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Zhang, Chuang, Chang-Ling Zou, Yan Zhao, Chun-Hua Dong, Cong Wei, Hanlin Wang, Yunqi Liu, Guang-Can Guo, Jiannian Yao, and Yong Sheng Zhao. "Organic printed photonics: From microring lasers to integrated circuits." Science Advances 1, no. 8 (September 2015): e1500257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500257.
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A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is the optical analogy of an electronic loop in which photons are signal carriers with high transport speed and parallel processing capability. Besides the most frequently demonstrated silicon-based circuits, PICs require a variety of materials for light generation, processing, modulation, and detection. With their diversity and flexibility, organic molecular materials provide an alternative platform for photonics; however, the versatile fabrication of organic integrated circuits with the desired photonic performance remains a big challenge. The rapid development of flexible electronics has shown that a solution printing technique has considerable potential for the large-scale fabrication and integration of microsized/nanosized devices. We propose the idea of soft photonics and demonstrate the function-directed fabrication of high-quality organic photonic devices and circuits. We prepared size-tunable and reproducible polymer microring resonators on a wafer-scale transparent and flexible chip using a solution printing technique. The printed optical resonator showed a quality (Q) factor higher than 4 × 105, which is comparable to that of silicon-based resonators. The high material compatibility of this printed photonic chip enabled us to realize low-threshold microlasers by doping organic functional molecules into a typical photonic device. On an identical chip, this construction strategy allowed us to design a complex assembly of one-dimensional waveguide and resonator components for light signal filtering and optical storage toward the large-scale on-chip integration of microscopic photonic units. Thus, we have developed a scheme for soft photonic integration that may motivate further studies on organic photonic materials and devices.
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Maram, Reza, Saket Kaushal, José Azaña, and Lawrence Chen. "Recent Trends and Advances of Silicon-Based Integrated Microwave Photonics." Photonics 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010013.
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Multitude applications of photonic devices and technologies for the generation and manipulation of arbitrary and random microwave waveforms, at unprecedented processing speeds, have been proposed in the literature over the past three decades. This class of photonic applications for microwave engineering is known as microwave photonics (MWP). The vast capabilities of MWP have allowed the realization of key functionalities which are either highly complex or simply not possible in the microwave domain alone. Recently, this growing field has adopted the integrated photonics technologies to develop microwave photonic systems with enhanced robustness as well as with a significant reduction of size, cost, weight, and power consumption. In particular, silicon photonics technology is of great interest for this aim as it offers outstanding possibilities for integration of highly-complex active and passive photonic devices, permitting monolithic integration of MWP with high-speed silicon electronics. In this article, we present a review of recent work on MWP functions developed on the silicon platform. We particularly focus on newly reported designs for signal modulation, arbitrary waveform generation, filtering, true-time delay, phase shifting, beam steering, and frequency measurement.
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Sun, Shuai, Mario Miscuglio, Xiaoxuan Ma, Zhizhen Ma, Chen Shen, Engin Kayraklioglu, Jeffery Anderson, Tarek El Ghazawi, and Volker J. Sorger. "Induced homomorphism: Kirchhoff’s law in photonics." Nanophotonics 10, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 1711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0655.
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Abstract When solving, modeling or reasoning about complex problems, it is usually convenient to use the knowledge of a parallel physical system for representing it. This is the case of lumped-circuit abstraction, which can be used for representing mechanical and acoustic systems, thermal and heat-diffusion problems and in general partial differential equations. Integrated photonic platforms hold the prospective to perform signal processing and analog computing inherently, by mapping into hardware specific operations which relies on the wave-nature of their signals, without trusting on logic gates and digital states like electronics. Here, we argue that in absence of a straightforward parallelism a homomorphism can be induced. We introduce a photonic platform capable of mimicking Kirchhoff’s law in photonics and used as node of a finite difference mesh for solving partial differential equation using monochromatic light in the telecommunication wavelength. Our approach experimentally demonstrates an arbitrary set of boundary conditions, generating a one-shot discrete solution of a Laplace partial differential equation, with an accuracy above 95% with respect to commercial solvers. Our photonic engine can provide a route to achieve chip-scale, fast (10 s of ps), and integrable reprogrammable accelerators for the next generation hybrid high-performance computing. Summary A photonic integrated platform which can mimic Kirchhoff’s law in photonics is used for approximately solve partial differential equations noniteratively using light, with high throughput and low-energy levels.
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Ferreira de Lima, Thomas, Alexander N. Tait, Armin Mehrabian, Mitchell A. Nahmias, Chaoran Huang, Hsuan-Tung Peng, Bicky A. Marquez, et al. "Primer on silicon neuromorphic photonic processors: architecture and compiler." Nanophotonics 9, no. 13 (August 10, 2020): 4055–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0172.
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AbstractMicroelectronic computers have encountered challenges in meeting all of today’s demands for information processing. Meeting these demands will require the development of unconventional computers employing alternative processing models and new device physics. Neural network models have come to dominate modern machine learning algorithms, and specialized electronic hardware has been developed to implement them more efficiently. A silicon photonic integration industry promises to bring manufacturing ecosystems normally reserved for microelectronics to photonics. Photonic devices have already found simple analog signal processing niches where electronics cannot provide sufficient bandwidth and reconfigurability. In order to solve more complex information processing problems, they will have to adopt a processing model that generalizes and scales. Neuromorphic photonics aims to map physical models of optoelectronic systems to abstract models of neural networks. It represents a new opportunity for machine information processing on sub-nanosecond timescales, with application to mathematical programming, intelligent radio frequency signal processing, and real-time control. The strategy of neuromorphic engineering is to externalize the risk of developing computational theory alongside hardware. The strategy of remaining compatible with silicon photonics externalizes the risk of platform development. In this perspective article, we provide a rationale for a neuromorphic photonics processor, envisioning its architecture and a compiler. We also discuss how it can be interfaced with a general purpose computer, i.e. a CPU, as a coprocessor to target specific applications. This paper is intended for a wide audience and provides a roadmap for expanding research in the direction of transforming neuromorphic photonics into a viable and useful candidate for accelerating neuromorphic computing.
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Lin, Qian, Xiao-Qi Sun, Meng Xiao, Shou-Cheng Zhang, and Shanhui Fan. "A three-dimensional photonic topological insulator using a two-dimensional ring resonator lattice with a synthetic frequency dimension." Science Advances 4, no. 10 (October 2018): eaat2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2774.
