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Journal articles on the topic 'Complex PTSD'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 January 2023

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1

Stojakovic, Milan. "Forensic psychiatric expertise: Posttraumatic stress disorder." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 139, suppl. 1 (2011): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh11s1046s.

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Introduction. This article presents our experiences in the field of forensic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective. The study examined parameters of 30 patients with PTSD who were the subject of forensic expertise (PTSDF) and in 30 patients with PTSD who were not (PTSDN). Methods. Clinical research and the battery of tests (Impact of Event Scale - IES, Mississippi Scale, and list of symptoms of PCL-M) covered a total of 60 male subjects with a verified diagnosis of PTSD. The study involved socio-demographic variables, catastrophic experience, enduring personality change after catastrophic experience (EPCACE), comorbidity disorders and non-material damage. Results. In terms of respondents? average age, years of education, marital status, time of military engagement, there were no statistically significant differences between PTSDF and PTSDN groups. In terms of EPCACE statistically significant differences were found in both PTSDF and PTSDN groups. Among PTSDF respondents (N=30) EPCACE was verified in 83.33% (N=25), and among PTSDN in 23.33% (N=7) (p<0.05). In terms of comorbidity disorders and the parameter of non-material damage no statistically significant differences were found either in PTSDF or PTSDN group. Conclusion. In terms of EPCACE there were statistically significant differences both in PTSDF and PTSDN group. Forensic and psychiatric meaning of PTSD encompasses a number of complex elements on which forensic expert opinion depends, while the existence of PTSD diagnosis itself does not affect creation of opinions. The study should serve to identify methodological and conceptual problems in the field of forensic aspects of PTSD.

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Barbieri, A., F. Visco-Comandini, D. Alunni Fegatelli, C. Schepisi, V. Russo, F. Calò, A. Dessì, G. Cannella, and A. Stellacci. "Complex trauma, PTSD and complex PTSD in African refugees." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 1700621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1700621.

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3

de Zulueta, Felicity. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment: possible links with borderline personality disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 15, no. 3 (May 2009): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.106.003418.

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SummaryThis article discusses the aetiology of both simple and complex post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSDs) in terms of attachment theory, and points out the similarities between the diagnosis of complex PTSD and of borderline personality disorder. Case vignettes illustrate an outline of the assessment and treatment of the psychobiological symptoms of PTSD informed by attachment research.

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Letica-Crepulja, Marina, Aleksandra Stevanović, Marina Protuđer, Tanja Grahovac Juretić, Jelena Rebić, and Tanja Frančišković. "Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 1716593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1716593.

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5

Cloitre, Marylene. "Complex PTSD: assessment and treatment." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 12, sup1 (February 1, 2021): 1866423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1866423.

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6

Dagan, Yael, and Joel Yager. "Posttraumatic Growth in Complex PTSD." Psychiatry 82, no. 4 (August 12, 2019): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2019.1639242.

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7

Bryant, Richard A. "The Complexity of Complex PTSD." American Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 8 (August 2010): 879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10040606.

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8

Dagan, Yael, and Joel Yager. "Addressing Loneliness in Complex PTSD." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 207, no. 6 (June 2019): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000992.

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9

ROSENFIELD, PAUL J., ALEXANDRA STRATYNER, SUMRU TUFEKCIOGLU, SUSAN KARABELL, JENNIFER MCKELVEY, and LISA LITT. "Complex PTSD in ICD-11." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 24, no. 5 (September 2018): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000327.

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10

Vuijk, V., W. C. Kleijn, G. E. Smid, and A. J. M. Smith. "Language acquisition in relation to complex PTSD." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72794-8.

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IntroductionEuropean countries face immigration problems with refugees. Many refugees suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Numerous studies have shown that PTSD is associated with cognitive problems that interfere with language acquisition.ObjectivesIn this study we have explored demographic and psychological variables that influence language acquisition. Expected is that low levels of language acquisition are associated with severeness of PTSD.AimsFrom clinical experience, we have noticed that Dutch fluency is an important factor in social adjustment and mental health. Furthermore it is expected that PTSD symptoms delay language acquisition.MethodsParticipants are 150 refuges with PTSD. The severeness of PTSD was assessed with a structured interview and self-rating questionnaires; HTQ, HSCL-25 and PILL scale. The ability to speak Dutch language was measured by the choice of refugees to have an interpreter or not. Demographic data for age, sex, education and years since resettlement are included. We searched for linear relations between PTSD and other variables.ResultsResults confirm our clinical observation of a relation between higher numbers of traumatic experiences related to complex PTSD and the choice to have a interpreter. There are correlations between complex PTSD, number of traumatic events, years since resettlement, age and language acquisition although multiple regressive analysis indicates this result is not significant because of the small variation in this group of refugees with severe PTSD.ConclusionThis study stresses the necessity to include additional objective instruments to measure language acquisition of refugees.

