of syncretic conjunctions of subordinate-coordinate in the idiostyle of Valery Shevchuk. The specifics of the syncretism of connecting means were studied on the material of the novels «House on the Mountain», «On the Humble Field», «Eye of the Abyss», «The Beginning of Horror», «The Ghost of the Dead House», «Three Leaves Outside the Window». L. V. Shytyk’s classification of syncretic connectives, developed on the basis of K. G. Horodenska’s typology of conоjuctions, became important for our research. The functional potential of highlighted conjunctions of subordination-sequential as markers of semantic-syntactic relations in syncretic complex sentences was investigated. Are characterized the salient features of such semantic categories of the analyzed conjunctions as: explanatory-distinctive, accented-distinctive, explanatory-exploratory, temporal-comparative, conditional-comparative, permissive-opposite. Types of conjunctions are correlated with two types of syncretic complex sentences: subordinate in form and coordinate in meaning (explanatory and comparative subtypes) and subordinate-sequential in form and meaning (permissive-opposite subtype). Analogous semantic-syntactic relations for parceled constructions have been clarified. In the syntactic version of a simple complex sentence, the analyzed conjunctions are interpreted as markers of the separation of the secondary sentence elements and the homogeneity of the connection between the elements of the sentence. Grammatical and semantic-syntactic features of the author’s style within the boundaries of the researched topic are determined. Examples from the writer’s works confirmed the active functioning of each of the subgroups of subordination-sequential conjunctions and the peculiarities of their semantic and syntactic manifestation. Among the explanatory-distinctive conjunctions, the most actively used is – зокрема, among the accented-distinctive ones – особливо, within the explanatory-finding ones – а саме, temporal-comparative, conditional-comparative – тоді як, коли …то, permissive-opposite – хай …але, хоч …але. Quantitative indicators of the frequency of use of each сonnective mean were determined. The subgroup of accented-distinctive conjunctions is the least represented in the novels of V. Shevchuk, the group of permissive-opposite ones is the most numerous. Keywords: subordinate-coordinate conjunctions, explanatory-distinctive, accented-distinctive, explanatory-exploratory, temporal-comparative, conditional-comparative, permissive-opposite, novels of Valery Shevchuk.
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Rasulova, Sadagat, and Flora Mirzayeva. "Structural and Functional Analysis of Complex Compound Sentences in Russian Syntax." EuroGlobal Journal of Linguistics and Language Education 1, no. 2 (2024): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.69760/b10tcx30.
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This article examines the role of complex compound sentences (сложносочинённые предложения, or SSPs) in Russian syntax, focusing on their significance in expressing nuanced relationships between independent clauses. Utilizing both traditional and non-traditional linguistic frameworks, the study categorizes SSPs based on their coordinating conjunctions—connective, adversative, and disjunctive—and explores how each conjunction type impacts sentence meaning and structure. The findings highlight the syntactic independence of clauses within SSPs, which provides flexibility in creating cohesive, multi-layered sentences. The study also addresses pedagogical challenges for non-native learners, including punctuation errors and semantic misinterpretations, suggesting targeted teaching strategies to enhance learners’ proficiency. Recommendations for educators include exercises on differentiating SSPs from simple sentences with homogeneous parts and targeted practice with conjunction functions. Finally, the article suggests directions for future research on complex syntactic structures in Russian and their acquisition by learners from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
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Aryanti, Safitri Zuliana, and Atiqa Sabardila. "ANALISIS MANNER DALAM DEBAT MERDEKA BELAJAR OLEH MAHASISWA MAGISTER PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INDONESIA UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA." JIKAP PGSD: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kependidikan 4, no. 2 (2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jkp.v4i2.13444.
