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1
Heuvelhof, E. F. ten (Ernst F.) and Veld, R. J. in 't, eds. Process management: Why project management fails in complex decision making processes. 2nd ed. Dordrecht [Netherlands]: Springer, 2010.
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ten, Heuvelhof E. F., and Veld, R. J. in 't., eds. Process management: Why project management fails in complex decision making processes. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2002.
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Zobnin, Aleksey. Information and analytical work in the state and municipal administration. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/987242.
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The features of information and analytical work in the state and municipal administration bodies of the Russian Federation are revealed. It is shown how the political and managerial process (the cycle of political decision-making) is interconnected with the process of information and analytical activity. Examples of analytical solutions to complex management tasks are given.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students studying in the areas of training "State and municipal management", "Conflictology", "Documentation and archival science". It can be useful for practicing analysts, state and municipal employees.
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Zhukova, Galina. Mathematical methods for management decisions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1084987.
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The purpose of this manual is to help students to master basic concepts and research methods used in the theory of optimal control. The foundations of mathematical modeling. Systematic mathematical methods for managerial decision-making in linear, nonlinear and dynamic problems of optimal socio-economic processes.
Each section contains numerous examples of the application of these methods to solve applied problems. Much attention is paid to comparison of the proposed methods, a proper choice of study design problems, case studies and analysis of complex situations that arise in the study of these topics theory of decision-making, methods of optimal control.
It is recommended that teachers, students and graduate students studying advanced mathematics.
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Saaty, Thomas L. Decision Making for Leaders: The Analytic Hierarchy Process for Decisions in a Complex World. 2nd ed. Rws Pubns, 1988.
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Decision Making for Leaders: The Analytic Hierarchy Process for Decisions in a Complex World, New Edition 2001 (Analytic Hierarchy Process Series, Vol. 2). 3rd ed. RWS Publications, 1999.
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Bruijn, Hans de, Ernst ten Heuvelhof, and Roel J. in 't Veld. Process Management: Why Project Management Fails in Complex Decision Making Processes. Springer, 2002.
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Bruijn, Hans de, Ernst ten Heuvelhof, and Roel in 't Veld. Process Management: Why Project Management Fails in Complex Decision Making Processes. Springer, 2014.
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Lepora, Nathan F. Decision making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0028.
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Decision making is the process by which alternatives are deliberated and chosen based on the values and goals of the decision maker. In this chapter, we describe recent progress in understanding how living organisms make decisions and the implications for engineering artificial systems with decision-making capabilities. Nature appears to re-use design principles for decision making across a hierarchy of organizational levels, from cells to organisms to entire populations. One common principle is that decision formation is realized by accumulating sensory evidence up to a threshold, approximating the optimal statistical technique of sequential analysis. Sequential analysis has applications spanning from cryptography to clinical drug testing. Artificial perception based on sequential analysis has advanced robot capabilities, enabling robust sensing under uncertainty. Future applications could lead to individual robots, or artificial swarms, that perceive and interact with complex environments with an ease and robustness now achievable only by living organisms.
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Hernández, Ariel Macaspac Macaspac. Strategic Facilitation of Complex Decision-Making: How Process and Context Matter in Global Climate Change Negotiations. Springer, 2016.
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Convincing Political Stakeholders: Successful Lobbying Through Process Competence in the Complex Decision-Making System of the European Union. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2016.
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Raines, James C., and Nic T. Dibble. Ethical Decision-Making in School Mental Health. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197506820.001.0001.
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Ethical decision making in school mental health provides mental health professionals with a seven-step approach to managing ethical predicaments. It combines guidance from four major codes of ethics, including the American School Counseling Association, National Association of School Nurses, National Association of School Psychologists, and National Association of Social Workers. Ethical issues are endemic for mental health professionals working with minors in a host setting like schools. New interventions, evolving technologies, and a patchwork of ethical and legal guidelines create a constant stream of new ethical dilemmas. Longstanding and complex questions rarely give way to quick and easy answers. The seven-step model presented here enables readers to apply a practical process that minimizes their liability and protects their students. Beginning with an introduction of the moral, legal, and clinical foundations that undergird ethical practice, the authors present an ethical decision-making model with seven steps: know yourself and your responsibilities, analyze the dilemma, seek consultation, identify courses of action, manage clinical concerns, enact the decision, and reflect on the process. The second edition includes meticulously updated chapters based on recent changes to all of the codes of ethics over the past 10 years. It also has a new chapter on the universal issue of ethical recordkeeping. This handy guide is written for multidisciplinary teams of mental health professionals, including school social workers, school psychologists, school nurses, and school counselors. It provides a trusty resource with the following elements: Clearly organized chapters that introduce a process approach to ethical decision-making; Interprofessional and collaborative approach to working with other stakeholders; Case examples and practice exercises illustrate real work application of ethical guidelines; and Glossary, web resources, and U.S. Supreme Court decisions on students’ civil rights.
