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Journal articles on the topic 'Complex factorial experiments'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 September 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Drinkwater, Laurie E. "Cropping Systems Rsearch: Reconsidering Agricultural Experimental Approaches." HortTechnology 12, no. 3 (2002): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.3.355.

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Systems approaches to research can be used to study characteristics of agricultural systems that cannot be addressed using conventional factorial experiments. The goal of a factorial experiment is to break down a complex system in order to isolate and study specific components and identify cause-effect relationships. In contrast, systems experiments aim to understand how a complex system functions as a whole and thus requires that intact systems be studied. Two approaches have been successfully applied to agricultural systems research: 1) field station experiments where simulated cropping syst

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Cervantes, Michel J., and T. Fredrik Engstro¨m. "Factorial Design Applied to CFD." Journal of Fluids Engineering 126, no. 5 (2004): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1792277.

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Factorial design, a statistical method widely used for experiments, and its application to CFD are discussed. The aim is to propose a systematic, objective, and quantitative method for engineers to design a set of simulations in order to evaluate main and joint effects of input parameters on the numerical solution. The input parameters may be experimental uncertainty on boundary conditions, unknown boundary conditions, grid, differencing schemes, and turbulence models. The complex flow of the Turbine-99 test case, a hydropower draft tube flow, is used to illustrate the method, where four facto

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Łacka, Agnieszka. "NRC Designs—New Tools for Successful Agricultural Experiments." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (2021): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122406.

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In a nested row–column design (NRC), the experimental units in each of n blocks are grouped into n1 rows and n2 columns. Due to its structure, this experimental design allows full control of the experimental material and a relatively simple feedback loop within the “statistical triangle”. By applying such designs in agricultural experiments, we provide an insurance policy against future unexpected problems. Until now, the cost of this policy has been a complex statistical analysis of experimental data. This paper proposes a new “direct” approach to ANOVA based on the latest literature on the s

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Schaarschmidt, Frank, and Lea Vaas. "Analysis of Trials with Complex Treatment Structure Using Multiple Contrast Tests." HortScience 44, no. 1 (2009): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.1.188.

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Experiments with complex treatment structures are not uncommon in horticultural research. For example, in augmented factorial designs, one control treatment is added to a full factorial arrangement, or an experiment might be arranged as a two-factorial design with some groups omitted because they are practically not of interest. Several statistical procedures have been proposed to analyze such designs. Suitable linear models followed by F-tests provide only global inference for main effects and their interactions. Orthogonal contrasts are demanding to formulate and cannot always reflect all ex

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Düval, Sabine, and Thomas Hinz. "Different Order, Different Results? The Effects of Dimension Order in Factorial Survey Experiments." Field Methods 32, no. 1 (2019): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x19886827.

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Factorial surveys are widely used in the social sciences to measure respondents’ attitudes, beliefs, or behavioral intentions. In such surveys, respondents evaluate short descriptions of hypothetical situations, persons, or objects that vary across several dimensions. An important prerequisite of the method’s validity is that respondents are able to deal with the highly complex task created by the need to consider several variable dimensions within one coherent judgment. We analyze the effects of the order in which dimensions are presented in running text vignettes. An experimental setup with

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Aramesh, Saeed, and Ali Ghorbanian. "Multi-objective Optimization for a Complex Intersection Using Design of Experiments and Simulation." Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 53, no. 6 (2020): 791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.530605.

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Considering the importance of time in today's world and the rising traffic congestion in urban areas, using methods to reduce wait times and air pollution can have a significant impact on promoting urban management. Given the uncertainty in the number of vehicles and the emission rate of vehicles, a complex T intersection with three traffic lights was simulated in this study. Three objective functions were defined for the mean of wait time, average queue length, and aggregate pollutant emission of the vehicles in queue. First, regression equations for each of the variables were obtained by a f

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Jensen, Signe M., Christian Andreasen, Jens C. Streibig, Eshagh Keshtkar, and Christian Ritz. "A note on the analysis of germination data from complex experimental designs." Seed Science Research 27, no. 4 (2017): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258517000228.