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In the development of topological photonics, achieving three-dimensional topological insulators is of notable interest since it enables the exploration of new topological physics with photons and promises novel photonic devices that are robust against disorders in three dimensions. Previous theoretical proposals toward three-dimensional topological insulators use complex geometries that are challenging to implement. On the basis of the concept of synthetic dimension, we show that a two-dimensional array of ring resonators, which was previously demonstrated to exhibit a two-dimensional topological insulator phase, automatically becomes a three-dimensional topological insulator when the frequency dimension is taken into account. Moreover, by modulating a few of the resonators, a screw dislocation along the frequency axis can be created, which provides robust one-way transport of photons along the frequency axis. Demonstrating the physics of screw dislocation in a topological system has been a substantial challenge in solid-state systems. Our work indicates that the physics of three-dimensional topological insulators can be explored in standard integrated photonic platforms, leading to opportunities for novel devices that control the frequency of light.
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Novack, Ari, Matt Streshinsky, Ran Ding, Yang Liu, Andy Eu-Jin Lim, Guo-Qiang Lo, Tom Baehr-Jones, and Michael Hochberg. "Progress in silicon platforms for integrated optics." Nanophotonics 3, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2014): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0034.
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AbstractRapid progress has been made in recent years repurposing CMOS fabrication tools to build complex photonic circuits. As the field of silicon photonics becomes more mature, foundry processes will be an essential piece of the ecosystem for eliminating process risk and allowing the community to focus on adding value through clever design. Multi-project wafer runs are a useful tool to promote further development by providing inexpensive, low-risk prototyping opportunities to academic and commercial researchers. Compared to dedicated silicon manufacturing runs, multi-project-wafer runs offer cost reductions of 100× or more. Through OpSIS, we have begun to offer validated device libraries that allow designers to focus on building systems rather than modifying device geometries. The EDA tools that will enable rapid design of such complex systems are under intense development. Progress is also being made in developing practical optical and electronic packaging solutions for the photonic chips, in ways that eliminate or sharply reduce development costs for the user community. This paper will provide a review of the recent developments in silicon photonic foundry offerings with a focus on OpSIS, a multi-project-wafer foundry service offering a silicon photonics platform, including a variety of passive components as well as high-speed modulators and photodetectors, through the Institute of Microelectronics in Singapore.
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Zhao, Han, and Liang Feng. "Parity–time symmetric photonics." National Science Review 5, no. 2 (January 18, 2018): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy011.
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Abstract The establishment of non-Hermitian quantum mechanics (such as parity–time (PT) symmetry) stimulates a paradigmatic shift for studying symmetries of complex potentials. Owing to the convenient manipulation of optical gain and loss in analogy to complex quantum potentials, photonics provides an ideal platform for the visualization of many conceptually striking predictions from non-Hermitian quantum theory. A rapidly developing field has emerged, namely, PT-symmetric photonics, demonstrating intriguing optical phenomena including eigenstate coalescence and spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking. The advance of quantum physics, as the feedback, provides photonics with brand-new paradigms to explore the entire complex permittivity plane for novel optical functionalities. Here, we review recent exciting breakthroughs in PT-symmetric photonics while systematically presenting their underlying principles guided by non-Hermitian symmetries. The potential device applications for optical communication and computing, biochemical sensing and healthcare are also discussed.
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Hayran, Zeki, Seyyed Ali Hassani Gangaraj, and Francesco Monticone. "Topologically protected broadband rerouting of propagating waves around complex objects." Nanophotonics 8, no. 8 (May 9, 2019): 1371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0075.
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AbstractAchieving robust propagation and guiding of electromagnetic waves through complex and disordered structures is a major goal of modern photonics research, for both classical and quantum applications. Although the realization of backscattering-free and disorder-immune guided waves has recently become possible through various photonic schemes inspired by topological insulators in condensed matter physics, the interaction between such topologically protected guided waves and free-space propagating waves remains mostly unexplored, especially in the context of scattering systems. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that free-space propagating plane waves can be efficiently coupled into topological one-way surface waves, which can seamlessly flow around sharp corners and electrically large barriers and release their energy back into free space in the form of leaky-wave radiation. We exploit this physical mechanism to realize topologically protected wave-rerouting around an electrically large impenetrable object of complex shape, with transmission efficiency exceeding 90%, over a relatively broad bandwidth. The proposed topological wave-rerouting scheme is based on a stratified structure composed of a topologically nontrivial magnetized plasmonic material coated by a suitable isotropic layer. Our results may open a new avenue in the field of topological photonics and electromagnetics, for applications that require engineered interactions between guided waves and free-space propagating waves, including for complex beam-routing systems and advanced stealth technology. More generally, our work may pave the way for robust defect/damage-immune scattering and radiating systems.
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Agio, Mario, Xunya Jiang, Maria Kafesaki, and Thomas Koschny. "Light-matter interaction in complex photonics systems: introduction." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 38, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): LMI1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.441711.
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Guo, Xuexue, Yimin Ding, Xi Chen, Yao Duan, and Xingjie Ni. "Molding free-space light with guided wave–driven metasurfaces." Science Advances 6, no. 29 (July 2020): eabb4142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb4142.
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Metasurfaces with unparalleled controllability of light have shown great potential to revolutionize conventional optics. However, they mainly require external light excitation, which makes it difficult to fully integrate them on-chip. On the other hand, integrated photonics enables packing optical components densely on a chip, but it has limited free-space light controllability. Here, by dressing metasurfaces onto waveguides, we molded guided waves into any desired free-space modes to achieve complex free-space functions, such as out-of-plane beam deflection and focusing. This metasurface also breaks the degeneracy of clockwise- and counterclockwise-propagating whispering gallery modes in an active microring resonator, leading to on-chip direct orbital angular momentum lasing. Our study shows a viable route toward complete control of light across integrated photonics and free-space platforms and paves a way for creating multifunctional photonic integrated devices with agile access to free space, which enables a plethora of applications in communications, remote sensing, displays, etc.
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You, Chenglong, Apurv Chaitanya Nellikka, Israel De Leon, and Omar S. Magaña-Loaiza. "Multiparticle quantum plasmonics." Nanophotonics 9, no. 6 (April 17, 2020): 1243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0517.