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11

Dyer, Kevin F. W., Martin J. Dorahy, Geraldine Hamilton, Mary Corry, Maria Shannon, Anne MacSherry, Geordie McRobert, Rhonda Elder, and Bridie McElhill. "Anger, aggression, and self-harm in PTSD and complex PTSD." Journal of Clinical Psychology 65, no. 10 (October 2009): 1099–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20619.

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12

ALPAY, Emre Han, and Dilek ÇELİK. "Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 14, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1050659.

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Complex trauma is a diagnosis that occurs due to repetitive, long-term and interpersonal traumatic events and its symptoms are different from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although many studies have been conducted on complex trauma for many years, it has not been accepted as a different diagnosis. The 11th Edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), published by the World Health Organization in 2018, includes complex post-traumatic stress disorder, a new diagnosis, besides post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) under the category of “Stress-Related Disorders”. In addition to the three diagnostic criteria of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hypervigilance), 3 new symptoms related to self-organization have been added to this new diagnosis, namely emotion dysregulation, problems in interpersonal relationships, and negative self-concept. In this review study, firstly, the differences in the diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-5 and ICD-11 were examined. Then, the history, definition and differences between complex PTSD disorder and other disorders were examined. Finally, studies on the methods used in the treatment of Complex PTSD were reviewed.

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13

Longo, L., T. Jannini, M. Merlo, V. Cecora, M. Gagliano, B. D’Imperia, A. Daverio, et al. "Suicidality in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD)." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.390.

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IntroductionInternational Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) has inserted complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) as a clinically distinct disorder, different from PTSD. The diagnosis of cPTSD has the same requirements for the one of PTSD, in addition to disturbances of self-organization (DSO – e.g., disturbances in relationships, affect dysregulation, and negative self-concept).ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore suicidality in PTSD and cPTSD. We examined also the association between clinical dimensions of hopelessness (feelings, loss of motivation, future expectations) and other symptomatologic variables.MethodsThe sample, recruited at the Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, consisted of 189 subjects, 132 diagnosed with PTSD, and 57 with cPTSD, according to the ICD-11 criteria. Participants underwent the following clinical assessments: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS).ResultscPTSD showed significantly higher BHS-total (p = 0.01) and BHS-loss of motivation subscale (p <0.001) scores than PTSD. Besides, cPTSD showed significantly higher scores in all clinical variables except for the IES-intrusive subscale. By controlling for the confounding factor “depression”, suicidality in cPTSD (and in particular the BHS-total) appears to be correlated with IES-total score (p = 0.042) and with DES-Absorption (p = 0.02). Differently, no such correlations are found in PTSD.ConclusionsOur study shows significant symptomatologic differences between PTSD and cPTSD, including suicidality. Indeed, suicidality in cPTSD appears to be correlated with the “loss of motivation” dimension, which fits well within the ICD-11 criteria of DSO.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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14

Hyland, Philip, Mark Shevlin, Claire Fyvie, Marylène Cloitre, and Thanos Karatzias. "The relationship between ICD-11 PTSD, complex PTSD and dissociative experiences." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 21, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1675113.

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15

McElroy, Eoin, Mark Shevlin, Siobhan Murphy, Bayard Roberts, Nino Makhashvili, Jana Javakhishvili, Jonathan Bisson, Menachem Ben‐Ezra, and Philip Hyland. "ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD: structural validation using network analysis." World Psychiatry 18, no. 2 (May 6, 2019): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wps.20638.

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16

De Vries, Sabina, Gerald A. Juhnke, and Cherie Trahan Keene. "PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Childhood Abuse: Gender Differences among a Homeless Sample." Journal for Social Action in Counseling and Psychology 10, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/jsacp.10.2.2-15.

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The current study examined the potential relationship between homelessness, gender, and occurrence of Post-Traumatic Distress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD. Participants were 90 homeless persons from shelters located in a large, South Central Texas, metropolitan city of approximately 1.9 million persons. The study found that homeless participants reported high levels of childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. Homeless women reported higher rates of childhood abuse and were affected by PTSD at a higher frequency than homeless males. PTSD, Complex PTSD, and traumatic experiences such as childhood abuse appear to be contributing factors to homelessness. Results suggest the need for increased advocacy among counseling and psychology professionals is warranted for homeless persons experiencing PTSD.