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AbstractIn recent years germination experiments have become more and more complex. Typically, they are replicated in time as independent runs and at each time point they involve hierarchical, often factorial experimental designs, which are now commonly analysed by means of linear mixed models. However, in order to characterize germination in response to time elapsed, specific event-time models are needed and mixed model extensions of these models are not readily available, neither in theory nor in practice. As a practical workaround we propose a two-step approach that combines and weighs toget

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Stenhouse, Neil, and Richard Heinrich. "Breaking Negative Stereotypes of Climate Activists: A Conjoint Experiment." Science Communication 41, no. 3 (2019): 339–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547019848766.

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We tested 44 variations in profiles of climate change activists to see what affected willingness to associate with them. The largest effects were from activists’ perspectives on climate change, how often they pressure others, gun control views, and party affiliation. If implemented as a traditional factorial experiment, this experiment would require 648,000 conditions and an infeasibly large sample. We obtained our results much more efficiently via an experimental design rare in communication research. Conjoint experiments will be useful to science communication researchers who wish to simulta

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Cangussu, Nara, Ana Mafalda Matos, Paula Milheiro-Oliveira, and Lino Maia. "Modelling and Predicting Self-Compacting High Early Age Strength Mortars Properties: Comparison of Response Models from Full, Fractioned and Small Central Composite Designs." Applied Sciences 13, no. 14 (2023): 8413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148413.

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The mixture design of cement-based materials can be complex due to the increasing number of constituent raw materials and multiple requirements in terms of engineering performance and economic and environmental efficiency. Designing experiments based on factorial plans has shown to be a powerful tool for predicting and optimising advanced cement-based materials, such as self-compacting high-early-strength cement-based mortars. Nevertheless, the number of factor interactions required for factor scheduling increases considerably with the number of factors. Consequently, the probability that the

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Rezende, Camila A., Beatriz W. Atta, Marcia C. Breitkreitz, Rachael Simister, Leonardo D. Gomez, and Simon J. McQueen-Mason. "Optimization of biomass pretreatments using fractional factorial experimental design." Biotechnology for Biofuels 11, no. 1 (2018): 206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1200-2.

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<strong>Background: </strong>Pretreatments are one of the main bottlenecks for the lignocellulose conversion process and the search for cheaper and effective pretreatment methodologies for each biomass is a complex but fundamental task. Here, we used a 2ν<sup>5−1</sup> fractional factorial design (FFD) to optimize five pretreatment variables: milling time, temperature, double treatment, chemical concentration, and pretreatment time in acid–alkali (EA) and acid–organosolv (EO) pretreatments, applied to elephant grass leaves.<strong>Results: </strong>FFD allowed optimization of the pretreatment

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Oll, Josua, Rüdiger Hahn, Daniel Reimsbach, and Peter Kotzian. "Tackling Complexity in Business and Society Research: The Methodological and Thematic Potential of Factorial Surveys." Business & Society 57, no. 1 (2016): 26–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650316645337.

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Factorial surveys (FSs) integrate elements of survey research and classical experiments. Using a large number of respondents in a controlled setting, FSs approximate complex and realistic judgment situations through so-called vignettes—that is, carefully designed descriptions of hypothetical people, social situations, or scenarios. Despite being rooted, and predominantly applied, in sociology, FSs are particularly promising for business and society (B&S) scholars. Given the multiplicity, inherent complexity, and sometimes fuzziness of B&S research objects, conventional research methods

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12

Allen Hammer, P. "Reply to Viewpoint." HortScience 24, no. 3 (1989): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.3.419.

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Abstract The problem of statistics in horticultural research as reported in HortScience and the Journal is not unique to ASHS. Other societies are fighting the same battle. And certainly no one can disagree with Padaki’s comments. However, the question of inconsistencies in the use of statistics is a great deal more complex than he has stated. If all experiments could be easily analyzed as regression, multiple comparison and contrasts, and factorial experiments, the statistical issue would be greatly simplified. However, add to that list sampling, time (years), nonhomogeneity of variance, outl

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Jankovic, Aleksandar, Gaurav Chaudhary, and Francesco Goia. "Designing the design of experiments (DOE) – An investigation on the influence of different factorial designs on the characterization of complex systems." Energy and Buildings 250 (November 2021): 111298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111298.

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Lakens, Daniël, and Aaron R. Caldwell. "Simulation-Based Power Analysis for Factorial Analysis of Variance Designs." Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 4, no. 1 (2021): 251524592095150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515245920951503.