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AbstractA single photon can be coupled to collective charge oscillations at the interfaces between metals and dielectrics forming a single surface plasmon. The electromagnetic near-fields induced by single surface plasmons offer new degrees of freedom to perform an exquisite control of complex quantum dynamics. Remarkably, the control of quantum systems represents one of the most significant challenges in the field of quantum photonics. Recently, there has been an enormous interest in using plasmonic systems to control multiphoton dynamics in complex photonic circuits. In this review, we discuss recent advances that unveil novel routes to control multiparticle quantum systems composed of multiple photons and plasmons. We describe important properties that characterize optical multiparticle systems such as their statistical quantum fluctuations and correlations. In this regard, we discuss the role that photon-plasmon interactions play in the manipulation of these fundamental properties for multiparticle systems. We also review recent works that show novel platforms to manipulate many-body light-matter interactions. In this spirit, the foundations that will allow nonexperts to understand new perspectives in multiparticle quantum plasmonics are described. First, we discuss the quantum statistical fluctuations of the electromagnetic field as well as the fundamentals of plasmonics and its quantum properties. This discussion is followed by a brief treatment of the dynamics that characterize complex multiparticle interactions. We apply these ideas to describe quantum interactions in photonic-plasmonic multiparticle quantum systems. We summarize the state-of-the-art in quantum devices that rely on plasmonic interactions. The review is concluded with our perspective on the future applications and challenges in this burgeoning field.
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Manoccio, Mariachiara, Marco Esposito, Adriana Passaseo, Massimo Cuscunà, and Vittorianna Tasco. "Focused Ion Beam Processing for 3D Chiral Photonics Nanostructures." Micromachines 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12010006.
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The focused ion beam (FIB) is a powerful piece of technology which has enabled scientific and technological advances in the realization and study of micro- and nano-systems in many research areas, such as nanotechnology, material science, and the microelectronic industry. Recently, its applications have been extended to the photonics field, owing to the possibility of developing systems with complex shapes, including 3D chiral shapes. Indeed, micro-/nano-structured elements with precise geometrical features at the nanoscale can be realized by FIB processing, with sizes that can be tailored in order to tune optical responses over a broad spectral region. In this review, we give an overview of recent efforts in this field which have involved FIB processing as a nanofabrication tool for photonics applications. In particular, we focus on FIB-induced deposition and FIB milling, employed to build 3D nanostructures and metasurfaces exhibiting intrinsic chirality. We describe the fabrication strategies present in the literature and the chiro-optical behavior of the developed structures. The achieved results pave the way for the creation of novel and advanced nanophotonic devices for many fields of application, ranging from polarization control to integration in photonic circuits to subwavelength imaging.
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Larkin, A. I., and K. A. Trukhanov. "OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX MEDICAL STATES BY PHOTONICS METHODS." Biomedical Photonics 7, no. 1 (April 20, 2018): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2018-7-1-28-31.
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Cong, Longqing, Prakash Pitchappa, Nan Wang, and Ranjan Singh. "Electrically Programmable Terahertz Diatomic Metamolecules for Chiral Optical Control." Research 2019 (February 27, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2019/7084251.
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Optical chirality is central to many industrial photonic technologies including enantiomer identification, ellipsometry-based tomography, and spin multiplexing in optical communications. However, a substantial chiral response requires a three-dimensional constituent, thereby making the morphology highly complex to realize structural reconfiguration. Moreover, an active reconfiguration demands intense dosage of external stimuli that pose a major limitation for on-chip integration. Here, we report a low bias, electrically programmable synthetic chiral paradigm with a remarkable reconfiguration among levorotatory, dextrorotatory, achiral, and racemic conformations. The switchable optical activity induced by the chiral conformations enables a transmission-type duplex spatial light modulator for terahertz single pixel imaging. The prototype delivers a new strategy towards reconfigurable stereoselective photonic applications and opens up avenues for on-chip programmable chiral devices with tremendous applications in biology, medicine, chemistry, and photonics.
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Cong, Longqing, Prakash Pitchappa, Nan Wang, and Ranjan Singh. "Electrically Programmable Terahertz Diatomic Metamolecules for Chiral Optical Control." Research 2019 (February 27, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7084251.
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Optical chirality is central to many industrial photonic technologies including enantiomer identification, ellipsometry-based tomography, and spin multiplexing in optical communications. However, a substantial chiral response requires a three-dimensional constituent, thereby making the morphology highly complex to realize structural reconfiguration. Moreover, an active reconfiguration demands intense dosage of external stimuli that pose a major limitation for on-chip integration. Here, we report a low bias, electrically programmable synthetic chiral paradigm with a remarkable reconfiguration among levorotatory, dextrorotatory, achiral, and racemic conformations. The switchable optical activity induced by the chiral conformations enables a transmission-type duplex spatial light modulator for terahertz single pixel imaging. The prototype delivers a new strategy towards reconfigurable stereoselective photonic applications and opens up avenues for on-chip programmable chiral devices with tremendous applications in biology, medicine, chemistry, and photonics.
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Kobayashi, Norihisa, Haruki Minami, and Kazuki Nakamura. "Photonics of DNA/ruthenium(II) complexes." Nanophotonics 7, no. 8 (July 17, 2018): 1373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0029.
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AbstractIn this review, we describe the investigation of a ruthenium [Ru(II)] complex-based, AC voltage-driven, electrochemiluminescent (ECL) device first. The ECL turn-on response time and intensity were dramatically improved by introducing the AC method. The turn-on response time was speeded up by increasing the applied frequency: 4 ms response time was achieved at 200 Hz, which was much faster than when using the DC method (1.5 s). We also introduced rutile-type titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) in a Ru(II) complex-based AC-ECL device. The ECL intensity and the lifetimes of the ECL device with TiO2NPs were greatly improved compared to those of the device without nanoparticles. Then we tried to improve photoelectrochemical properties of the Ru(II) complex by combining it with DNA molecules. We fabricated a novel DNA/Ru(bpy)32+hybrid film that could immobilize the ECL-active Ru(bpy)32+onto the electrode surface through electrophoretic migration. The hybrid film contained unique micrometer-scale aggregates of Ru(bpy)32+in the DNA matrix. Surprisingly, by using the DNA/Ru(bpy)32+hybrid film for the ECL device, luminescence could be obtained at frequencies as high as 10kHz, which corresponds to a response time shorter than 100μs.
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Shi, Peng, Luping Du, Congcong Li, Anatoly V. Zayats, and Xiaocong Yuan. "Transverse spin dynamics in structured electromagnetic guided waves." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (February 1, 2021): e2018816118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018816118.
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Spin–momentum locking, a manifestation of topological properties that governs the behavior of surface states, was studied intensively in condensed-matter physics and optics, resulting in the discovery of topological insulators and related effects and their photonic counterparts. In addition to spin, optical waves may have complex structure of vector fields associated with orbital angular momentum or nonuniform intensity variations. Here, we derive a set of spin–momentum equations which describes the relationship between the spin and orbital properties of arbitrary complex electromagnetic guided modes. The predicted photonic spin dynamics is experimentally verified with four kinds of nondiffracting surface structured waves. In contrast to the one-dimensional uniform spin of a guided plane wave, a two-dimensional chiral spin swirl is observed for structured guided modes. The proposed framework opens up opportunities for designing the spin structure and topological properties of electromagnetic waves with practical importance in spin optics, topological photonics, metrology and quantum technologies and may be used to extend the spin-dynamics concepts to fluid, acoustic, and gravitational waves.