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Mishra, Ajit, and Tridip Ray, eds. Markets, Governance, and Institutions in the Process of Economic Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.001.0001.
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This book, in honour of Kaushik Basu, celebrates his contributions over the last four decades. It contains contributions by his present and past collaborators, and research students. Not only has Basu worked on several deeper abstract issues in welfare analysis and decision making, he has also addressed, both as a researcher and as a policy advisor, several policy issues such as rent control, child labour, labour laws, harassment, shared prosperity, and gender empowerment. The contributions from authors in this volume, theoretical as well as empirical, reflect this range of issues in the broader context of interactions between markets, governance, and institutions in the process of economic development. The broader roles of markets as key resource allocation mechanisms cannot be disputed. But they need suitable governance structures and institutions, working both as facilitators and as regulators. The book looks at the complex interactions between these three forces of development. The book has three parts. In Part I, contributors look at various foundational and measurement issues associated with economic development and well-being. Part II deals with the functioning (and non-functioning) of markets in the context of development, showing how we may need to move beyond the market. In Part III, the final part, contributors look at various issues related to governance and institutions in terms of their overall structure and specific designs.
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Bowker, Lesley K., James D. Price, Ku Shah, and Sarah C. Smith. Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738381.003.0027.
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This chapter provides information on capacity, the Mental Capacity Act 2005, Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards, making financial decisions, making medical decisions, making social decisions, advance directives, diagnosing dying and estimating when treatment is without hope, making complex decisions, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the process of CPR decision-making, rationing and ageism, and elder abuse.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Decision Making, Control, and Concept Formation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0012.
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While attention controls the internal, mental focus of attention, motor control directs the bodily control focus. Our nervous system is structured in a cascade of interactive control loops, where the primary self-stabilizing control loops can be found directly in the body’s morphology and the muscles themselves. The hierarchical structure enables flexible and selective motor control and the invocation of motor primitives and motor complexes. The learning of motor primitives and complexes again adheres to certain computational systematicities. Redundant behavioral alternatives are encoded in an abstract manner, enabling fast habitual decision making and slower, more elaborated planning processes for realizing context-dependent behavior adaptations. On a higher level, behavior can be segmented into events, during which a particular behavior unfolds, and event boundaries, which characterize the beginning or the end of a behavior. Combinations of events and event boundaries yield event schemata. Hierarchical combinations of event schemata on shorter and longer time scales yield event taxonomies. When developing event boundary detectors, our mind begins to develop environmental conceptualizations. Evidence is available that suggests that such event-oriented conceptualizations are inherently semantic and closely related to linguistic, generative models. Thus, by optimizing behavioral versatility and developing progressively more abstract codes of environmental interactions and manipulations, cognitive encodings develop, which are supporting symbol grounding and grammatical language development.
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Berger, Robert H., Robyn J. Wahl, and M. Paul Chaplin. Formulary management/pharmacy and therapeutics committees. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0028.
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While the cost of health care rises in all public healthcare organizations, budgets for that care have remained the same or have decreased. This is most certainly true in correctional settings. Because pharmaceutical expenditures are a substantial percentage of a health care organization’s budget, medication utilization is closely scrutinized. Clinicians must consider the appropriateness, effectiveness, and safety of medications prescribed to incarcerated patients. The abundance of available drugs and the complex issues with respect to their safe and effective use make a sound program for maximizing rational drug use critical. This is a challenging task in jails and prisons that requires a reexamination of the treatments provided. This is not a process of arbitrarily limiting prescriber choices or their decision-making authority solely based on cost-saving incentives. Evidence-based, best practices that inform the development of, and adherence to, disease management guidelines and a preferred, restricted medication formulary enhances the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the care provided. This chapter details the process and procedures to develop, implement, and monitor prescription practice change by establishing an effective Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committee (P & TC). The chapter further addresses: the roles and responsibilities of a P & TC; P & TC decision-making processes; formulary development and modification; formulary process decision-making; medication therapy management guidelines; prescriber education; and data analytics to assist in monitoring outcomes, medication use, and prescriber adherence to P & TC policies.
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Brennan, Iain R. High Stakes. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.17.
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This chapter describes the contradictory roles that weapons play in offender decision making as mechanisms that can both increase the physical harm to a victim of violence and also reduce the need for physical harm in victims of robbery. Because weapons serve simultaneously offensive and defensive purposes, the way in which offenders carry and use weapons is subject to a complex decision-making process. This process is presented and interpreted from a rational perspective, incorporating an offender’s calculation of potential benefits and costs as well as the uncertainty of a victim’s response. A rational analysis of weapon carrying and use is presented along with research evidence suggesting that culture and availability are important influences on weapon of choice and weapon-related behavior. The chapter concludes with a review of the effectiveness of weapons in reducing victim resistance and retaliation showing that weapon use is a high-reward/high-cost activity.