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Researchers often rely on analysis of variance (ANOVA) when they report results of experiments. To ensure that a study is adequately powered to yield informative results with an ANOVA, researchers can perform an a priori power analysis. However, power analysis for factorial ANOVA designs is often a challenge. Current software solutions do not allow power analyses for complex designs with several within-participants factors. Moreover, power analyses often need [Formula: see text] or Cohen’s f as input, but these effect sizes are not intuitive and do not generalize to different experimental desi

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Sztankovics, István. "Study on the roughness parameters describing surface functionality in bore honing." Multidiszciplináris Tudományok 13, no. 2 (2023): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2023.2.12.

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In the examination of the finishing procedures, it is also necessary to examine the parameters characterizing the functionality in addition to the numerical values of the surface roughness. This allows us to get a more complex picture of the behaviour of the machined surface during the working conditions. In this paper, the parameters of average roughness, surface skewness, and surface kurtosis are examined for holes machined with honing. During the experiments, the full factorial experimental design is used. Thus, the cutting experiments were performed with a total of 8 settings for 2 values

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de Souza, Caio Henrique Pereira, Márcia Izumi Sakamoto, Paulo Cesar Pozza, et al. "Enzyme complex addition in barley or rye broiler diets with two energy levels fed from 1 to 21 days." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 102, no. 1 (2022): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2020-0201.

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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate diet digestibility, performance, digestive parameters, and blood parameters when an enzyme complex (EC) was used in barley- and rye-based diets with different energy levels. In the digestibility assay (exp. I), 108 seventeen-day-old Cobb male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design in 2 × 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement with two feeds (barley or rye), two EC levels (0% and 0.02%), and two energy levels [3025 and 3125 kcal apparent metabolizable energy (AME)·kg−1], plus a control treatment. In exp. II, 1080 one-day-old Cobb male bro

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Moreland, Jeffrey C., Julia L. Sharp, and Philip J. Brown. "Lab-Scale Fiber Spinning Experimental Design Cost Comparison." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 5, no. 1 (2010): 155892501000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501000500105.

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Many statistical experimental designs are too costly or require too much raw material to be feasible for lab-scale fiber spinning experiments. In this study a four-factor response surface design is presented to study the fiber spinning process in detail at the lab scale. The time, cost, and amount of raw material required to execute the proposed design are compared to the typical completely randomized 24 factorial design used in fiber spinning experiments and also to a standard four-factor response surface design. Sample fiber data as well as analysis from a typical statistical software packag

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18

Stopher, Peter R., and David A. Hensher. "Are More Profiles Better Than Fewer?: Searching for Parsimony and Relevance in Stated Choice Experiments." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1719, no. 1 (2000): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1719-22.

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Transportation planners increasingly include a stated choice (SC) experiment as part of the armory of empirical sources of information on how individuals respond to current and potential travel contexts. The accumulated experience with SC data has been heavily conditioned on analyst prejudices about the acceptable complexity of the data collection instrument, especially the number of profiles (or treatments) given to each sampled individual (and the number of attributes and alternatives to be processed). It is not uncommon for transport demand modelers to impose stringent limitations on the co

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Patil, Laxmikant R., Gururaj N. Bhadri, Anil R. Shet, and Veeranna S. Hombalimath. "Active and collaborative learning approach in Unit Operations laboratory by Open-ended experiments using the concept of Design of Experiments (DOE)." Journal of Engineering Education Transformations 36, S2 (2023): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2023/v36is2/23089.

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Unit Operations is the hallmark course of Chemical Engineering and allied disciplines. This involves the separation of products by physical means such as Distillation, Extraction, Gas absorption, Crystallization, Evaporation, Filtration, etc. Unit Operations course is usually offered in the second year of the undergraduate program in Biotechnology. The conventional pedagogy practiced to date was not so effective in the attainment of certain Program Outcomes (PO). To address this issue, categorization of the laboratory was done into four types: Demonstration, Exercise, Structural inquiry, and O

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20

Perkins, Jordan T., Michael C. Petriello, Li Xu, Arnold Stromberg, and Bernhard Hennig. "An open-sourced statistical application for identifying complex toxicological interactions of environmental pollutants." Reviews on Environmental Health 32, no. 1-2 (2017): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2016-0044.