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Piramidowicz, R., S. Stopiński, K. Ławniczuk, K. Welikow, P. Szczepański, X. J. M. Leijtens, and M. K. Smit. "Photonic integrated circuits – a new approach to laser technology." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-012-0079-5.
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Abstract In this work a brief review on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is presented with a specific focus on integrated lasers and amplifiers. The work presents the history of development of the integration technology in photonics and its comparison to microelectronics. The major part of the review is focused on InP-based photonic integrated circuits, with a short description of the potential of the silicon technology. A completely new way of fabrication of PICs, called generic integration technology, is presented and discussed. The basic assumption of this approach is the very same as in the case of electronic circuits and states that a limited set of standard components, both active and passive, enables designing of a complex, multifunctional PIC of every type. As a result, functionally advanced, compact, energy efficient and cost-optimized photonic devices can be fabricated. The work presents also selected examples of active PICs like multiwavelength laser sources, discretely tunable lasers, WDM transmitters, ring lasers etc.
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Khriachtchev, Leonid, Stefano Ossicini, Fabio Iacona, and Fabrice Gourbilleau. "Silicon Nanoscale Materials: From Theoretical Simulations to Photonic Applications." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/872576.
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The combination of photonics and silicon technology is a great challenge because of the potentiality of coupling electronics and optical functions on a single chip. Silicon nanocrystals are promising in various areas of photonics especially for light-emitting functionality and for photovoltaic cells. This review describes the recent achievements and remaining challenges of Si photonics with emphasis on the perspectives of Si nanoscale materials. Many of the results and properties can be simulated and understood based on theoretical studies. However, some of the key questions like the light-emitting mechanism are subjects of intense debates despite a remarkable progress in the recent years. Even more complex and important is to move the known experimental observations towards practical applications. The demonstrated devices and approaches are often too complex and/or have too low efficiency. However, the challenge to combine optical and electrical functions on a chip is very strong, and we expect more research activity in the field of Si nanophotonics in the future.
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Mao, Simei, Lirong Cheng, Caiyue Zhao, Faisal Nadeem Khan, Qian Li, and H. Y. Fu. "Inverse Design for Silicon Photonics: From Iterative Optimization Algorithms to Deep Neural Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 3822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093822.
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Silicon photonics is a low-cost and versatile platform for various applications. For design of silicon photonic devices, the light-material interaction within its complex subwavelength geometry is difficult to investigate analytically and therefore numerical simulations are majorly adopted. To make the design process more time-efficient and to improve the device performance to its physical limits, various methods have been proposed over the past few years to manipulate the geometries of silicon platform for specific applications. In this review paper, we summarize the design methodologies for silicon photonics including iterative optimization algorithms and deep neural networks. In case of iterative optimization methods, we discuss them in different scenarios in the sequence of increased degrees of freedom: empirical structure, QR-code like structure and irregular structure. We also review inverse design approaches assisted by deep neural networks, which generate multiple devices with similar structure much faster than iterative optimization methods and are thus suitable in situations where piles of optical components are needed. Finally, the applications of inverse design methodology in optical neural networks are also discussed. This review intends to provide the readers with the suggestion for the most suitable design methodology for a specific scenario.
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Gao, Wenlong, and Yao-Ting Wang. "Ideal Photonic Weyl Nodes Stabilized by Screw Rotation Symmetry in Space Group 19." Crystals 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2020): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10070605.
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Topological photonics have developed in recent years since the seminal discoveries of topological insulators in condensed matter physics for electrons. Among the numerous studies, photonic Weyl nodes have been studied very recently due to their intriguing surface Fermi arcs, Chiral zero modes and scattering properties. In this article, we propose a new design of an ideal photonic Weyl node metacrystal, meaning no excessive states are present at the Weyl nodes’ frequency. The Weyl node is stabilized by the screw rotation symmetry of space group 19. Group theory analysis is utilized to reveal how the Weyl nodes are spawned from line nodes in a higher symmetry metacrystal of space group 61. The minimum four Weyl nodes’ complex for time reversal invariant systems is found, which is a realistic photonic Weyl node metacrystal design compatible with standard printed circuit board techniques and is a complement to the few existing ideal photonic Weyl node designs and could be further utilized in studies of Weyl physics, for instance, Chiral zero modes and scatterings.
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Soriano, Miguel C., Jordi García-Ojalvo, Claudio R. Mirasso, and Ingo Fischer. "Complex photonics: Dynamics and applications of delay-coupled semiconductors lasers." Reviews of Modern Physics 85, no. 1 (March 20, 2013): 421–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.85.421.
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UCHIDA, Atsushi. "Progress in Fast Physical Random Number Generation with Complex Photonics." Review of Laser Engineering 47, no. 6 (2019): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.47.6_310.
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Chen, Weijin, Qingdong Yang, Yuntian Chen, and Wei Liu. "Evolution and global charge conservation for polarization singularities emerging from non-Hermitian degeneracies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 15, 2021): e2019578118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019578118.
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Core concepts in singular optics, especially the polarization singularities, have rapidly penetrated the surging fields of topological and non-Hermitian photonics. For open photonic structures with non-Hermitian degeneracies in particular, polarization singularities would inevitably encounter another sweeping concept of Berry phase. Several investigations have discussed, in an inexplicit way, connections between both concepts, hinting at that nonzero topological charges for far-field polarizations on a loop are inextricably linked to its nontrivial Berry phase when degeneracies are enclosed. In this work, we reexamine the seminal photonic crystal slab that supports the fundamental two-level non-Hermitian degeneracies. Regardless of the invariance of nontrivial Berry phase (concerning near-field Bloch modes defined on the momentum torus) for different loops enclosing both degeneracies, we demonstrate that the associated far polarization fields (defined on the momentum sphere) exhibit topologically inequivalent patterns that are characterized by variant topological charges, including even the trivial scenario of zero charge. Moreover, the charge carried by the Fermi arc actually is not well defined, which could be different on opposite bands. It is further revealed that for both bands, the seemingly complex evolutions of polarizations are bounded by the global charge conservation, with extra points of circular polarizations playing indispensable roles. This indicates that although not directly associated with any local charges, the invariant Berry phase is directly linked to the globally conserved charge, physical principles underlying which have all been further clarified by a two-level Hamiltonian with an extra chirality term. Our work can potentially trigger extra explorations beyond photonics connecting Berry phase and singularities.