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This research is intended to 1) describe the types of linguistic aspects by way of debate. 2) describing the analysis of linguistic aspects in the free learning debate. The main discussion of this study is qualitative research based on descriptive data that contains the results of orthographic debate transcription. The data source of this research is from MPBI UMS students. The results of this study (1) the types of linguistic aspects of the way in the debate are the use of language styles, language variations, diction, complex sentences, and conjunctions. (2) based on the analysis results students understand the linguistic aspects so that in the independent debate students learn to use several linguistic aspects but there are linguistic aspects that are used that are not appropriate or inappropriate. The conclusions from this study present several aspects of language by means of student debates, the language aspects that must be considered are: the use of language styles, language variations, diction, complex sentences, and conjunctions. The style of language used by students in the debate is reiteration and hyperbole language style. The variations in language used are various journalistic types, business language categories, casual language variations, various familiar languages. Dictations used are popular words, absorption words, foreign words and common words. The complex sentences used are paratactic and hypotactic complexes. The conjunctions used are coordinative conjunctions, and subordinative conjunctions
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Zhi, Weifeng, Xiang Wang, Buyue Qian, Patrick Butler, Naren Ramakrishnan, and Ian Davidson. "Clustering with Complex Constraints — Algorithms and Applications." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (2013): 1056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v27i1.8663.
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Clustering with constraints is an important and developing area. However, most work is confined to conjunctions of simple together and apart constraints which limit their usability. In this paper, we propose a new formulation of constrained clustering that is able to incorporate not only existing types of constraints but also more complex logical combinations beyond conjunctions. We first show how any statement in conjunctive normal form (CNF) can be represented as a linear inequality. Since existing clustering formulations such as spectral clustering cannot easily incorporate these linear inequalities, we propose a quadratic programming (QP) clustering formulation to accommodate them. This new formulation allows us to have much more complex guidance in clustering. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in two applications on text and personal information management. We also compare our algorithm against existing constrained spectral clustering algorithm to show its efficiency in computational time.
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Gonzalez, Deborah Oliveira, Ana Manhani Cáceres, Ana Carolina Paiva Bento-Gaz, and Debora Maria Befi-Lopes. "The complexity of narrative interferes in the use of conjunctions in children with specific language impairment." Jornal da Sociedade Brasileira de Fonoaudiologia 24, no. 2 (2012): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-64912012000200011.
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PURPOSE: To verify the use of conjunctions in narratives, and to investigate the influence of stimuli's complexity over the type of conjunctions used by children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typical language development. METHODS: Participants were 40 children (20 with typical language development and 20 with SLI) with ages between 7 and 10 years, paired by age range. Fifteen stories with increasing of complexity were used to obtain the narratives; stories were classified into mechanical, behavioral and intentional, and each of them was represented by four scenes. Narratives were analyzed according to occurrence and classification of conjunctions. RESULTS: Both groups used more coordinative than subordinate conjunctions, with significant decrease in the use of conjunctions in the discourse of SLI children. The use of conjunctions varied according to the type of narrative: for coordinative conjunctions, both groups differed only between intentional and behavioral narratives, with higher occurrence in behavioral ones; for subordinate conjunctions, typically developing children's performance did not show differences between narratives, while SLI children presented fewer occurrences in intentional narratives, which was different from other narratives. CONCLUSION: Both groups used more coordinative than subordinate conjunctions; however, typically developing children presented more conjunctions than SLI children. The production of children with SLI was influenced by stimulus, since more complex narratives has less use of subordinate conjunctions.
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Alam, Beny. "Conjunction of Grammatical Cohesion in BBC News About Taylor Swift is Time’s 2023 Person of The Year." Jurnal Bahasa Asing 17, no. 2 (2024): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.58220/jba.v17i2.91.
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This study examines how conjunctions are used in BBC news articles, with a particular focus on the article titled “Taylor Swift is TIME’s 2023 Person of the Year”. By identifying different types of conjunctions, this study categorizes them into external and internal types and analyses their role in ensuring sentence coherence. Conducted over six months at STBA JIA, this study adopts a descriptive qualitative method and is based on Halliday and Hasan (1976) theory of grammatical cohesion. The findings indicate that simple additive conjunctions are the most frequent, accounting for 33.33% of all instances. Temporal conjunctions follow, with 29.16% for simple types and 8.4% for complex types. Among the classifications, external conjunctions dominate at 87.5%, reflecting the emphasis on real-world connections and events presented in the news.