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Abstract The rising number of chemicals that humans are exposed to on a daily basis, as well as advances in biomonitoring and detection technologies have highlighted the diversity of individual exposure profiles (complex body burdens). To address this, the toxicological sciences have begun to shift away from examining toxic agents or stressors individually to focusing on more complex models with multiple agents or stressors present. Literature on interactions between chemicals is fairly limited in comparison with dose-response studies on individual toxicants, which is largely due to experiment

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Riumin, V., and Yu Solodovnyk. "STUDY OF T-STUB COMPONENTS OF A BEAM TO COLUMN JOINT: A FULL FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 189 (2025): 225–32. https://doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2025-1-189-225-232.

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The article discusses the application of the component method to assess the bearing capacity of a T-stub component of steel structures in tension. The method allows analysing the behaviour of the joint based on the mechanical characteristics of the material and geometrical parameters. The proposed approach is based on the consideration of a joint as a set of individual main components that interact with each other to form a complex structural system. The study was carried out by modelling and analysing various parameters of the component using the finite element method in software packages, wh

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Murray, Christopher, and Hannes Baumann. "You Better Repeat It: Complex CO2 × Temperature Effects in Atlantic Silverside Offspring Revealed by Serial Experimentation." Diversity 10, no. 3 (2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d10030069.

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Concurrent ocean warming and acidification demand experimental approaches that assess biological sensitivities to combined effects of these potential stressors. Here, we summarize five CO2 × temperature experiments on wild Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, offspring that were reared under factorial combinations of CO2 (nominal: 400, 2200, 4000, and 6000 µatm) and temperature (17, 20, 24, and 28 °C) to quantify the temperature-dependence of CO2 effects in early life growth and survival. Across experiments and temperature treatments, we found few significant CO2 effects on response traits. S

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Kozak, Marcin. "Analyzing one-way experiments: a piece of cake of a pain in the neck?" Scientia Agricola 66, no. 4 (2009): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000400020.

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Statistics may be intricate. In practical data analysis many researchers stick to the most common methods, not even trying to find out whether these methods are appropriate for their data and whether other methods might be more useful. In this paper I attempt to show that when analyzing even simple one-way factorial experiments, a lot of issues need to be considered. A classical method to analyze such data is the analysis of variance, quite likely the most often used statistical method in agricultural, biological, ecological and environmental studies. I suspect this is why this method is quite

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Gomes, Wyllerson, Beatriz Martini Rodrigues, Juliana Andréa Franco Burguim, et al. "OPTIMIZATION TRENDS IN TOTAL LIPOPEPTIDE PRODUCTION BY Bacillus velezensis 0G REVEALED A SUSTAINABLE SUBMERGED FERMENTATION METHOD USING SWEET POTATO PEELS." Revista Tecnológica 30, no. 1 (2022): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/revtecnol.v30i1.55243.

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Bacillus velezensis are plant-growth promoting microorganisms. They produce an interesting class of cyclic peptides; surfactin, which have antifungal and surfactant properties. Lipopeptide of the surfactin family are very potent biosurfactants with important applications for environmental remediation and chemical industries. In the present work, the complex production of lipopeptide (mostly surfactins) by B. velezensis 0G, was evaluated under different growth conditions using factorial design 23 with central and axial points. All experiments were carried out based on sustainable submerged ferm

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Xing, Lijuan, and Andreas Westphal. "Interaction of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines and Heterodera glycines in Sudden Death Syndrome of Soybean." Phytopathology® 96, no. 7 (2006): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0763.

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Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean is caused by the soilborne Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines (synonym F. virguliforme). In a sequential approach, two multifactor factorial-design microplot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of fungal infestation levels and soil moisture on both root necrosis and foliar SDS severity, and the interaction between F. solani f. sp. glycines and Heterodera glycines in fumigated versus nonfumigated soil. In 2003, soybean cv. Spencer was grown in nonfumigated or methyl bromide-fumigated soil and infested with increasing levels of F. solani f. s

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N.Tirumalesh, and K. P. R. Chowdary*. "ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF TELMISARTAN EMPLOYING β-CYCLODEXTRIN AND SOLUPLUS – A FACTORIAL STUDY". Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, № 07 (2017): 2095–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.835832.

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Telmisartan, a widely prescribed anti hypertensive drug belongs to class IΙ under BCS and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. Its oral absorption is dissolution rate limited and it requires enhancement in the solubility and dissolution rate for increasing its oral bioavailability. The objective of the study is to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of Telmisartan by cyclodextrin complexation along with Soluplus and to evaluate the individual main effects and combined (or interaction) effects of β cyclodextrin (βCD) and surfactant (Soluplus)

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Zhang, C., H. Tian, S. Pan, G. Lockaby, and A. Chappelka. "Multi-factor controls on terrestrial carbon dynamics in urbanised areas." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (2013): 17597–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17597-2013.