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Abbaszadeh, Hamed, Michel Fruchart, Wim van Saarloos, and Vincenzo Vitelli. "Liquid-crystal-based topological photonics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): e2020525118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020525118.
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Liquid crystals are complex fluids that allow exquisite control of light propagation thanks to their orientational order and optical anisotropy. Inspired by recent advances in liquid-crystal photo-patterning technology, we propose a soft-matter platform for assembling topological photonic materials that holds promise for protected unidirectional waveguides, sensors, and lasers. Crucial to our approach is to use spatial variations in the orientation of the nematic liquid-crystal molecules to emulate the time modulations needed in a so-called Floquet topological insulator. The varying orientation of the nematic director introduces a geometric phase that rotates the local optical axes. In conjunction with suitably designed structural properties, this geometric phase leads to the creation of topologically protected states of light. We propose and analyze in detail soft photonic realizations of two iconic topological systems: a Su–Schrieffer–Heeger chain and a Chern insulator. The use of soft building blocks potentially allows for reconfigurable systems that exploit the interplay between topological states of light and the underlying responsive medium.
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Mäntynen, Henrik, Nicklas Anttu, Zhipei Sun, and Harri Lipsanen. "Single-photon sources with quantum dots in III–V nanowires." Nanophotonics 8, no. 5 (April 2, 2019): 747–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0007.
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AbstractSingle-photon sources are one of the key components in quantum photonics applications. These sources ideally emit a single photon at a time, are highly efficient, and could be integrated in photonic circuits for complex quantum system designs. Various platforms to realize such sources have been actively studied, among which semiconductor quantum dots have been found to be particularly attractive. Furthermore, quantum dots embedded in bottom-up-grown III–V compound semiconductor nanowires have been found to exhibit relatively high performance as well as beneficial flexibility in fabrication and integration. Here, we review fabrication and performance of these nanowire-based quantum sources and compare them to quantum dots in top-down-fabricated designs. The state of the art in single-photon sources with quantum dots in nanowires is discussed. We also present current challenges and possible future research directions.
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OKAMOTO, Atsushi, and Tomohiro MAEDA. "Perspectives and Observations of Information Photonics using Optical Complex-Amplitude Control Technology." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 140, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.140.299.
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Grosmann, M. H., A. I. Larkin, and J. P. Massue. "Methods of Correlation Digital Photonics in the Diagnosis of Complex Medical Conditions." KnE Energy 3, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ken.v3i2.1800.
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Gbur, Greg, and Konstantinos Makris. "Introduction to non-Hermitian photonics in complex media: PT-symmetry and beyond." Photonics Research 6, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): PTS1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/prj.6.00pts1.
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Larger, Laurent. "Complexity in electro-optic delay dynamics: modelling, design and applications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1999 (September 28, 2013): 20120464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0464.
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Nonlinear delay dynamics have found during the last 30 years a particularly prolific exploration area in the field of photonic systems. Besides the popular external cavity laser diode set-ups, we focus in this article on another experimental realization involving electro-optic (EO) feedback loops, with delay. This approach has strongly evolved with the important technological progress made on broadband photonic and optoelectronic devices dedicated to high-speed optical telecommunications. The complex dynamical systems performed by nonlinear delayed EO feedback loop architectures were designed and explored within a huge range of operating parameters. Thanks to the availability of high-performance photonic devices, these EO delay dynamics led also to many successful, efficient and diverse applications, beyond the many fundamental questions raised from the observation of experimental behaviours. Their chaotic motion allowed for a physical layer encryption method to secure optical data, with a demonstrated capability to operate at the typical speed of modern optical telecommunications. Microwave limit cycles generated in similar EO delay oscillators showed significantly improved spectral purity thanks to the use of a very long fibre delay line. Last but not least, a novel brain inspired computational principle has been recently implemented physically in photonics for the first time, again on the basis of an EO delay dynamical system. In this latter emerging application, the computed result is obtained by a proper ‘read-out’ of the complex nonlinear transients emerging from a fixed point, the transient being issued by the injection of the information signal to be processed.
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Jiang, Jiaqi, and Jonathan A. Fan. "Multiobjective and categorical global optimization of photonic structures based on ResNet generative neural networks." Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (September 22, 2020): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0407.
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AbstractWe show that deep generative neural networks, based on global optimization networks (GLOnets), can be configured to perform the multiobjective and categorical global optimization of photonic devices. A residual network scheme enables GLOnets to evolve from a deep architecture, which is required to properly search the full design space early in the optimization process, to a shallow network that generates a narrow distribution of globally optimal devices. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we adapt our method to design thin-film stacks consisting of multiple material types. Benchmarks with known globally optimized antireflection structures indicate that GLOnets can find the global optimum with orders of magnitude faster speeds compared to conventional algorithms. We also demonstrate the utility of our method in complex design tasks with its application to incandescent light filters. These results indicate that advanced concepts in deep learning can push the capabilities of inverse design algorithms for photonics.
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Kudyshev, Zhaxylyk A., Alexander V. Kildishev, Vladimir M. Shalaev, and Alexandra Boltasseva. "Machine learning–assisted global optimization of photonic devices." Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (October 28, 2020): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0376.
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AbstractOver the past decade, artificially engineered optical materials and nanostructured thin films have revolutionized the area of photonics by employing novel concepts of metamaterials and metasurfaces where spatially varying structures yield tailorable “by design” effective electromagnetic properties. The current state-of-the-art approach to designing and optimizing such structures relies heavily on simplistic, intuitive shapes for their unit cells or metaatoms. Such an approach cannot provide the global solution to a complex optimization problem where metaatom shape, in-plane geometry, out-of-plane architecture, and constituent materials have to be properly chosen to yield the maximum performance. In this work, we present a novel machine learning–assisted global optimization framework for photonic metadevice design. We demonstrate that using an adversarial autoencoder (AAE) coupled with a metaheuristic optimization framework significantly enhances the optimization search efficiency of the metadevice configurations with complex topologies. We showcase the concept of physics-driven compressed design space engineering that introduces advanced regularization into the compressed space of an AAE based on the optical responses of the devices. Beyond the significant advancement of the global optimization schemes, our approach can assist in gaining comprehensive design “intuition” by revealing the underlying physics of the optical performance of metadevices with complex topologies and material compositions.
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Lee, Hyoung In, and El Hang Lee. "The Minimum Wave Damping Selects the Most Favored Solution from Multiple Ones to Acoustic-Like Problems." Materials Science Forum 673 (January 2011): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.673.11.