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Thurner, Paul W. Networks and European Union Politics. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.24.
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The European Union (EU) is a regional cooperation regime with a specific and still fluid governance structure. It constitutes the world’s largest and institutionally most deeply integrated system of international relations with supranational features. As a consequence, the literature on the EU often emphasizes informality, multilevel aspects, and its “network governance” character. Network analysis is therefore a promising perspective for the systematic investigation of complex networks of formalized actor relations as well as of informal and implicit political structures and processes in the EU. Applied network analysis is meanwhile used for the investigation of multi-level policy preparation, of collective decision-making in the political system in the EU, and of the implementation process of EU policies in the Member States.
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Walker, Stephen G., and Mark Schafer. Operational Code Theory: Beliefs and Foreign Policy Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.411.
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The process of foreign policy decision making is influenced in large part by beliefs, along with the strategic interaction between actors engendered by their decisions and the resulting political outcomes. In this context, beliefs encompass three kinds of effects: the mirroring effects associated with the decision making situation, the steering effects that arise from this situation, and the learning effects of feedback. These effects are modeled using operational code analysis, although “operational code theory” more accurately describes an alliance of attribution and schema theories from psychology and game theory from economics applied to the domain of politics. This “theory complex” specifies belief-based solutions to the puzzles posed by diagnostic, decision making, and learning processes in world politics. The major social and intellectual dimensions of operational code theory can be traced to Nathan Leites’s seminal research on the Bolshevik operational code, The Operational Code of the Politburo. In the last half of the twentieth century, applications of operational code analysis have emphasized different cognitive, emotional, and motivational mechanisms as intellectual dimensions in explaining foreign policy decisions. The literature on operational code theory may be divided into four general waves of research: idiographic-interpretive studies, nomothetic-typological studies, quantitative-statistical studies, and formal modeling studies. The present trajectory of studies on operational code points to a number of important trends that straddle political psychology and game theory. For example, the psychological processes of mirroring, steering, and learning associated with operational code analysis have the potential to enrich our understanding of game-theoretic models of strategic interaction.
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Welsh, Sarah S., Geneviève Dupont-Thibodeau, and Matthew P. Kirschen. Neuroprognostication after severe brain injury in children: Science fiction or plausible reality? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0010.
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Neuroprognostication is a complex process that spans the resuscitative, acute, and subacute phases of brain injury and recovery. Improvements over time have transitioned the task of outcome prediction after severe brain injury from estimating survival to providing a qualitative prognosis of functional neurologic recovery. This chapter follows the case of an 8-year-old boy who remained comatose following a cardiac arrest due to drowning. We describe and analyze novel applications of current technologies that could be used in the future to improve the accuracy, reliability, and confidence in the neuroprognostication process for physicians and families that are at the heart of ethical decision-making in medicine.
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Bion, Julian, and Anna Dennis. ICU admission and discharge criteria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0020.
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The decision to admit patients to intensive care or discharge them, is a daily task for intensivists, a life-changing event for patients and families, and a major strategic issue for health care systems worldwide. Decisions must often be made rapidly, in conditions of uncertainty, involving substituted judgements about relative risks and benefits, framed by sociocultural factors that are not well characterized. The outcomes are strongly influenced by available resources, staffing, and skills throughout the patient pathway. The decision to admit should be based on the severity of illness, chronic health and physiological reserve, and therapeutic susceptibility, informed by the patient’s wishes. Discharge decisions are equally complex and involve balancing the needs of individual patients against those of society. Scoring systems and guidelines can aid decision making. The process involves collaboration between intensivist, referring team, patient, and family. The provision of futile care is usually driven by family expectations and lack of agreement among the treating team. Discussions involve value judgements. Effective admission and discharge processes will minimize avoidable morbidity, mortality, and readmissions, and maximize family and patient satisfaction, and cost-efficacy. However, reaching the most effective level of practice involves balances and compromises. Experienced clinical judgement remains a key element in defining suitability of individual patients for ICU admission and discharge.
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Bakir, Caner, and Günes Ertan, eds. Policy Analysis in Turkey. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338956.001.0001.
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This book provides the first comprehensive overview of the state of policy analysis in Turkey. Policy analysis in Turkey, both as an academic inquiry and as a systematic practice in public and other policy-oriented organizations had been quite limited up until the 1990s. The book first examines the evolution of policy analysis in Turkish academia and public organizations followed by an in-depth review of the dominant modes of policy analysis performed by governmental and non-governmental actors. Throughout the chapters a special emphasis is given to structural constraints inhibiting the adoption of policy analytic approaches as well as the facilitating actors and forces such as international organizations. Overall, we challenge the caricatured image of policy making in Turkey as a uniform, strictly top-down hierarchical process that is solely shaped by politics and reveal the more complex decision-making mechanisms that vary significantly among policy-making actors.