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Abstract. As urban land cover and populations continue rapidly increasing across the globe, much concern has been raised that urbanization may significantly alter terrestrial carbon dynamics that affects atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate. Urbanization involves complex changes in land structure and multiple environmental factors. Relative contribution of these and their interactive effects need be quantified to better understand urbanization effects on regional C dynamics as well as assess the effectiveness of C sequestration policies focusing on urban green space development. In this s

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Aly, Magdy M., Shaimaa S. Ibrahim, and Rania M. Hathout. "The Re-Modeling of a Polymeric Drug Delivery System Using Smart Response Surface Designs: A Sustainable Approach for the Consumption of Fewer Resources." ChemEngineering 9, no. 3 (2025): 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering9030060.

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Introduction: The use of response surface designs for drug formulation is highly warranted nowadays. Such smart designs reduce the number of required experiments compared to full-factorial designs, while providing highly accurate and reliable results. Aim: This study compares the effectiveness of two of the most commonly used response surface designs—Central Composite Design (CCD) and D-optimal Design (DOD)—in modeling a polymer-based drug delivery system. The performance of the two designs was further evaluated under a challenging scenario where a central point was deliberately converted into

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Tarlochan, Faris. "Design Optimization of Bi-Tubular Thin Walled Columns for Crashworthiness Application." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 1218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.1218.

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Improving crashworthiness of vehicles is considered to be one of the main concerns in traffic safety. The study focused on new designs that can be incorporated into existing vehicles. The paper presents a crashworthiness design of a bi-tubular thin walled column for different dimension profiles. To formulate the complex crashworthiness design problem, the response surface method (RSM) was utilized. The design of experiments of the factorial design is used to construct the response surface for the specific energy absorption (SEA). This surface was optimized for SEA. Results from a finite elemen

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Teknetzi, Ioanna, Hai Co Nguyen, and Burçak Ebin. "A Simple Step-by-Step Guide to the Design and Analysis of Unreplicated Split-Plot Experiments Through a Case Study on Molybdenum Recycling from CIGS Solar Cells." Applied Sciences 15, no. 1 (2025): 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010415.

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Considerable effort has been put over the last few decades into clarifying the correct design and analysis of split-plot factorial experiments. However, the information found in the literature is scattered and sometimes still not easy to grasp for non-experts. Because of the importance of split-plots for the industry and the fact that any experimenter may need to use them at some point, a detailed and step-by-step guide collecting all the available information on the fundamental methodology in one place was deemed necessary. More specifically, this paper discusses the simple case of an unrepli

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Huffman, Jeff C., Rachel A. Millstein, Christopher M. Celano, Brian C. Healy, Elyse R. Park, and Linda M. Collins. "Developing a Psychological–Behavioral Intervention in Cardiac Patients Using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy: Lessons Learned From the Field." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 54, no. 3 (2019): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz035.

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Abstract Background The Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) is an approach to systematically and efficiently developing a behavioral intervention using a sequence of experiments to prepare and optimize the intervention. Purpose Using a 6 year MOST-based behavioral intervention development project as an example, we outline the results—and resulting decision-making process—related to experiments at each step to display the practical challenges present at each stage. Methods To develop a positive psychology (PP) based intervention to promote physical activity after an acute coronary syndrome

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Spinozzi, Eleonora, Marta Ferrati, Desiree Lo Giudice, et al. "Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation of the Insecticidal Essential Oil from Carlina acaulis: A Fractional Factorial Design Optimization Study." Plants 12, no. 3 (2023): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030622.

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Recently, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAH) has been reported as an innovative technique leading to increased essential oil (EO) extraction yield, coupled with reduced extraction time and energy costs. The EO of Carlina acaulis L. (Asteraceae), mainly constituted by carlina oxide (>95%) and conventionally obtained through traditional hydrodistillation (HD), has been reported as extremely effective against several arthropod vectors and pests of medical and economic importance with limited impact on non-target species, including mammals. This study aimed to the optimization of the EO

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Sedghi, Mohammad, Abolghasem Golian, Ali Afsar, and Reza Mirshekar. "Optimisation of branched-chain amino acid requirements for 15–21-day-old broiler chickens by using the Taguchi method." Animal Production Science 62, no. 5 (2022): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an21238.