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17

Padun, M. A. "Complex PTSD: Psychotherapy of Prolonged Traumatization." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 29, no. 3 (2021): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2021290306.

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The article considers a new diagnostic category — complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), introduced into the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Differences in the mechanism of influence of situational and prolonged trauma are analyzed. CPTSD diagnostic criteria are compared to PTSD and BPD (borderline personality disorder) symptoms. The term “disturbances in self-organi¬zation” is analyzed, which explains the main mechanism of the impact of complex trauma and includes emotional dysregulation, disturbances in self-perception and relationships. Psychotherapeutic approaches developed for PTSD were shown to be insufficient for the treatment of CPTSD. The article reviews an approach to CPSTD therapy based on the consensus of experts in the field of post-traumatic stress and its possible limitations are discussed. “Component based psychotherapy” — another approach to CPTSD therapy — is described. Specific features of psychotherapy for complex trauma are discussed.

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18

Zepinic, Vito. "Healing Traumatic Memories in Complex PTSD." Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 7, no. 1 (2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20180701.15.

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19

Harada, Seiichi. "Anxious-Depressive Attack and Complex PTSD." Anxiety Disorder Research 11, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14389/jsad.11.1_47.

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20

Cloitre, Marylène, Donn W. Garvert, Brandon Weiss, Eve B. Carlson, and Richard A. Bryant. "Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 5, no. 1 (September 15, 2014): 25097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25097.

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21

Dietrich, Anne M. "As the pendulum swings: The etiology of PTSD, complex PTSD, and revictimization." Traumatology 6, no. 1 (2000): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153476560000600104.

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22

Loschinin, G. A. "To the issue of etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder and complex PTSD." PERSONALITY IN A CHANGING WORLD: HEALTH, ADAPTATION, DEVELOPMENT 9, no. 2 (33) (June 30, 2021): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23888/humj20212125-132.

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The article provides a theoretical overview and analysis of such a phenomenon as PTSD. The literature data on the study of the issue of posttraumatic stress disorder, in a historical context, from the definition of PTSD as a phenomenon that affected only participants in various military conflicts to a complex multifactorial phenomenon that develops in response to severe stress, is highlighted. In the complex version, it brings trauma and negative experience of interpersonal interaction. The article presents an analysis of the existing problems of diagnosing PTSD, arising from different ideas about the nature of a traumatic event, variations of definitions of this concept by different experts and their attitude to the trauma situation. The article presents the factors, that can lead to the development of PTSD. The prevalence of PTSD is determined by the nature of the traumatic event, its duration and frequency of recurrence. The analysis of studies revealed that the prevalence of PTSD is also influenced by gender, age, socio-cultural attitudes of the individual. In terms of systematic analysis of the scientific literature, studies that indicate that there are differences in the diagnostic criteria between ICD-11 and DSM-5 that affect the diagnostic results were cited. The introduction of such a concept as complex PTSD into modern science can complement the existing theories of the appearance and development of PTSD as a multifactorial disease based on trauma and negative experience of interpersonal interaction.

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Adams, PhD, CTRS, C-IAYT, Em V., and Jason Page, MS, CTRS, Master CASAC. "Recreational therapy, complex trauma, and social identity." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2020.0219.

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The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the connection between complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and social identity, and describe the implications for recreational therapists. C-PTSD occurs when someone, typically a child, is exposed to multiple and varied traumatic events, or endures chronic exposure to the same traumatic event. This can lead to difficulty forming an individual identity and difficulty with forming attachments, making it challenging to identify with particular social groups. Because recreation and leisure is often a context where identity is formed, recreational therapists are in a position to holistically approach the treatment of C-PTSD using leisure and recreation to strengthen people’s sense of self as well as their sense of belonging to particular groups.

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Adams, PhD, CTRS, C-IAYT, Em V., and Jason Page, MS, CTRS, Master CASAC. "Recreational therapy, complex trauma, and social identity." American Journal of Recreation Therapy 20, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajrt.2021.0240.

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The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the connection between complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and social identity, and describe the implications for recreational therapists. C-PTSD occurs when someone, typically a child, is exposed to multiple and varied traumatic events, or endures chronic exposure to the same traumatic event. This can lead to difficulty forming an individual identity and difficulty with forming attachments, making it challenging to identify with particular social groups. Because recreation and leisure is often a context where identity is formed, recreational therapists are in a position to holistically approach the treatment of C-PTSD using leisure and recreation to strengthen people’s sense of self as well as their sense of belonging to particular groups.