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Eshmurodova, Shodiya. "COMPOUND AND COMPLEX (DAS SATZGEFÜGE) SENTENCES IN GERMAN." INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2, no. 12 (2022): 4–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7418384.
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This article examines how compound sentences and complex sentences are made in German, and their structural types. At the same time, it has been shown that conjunctions play an important role in connecting parts of lexical elements that are often not combined.
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Utkina, A. F. "The functioning of complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clauses in the modern Udmurt language (based on the material of journalistic texts)." BULLETIN OF UGRIC STUDIES 14, no. 1 (2024): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30624/2220-4156-2024-14-1-117-127.
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the article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clausesin Udmurt newspaper texts of the second half of the XX– the beginning of the XXI centuries. Objective: to identify the functioning of complex sentences expressing explanatory relations in Udmurt journalism. Research materials: journalistic texts of the newspapers “Sovetskoy Udmurtia” (1950–1959s) and “Udmurt Dunne” (2000–2017s). Results and novelty of the research: the scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time on the material of a journalistic text, the peculiarities of the functioning of explanatory sentences of the Udmurt language were studied: their frequency of use, synonymous constructions, the role of extralinguistic factors in the use of the studied types of a complex sentence in a newspaper article. As a result of the research, it was revealed that there are following types of complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clausesin the journalistic text of the Udmurt language: with subordinate conjunctions (shuysa ‘what, that’, budto (budto ke) ‘as if, as though’, with particles -a, meda, -a meda ‘whether’); with connectives (kin ‘who’; ma (mar) ‘what’; maly (marly) ‘why, with what purpose’; kyzy ‘how’, etc.); with connectives and correlatives (mae... soe ‘ that... what’; mar... soe ‘that... what’; sycheze... kudze ‘is like that... what’). Among them, complex explanatory sentences with connectives dominate (53,7%), in second place are complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clauses, the predicative parts of which are combined by subordinate conjunctions (46%). The phenomenon of syntactic synonymy is represented by transformation of complex explanatory sentences into conjunctionless complex sentences, into simple sentences with phrases with or without postpositions. The absence of the shuysa conjunction in the postposition of the subordinate clause and the replacement of this conjunction with the modal word pe were also revealed. The research revealed the prevalence of such synonymous phenomena as the replacement of subordinate clauses by verbal phrase without postpositions (34,6%), the loss of the conjunction shuysa (27,7%) and the replacement by postposition verbal phrase (26,2%). Unlike oral speech, written speech is characterized by the possibility of making changes by other participants of communication
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Khrystianinova, Raisa. "Asemantic Conjunctions і (й), а in Compound And Syncretic Complex Sentences". Language: classic - modern - postmodern, № 5 (27 лютого 2020): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/lcmp2522-9281.2019.5.139-157.
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Korbozerova, Nina, and Olena Obruchnikova. "Evolution of the Spanish Relative Construction: Acquisition of National Features." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 39 (2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2021.39.03.
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Complex attributive sentences in the Spanish language of the medieval period are characterized by a vague expression of the degree of syntactic subordination. During the XII-XVI centuries there is a process of constant enrichment of meanings and forms of complex attributive sentences. The final formation of the structural organization of a complex attributive sentence ended in the XVII century, in the period of unification and formation of the national Spanish language. Starting from the Old Spanish period, the externally formal homogeneity of models of a complex attributive sentence is disturbed by deep internal complications of semantic connections between the main and subordinate parts. Thus, in the Middle Spanish period, a complex attributive sentence gradually reformatted its structural organization by strengthening the contact position of the nominal center of subordination with the conjunctions and strengthening bilateral links between predicative components, which further contributed to the normalization of the position of the subordinate part. On the other hand, there is an intensive mutual replacement of some conjunctions with others. In the Old Spanish period, the conjunctions bigan to lose their uncoordinated lexical correlation between the correlative word and the supporting noun in the main part. This trend contributed to the consolidation of the structural organization of a complex attributive sentence, which was realized in the early Spanish period.