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Context There are complex inter-relationships among the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), making the use of full factorial design experiments more complicated, costly and time-consuming when attempting to estimate the optimal levels of the BCAAs. Aims Two experiments were conducted to determine optimal concentrations of BCAAs by using the Taguchi method and mathematical models for broiler chickens during 15–21 days of age. Methods In the first experiment, the optimal concentrations of BCAAs were determined for broiler chickens, and the accuracy of the results was evaluated in the second expe

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Roberto Chaves Neto, José, Ricardo Boscaini, Renato Carnellosso Guerra, et al. "RESPOSTADA IRRIGAÇÃO E DA APLICAÇÃO DE FUNGICIDAS SOBRE A QUALIDADE SANITÁRIA E PRODUTIVIDADE DE GRÃOS DE MILHO." COLLOQUIUM AGRARIAE 14, no. 4 (2018): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ca.2018.v14.n4.a255.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of irrigation and foliar application of fungicide on the burned grain complex, fungal incidence (Blotter test) and grain yield of two maize hybrids. The experiments were conducted in the agricultural crop 2014/15, in Cruz Alta, RS. For both experiments, the treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and arranged in factorial scheme:2 (commercial hybrids) x 4 (3 fungicides and 1 control), with 4 replicates. In the laboratory, the grains were evaluated, as percentage of burned grains, grain sanity by Blotter test method, weight

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Traynor, Carlos, Tarjinder Sahota, Helen Tomkinson, Ignacio Gonzalez-Garcia, Neil Evans, and Michael Chappell. "Imputing Biomarker Status from RWE Datasets—A Comparative Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 12 (2021): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11121356.

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Missing data is a universal problem in analysing Real-World Evidence (RWE) datasets. In RWE datasets, there is a need to understand which features best correlate with clinical outcomes. In this context, the missing status of several biomarkers may appear as gaps in the dataset that hide meaningful values for analysis. Imputation methods are general strategies that replace missing values with plausible values. Using the Flatiron NSCLC dataset, including more than 35,000 subjects, we compare the imputation performance of six such methods on missing data: predictive mean matching, expectation-max

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Thapatsuwan, Peeraya, Warattapop Thapatsuwan, and Chaichana Kulworatit. "A Heuristic Enhancing Artificial Immune System for Three-dimensional Loading Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem." Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS) 6, no. 2 (2025): 1019–39. https://doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v6i2.6295.

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This study addresses the Three-Dimensional Loading Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (3L-CVRP), a highly complex NP-hard problem that combines vehicle routing with spatially constrained three-dimensional bin packing. To tackle this challenge, we propose an enhanced Artificial Immune System (En-AIS) that integrates a novel local search heuristic called “Bring-i-to-j,” designed to improve routing feasibility and loading efficiency. The En-AIS algorithm is further refined through rigorous parameter tuning using a full factorial design and ANOVA analysis. Comparative experiments were conducted a

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Li, Xinlei, Han Yan, Yongzhe Li, Guanxin Chi, and Guangjun Zhang. "Study on Characterization and Overlapping Strategy of Asymmetric Cross-Section of Spatial Curved GMA Deposition Bead." Symmetry 17, no. 6 (2025): 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060856.

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Compared with planar layering, the morphology of spatial GMA deposition beads formed by curved layering is influenced by gravity, resulting in asymmetric and complex cross-sections. To quantitatively describe the bead orientation and cross-sectional shape, this study introduces the path inclination angle and path direction angle, along with five characteristic parameters—height, width, eccentricity, upper plumpness, and lower plumpness—using piecewise polynomial fitting for profile modeling. A full-factorial experiment was conducted to establish the relationship between deposition speed, bead

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Quintana-Najera, Jessica, A. John Blacker, Louise A. Fletcher, Douglas G. Bray, and Andrew B. Ross. "The Influence of Biochar Augmentation and Digestion Conditions on the Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth." Energies 15, no. 7 (2022): 2524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072524.