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25

Langeland, W. "Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorders in Patients with Substance Abuse." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70481-x.

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The author will review the published data on complex posttraumatic stress disorder (Complex PTSD) in patients with substance abuse. Especially after interpersonal traumatization in childhood PTSD symptoms may be complicated by personality changes suchs as disturbed affect regulation, memory, self-image and relational problems. This syndrome has been labelled "PTSD with associated features" in DSM-IV-TR and is known by clinicians as "complex PTSD" or "Disorders of Extreme Stress NOS". The recognition of the range of interrelated problems associated with a history of early severe interpersonal trauma is an important development with much relevance for the field of substance abuse. Despite the evidence that a majority of women who are seeking treatment for addictions have been exposed to early and multiple traumatic experiences, standard treatment programs do not typically assess or target these associated impairments, which greatly complicates the prognosis. In practice, integrating interventions that specifically target the associated features are often recommended for these patients. Suggestions will be given for furture research.

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Korn, Deborah L. "EMDR and the Treatment of Complex PTSD: A Review." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 3, no. 4 (November 2009): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.264.

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The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) covers a wide range of conditions, ranging from patients suffering from a one-time traumatic accident to those who have been exposed to chronic traumatization and repeated assaults beginning at an early age. While EMDR and other trauma treatments have been proven efficacious in the treatment of simpler cases of PTSD, the effectiveness of treatments for more complex cases has been less widely studied. This article examines the body of literature on the treatment of complex PTSD and chronically traumatized populations, with a focus on EMDR treatment and research. Despite a still limited number of randomized controlled studies of any treatment for complex PTSD, trauma treatment experts have come to a general consensus that work with survivors of childhood abuse and other forms of chronic traumatization should be phase-oriented, multimodal, and titrated. A phase-oriented EMDR model for working with these patients is presented, highlighting the role of resource development and installation (RDI) and other strategies that address the needs of patients with compromised affect tolerance and self-regulation. EMDR treatment goals, procedures, and adaptations for each of the various treatment phases (stabilization, trauma processing, reconnection/development of self-identity) are reviewed. Finally, reflections on the strengths and unique advantages of EMDR in treating complex PTSD are offered along with suggestions for future investigations.

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Cloitre, Marylène, Donn W. Garvert, Chris R. Brewin, Richard A. Bryant, and Andreas Maercker. "Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 4, no. 1 (May 15, 2013): 20706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.20706.

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Brenner, Lorena, Volker Köllner, and Rahel Bachem. "Symptom burden and work-related impairment among patients with PTSD and complex PTSD." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): 1694766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1694766.

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Lonergan, Michelle. "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD: The Role of Complex PTSD on Treatment Outcome." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 23, no. 5 (May 16, 2014): 494–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2014.904467.

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30

Levi, Ofir. "The role of hope in psychodynamic therapy (PDT) for complex PTSD (C-PTSD)." Journal of Social Work Practice 34, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2019.1648246.

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Bongaerts, Hannelies, Agnes Van Minnen, and Ad de Jongh. "Intensive EMDR to Treat Patients With Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Series." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 11, no. 2 (2017): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.11.2.84.

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There is mounting evidence suggesting that by increasing the frequency of treatment sessions, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment outcomes significantly improve. As part of an ongoing research project, this study examined the safety and effectiveness of intensive eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in a group of seven (four female) patients suffering from complex PTSD and multiple comorbidities resulting from childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, and/or work and combat-related trauma. Treatment was not preceded by a preparation phase and consisted of 2 × 4 consecutive days of EMDR therapy administered in morning and afternoon sessions of 90 minutes each, interspersed with intensive physical activity and psychoeducation. Outcome measures were the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the PTSD Symptom Scale Self-report questionnaire (PSS-SR). During treatment, neither personal adverse events nor dropout occurred. CAPS scores decreased significantly from pre- to posttreatment, and four of the seven patients lost their PTSD diagnosis as established with the CAPS. The results were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) on the CAPS and PSS-SR were large: 3.2, 1.7 (prepost) and 2.3, 2.1 (prefollow-up), respectively. The results of this case series suggest that an intensive program using EMDR therapy is a potentially safe and effective treatment alternative for complex PTSD. The application of massed, consecutive days of treatments using EMDR therapy for patients suffering from PTSD, particularly those with multiple comorbidities, merits more clinical and research attention.