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Back in 1990, D. S. Stewart and the first author contributed significantly to understanding the one-dimensional stability of detonation waves [1]. For this purpose, the reactive Euler’s equation with the one-component reaction term was linearized around the steady state of the well-known ZND (Zeldovich-Doering-von Neumann) model. The key aspect of this paper was to derive the linearized radiation condition (named after A. Sommerfeld). They numerically found multiple eigenvalues for pairs of the temporal frequency and temporal attenuation rate (TAR). Of course, the propagating-wave mode having the least value of the TAR (in the sense of its absolute value) was selected. The successful numerical implementation of the far-field radiation condition is a must when it comes to incorporating a large surrounding space into a problem of finite extent. To one of the sure examples in this category belong the problems involving detonation waves, where high-energy-rate processes take place in spatially confined spaces while the surrounding space should be taken into account for reasons of energy loss (or leaky waves in the language of optics). In another fascinating area of science is nano-photonics, where energy transport should be handled in highly confined regions of space, yet being surrounded by unbounded (dielectric) media. The total energy release in nano-photonics is certainly much smaller than that involved in detonation. However, the energy per unit nanometer-scale volume is not negligibly small in nano-photonics. Over the years, the first author has been successful in implementing both theory and numerical methods to find a multitude of eigenvalues in optics [2]. In this case, the governing Maxwell’s equations are already in a linearized form, being in a sense similar to the linearized Euler equations. In addition, the noble metals such as gold and silver are instrumental in enhancing local electric-field intensities, for which the science of plasmonics is being vigorously investigated in nano-photonics. Even the Bloch’s hydrodynamic equation describing the collective motion of the electrons is akin to the Navier-Stokes equations [3]. Meanwhile, assuming a real-valued frequency has been an old tradition in optics, partly because the real-valued photon’s energy is proportional to frequency and normally the continuous-wave (cw) approximation holds true. In a radical departure from this optical scientists’ tradition, we have recently attempted to deal with complex-valued frequencies in examining the wave propagations around nanoparticles [4, 5]. In consequence, the stability of multiple propagating waves was successfully determined for selecting most realizable wave mode. Further interesting points of the interplay between the two seemingly disparate branches of science (fluid dynamics and photonics) will be expounded in this talk.
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Coppolaro, Marino, Massimo Moccia, Giuseppe Castaldi, Nader Engheta, and Vincenzo Galdi. "Non-Hermitian doping of epsilon-near-zero media." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 25 (June 9, 2020): 13921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001125117.
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In solid-state physics, “doping” is a pivotal concept that allows controlling and engineering of the macroscopic electronic and optical properties of materials such as semiconductors by judiciously introducing small concentrations of impurities. Recently, this concept has been translated to two-dimensional photonic scenarios in connection with host media characterized by vanishingly small relative permittivity (“epsilon near zero”), showing that it is possible to obtain broadly tunable effective magnetic responses by introducing a single, nonmagnetic doping particle at an arbitrary position. So far, this phenomenon has been studied mostly for lossless configurations. In principle, the inevitable presence of material losses can be compensated via optical gain. However, taking inspiration from quantum (e.g., parity−time) symmetries that are eliciting growing attention in the emerging fields of non-Hermitian optics and photonics, this suggests considering more general gain−loss interactions. Here, we theoretically show that the photonic doping concept can be extended to non-Hermitian scenarios characterized by tailored distributions of gain and loss in either the doping particles or the host medium. In these scenarios, the effective permeability can be modeled as a complex-valued quantity (with the imaginary part accounting for the gain or loss), which can be tailored over broad regions of the complex plane. This enables a variety of unconventional optical responses and waveguiding mechanisms, which can be, in principle, reconfigured by varying the optical gain (e.g., via optical pumping). We envision several possible applications of this concept, including reconfigurable nanophotonics platforms and optical sensing, which motivate further studies for their experimental validation.
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Turtaev, Sergey, Ivo T. Leite, Kevin J. Mitchell, Miles J. Padgett, David B. Phillips, and Tomáš Čižmár. "Comparison of nematic liquid-crystal and DMD based spatial light modulation in complex photonics." Optics Express 25, no. 24 (November 15, 2017): 29874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.029874.
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Kamali, Seyedeh Mahsa, Ehsan Arbabi, Hyounghan Kwon, and Andrei Faraon. "Metasurface-generated complex 3-dimensional optical fields for interference lithography." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 43 (October 7, 2019): 21379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908382116.
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Fast, large-scale, and robust 3-dimensional (3D) fabrication techniques for patterning a variety of structures with submicrometer resolution are important in many areas of science and technology such as photonics, electronics, and mechanics with a wide range of applications from tissue engineering to nanoarchitected materials. From several promising 3D manufacturing techniques for realizing different classes of structures suitable for various applications, interference lithography with diffractive masks stands out for its potential to fabricate complex structures at fast speeds. However, the interference lithography masks demonstrated generally suffer from limitations in terms of the patterns that can be generated. To overcome some of these limitations, here we propose the metasurface-mask–assisted 3D nanofabrication which provides great freedom in patterning various periodic structures. To showcase the versatility of this platform, we design metasurface masks that generate exotic periodic lattices like gyroid, rotated cubic, and diamond structures. As a proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrate a diffractive element that can generate the diamond lattice.
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Li, Shuang, Yewang Su, and Rui Li. "Splitting of the neutral mechanical plane depends on the length of the multi-layer structure of flexible electronics." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2190 (June 2016): 20160087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0087.
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Multi-layer structures with soft (compliant) interlayers have been widely used in flexible electronics and photonics as an effective design for reducing interactions among the hard (stiff) layers and thus avoiding the premature failure of an entire device. The analytic model for bending of such a structure has not been well established due to its complex mechanical behaviour. Here, we present a rational analytic model, without any parameter fitting, to study the bending of a multi-layer structure on a cylinder, which is often regarded as an important approach to mechanical reliability testing of flexible electronics and photonics. For the first time, our model quantitatively reveals that, as the key for accurate strain control, the splitting of the neutral mechanical plane depends not only on the relative thickness of the middle layer, but also on the length-to-thickness ratio of the multi-layer structure. The model accurately captures the key quantities, including the axial strains in the top and bottom layers, the shear strain in the middle layer and the locations of the neutral mechanical planes of the top and bottom layers. The effects of the length of the multi-layer and the thickness of the middle layer are elaborated. This work is very useful for the design of multi-layer structure-based flexible electronics and photonics.
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Woliński, Tomasz, Sławomir Ertman, Katarzyna Rutkowska, Daniel Budaszewski, Marzena Sala-Tefelska, Miłosz Chychłowski, Kamil Orzechowski, Karolina Bednarska, and Piotr Lesiak. "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers – 15 years of research activities at Warsaw University of Technology." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.907.