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Yang, Tingting. "Subordinate conjunctions in illocutionary usage (abstract review)." Филология: научные исследования, no. 11 (November 2024): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2024.11.72264.
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The subject of the research in this article is subordinate conjunctions in the Russian language, such as "if", "once", "for now", "to" and others that are used in the illocutionary function. The peculiarity of these conjunctions is that they establish a relationship between the proposition of one predicative unit and the illocutionary component of the semantics of another predicative unit, transmitting additional meanings related to the target attitude of the utterance and the conditions of its success. In such constructions, one of the valences of the union can be implicitly expressed. This aspect of the use of subordinate unions was noted by T.A. Kolosova in the late 1970s and has since become an object of interest to a number of linguists, including E.V. Paducheva, L.N. Jordanskaya, V.Z. Sannikov and O.E. Pekelis. The present study is aimed at identifying the features of the illocutionary function of subordinate unions, as well as systematization and generalization of existing scientific data on this topic. The research uses methods of analysis and synthesis, descriptive and interpretative methods, as well as system analysis, which allows us to identify the communicative and functional features of the studied unions. The novelty of this article lies in the fact that the author contributes to the systematization of knowledge about subordinate unions in their illocutionary function. In contrast to the traditional approach, in which conjunctions are considered primarily as means of communication between propositions, this study emphasizes their ability to influence the perception and interpretation of a statement. The work reveals three main functions of conjunctions in complex constructions: the expression of the illocutionary purpose of the utterance, compliance with the conditions of its success and justification of the speech act performed in the main sentence. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the contribution to the theory of complex sentences, communicative and functional linguistics, the syntax of the Russian language as a whole, as well as in the possibility of using its results in subsequent scientific research on the stated problems and in university courses on the syntax and stylistics of the modern Russian language.
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Tanasic, Sreto. "Asyndetic sentences with a concretiser." Juznoslovenski filolog 71, no. 3-4 (2015): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1504091t.
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The paper discusses asyndetic sentences, compound sentences without a conjunction between the clauses. Slavic scholars pay considerable attention to these sentences. They predominantly consider asyndetic sentences to be a model of compound sentences, apart from the model of compound conjunctional sentences, and plead that they should be described separately. Asyndetic sentences in contemporary Serbian have not been studied sufficiently. There are few specific papers dedicated to asyndetic sentences, and one can say that there are virtually no papers giving them an in-depth treatment. Therefore, we are so far left without a full insight into how widespread that compound sentence model is in contemporary Serbian and in what variants it occurs, not to mention our even lesser knowledge of its distribution in certain functional styles. This paper describes one type of asyndetic sentences in the contemporary Standard Serbian language. It includes such sentences that have a word or a phrase functioning as the verifier of the semantic relation between the clauses of asyndetic sentences. The paper demonstrates that such sentences take up a sizeable portion of the asyndetic sentence corpus, and that a large number of concretisers occur functioning as the verifiers of different meanings which are established between the clauses. The concretisers, similarly to conjunctions in syndetic sentences, serve the purpose of reducing the typical polysemy of asyndetic sentences to monosemy by assigning a monosemic relation between the clauses while foregrounding one of the possible meanings, and suppressing the others. The paper indicates that coordinate asyndetic sentences express a number of different semantic relations between the clauses. Some of them are expressed in complex sentences, some in compound sentences, and there are also those that can be expressed in both types of conjunctional sentences. The paper presents examples of sentences which have in their second clauses concretisers with conclusive, exclusive, temporal, adversative, causal, concessive, manner, spatial, gradational, respective and explanatory meanings. An array of subtypes occur within some of the types, depending on what semantic relation between the clauses is assigned by the concretisers. Finally, it is woth noting that this paper has more consistently solved the problem of exclusive and conclusive clauses as well. It is not well founded to place them among compound sentences because those sentences have their own conjunctions, whereas these are without conjunctions; it is also not well founded to classify them within some types of compound sentences because some of their classes stand out on account of characteristical conjunctions. Conclusive and exclusive clauses, as the paper demonstrates, are two types of asyndetic sentences with concretisers, the kind better represented in Serbian and which, in their entirety, are a model of asyndetic sentences.