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Mathiesen, Amber, and Kali Roy. Common Perinatal Genetic Counseling Situations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681098.003.0009.
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This chapter highlights common situations in perinatal counseling, including challenging circumstances, complex situations, and ethical dilemmas. It discusses conflicts that may arise from pregnancy termination; the complexities surrounding the identification of incidental findings such as misattributed paternity, discovery of consanguinity, or discovery of an incidental condition; and issues surrounding privacy and confidentiality, including familial implications of genetic knowledge. Also discussed are difficult circumstances such as couples in conflict or nonparticipation of a male partner and dealing with uncertainty in various situations including fetal diagnosis and prognosis, family history, complex conditions, and variants of uncertain significance. Conflicts around fetal sex determination and the disclosure of adult-onset conditions are discussed, as is the situation when a patient asks for provider guidance in making a decision. Barriers to the consenting process are discussed, as are the complexities of practicing in a field of rapidly evolving technologies.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. The Pharmaceutical Industry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0002.
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Understanding the pharmaceutical industry is a complex mission, requiring a thorough understanding not only of the firms that produce drugs but also of the decision-making process involved in drug selection for patients, the role of insurance and other third-party payers, and the substantial role of government in monitoring and regulating many aspects of the marketplace for pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides an overview of the pharmaceutical industry, including the market structure, the stages of research and development (R&D) and the associated costs, the role of government regulation in R&D and approval, and the role of product liability in the research process. It notes the important distinction between basic research and applied research, and explains the roles of the private and public sectors in each. The chapter ends with a discussion of the development of pharmaceuticals for poor countries.
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Wikle, Christopher K. Spatial Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.710.
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The climate system consists of interactions between physical, biological, chemical, and human processes across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Characterizing the behavior of components of this system is crucial for scientists and decision makers. There is substantial uncertainty associated with observations of this system as well as our understanding of various system components and their interaction. Thus, inference and prediction in climate science should accommodate uncertainty in order to facilitate the decision-making process. Statistical science is designed to provide the tools to perform inference and prediction in the presence of uncertainty. In particular, the field of spatial statistics considers inference and prediction for uncertain processes that exhibit dependence in space and/or time. Traditionally, this is done descriptively through the characterization of the first two moments of the process, one expressing the mean structure and one accounting for dependence through covariability.Historically, there are three primary areas of methodological development in spatial statistics: geostatistics, which considers processes that vary continuously over space; areal or lattice processes, which considers processes that are defined on a countable discrete domain (e.g., political units); and, spatial point patterns (or point processes), which consider the locations of events in space to be a random process. All of these methods have been used in the climate sciences, but the most prominent has been the geostatistical methodology. This methodology was simultaneously discovered in geology and in meteorology and provides a way to do optimal prediction (interpolation) in space and can facilitate parameter inference for spatial data. These methods rely strongly on Gaussian process theory, which is increasingly of interest in machine learning. These methods are common in the spatial statistics literature, but much development is still being done in the area to accommodate more complex processes and “big data” applications. Newer approaches are based on restricting models to neighbor-based representations or reformulating the random spatial process in terms of a basis expansion. There are many computational and flexibility advantages to these approaches, depending on the specific implementation. Complexity is also increasingly being accommodated through the use of the hierarchical modeling paradigm, which provides a probabilistically consistent way to decompose the data, process, and parameters corresponding to the spatial or spatio-temporal process.Perhaps the biggest challenge in modern applications of spatial and spatio-temporal statistics is to develop methods that are flexible yet can account for the complex dependencies between and across processes, account for uncertainty in all aspects of the problem, and still be computationally tractable. These are daunting challenges, yet it is a very active area of research, and new solutions are constantly being developed. New methods are also being rapidly developed in the machine learning community, and these methods are increasingly more applicable to dependent processes. The interaction and cross-fertilization between the machine learning and spatial statistics community is growing, which will likely lead to a new generation of spatial statistical methods that are applicable to climate science.
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Oro, Daniel. Perturbation, Behavioural Feedbacks, and Population Dynamics in Social Animals. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849834.001.0001.
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In social animals, perturbations may trigger specific behavioural responses with consequences for dispersal and complex population dynamics. Perturbations raise the need for information gathering in order to reduce uncertainty and increase resilience. Updated information is then shared within the group and social behaviours emerge as a self-organized process. This social information factoralizes with the size of the group, and it is finally used for making crucial decisions about, for instance, when to leave the patch and where to go. Indeed, evolution has favoured philopatry over dispersal, and this trade-off is challenged by perturbations. When perturbations accumulate over time, they may decrease the suitability of the patch and erode the philopatric state until crossing a tipping point, beyond which most individuals decide to disperse to better areas. Initially, the decision to disperse is led by a few individuals, and this decision is copied by the rest of the group in an autocatalytic way. This feedback process of social copying is termed runaway dispersal. Furthermore, social copying enhances the evolution of cultural and technological innovation, which may cause additional nonlinearities for population dynamics. Social information gathering and social copying have also occurred in human evolution, especially after perturbations such as climate extremes and warfare. In summary, social feedback processes cause nonlinear population dynamics including hysteresis and critical transitions (from philopatry to patch collapses and invasions), which emerge from the collective behaviour of large ensembles of individuals.