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The augmentation of biochar (BC) during anaerobic digestion (AD) has been identified as a potential strategy for improving the AD of complex feedstocks. This study evaluates the influence of oak wood biochar 450 °C and fermentation conditions during the AD of the invasive aquatic plant, water hyacinth (WH). Factorial 22 design of experiments (DOE) allowed the evaluation of the effect of the crucial processing conditions, inoculum-to-substrate ratio (ISR) and biochar load. Further optimisation was performed to identify the best processing conditions for the AD of WH, at an ideal ISR of 1. The c

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Dabwan, Abdulmajeed, Adham E. Ragab, Mohamed A. Saleh, Saqib Anwar, Atef M. Ghaleb, and Ateekh Ur Rehman. "Study of the Effect of Process Parameters on Surface Profile Accuracy in Single-Point Incremental Sheet Forming of AA1050-H14 Aluminum Alloy." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (January 8, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7265941.

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Single-point incremental forming is an innovative flexible and inexpensive technique to form sheet products when prototypes or small batches are required. The process allows complex geometries to be produced using a computer numerical control machine, eliminating the need for a special die. This study reports on the effects of four important single-point incremental forming process parameters on produced surface profile accuracies. The profile accuracy was estimated by measuring the side angle errors and surface roughness and also waviness and circularity of the product inner surface. Full fac

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Gadimova, Natavan, Hasil Fataliyev, Elnur Heydarov, Yusif Lezgiyev, and Simuzar Isgandarova. "Development of a model and optimization of the interaction of factors in the grain malting process and its application in the production of functional beverages." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 11 (125) (2023): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.289421.

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The paper is devoted to the study of the interaction and significance of factors influencing the prediction and optimization of the process of obtaining malt. The object of our research is wheat, barley and rye malt. 33 full factorial experiments were performed, germination period, wetting degree and temperature act as variable factors. At the same time, the amylolytic activity of malt's enzymatic complex and malt's saccharification ability were taken as the response function of the experiment. 27 experiments were carried out with three repetitions in order to check the accuracy of the choice

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Shimizu, Gabriel Danilo, Rodrigo Yudi Palhaci Marubayashi, and Leandro Simões Azeredo Gonçalves. "AgroR: An R package and a Shiny interface for agricultural experiment analysis." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 47, no. 1 (2025): e73889. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v47i1.73889.

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Statistical analysis is central to agricultural research, but the complexity of statistical methodologies and programming languages, such as R, often poses challenges for researchers. To address these difficulties, we present AgroR, a comprehensive R package and Shiny web application (https://uel.br/fisher.uel.br/AgroR_shiny) designed to streamline the analysis of agricultural experiments. AgroR supports a wide range of experimental designs, offering tools for analysis of variance, multiple comparison tests, and assumption validation, as well as functions for exploratory data analysis and grap

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Rajput, Kiransinh N., Kamlesh C. Patel, and Ujjval B. Trivedi. "Screening and Selection of Medium Components for Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase Production by New Alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9 Using Plackett-Burman Design." Biotechnology Research International 2016 (February 3, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3584807.

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Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) production using new alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9 was investigated by submerged fermentation. Statistical screening for components belonging to different categories, namely, soluble and raw starches as carbon sources, complex organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, minerals, a buffering agent, and a surfactant, has been carried out for CGTase production using Plackett-Burman factorial design. To screen out k (19), number of variables, k+1 (20), number of experiments, were performed. Among the fourteen components screened, four co

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Oktora, Devic, Yu-Hung Ting, and Sukoyo. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Injection Parameters and Energy Consumption Based on ANN-Differential Evolution." Applied Sciences 15, no. 2 (2025): 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020826.

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Injection molding (IM) is one complex manufacturing process characterized by nonlinear behavior. Unlike classic linear modeling techniques like simple regression, many machine learning (ML) models have the ability to adjust to the nonlinear behaviors and interactions between input and output parameters. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) specifically have demonstrated exceptional performance in problems involving nonlinear modeling. This work will employ complete factorial design of experiments (DoE) to acquire a dataset which is both resilient and suitable for training, validation, and testing

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Sharma, Sunil, and Anuradha R. Chetiya. "Simplifying the Six Sigma Toolbox through Application of Shainin DOE Techniques." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 34, no. 1 (2009): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920090102.