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Research activities in the area of photonic liquid crystal fibers carried out over the last 15 years at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) have been reviewed and current research directions that include metallic nanoparticles doping to enhance electro-optical properties of the photonic liquid crystal fibers are presented. Full Text: PDF ReferencesT.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a photonic crystal fiber filled with a low-birefringence liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE, 5518, 232-237 (2004). CrossRef F. Du, Y-Q. Lu, S.-T. Wu, "Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2181-2183 (2004). CrossRef T.T. Larsen, A. Bjraklev, D.S. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express, 11, 20, 2589-2596 (2003). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Opto-Electron. Rev. 13, 2, 59-64 (2005). CrossRef M. Chychłowski, S. Ertman, T.R. 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Lett. Pol., 9, 3, 79-81 (2017). CrossRef I.C. Khoo, S.T.Wu, "Optics and Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals", World Scientific (1993). CrossRef P. Lesiak et al., "Thermal optical nonlinearity in photonic crystal fibers filled with nematic liquid crystals doped with gold nanoparticles", Proc. SPIE 10228, 102280N (2017). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, T. Woliński, "Modeling of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 2, 3, 107 (2010). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, L-W. Wei, "Assessment on the applicability of finite difference methods to model light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 4, 4, 161 (2012). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, U. Laudyn, P. Jung, "Nonlinear discrete light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 5, 1, 17 (2013). CrossRef M. Murek, K. Rutkowska, "Two laser beams interaction in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with highly nonlinear materials", Photon. Lett. Poland 6, 2, 74 (2014). 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Morozov, Oleg, Airat Sakhabutdinov, Vladimir Anfinogentov, Rinat Misbakhov, Artem Kuznetsov, and Timur Agliullin. "Multi-Addressed Fiber Bragg Structures for Microwave-Photonic Sensor Systems." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 2693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092693.
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The new theory and technique of Multi-Addressed Fiber Bragg Structure (MAFBS) usage in Microwave Photonics Sensor Systems (MPSS) is presented. This theory is the logical evolution of the theory of Addressed Fiber Bragg Structure (AFBS) usage as sensors in MPSS. The mathematical model of additive response from a single MAFBS is presented. The MAFBS is a special type of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG), the reflection spectrum of which has three (or more) narrow notches. The frequencies of narrow notches are located in the infrared range of electromagnetic spectrum, while differences between them are located in the microwave frequency range. All cross-differences between optical frequencies of single MAFBS are called the address frequencies set. When the additive optical response from a single MAFBS, passed through an optic filter with an oblique amplitude–frequency characteristic, is received on a photodetector, the complex electrical signal, which consists of all cross-frequency beatings of all optical frequencies, which are included in this optical signal, is taken at its output. This complex electrical signal at the photodetector’s output contains enough information to determine the central frequency shift of the MAFBS. The method of address frequencies analysis with the microwave-photonic measuring conversion method, which allows us to define the central frequency shift of a single MAFBS, is discussed in the work.
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AMIN, RASHID, SOYEON KIM, SUNG HA PARK, and THOMAS HENRY LABEAN. "ARTIFICIALLY DESIGNED DNA NANOSTRUCTURES." Nano 04, no. 03 (June 2009): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292009001666.
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In the field of structural DNA nanotechnology, researchers create artificial DNA sequences to self-assemble into target molecular superstructures and nanostructures. The well-understood Watson–Crick base-pairing rules are used to encode assembly instructions directly into the DNA molecules. A wide variety of complex nanostructures has been created using this method. DNA directed self-assembly is now being adapted for use in the nanofabrication of functional structures for use in electronics, photonics, and medical applications.
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Zhang, Chenxi, Xiaohui Li, Yamin Wang, Mingqi An, and Zhipeng Sun. "A hydrazone organic optical modulator with a π electronic system for ultrafast photonics." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 34 (2021): 11306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc02434e.
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A ring-type Er-doped fiber laser is designed based on hydrazone compounds with a strongly conjugated π electron structure. We systematically explained the complex spectral sideband in which valley sidebands and peak sidebands coexist.
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Romaniuk, R. S. "Instrumentation optical fibres for wave transformation, signal processing, sensors, and photonic functional components, manufactured at Białystok University of Technology in Dorosz Fibre Optics Laboratory." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0066.
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Abstract Tailored, specialty optical fibres, made of complex glasses, called collectively as a non-telecommunications or instrumentation family, serve for various optical wave transformations for particular functional purposes and optical signal processing, rather than for long distance lossless and dispersionless, undistorted transmission. Research work on these fibres started during the late seventies of the last century in ITME/Warsaw and in Białystok University of Technology at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. The initiator of this research at Glass Works Białystok [39] and Białystok University of Technology [4] was, then a very young engineer, Jan Dorosz. Over 35 years of development of the technological team, under his skilful management, resulted in a top laboratory which today does research at the cutting edge of the photonics science. The Białystok Optical Fibre Technology Laboratory (OFTL) is now a pearl in the crown of his Alma Mater. The paper opens this special issue of the PAS Bulletin on Technical Sciences, devoted to professor Jan Dorosz, and shows some of the developments in the area of optical fibre photonics, which were carried out at his active laboratory.
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Li, Jiafang, and Zhiguang Liu. "Focused-ion-beam-based nano-kirigami: from art to photonics." Nanophotonics 7, no. 10 (September 19, 2018): 1637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0117.
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AbstractKirigami, i.e. the cutting and folding of flat objects to create versatile shapes, is one of the most traditional Chinese arts that has been widely used in window decorations, gift cards, festivals, and various ceremonies, and has recently found intriguing applications in modern sciences and technologies. In this article, we review the newly developed focused-ion-beam-based nanoscale kirigami, named nano-kirigami, as a powerful three-dimensional (3D) nanofabrication technique. By utilizing the topography-guided stress equilibrium induced by ion-beam irradiation on a free-standing gold nanofilm, versatile 3D shape transformations such as upward buckling, downward bending, complex rotation, and twisting of nanostructures are precisely achieved. It is shown that the generated 3D nanostructures possess exceptional geometries and promising photonic functionalities, including strongly interacting multiple Fano resonances, giant optical chirality, clear photonic spin Hall effects, and diffractive phase/polarization effects. The studies of such structures can build up novel platforms for versatile manufacturing techniques and be helpful to establish new areas in plasmonics, nanophotonics, optomechanics, MEMS/NEMS, etc., with the generation of exotic but functional nanostructures.
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Yao, Kan, Rohit Unni, and Yuebing Zheng. "Intelligent nanophotonics: merging photonics and artificial intelligence at the nanoscale." Nanophotonics 8, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 339–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0183.