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Rustamov, Abdulaziz E. "FEATURES OF CONDITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN ARABICSCIENTIFIC." Oriental Journal of Philology 05, no. 03 (2025): 561–67. https://doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojp-05-03-64.
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The article is devoted to the issue of subordinate clauses in Arabic, in particular subordinate clauses with conditional clauses, and the means of their expression. The "means of expression" include, first of all, verb moods, as well as conjunctions, adverbs and words in the role of conjunctions, as well as integral constructions expressing conditions. In complex constructions of this type, both morphology and syntax are closely related.
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Uyanik, Osman. "Evaluation of Turkish Teacher Candidates' Usage of Complex Sentences Containing “ki” Conjunction in Turkish." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 6 (2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i6.4166.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Turkish teacher candidates’ usage of Turkish complex sentences with “ki” conjunction, which are one of the most commonly used sentence patterns in Turkish.The Turkish language has been interacting with different languages for centuries. There are two types of “ki” conjunctions in Turkish. One of them originated from Turkish and the other one was transferred from Persian to Turkish. There is a difference between the "ki" conjunction taken from Persian language and the one which originated from Turkish language. With this research, it is aimed to determine whether students use these two different “ki” conjuctions in their sentences correctly or not. While the “ki” conjunction which was transferred from Persian to Turkish is used for making description sentences, the “ki” conjunction belonging to Turkish is used to make cause-effect sentences.In this study, a number of Turkish teacher candidates were asked to write compositions containing sentences with “ki” conjunction. The study group consisted of 11 female and 9 male Turkish Teacher Candidates. Data were collected through qualitative research methods and analyzed by document analysis and descriptive analysis.According to the research results the “ki” conjunction used in sentences by Turkish teacher candidates do not conform to the sentence structure of Persian, but do conform to the sentence structure of Turkish. As a result, it can be said that Turkish teacher candidates should use sentences with “ki” conjunction by taking this difference into consideration.
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Solovyeva, N. V., and N. A. Skitina. "Functional-Semantic Features of Complex Sentences of Purpose in British and American Variants of English." Nauchnyi dialog 12, no. 7 (2023): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2023-12-7-26-46.
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The functional-semantic features of purpose clauses introduced by conjunctions so that, lest, in order that, for fear that, in the hope that, and to the end that are examined in this study. These conjunctions differ in their frequency and expressiveness. The material for the study was taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus. The novelty of the research lies in specifying the list of differential features of the categorical grammatical value of complex sentences of purpose. It is demonstrated that complex sentences with purpose conjunctions are used in literary, journalistic, scientific, and conversational texts, but their frequency differs not only depending on the type of discourse but also on the language variant. Based on statistical data, it is confirmed that Present Subjunctive forms are the most commonly used in purpose clauses regardless of the language variant. Types of purpose clauses are analyzed: proper-purpose, argumentative-purpose, syncretic, and anti-purpose clauses. It is established that the first ones, which are not complicated by additional shades of meaning, are most frequent in American texts, while the third ones, containing indications of circumstances for achieving the goal, are most commonly used in British texts.
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Giniyatullina, Liliya Minnullovna. "Function of Conjunctions in a Complex Syntactic Unity in the Tatar Language." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 5 (May 2022): 1434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20220214.
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Michel, Marije C. "The Use of Conjunctions in Cognitively Simple Versus Complex Oral L2 Tasks." Modern Language Journal 97, no. 1 (2013): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2013.01431.x.
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ШКАРБАН, Т., та Ю. РИЧАГІВСЬКА. "ОДНОРІДНА СУПІДРЯДНІСТЬ ІЗ ПОВТОРЮВАНИМИ ПІДРЯДНИМИ СПОЛУЧНИМИ ЗАСОБАМИ". Current issues of linguistics and translation studies 21, № 1 (2021): 143–47. https://doi.org/10.31891/2415-7929-2021-21-27.