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The success of a Six Sigma programme in an organization depends to a large extent on the success of the Six Sigma projects, which in turn depends on how the team handles the problem and whether the right combination of tools is being applied to address the root cause. The Six Sigma toolbox consists of a wide range of tools comprising, on the one hand, simple and commonly used tools like flow charts, Pareto analysis, and cause-and-effect diagram and the more advanced statistical tools like design of experiments, regression analysis and many more, on the other hand. While the simple tools are ea

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Glass, Jordan R., and Zachary R. Stahlschmidt. "Should I stay or should I go? Complex environments influence the developmental plasticity of flight capacity and flight-related trade-offs." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 1 (2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz073.

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Abstract Complex environments, characterized by co-varying factors (e.g. temperature and food availability) may cause animals to invest resources differentially into fitness-related traits. Thus, experiments manipulating multiple environmental factors concurrently provide valuable insight into the role of the environment in shaping not only important traits (e.g. dispersal capacity or reproduction), but also trait–trait interactions (e.g. trade-offs between traits). We used a multi-factorial design to manipulate variation in temperature (constant 28 °C vs. 28 ± 5 °C daily cycle) and food avail

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Shaitor, Nikolay, Michal Kelemen, and Boris Yakimovich. "Analysis and Synthesis in the Design of Magnetic Switching Electric Machines." Actuators 10, no. 7 (2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10070164.

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A systematic approach to the design of electrical machines is implemented by solving problems of analysis and synthesis in various combinations at different stages and stages of design. The questions of the formulation and implementation of synthesis and analysis problems in the study and design of modular-type magnetically commutated electrical machines are considered. They are aimed at reducing weight, size and cost while improving the performance of these newly designed machines. A complex method of parametric synthesis and an automated program containing a calculated mathematical model of

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Besseris, George. "Datacentric Similarity Matching of Emergent Stigmergic Clustering to Fractional Factorial Vectoring: A Case for Leaner-and-Greener Wastewater Recycling." Applied Sciences 13, no. 21 (2023): 11926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132111926.

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Water scarcity is a challenging global risk. Urban wastewater treatment technologies, which utilize processes based on single-stage ultrafiltration (UF) or nanofiltration (NF), have the potential to offer lean-and-green cost-effective solutions. Robustifying the effectiveness of water treatment is a complex multidimensional characteristic problem. In this study, a non-linear Taguchi-type orthogonal-array (OA) sampler is enriched with an emergent stigmergic clustering procedure to conduct the screening/optimization of multiple UF/NF aquametric performance metrics. The stochastic solver employs

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Abedin, Joynal, Francis Franklin, and S. M. Ikhtiar Mahmud. "A Two-Stage Optimisation of Ship Hull Structure Combining Fractional Factorial Design Technique and NSGA-II Algorithm." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 3 (2024): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030411.

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The intricate nature of ships and floating structures presents a significant challenge for ship designers when determining suitable structural dimensions for maritime applications. This study addresses a critical research gap by focusing on a three-cargo hold model for a multipurpose cargo ship. The complex composition of these structures, including stiffening plates, deck plates, bottom plates, frames, and bulkheads, necessitates thorough structural analysis to facilitate effective and cost-efficient design evaluation. To address this challenge, the research utilises FEMAP-integrated NX NASTR

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Patel, Jalpa, and Dhaval Mori. "Application of 32 Full Factorial Design and Desirability Function for Optimizing The Manufacturing Process for Directly Compressible Multi-Functional Co-Processed Excipient." Current Drug Delivery 17, no. 6 (2020): 523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201817666200508094743.

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Background: Developing a new excipient and obtaining its market approval is an expensive, time-consuming and complex process. Compared to that, the co-processing of already approved excipients has emerged as a more attractive option for bringing better characteristic excipients to the market. The application of the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach for developing co-processed excipient can make the entire process cost-effective and rapid. Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate the applicability of the DoE approach, especially 32 full factorial design, to develop

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Knight, Andrew W., Eric S. Eitrheim, Andrew W. Nelson, and Michael K. Schultz. "A calculation model for liquid-liquid extraction of protactinium by 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol." Nukleonika 60, no. 4 (2015): 837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0154.

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Abstract Reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel usually employs the solvent extraction technique to recover fissile material, isolate other valuable radionuclides, recover precious metals, and remove contaminants. Efficient recovery of these species from highly radioactive solutions requires a detailed understanding of reaction conditions and metal speciation that leads to their isolation in pure forms. Due to the complex nature of these systems, identification of ideal reaction conditions for the efficient extraction of specific metals can be challenging. Thus, the development of experimental app

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