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AbstractNanophotonics has been an active research field over the past two decades, triggered by the rising interests in exploring new physics and technologies with light at the nanoscale. As the demands of performance and integration level keep increasing, the design and optimization of nanophotonic devices become computationally expensive and time-inefficient. Advanced computational methods and artificial intelligence, especially its subfield of machine learning, have led to revolutionary development in many applications, such as web searches, computer vision, and speech/image recognition. The complex models and algorithms help to exploit the enormous parameter space in a highly efficient way. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the emerging field where nanophotonics and machine learning blend. We provide an overview of different computational methods, with the focus on deep learning, for the nanophotonic inverse design. The implementation of deep neural networks with photonic platforms is also discussed. This review aims at sketching an illustration of the nanophotonic design with machine learning and giving a perspective on the future tasks.
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Chiarello, Fabio, and Maria Gabriella Castellano. "Board Games and Board Game Design as Learning Tools for Complex Scientific Concepts." International Journal of Game-Based Learning 6, no. 2 (April 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgbl.2016040101.
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In this paper the authors report different experiences in the use of board games as learning tools for complex and abstract scientific concepts such as Quantum Mechanics, Relativity or nano-biotechnologies. In particular we describe “Quantum Race”, designed for the introduction of Quantum Mechanical principles, “Lab on a chip”, concerning the immune system and the nano-biotechnologies, “Time Race”, created to explain Relativistic concepts such as time dilation. The main idea is to choose a core of few basic concepts to be explained, and to design the game mechanisms and rules completely around them. Each game has been played by about 1000 participants, mainly students, with excellent results concerning growth of interest and comprehension on the considered themes. In a second phase (still in progress) the authors are considering the possibility to use the direct engagement of learners in the creation of games of this kind as a learning tool for scientific subjects, in particular for light and photonics. They present in detail these activities with obtained and expected results and issues.
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Masada, Genta, and Akira Furusawa. "On-chip continuous-variable quantum entanglement." Nanophotonics 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0142.
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AbstractEntanglement is an essential feature of quantum theory and the core of the majority of quantum information science and technologies. Quantum computing is one of the most important fruits of quantum entanglement and requires not only a bipartite entangled state but also more complicated multipartite entanglement. In previous experimental works to demonstrate various entanglement-based quantum information processing, light has been extensively used. Experiments utilizing such a complicated state need highly complex optical circuits to propagate optical beams and a high level of spatial interference between different light beams to generate quantum entanglement or to efficiently perform balanced homodyne measurement. Current experiments have been performed in conventional free-space optics with large numbers of optical components and a relatively large-sized optical setup. Therefore, they are limited in stability and scalability. Integrated photonics offer new tools and additional capabilities for manipulating light in quantum information technology. Owing to integrated waveguide circuits, it is possible to stabilize and miniaturize complex optical circuits and achieve high interference of light beams. The integrated circuits have been firstly developed for discrete-variable systems and then applied to continuous-variable systems. In this article, we review the currently developed scheme for generation and verification of continuous-variable quantum entanglement such as Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen beams using a photonic chip where waveguide circuits are integrated. This includes balanced homodyne measurement of a squeezed state of light. As a simple example, we also review an experiment for generating discrete-variable quantum entanglement using integrated waveguide circuits.
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Osuch, T., P. Gąsior, K. Markowski, and K. Jędrzejewski. "Development of fiber Bragg gratings technology and their complex structures for sensing, telecommunications and microwave photonics applications." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0068.
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Abstract In this paper research on the development of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology which has been conducted at the Institute of Electronic Systems (IES), Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) since 2004 is presented. In particular the directions in the development of advanced set-ups employing the phase mask inscription scheme are discussed and supported with the descriptions of structures designed and fabricated with the use of the laboratory stages constructed at the IES. The novelty of the presented solutions is based on the combination of numerous techniques of the external modification of the interferometric patterns (projected onto cores of photosensitive fibers to modulate their refractive index) as well as application of the modification of the internal properties of the waveguides themselves by the means of introducing strain or tapering. The development of these sophisticated set-ups resulted in the inscription of FBGs with precisely designed spectral characteristics which found application in telecommunications and sensor technology are also illustrated here. The paper is summarized with the specification of the most important achievements attained at the lab and drafting of the possible directions of further research.
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He, Huimei, and Li Wang. "Numerical analysis of birefringence and coupling length on dual-core photonics crystal fiber with complex air holes." Optik 124, no. 23 (December 2013): 5941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.04.124.
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Wang, Yunjia, Shunxiang Liu, Feng Zhu, Yiyu Gan, and Qiao Wen. "MXene Core-Shell Nanosheets: Facile Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Versatile Photonics Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081995.
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In recent years, the transition metal carbonitrides(MXenes) have been widely applied to photoelectric field, and better performance of these applications was achieved via MXene complex structures. In our work, we proposed a MXene core-shell nanosheet composed of a Ti2C (MXene) phase and gold nanoparticles, and applied it to mode-locked and single-frequency fiber laser applications. The optoelectronic results suggested that the performances of these two applications were both improved when MXene core-shell nanosheets were applied. As a result, we obtained a mode-locking operation with 670 fs pulses, and the threshold pump power reached to as low as 20 mW. Besides, a single-frequency laser with the narrowest linewidth of ~1 kHz is also demonstrated experimentally. Our research work proved that MXene core-shell nanosheets could be used as saturable absorbers (SAs) to promote versatile photonic applications.
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Pierangeli, Davide, Giulia Marcucci, Daniel Brunner, and Claudio Conti. "Noise-enhanced spatial-photonic Ising machine." Nanophotonics 9, no. 13 (May 23, 2020): 4109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0119.
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AbstractIsing machines are novel computing devices for the energy minimization of Ising models. These combinatorial optimization problems are of paramount importance for science and technology, but remain difficult to tackle on large scale by conventional electronics. Recently, various photonics-based Ising machines demonstrated fast computing of a Ising ground state by data processing through multiple temporal or spatial optical channels. Experimental noise acts as a detrimental effect in many of these devices. On the contrary, here we demonstrate that an optimal noise level enhances the performance of spatial-photonic Ising machines on frustrated spin problems. By controlling the error rate at the detection, we introduce a noisy-feedback mechanism in an Ising machine based on spatial light modulation. We investigate the device performance on systems with hundreds of individually-addressable spins with all-to-all couplings and we found an increased success probability at a specific noise level. The optimal noise amplitude depends on graph properties and size, thus indicating an additional tunable parameter helpful in exploring complex energy landscapes and in avoiding getting stuck in local minima. Our experimental results identify noise as a potentially valuable resource for optical computing. This concept, which also holds in different nanophotonic neural networks, may be crucial in developing novel hardware with optics-enabled parallel architecture for large-scale optimizations.