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The article is devoted to the study of complex constructions with homogeneous subordination (CHS) which contain the repetition of contract connecting means. It was found out the ways in which the peculiarities of the syntactic structure of constructions and their stylistic capabilities are related to the repetition of conjunctions (connecting words). Constructions with homogeneous subordination with repeated subordinating conjunctions are characterized according to the following factors: 1) number of homogeneous subordinate clauses; 2) the presence and number of coordinating conjunctions in the block of subordinate components; 3) stylistic labeling of the syntactic unit; 4) constructive qualities of conjunctions (connecting words); 5) the placement order of parts and components; 6) mandatory / optional presence of subordinating conjunctions. The mechanism of selection of construction types proposed based on: 1) quantity of conjunctive connectors in the block of homogeneous subcontractors; 2) the place of the contract component, at which the repetition of binders is absent. It has been proven that in large constructions (with five or more subordinate clauses) subordinating conjunctions can be repeated or synonymous linking means can be used. At the same time, they usually preserve their expressive capabilities. Regularities of the order of placement of parts and components, the principles of mandatory / optional presence of conjunctions are largely consistent with the trends inherent in the CHS in general. Clarity, unambiguity, transparency of reproducible situations allows CHS with repeated subordinating conjunctions or linking words to function actively not only in different genres of artistic style, but also in scientific texts.
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Timerkhanova, Nadezhda N. "Еxpression of conditionality in compound sentences of the Udmurt language (semantic and structural features)". Finno-Ugric World 14, № 2 (2022): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.014.2022.02.186-195.
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Introduction. In the Udmurt language, compound sentences with subordinate clauses are very productive. The means of communication in such syntactic constructions are conjunctions, allied combinations and, in some cases, correlates. The same conjunctions help convey different semantics. The purpose of this paper is to identify conditional, conditional-temporal, conditionally causal semantic relations expressed with the help of conjunctions, allied combinations, and other linguistic means, as well as the structural features of such syntactic constructions on the material of the Udmurt language. Materials and Methods. The research was based on the examples borrowed from Udmurt fiction. The author employed a set of research methods, such as descriptive; partial and continuous sampling; contextual analysis; transformation. The use of these methods made it possible to consider the specifics of the units under consideration on specific linguistic material. Results and Discussion. The article deals with the widely represented compound sentences with conditional, conditional-temporal and conditionally causal clauses in the Udmurt language. It has been established that sentences of a repeating real condition and consequence often combine the properties of conditional and temporary sentences; constructions with a single condition or consequence in the form of the present tense combine conditional and causal sentences, in the form of the future tense combine both conditional-temporal and conditional; in the form of the past tense combine sentences that have only the meaning of time or reason, the meaning of the condition is erased. The type of specific semantic relationships at the level of the deep structure of the sentence can be determined by the conjunction, the marker of recurrence, as well as the form of the multiple aspect of the verb. Conclusion. In the Udmurt language, the conditional-temporal meaning, as a rule, is expressed in complex sentences of a repeating real condition with the help of conjunctions ke, kuke ‘if (when)’; conditionally causal meaning is expressed in sentences of a single real condition with the conjunctions bere, dyrja ‘if (as)’, in which the connection between two non-repeating phenomena is expressed. The semantics of a compound sentence may depend not only on the conjunction used, but also on the type-time form of the verb-predicate, the semes of singleness or repeatability, additional lexical markers of singleness and multiplicity. The exact definition of meaning and contamination is possible only at the level of the deep structure of the sentence.
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Tian, Junlei. "A Study of French Chinese Cohesive Words Guided by Textual Function." Economic Society and Humanities 1, no. 2 (2024): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.62381/e244213.