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32

DuWors, Robert, Peter Lang, James Derry, Peter Hoffman, Robert Wolford, Christopher Donovan-Dorval, and Jesse Capece. "Incarceration: An Unrecognized Public Health Crisis." CNS Spectrums 27, no. 2 (April 2022): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852922000621.

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AbstractBackgroundThe current study involved decades of research and a Systematic Literature Review.MethodsSix hundred and seventy-two former prisoners were interviewed, shortly upon release from incarceration. Multiple variables experienced while incarcerated were reviewed. Animal models around overcrowding and sustained levels of stress were also considered. The neurological underpinnings and relatedness to the concept of hypervigilance, thought to be an effective survival technique and PTSD were comprehensively researched. Hypervigilance is a well-regarded survival technique that is likened to the marine in a forward foxhole who hears a twig snap in the middle of the night and responds directly and decisively. The loading placed on the neuronal pathways and related brain regions is seen as a precursor to PTSD and otherwise burdensome to the overstimulated nervous system attempting to maintain an emotional equilibrium.ResultsA particular area of inquiry was around the presence of early parental/adult absence, recognized as a precursor to Complex PTSD (see World Health Organization ICD 11). But not delineated in DSM 5 (American Psychiatric Association). Significant rates of PTSD symptoms were identified in individuals experiencing early developmental trauma. All subjects met the criteria for Subthreshold PTSD at a minimum, and others (193) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Complex PTSD was descriptive of the findings of 179 of 193 subjects diagnosed with PTSD. These findings suggest that preexisting subthreshold Complex PTSD prior to incarceration predicts the development of Complex PTSD while incarcerated.ConclusionThe social cost of American Corrections incubates PTSD and subthreshold PTSD, releasing to society individuals more at risk to themselves and society than prior to the Correctional experience is incalculable. A philosophical reconsideration of the American Correctional experience at this time is long overdue. This philosophy is grounded on the concepts of Incapacitation; Punishment and Deterrence, v the European model generally of Rehabilitation and Reintegration.FundingNo funding

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Misic, Maja, Jelisaveta Todorovic, and Andjelija Petrovic. "THE ROLE OF COMPLEX POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN ACCEPTING-REJECTING DIMENSION OF PARENTING OF WOMEN SURVIVORS OF ABUSE." Annual of social work 28, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 583–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/ljsr.v28i3.368.

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ABSTRACT The research intended to establish a connection between complex posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) and the accepting/rejecting parenting of mothers, survivors of complex trauma. The goal was also to examine how protective factors, resilience, and perceived social support moderate the effect of C-PTSD on the mother’s rejecting parenting, as well as how parental traumas and their parenting predicts parenting of women survivors. The study results are based on a survey completed by 100 women at the age 19 – 64. The sample had two groups: mothers with C-PTSD and a control group without C-PSTD. The results indicate that complex trauma can predict mother’s parenting rejection. C-PTSD displays correlations with all five dimensions of the negative parenting styles (lackof affection/neglect/aggression/control/undifferentiated rejection). Resilience acted as a moderator between C-PTSD and rejecting parenting. Parental traumas and their rejecting parenting manifest in women’s parenting Key words: C-PTSD, trauma exposure, women, parenting,resilience

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Resick, Patricia A., Pallavi Nishith, and Michael G. Griffin. "How Well Does Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Treat Symptoms of Complex PTSD? An Examination of Child Sexual Abuse Survivors Within A Clinical Trial." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 5 (May 2003): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900018605.

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ABSTRACTAre brief cognitive-behavioral treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) also effective for the wider range of symptoms conceptualized as complex PTSD? Female rape victims, most of whom had extensive histories of trauma, were randomly assigned to cognitive-processing therapy, prolonged exposure, or a delayed-treatment waiting-list condition. After determining that both types of treatment were equally effective for treating complex PTSD symptoms, we divided the sample of 121 participants into two groups depending upon whether they had a history of child sexual abuse. Both groups improved significantly over the course of treatment with regard to PTSD, depression, and the symptoms of complex PTSD as measured by the Trauma Symptom Inventory. Improvements were maintained for at least 9 months. Although there were group main effects on the Self and Trauma factors, there were no differences between the two groups at posttreatment once pretreatment scores were covaried. These findings indicate that cognitive-behavioral therapies are effective for patients with complex trauma histories and symptoms patterns.

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Lehrner, Amy, and Rachel Yehuda. "PTSD diagnoses and treatments: closing the gap between ICD-11 and DSM-5." BJPsych Advances 26, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2020.10.