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Brookman, Fiona, and Michelle Wright. “Deciding” to Kill. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.29.
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This chapter examines the cognitive, affective, and situational factors that influence the decision-making processes of those who kill. With little existing research that specifically focuses on homicide offender decision making, this chapter brings together criminological and psychological research on violence-related cognition, affect, and the situational dynamics of violent encounters. The authors make the case for combining these three perspectives in order to better understand decision making and homicide. Four case studies, two cases of homicide and two of sublethal encounters, illuminate offenders’ thoughts and feelings prior to and during the commission of the offense and illustrate the complex interplay of cognitive, affective, and situational factors in lethal and near-lethal events. The chapter concludes with proposed avenues for future research.
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Obst, WJ, R. Graham, and G. Christie. Financial Management for Agribusiness. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094635.
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Financial Management for Agribusiness presents a practical approach to financial decision making for all those involved in agribusiness, including farmers, horticulturists and supporting businesses, to manage invested funds, physical resources and labour. It covers all the stages leading to a completed business plan and provides straightforward worked examples for each step.
The authors emphasise the need to collect and record the detailed financial and physical records necessary for sound decision making and detail all stages of financial planning, including record keeping, preparation of financial statements, financial analysis, budgeting, income tax, Goods and Services Tax and succession planning.
The book clearly explains how past financial information of the business can be used to identify and assess alternative strategies that will aid management in making decisions that meet business and personal objectives.
The complete financial management process is then summarised in a comprehensive business plan.
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Laver, Michael, and Ernest Sergenti. In Conclusion. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0012.
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This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This book started with the twin premises that understanding multiparty competition is a core concern for everyone interested in representative democracy and that multiparty competition should be understood as an evolving dynamic system, not a stationary state. Given these premises, it investigated the dynamics of multiparty competition using computational agent-based modeling, a new technology that is ideally suited to providing systematic answers to the types of question we want to ask. This allows the modeling of decision making by party leaders, in what is clearly an analytically intractable setting, in terms of the informal rules of thumb that might be used by real human beings, rather than the formally provable best response strategies used by traditional formal theorists. Whether people use the dynamic model of multiparty competition or some better model of this vital but complex political process, there is no doubt that the computational approach deployed in this book offers vast potential to ask and answer interesting and important questions.
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Unger, Philippe, and Gerald Maurer. Heart valve disease: mixed valve disease, multiple valve disease, and others. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0039.
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Multiple and mixed heart valve disease are highly prevalent. Echocardiography is the cornerstone technique for imaging these patients. As with patients with single-valve stenosis or regurgitation, one should aim to evaluate the aetiology, the mechanism(s) of dysfunction, as well as the consequences and the possibility of repair. There are, however, specific issues, which include the followings: (1) the lack of published data; (2) most indices of valvular regurgitation and of stenosis severity have been validated in patients with single-valve/single-lesion disease; and (3) the haemodynamic interactions that may affect the severity and the diagnosis of these lesions. A global assessment of the consequences of the lesions is of the utmost importance in the decision-making process: whereas only severe regurgitation or stenosis is usually considered for surgery by current guidelines in a single-valve lesion, the combination of two or more less-than-severe lesions causing symptoms, left ventricular dysfunction, and/or pulmonary pressure increase may warrant surgery. This chapter focuses on the echocardiographic assessment of these sometimes complex lesions, emphasizing some pitfalls and tips to take into account when managing these patients.
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Alarie, Benjamin, and Andrew J. Green. Commitment and Cooperation on High Courts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199397594.001.0001.
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Judicial decision-making is ideally impartial. In reality, judges are influenced by many different factors, including institutional context, ideological commitment, fellow justices on a panel, and personal preferences. Empirical literature in this area increasingly analyzes this complex collection of factors in isolation, when a larger sample size of comparative institutional contexts can help assess the impact of the procedures, norms, and rules on key institutional decisions, such as how appeals are decided. This book explains how the answers to the following institutional questions largely determine the influence of political preferences of individual judges and the degree of cooperation among judges at a given point in time. Who decides how judicial appointments are made? How does an appeal reach the court; what processes occur? Who is before the court; how do the characteristics of the litigants and third parties affect judicial decision-making? How does the court decide the appeal; what institutional norms and strategic behaviors do the judges follow in obtaining their preferred outcome? The authors apply these four fundamental institutional questions to empirical work on the supreme courts of the United States, UK, Canada, India, and the High Court of Australia. The ultimate purpose of this book is to promote a deeper understanding of how institutional differences affect judicial decision-making, using empirical studies of supreme courts in countries with similar basic structures but with sufficient differences to enable meaningful comparison.