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Cohesive words are important auxiliary means to enhance or achieve specific grammatical and semantic relationships, and their core meaning is the role of cohesion. The function of cohesion lies in "determining some logical relationships between language functional units". Words are the foundation of discourse, and discourse is the extension and enhancement of the intrinsic referential and cohesive functions of words. Clarifying the scope of conjunctions is beneficial for the hierarchical analysis of complex sentences, sentence groups, or discourse. The article conducts a comparative study of French and Chinese conjunctions based on the discourse function. On the basis of reviewing the research trends of conjunctions both domestically and internationally, this study aims to explore the application attributes of conjunctions, in order to help French major students master the "profound and vivid relationships" between various components such as intra sentence, inter paragraph, and cross sentence connections, and cultivate students' logical thinking in French expression and writing.
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Zhang, Liang. "The Implicit and Explicit Prosody of the Focus Operator yinwei (Because) in Chinese Complex Sentences." Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 6 (2025): 766. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060766.
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This study investigated the prosodic realization of the focus effect induced by the conjunction yinwei (because) in Chinese causal complex sentences. Although previous research has demonstrated the focal effect of yinwei, its prosodic manifestations remain unclear. Guided by the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis, in this study, we explored both implicit and explicit prosodic patterns across different conjunctions and linear-order conditions. Thirty Mandarin Chinese speakers (mean age = 20.2, gender-balanced) participated in silent and spoken reading tasks. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and Linear Mixed-Effects Models, were employed to assess the focus assignment and prosodic realization. The results indicate a consistent and robust focus effect of yinwei, marked by the primary stress on the succeeding cause clause in both implicit and explicit prosody. These findings enhance our understanding of the interplay between syntax and prosody in Chinese causal complex sentences.
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Jafarova, Sabına Abulfat gizi. "STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTICAL FEATURES OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCES FORMED WITH THE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS." "Scientific notes of V. I. Vernadsky Taurida National University", Series: "Philology. Journalism" 3, no. 4 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2710-4656/2021.4-3/01.
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Erez, J., R. Cusack, W. Kendall, and M. Barense. "Complex object representations in the medial temporal lobe: Feature conjunctions and view invariance." Journal of Vision 13, no. 9 (2013): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/13.9.783.
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Felser, Claudia, and Anna Jessen. "Correlative Coordination and Variable Subject–Verb Agreement in German." Languages 6, no. 2 (2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020067.
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Coordinated subjects often show variable number agreement with the finite verb, but linguistic approaches to this phenomenon have rarely been informed by systematically collected data. We report the results from three experiments investigating German speakers’ agreement preferences with complex subjects joined by the correlative conjunctions sowohl…als auch (‘both…and’), weder…noch (‘neither…nor’) or entweder…oder (‘either…or’). We examine to what extent conjunction type and a conjunct’s relative proximity to the verb affect the acceptability and processibility of singular vs. plural agreement. Experiment 1 was an untimed acceptability rating task, Experiment 2 a timed sentence completion task, and Experiment 3 was a self-paced reading task. Taken together, our results show that number agreement with correlative coordination in German is primarily determined by a default constraint triggering plural agreement, which interacts with linear order and semantic factors. Semantic differences between conjunctions only affected speakers’ agreement preferences in the absence of processing pressure but not their initial agreement computation. The combined results from our offline and online experimental measures of German speakers’ agreement preferences suggest that the constraints under investigation do not only differ in their relative weighting but also in their relative timing during agreement computation.
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Stepanova, Ekaterina Borisovna, and Yunzhizi Jing. "Signs of epistemic usage of conditional conjunctions." Litera, no. 3 (March 2025): 257–71. https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2025.3.73450.