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SUMMARYThe diagnostic status of ‘complex’ post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains controversial. The revisions to PTSD diagnostic criteria in ICD-11 and DSM-5 take opposing positions on how best to conceptualise post-traumatic presentations that include affect dysregulation, interpersonal difficulties and negative self-concept. ICD-11 carved out a separate category of complex PTSD (CPTSD) that is distinct from PTSD, whereas DSM-5 expanded PTSD to encompass such symptoms. Each approach carries problematic implications for clinical care. ICD-11 creates a dichotomy but the criteria themselves suggest a difference in severity rather than category. Furthermore, separating CPTSD perpetuates expectations that a ‘simple’ PTSD can be easily treated with brief trauma-focused therapy. DSM-5 complicates the PTSD diagnosis, but does not revise treatment recommendations. Both ICD and DSM need to recognise that most patients with PTSD do not reflect the clinical trial samples and do not fully recover with brief manualised therapies. Treatment guidelines should be developed that address the multiple needs and challenges of all patients with PTSD.

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Solomon, Z., R. Dekel, and M. Mikulincer. "Complex trauma of war captivity: a prospective study of attachment and post-traumatic stress disorder." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 10 (February 7, 2008): 1427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708002808.

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BackgroundVictims of war captivity sometimes suffer from complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a unique form of PTSD that entails various alterations in personality. These alterations may involve changes in attachment orientation.MethodThe sample comprised two groups of veterans from the 1973 Yom Kippur War: 103 ex-prisoners of war (ex-POWs) and 106 comparable control veterans. They were assessed at two points in time, 18 years and 30 years after the war.ResultsEx-POWs suffered from more post-traumatic symptoms than controls at both measurements points and these symptoms increased only among ex-POWs from Time 1 to Time 2. In addition, both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance increased with time among ex-POWs, whereas they decreased slightly or remained stable among controls. Finally, the increases in attachment anxiety and avoidance were positively associated with the increase in post-traumatic symptoms among both study groups. Further analyses indicated that early PTSD symptoms predicted later attachment better than early attachment predicted later PTSD symptoms.ConclusionsThe results suggest that: (1) complex traumas are implicated in attachment orientations and PTSD symptoms even many years after captivity; (2) there is an increase in attachment insecurities (anxiety, avoidance) and an increase in PTSD symptoms decades after the captivity; (3) and post-traumatic stress symptoms predict attachment orientations better than attachment orientations predict an increase in PTSD symptoms.

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Post, Marina, Gerri Hanten, Xiaoqi Li, Adam T. Schmidt, Gunes Avci, Elisabeth A. Wilde, and Stephen R. McCauley. "Dimensions of Trauma and Specific Symptoms of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Inner-City Youth: A Preliminary Study." Violence and Victims 29, no. 2 (2014): 262–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00097r1.

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We examined relations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms with dimensions of trauma, including environment (Domestic vs. Community) and proximity (Indirect vs. Direct trauma) among inner-city youth. Participants (n = 65) reported traumatic events they had experienced on a version of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index Trauma Exposure Screen, and reported PTSD symptoms with the PTSD Checklist—Civilian version (PCL-C). High rates of trauma and PTSD were found, consistent with other reports of inner-city youth. The 49% of youth surveyed met criteria for PTSD on the PCL-C symptom scale with a score cutoff of 35. Females reported elevated PTSD symptom scores and a higher incidence of Domestic trauma than did males but similar incidence of other trauma types. When males and females were combined, Domestic trauma significantly correlated with each of the PTSD symptom clusters of intrusions, numbing/avoidance, and hyperarousal. When participants with Community trauma were excluded from analyses to reduce confounding environmental influence, Domestic trauma marginally correlated with numbing/avoidance symptoms. Our findings suggest that Domestic trauma may result in more emotional numbing/avoidance symptoms than other types of trauma. Further analyses suggested that Community trauma may result in more intrusions and hyperarousal symptoms rather than emotional numbing. Environmental aspects of trauma, rather than the proximity of trauma, may have greater impact on presentation of PTSD. Future studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these findings.

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Ramos, B., F. Santos Martins, A. Elias De Sousa, I. Soares Da Costa, and F. Andrade. "The relation between Complex PTSD and Borderline Personality Disorder – a review of the literature." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1721.