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Krishnan, Hari, Miriam R. Fine-Goulden, Sainath Raman, and Akash Deep, eds. Challenging Concepts in Paediatric Critical Care. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794592.001.0001.
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This textbook, ‘Challenging concepts in paediatric critical care’, has been designed to cater to the needs of paediatric intensivists, current trainees and those intending to train in the future. Similar to its predecessors in this ‘Challenging concepts’ series, this book aims to educate clinicians by describing clinical situations that are both common, such as bronchiolitis, sepsis etc., and complex, such as mechanical circulatory support, stem cell transplant etc., in paediatric intensive care medicine. The textbook contains 18 chapters based on challenging scenarios involving variety of diseases and organ dysfunctions. Each chapter contains several “Learning Points”, “Clinical Tips” and “Evidence Base” boxes embedded in the text with the aim to promote memory and stimulate learning. These run alongside an “Expert Commentary” written by an international group of experts in the field, to give practical advice of how they approach these difficult situations. Many chapters include results and imaging to enhance the fidelity and narrative style of text, that encourage the reader to understand the patient journey and feel part of the decision making process. The clinical topics in this book are aligned to match the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health’s paediatric intensive care medicine curriculum in the UK, as well as the curriculum of Paediatric Basic assessment and support in intensive care (BASIC) course and the various domains of Paediatric/neonatal European Diploma in Intensive Care (PEDIC) curriculum.
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Nahmias, Eddy. Your Brain as the Source of Free Will Worth Wanting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460723.003.0014.
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In Chapter 14, Eddy Nahmias begins by considering various reactions one could have to neuronaturalism—the thesis that, in imagining options, evaluating them, and making a decision, “each of those mental processes just is (or is realized in) a complex set of neural processes which causally interact in accord with the laws of nature.” Although dualists and reductionists tend to think that neuronaturalism conflicts with people’s self-conception, Nahmias argues that most people are amenable to whatever metaphysics makes sense of what matters to them. He argues that even though we do not yet have a theory of how neural activity can explain our conscious experiences, such a theory will have to make sense of how those neural processes are crucial causes of our decisions about what to do. He concludes by suggesting that interventionist theories of causation offer the best way to see this.
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Magolda, Marcia Baxter, and Kari B. Taylor. Developing Self-Authorship in College to Navigate Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.34.
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Many emerging adults find themselves navigating the complex transition from adolescence to adulthood while enrolled in college. The key to navigating the demands of college (and emerging adulthood) is not simply what decisions one makes but also how one makes them. This chapter foregrounds college student development research regarding the developmental capacities that underlie young adults’ decision-making processes. Drawing upon two longitudinal studies of college student and young adult development, the authors show how young adults move from uncritically following external formulas learned in childhood toward gaining the capacity for self-authorship—a journey that involves developing internal criteria for crafting one’s identities, relationships, and beliefs and yields the ability to navigate external demands. The authors emphasize that diverse combinations of personal characteristics, experiences, and meaning-making capacities yield diverse pathways toward self-authorship. They also highlight how higher education can promote self-authorship and explore further research to better understand self-authorship’s relevance across cultures.
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Ruhs, Martin, Kristof Tamas, and Joakim Palme, eds. Bridging the Gaps. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834557.001.0001.
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What is the use of research in public debates and policy-making on immigration and integration? Why are there such large gaps between migration debates and migration realities, and how can they be reduced? Bridging the Gaps: Linking Research to Public Debates and Policy-making on Migration and Integration provides a unique set of testimonies and analyses of these questions by researchers and policy experts who have been deeply involved in attempts to link social science research to public policies. Bridging the Gap argues that we must go beyond the prevailing focus on the research–policy nexus by considering how the media, public opinion, and other dimensions of public debates can interact with research and policy processes. The chapters provide theoretical analyses and personal assessments of the successes and failures of past efforts to link research to public debates and policy-making on migration and integration in six different countries—Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States—as well as in European and global governance debates. Contrary to common public perceptions and political demands, Bridging the Gaps argues that all actors contributing to research, public debates, and policy-making should recognize that migration, integration, and related decision-making are highly complex issues, and that there are no quick fixes to what are often enduring policy dilemmas. When the different actors understand and appreciate each other’s primary aims and constraints, such common understandings can pave the way for improved policy-making processes and better public policies that deal more effectively with the real challenges of migration and integration.
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McInnes, Colin, Kelley Lee, and Jeremy Youde, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.001.0001.