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The article is devoted to complex sentences with the conditional conjunction "if", used epistemically: it expresses semantic connection between the proposition of subordinate clause and the epistemic component of the semantics of principal clause. The principal clause expresses a conclusion that, can be made provided that the situation described by the subordinate clause takes place. The subject of the study is the formal and semantic peculiarities of these sentences, determined by the epistemic use of the conjunction. The purpose of the article is to analyze the differences between the sentences under consideration and sentences with a proper conditional meaning. For this purpose, the method of comparative analysis of semantics and lexical-grammatical peculiarities of proper conditional sentences and sentences with epistemic "if" is used, and the descriptive method is also used: contrastive features of these sentences are identified and analyzed. Comparative analysis shows that sentences with the epistemic "if" differ from proper conditional ones by a number of features. Firstly, these sentences have different systemic connections, unequal possibilities of their paraphrasing and transformation into a simple sentence. Secondly, the subjective nature of the conclusion and its connection with the speaker's mental activity determines the propositional and modal semantics of the principal clause of the sentence with the epistemic "if", its compatibility with certain types of predicates, with modal indicators, with parenthetical words. Further, the conclusion does not necessarily rely on objective relations of conditionality between the situations denoted by the principal and subordinate clause, it does not set a one-to-one correspondence between the principal and subordinate clause and the condition and consequence, and strict taxis relations between the situations. Finally, the basis for the conclusion, unlike the objective condition, should not be unreal and has no correspondence among the adverbials in the simple sentence.
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Dia, Eva Eri. "KALIMAT LUAS DALAM TALK SHOW KICK ANDY EPISODE KISAH SUKSES WANITA TERKUAT INDONESIA DI METRO TV." SASTRANESIA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 7, no. 2 (2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32682/sastranesia.v7i2.1288.
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The syntactic study of compound sentence used in the talk show Kick Andy for the Success Story of the Strongest Indonesian Women on Metro TV. This is as the object of research. The discussion raised by the researcher relates to compound sentences, namely grammatical relationship on compond sentences and grammatical relationship on complex sentences.The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The reason the researcher uses descriptive qualitative methods is to describe objectively about the compound sentences and complex sentences. The data source used in this research is the talk show Kick Andy for the Success Story of the Strongest Indonesian Women on Metro TV and the data analyzed in this study are compound and complex sentences.The results of the study found the form of compound sentences using conjunctions of equivalent namely KI1 + but (tapi) + KI2, KI1 + and (dan) + KI2, KI1 + but (tetapi) + KI2 and KI1 + then(lalu) + KI2. The forms of complex sentence are found using conjunctions of unequal, KI1 + because (karena)+ KB, KI1 + which (yang)+ KB, and KI1 + that(bahwa)+ KB.
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Hodiyeva, Marjona Olimjon qizi. "LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS AND COMBINATIONS IN WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE'S ROMEO AND JULIET." Innovative Development in Educational Activities 2, no. 23 (2023): 218–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10392313.
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<em>This article explores the use of metaphors and fixed conjunctions in William Shakespeare’s "Romeo and Juliet" through a linguistic analysis. The author examines how Shakespeare uses metaphors to convey complex emotions and relationships between characters in the play. The article also delves into the use of fixed conjunctions, such as "but" and "yet," to highlight contrasts and tensions within the text. By applying linguistic analysis to the play, the article offers insights into the nuances of Shakespeare’s language and its impact on the portrayal of characters and themes in "Romeo and Juliet."</em>
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Datu, Ida Ayu Kadek Nova Chintya Dwipa. "COORDINATE STRUCTURE OF COMPOUND SENTENCES FOUND IN BRITANNICA.COM ABOUT TITANIC." LINGUISTIK : Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 8, no. 4 (2023): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.31604/linguistik.v8i4.596-602.
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In this study, the types of coordinating conjunctions used in sentences about the Titanic on Britannica.com are analyzed. This study's objective is to identify the different kinds of coordinating conjunctions used in compound phrases. In this study, the data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative approach based on the theory put forward by Quirk and Greenbaum (1973). The 52 total data were broken down into three categories—syndetic coordination, asyndetic coordination, and syndetic and asyndetic coordination—that describe the three forms of coordinating conjunctions used in compound sentences. This study specifically discovered all three types of coordination in complex phrases. 27 data are coordinated synthetically, 18 data are coordinated asyndetically, and 7 data are coordinated syndetically and asyndetically. In syndetic coordination, there are 21 data using “and”, 5 data using “but”, and 1 data using “so”. While, in asyndetic coordination there are 15 data using “comma” (,), and 3 data using “semicolon” (;). The last 7 data are using both syndetic and asyndetic coordination.