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Introduction Adults diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) likely have a history of psychological trauma. There has been research about the connection between Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (c-PTSD) and BPD. Objectives This paper provides a review of the relationship between complex trauma and key features of BPD. Methods Review of the literature from 2015 to present, using search engines such as Pubmed and Google Shoolar, using the following keywords: borderline personality disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma Results Traumatic victimisation and compromised primary caregiving relationships have been hypothesized to be key aetiological factors in the subsequent development of BPD. c-PTSD was defined as a syndrome with symptoms of emotional dysregulation, dissociation somatisation and poor self-esteem, with distorted cognition about relationships, following traumatic interpersonal abuse. It was proposed as an alternative for understanding and treating people who had suffered prolonged and severe interpersonal trauma, many of whom were diagnosed with BPD. Although, the boundaries between c-PTSD and BPD remain vague. Currently, the main difference is the assumption that symptoms of c-PTSD are sequelae of exposure to traumatic stress, which is not inherent in the current DSM-5 definition of BPD. Furthermore, to date, the neurochemistry and neurostructural changes seen in c-PTSD, BPD and PTSD do not clearly differentiate the three conditions. Conclusions BPD and PTSD are relatively distinct with regard to the precise qualitative definitions of their diagnostic features, but nevertheless have substantial potential overlap in their symptom criteria. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Zelenina, N. V., S. S. Nazarov, S. A. Rantseva, P. A. Vyipritskiy, and V. V. Yusupov. "IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPLEX TREATMENT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERS IN MILITARY COMBATANTS VIA BIOLOGICAL FEEDBACK TRAININGS USING SYSTOLIC WAVE AMPLITUDES." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2019-0-4-88-95.

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Relevance. Necessity for enhancement of therapeutic approaches to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using a modern high-tech biofeedback.Intention. Scientific foundation for using biofeedback training in complex therapy of PTSD in combatants.Methodology. Military men, 40 healthy and 36 PTSD, aged 33.2 and 34.8 years, respectively (p > 0.05) were examined. Neurology signs were estimated with “Neurotic disorders-questionnaire-symptomatic”, quality of life – with “Quality of life questionnaire-12”, PTSD signs – with “Mississippi scale”. Stress-testing and biofeedback training were carried out using “Reacor” biofeedback psychophysiological hardware.Results and Discussion. Inverse correlations were revealed between PTSD signs and systolic wave amplitudes (SWA) from digital photoplethysmogram during stress-testing with biofeedback psychophysiological hardware. Heart rate variability and breathing recursion used in foreign studies as biofeedback training parameters for this disorder treatment didn’t correlate with signs of post-traumatic stress disorder. The effectiveness of SWA biofeedback training for PTSD complex treatment in combatants was proved. Everyday trainings during 8–10 days statistically significantly reduced neurotic manifestations and improved self-rating of life quality regarding “mental health”.Conclusion. SWA is a prognostic marker within health – illness continuum and can be used as a sensitive physiological parameter in the biofeedback trainings for overcoming PTSD. Conscious involvement of combatants into a treatment process via inclusion of SWA biofeedback trainings in PTSD complex treatment improves the results and self-ratings of life quality.

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Pinheiro, M., D. Mendes, T. Mendes, J. Pais, T. Cabral, and J. C. Rocha. "Importance of C-PTSD symptoms and suicide attempt." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.523.

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IntroductionTraumatising experiences have been shown to be important in suicide ideation and attempt. A prolonged and continuous exposure to stressing interpersonal events can have more complex consequences. Therefore, the concept of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD) has been emerging.ObjectivesOur goal is to relate the symptoms of C-PTSD with suicide attempt and to evaluate the differences between C-PTSD and PTSD on those patients. Moreover, we compared our findings with a control population without prior suicide attempts.MethodsFifty patients that had been hospitalised in the Psychiatry ward following a suicide attempt were evaluated one week after the event with the ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (PTSD and C-PTSD). The same evaluation was performed on a control population without known suicide attempts.ResultsThere is a statistically significant relationship (P < 0.001) between the symptoms of C-PTSD and PTSD and suicide attempt, which effect is higher for C-PTSD. These symptoms are almost absent in the control group.ConclusionC-PTSD seams to be a more relevant risk factor for suicidal attempts. This aspect is important to define preventive and treatment programs and for suicidal attempts follow-up. The importance of traumatic events and of traumatic stress symptoms as moderator factors should be considered in future research.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Dokkedahl, Sarah Bøgelund, Maria Louison Vang, and Ask Elklit. "Does tonic immobility mediate the effects of psychological violence on PTSD and complex PTSD?" European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 6, no. 4 (November 2022): 100297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100297.

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Kazlauskas, Evaldas, Goda Gegieckaite, Philip Hyland, Paulina Zelviene, and Marylene Cloitre. "The structure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in Lithuanian mental health services." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 1414559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1414559.