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Global health politics has emerged over the last two decades as a distinct, interdisciplinary field of study which, although its boundaries are not set, is beginning to demonstrate signs of maturity. It is concerned with the actions, practices, and policies that govern the sphere of global health. Its emergence is intimately linked with the reconceptualisation of health as global. The field addresses not only the processes of decision-making, but also the structures of power that shape what is possible and the requirement for collective action to address global problems. Politics is unavoidable, necessary, and integral to effectively addressing global health challenges. The study of global health politics therefore is not about how to minimise interference in rational decision-making, but rather about explaining and improving the quality of political institutions and processes that will, in turn, improve global health action and, ultimately, outcomes. Fundamental to this is an understanding of the nature of politics and the workings of power. But the field also requires knowledge and techniques from a variety of disciplines, which intersect to produce a more complete understanding than any one discipline can provide. The result is inherently both multi- and interdisciplinary, characterised by methodological pluralism and varied theoretical perspectives.
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Tatlisumak, Turgut, and Lars Thomassen, eds. Ischaemic Stroke in the Young. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.001.0001.
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Stroke in the young is different, complex, and challenging. This book delivers a comprehensive review of the different aspects of young ischaemic stroke. Incidence, risk factors, and aetiology differ notably from those seen in the elderly. There is an increased prevalence of traditional risk factors already at a young age, but the book also focuses on special risk factors in young stroke patients. In many young stroke patients, aetiology remains unclear. The book outlines an extensive diagnostic workup and a stroke subtype classification adapted for young strokes. Gender differences are prevalent in young stroke. The book describes risk factors that are either unique or more prevalent in women and the importance of treating them aggressively. Stroke symptoms in children are comparable to those in adults, but there is a dramatic bystander delay in diagnosing the stroke. The text therefore also deals with rapid stroke recognition and adaption to the special needs in children. Young stroke patients are under-represented in randomized controlled treatment trials. In the emergency setting, unusual clinical findings and off-label situations may be faced and the decision-making process may be challenging. Recommendations for secondary prevention are also mainly extrapolated from studies in older individuals. The authors extrapolate data and draw conclusions on the acute and prophylactic treatment of young stroke. Prognosis after young stroke is poor. Even minor stroke may have devastating life-long consequences for quality of life, education, and working capacity. The book points to the opportunity for lifelong prevention of vascular events.
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DuBois, James M., and Beth Prusaczyk. Ethical Issues in Dissemination and Implementation Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses primarily on the protection of human participants in D&I studies. It begins by reviewing the Belmont principles that undergird US research regulations and considering the ethical case for D&I research. It then proceeds to examine some ethical issues that might arise during the course of a public health, D&I research agenda in middle schools. It covers the ethical case for D&I research and common ethical challenges. The chapter also discusses strategies for ethical decision-making. While these strategies may be beneficial to all researchers, the authors believe they are of particular value to dissemination and implementation researchers because the nature of their work—context specific, complex, and unfamiliar to many peers, collaborators, and reviewers—means they will deal with uncertainty and conflict on a regular basis, and solutions to the problems they face will rarely be found through simple reference principles, rules, or regulations.
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Leland, Suzanne, and Holly Whisman. Local Legislatures. Edited by Donald P. Haider-Markel. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579679.013.017.
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Local government legislatures range from large urban city councils and county commissions to rural school boards. These bodies are shaped by state law and are quite diverse in their policymaking and administrative responsibilities. This article presents an overview of the current research on local legislatures, their structures, functions, and powers. The authors assess the body of research for each type, including cities, counties, and special purpose governments, and identify research opportunities of importance to local legislatures. The authors conclude that research has been hampered by the diversity of local governments and the limited comparability of units, and therefore tends toward methodologies that focus on contextual specificity. This is a complication that is likely to continue to influence the ability of researchers to address issues of decision-making, accountability, cooperation and other important questions using quantitative analyses, despite the pressing need to understand the impact of local legislatures in order to make informed choices about how to proceed in an increasingly complex realm of local government.
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Mackay, Ronnie, and Warren Brookbanks, eds. Fitness to Plead. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788478.001.0001.
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While criminalisation may be justified whenever an offender commits a sufficiently serious moral wrong requiring that he or she be called to account, the doctrine of fitness to plead calls this principle into question in the case of a person who lacks the capacity to participate meaningfully in a criminal trial. In light of the emerging focus on capacity-based approaches to decision making and the international human rights requirement that the law should treat defendants fairly, this volume offers a benchmark for the theory and practice of fitness to plead, considering differing perspectives and debate on the future development of a doctrine which has up until now been under-discussed and under-researched. The fitness-to-plead rules stand as an exception to notions of public accountability for criminal wrongdoing yet, despite the doctrine’s long-standing function in criminal procedure, it has proven complex to apply in practice and has given rise to many varied legislative models and considerable litigation in different jurisdictions. Particularly troublesome is the question of what is to be done with someone who has been found unfit to stand trial. Here the law is required to balance the need to protect these defendants who are unable to participate effectively in their own trial, whether permanently or for a defined period, with the need to protect the public from people who may have caused serious social harm as a result of their antisocial behaviour. The challenge for law reformers, legislators, and judges is to create rules that ensure that everyone who can properly be tried is tried, while seeking to preserve confidence in the fairness of the legal system by ensuring that people who cannot properly engage in the criminal trial process are not forced to endure it.
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Golan, Amos. Foundations of Info-Metrics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.001.0001.
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This book provides a framework for info-metrics—the science of modeling, inference, and reasoning under conditions of noisy and insufficient information. Info-metrics is an inherently interdisciplinary framework that emerged from the intersection of information theory, statistical inference, and decision-making under uncertainty. It allows us to process the available information with minimal reliance on assumptions that cannot be validated. This book focuses on unifying all information processing and model building within a single constrained optimization framework. It provides a complete framework for modeling and inference, rather than a problem-specific model. The framework evolves from the simple premise that our available information is often insufficient to provide a unique answer for decisions we wish to make. Each decision, or solution, is derived from the available input information along with a choice of inferential procedure. The book contains many multidisciplinary applications that demonstrate the simplicity and generality of the framework in real-world settings: These include initial diagnosis at an emergency room, optimal dose decisions, election forecasting, network and information aggregation, weather pattern analyses, portfolio allocation, inference of strategic behavior, incorporation of prior information, option pricing, and modeling an interacting social system. This book presents simple derivations of the key results that are necessary to understand and apply the fundamental concepts to a variety of problems. Derivations are often supported by graphical illustrations. The book is designed to be accessible for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners across the disciplines, requiring only basic quantitative skills and a little persistence.
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Huda, Ahmed Samei. The Medical Model in Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807254.001.0001.
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The medical model is a biopsychosocial model assessing a patient’s problems and matching them to the diagnostic construct using pattern recognition of clinical features. Diagnostic constructs allow for researching, communicating, teaching, and learning useful clinical information to influence clinical decision-making. They also have social and administrative functions such as access to benefits. They may also help explain why problems occur. Diagnostic constructs are used to describe diseases/syndromes and also other types of conditions such as spectrums of conditions. Treatments in medicine and psychiatry have several treatment objectives including cure or reducing distress and a variety of mechanisms of action apart from reversing disease/cure. Causation of conditions in medicine and psychiatry are often complex. The medical model allows doctors to assess and offer effective treatments to large numbers of patients and provide emergency cover. Diagnostic constructs in psychiatry and general medicine overlap for attributes such as clinical utility (e.g. predicting likely outcomes) and validity (e.g. lack of boundaries between different diagnostic constructs) and importance of social factors. There is an overlap in effectiveness between psychiatric and general medicine treatments and many general medicine medications do not reverse disease processes. Different mental health classifications have particular strengths and weaknesses for clinical, research, and social functions. Mental health research into understanding causes and mechanisms may need other classifications than diagnosis. As doctors in all specialties encounter mental health problems, there will always be psychiatric diagnostic constructs compatible with their training. Mental health research and service provision will always need to address psychosocial issues.
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Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.
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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.
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Jeutner, Valentin. Irresolvable Norm Conflicts in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808374.001.0001.
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Conventionally, international legal scholarship concerned with norm conflicts focusses on identifying how international law can or should resolve them. This book adopts a different approach. It focusses on identifying those norm conflicts that law cannot and should not resolve. The book offers an unprecedented, controversial, yet sophisticated, argument in favour of construing such irresolvable conflicts as legal dilemmas. Legal dilemmas exist when a legal actor confronts a conflict between at least two legal norms that cannot be avoided or resolved. Addressing both academics and practitioners, the book aims to identify the character and consequences of legal dilemmas, to distil their legal function within the sphere of international law, and to engender and contribute to serious theoretical and practical investigations into the conditions that lead to a legal dilemma. The argument unfolds in three parts. The first part proposes a definition of legal dilemmas and distinguishes the term from numerous related concepts. Based on this definition, the second part scrutinises international law’s contemporary norm conflict resolution and accommodation devices in order to identify their limited ability to resolve certain kinds of norm conflicts satisfactorily. Against the background of the limits identified in the second part, the third part outlines and evaluates the book’s proposed method of dealing with legal dilemmas. In contrast to conventional approaches that recommend dealing with irresolvable norm conflicts by means of non liquet declarations, judicial law-making or balancing test, the book’s proposal envisions that irresolvable norm conflicts are dealt with by judicial and sovereign actors in a complementary fashion. According to the proposal, judicial actors should openly acknowledge irresolvable conflicts and sovereign actors should decide with which norm they will comply. Subsequently, judicial actors should hold the sovereign actor responsible for the violation of any prescriptive norm the sovereign chose to impair. The book concludes with the argument that analysing various aspects of international law through the lenses of the concept of a legal dilemma enhances international law’s conceptual accuracy, facilitates more legitimate decision-making processes and maintains international law’s dynamic responsiveness.