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Newman, Elana, David S. Riggs, and Susan Roth. "Thematic resolution, PTSD, and complex PTSD: The relationship between meaning and trauma-related diagnoses." Journal of Traumatic Stress 10, no. 2 (April 1997): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490100204.

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Murphy, Dominic, Mark Shevlin, Emily Pearson, Neil Greenberg, Simon Wessely, Walter Busuttil, and Thanos Karatzias. "A validation study of the International Trauma Questionnaire to assess post-traumatic stress disorder in treatment-seeking veterans." British Journal of Psychiatry 216, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.9.

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BackgroundVeterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) typically report a poorer treatment response than those who have not served in the Armed Forces. A possible explanation is that veterans often present with complex symptoms of PTSD. ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD (CPTSD) have not previously been explored in a military sample.AimsThis study aimed to validate the only measure of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD, the International Trauma Questionnaire, and assess the rates of the disorder in a sample of treatment-seeking UK veterans.MethodA sample of help-seeking veterans (N = 177) was recruited from a national charity in the UK that provides clinical services to veterans. Participants completed measures of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD as well as childhood and adult traumatic life events. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the latent structure of PTSD and CPTSD symptoms, and rates of the disorders were estimated.ResultsThe majority of the participants (70.7%) reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of either PTSD or CPTSD. Results indicated the presence of two separate disorders, with CPTSD being more frequently endorsed (56.7%) than PTSD (14.0%). CPTSD was more strongly associated with childhood trauma than PTSD.ConclusionsThe International Trauma Questionnaire can adequately distinguish between PTSD and CPTSD within clinical samples of veterans. There is a need to explore the effectiveness of existing and new treatments for CPTSD in military personnel.

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Cloitre, Marylène. "ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations." British Journal of Psychiatry 216, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.43.

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SummaryICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a new disorder that describes the more complex reactions that are typical of individuals exposed to chronic trauma. The addition of this disorder as distinct from PTSD is expected to provide greater precision in the diagnosis of trauma populations and more personalised and effective treatment.

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Biazoli, C., and M. Pluess. "Causal determinants of complex PTSD in Syrian refugee children living in informal settlements in Lebanon." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.214.

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Introduction Displaced refugee children with a history of war exposure are at risk of developing complex and severe forms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objectives Search for the most relevant causal predictors of complex PTSD in a prospective cohort of Syrian refugee children living in informal settlements in Lebanon (N=1007). Methods A latent class unsupervised analysis was carried out to determine clusters with complex PTSD presentation at the follow-up assessment. A new exploratory causal discovering modelling approach was applied using 97 multilevel psychosocial variables as predictors (Biazoli et al., 2021). Associations between discovered candidate causal factors assessed at baseline with a presumed diagnosis of complex PTSD one year later were calculated using a multiple logistic regression model. Results Several putative causal factors emerged: perceived social coherence of the neighbourhood (Positive Predictive Value increase: 1.22); impulsivity (1.25), self-efficacy (1.23) and depressive symptoms (1.15) at the parental level; positive home experiences (1.16) at the family level; and child-level factors such as being forced to work (1.22), being a victim of verbal or physical bullying (1.19), loneliness (1.17) and well-being (1.18). In further confirmatory multiple logistic regression analysis and after correction for multiple comparisons, verbal or physical bullying victimization (p=.005) and caregiver depressive symptoms (p=.0004) at baseline were associated with complex PTSD presentations one year later. Conclusions Our results support the need for a multi-level psychosocial care model to prevent psychological distress and promote mental health in refugee children. Specifically, our results suggest that programs tackling caregiver’s mental health and children’s exposure to violence might effectively prevent complex PTSD. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Levin, Aaron. "‘Complex PTSD’ May Result When Trauma Is Ongoing." Psychiatric News 45, no. 23 (December 3, 2010): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.45.23.psychnews_45_23_040.

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Bradshaw, G. A., Theodora Capaldo, Lorin Lindner, and Gloria Grow. "Building an Inner Sanctuary: Complex PTSD in Chimpanzees." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 9, no. 1 (April 18, 2008): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299730802073619.

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FINN, ROBERT. "Exposure Therapy Can Prove Effective in Complex PTSD." Clinical Psychiatry News 35, no. 2 (February 2007): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(07)70074-7.

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Taylor, Steven, Gordon J. G. Asmundson, and R. Nicholas Carleton. "Simple versus complex PTSD: A cluster analytic investigation." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 20, no. 4 (January 2006): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.04.003.

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