Relevant bibliographies by topics / Complex steel casting

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Complex steel casting'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Complex steel casting"

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Chernyshov, E. A., I. V. Baev, and A. D. Romanov. "Mechanical properties and structure of castings at different ladle processing of liquid and crystalizing steel." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 8 (October 8, 2020): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-8-644-650.

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The paper presents studies on the effect of external influences when pouring-in high-strength alloyed steel into thin-walled metalshell molds with external cooling and into the same molds with suspension pouring-in (complex effect on hardened casting). Prerequisites for the selection of these technologies are considered. As control metal, we have investigated the casting received in volume liquid glass form. Macrostructure, cross-sectional view and mechanical properties of the metal at normal (+20 °C) and raised (+350 °C) temperatures were studied. The most dense and uniform structure and cross-sectional view were received in casting at complex influence. It was established that the main advantage of the offered technologies is increase in uniformity of mechanical properties on the section and height of castings, especially of plastic properties and impact strength. The anisotropy of properties on the section and height of pilot castings is much less, than in control casting. As a result of the studies, it was found that the external and complex effect on the forming casting allows one to affect the macrostructure and to improve the mechanical properties of castings at various test temperatures of the samples. In castings obtained in a metal-shell form with forced cooling, there is no noticeable difference in the mechanical properties both in height and in cross section of the casting. Moreover, the strength properties are by an average 100 MPa higher than that of the control casting, while maintaining high values of ductility and toughness.
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Xiao, Xiao Feng, Qiong Xue, Ke Feng Xiao, and Xiao Lan Hu. "LFC Mold Development of Complex Parts with Free-Form Surface." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.532.

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This paper has analyzed key techniques in foam mold development for Lost Foam Casting for different types of casting, which are complex box, pipe faucet junction ,wear-resisting and refractory alloy steel casting, Focused on complex castings with free-form surface, key points during whole technical route, which includes three-dimensional modeling, foamed pattern design, mold design and CNC program, have been discussed by utilizing modeling & manufacturing module on Unigraphics. Because of its perfect free-form surface functions and plentiful toolpath operations in CNC programming, Foam mold of complex casting with free-form surface has been designed, manufactured and assembled successfully for LFC, Qualified foamed pattern of vortical shell has been produced successfully. Several effective methods and experiences have been achieved by utilizing CAD/CAM technology.
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Yang, Da Chun. "Influence of Casting Process for Technological Yield of Thin Wall Steel Castings by Last Solidifying Feeding Mechanism." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1134.

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For the steel castings which is thin wall, uniform thickness, complex structure, and no special mechanical properties, it is feasible that the foundry technology was designed according to the last solidifying feeding mechanism. Adopting this process for the thin wall steel castings, the pouring temperature must be controlled and the gating system be designed rationally. Using self-feeding shrinkage in solidification, and the casting was poured and congealing at the same time. The shrinkage of finally congealing part was fed by small riser or gating system (no riser). Using this foundry technology, the casting process yield and surface quality of casting may be improved, the production cost is reduced, and the requirements of mechanical properties can be met.
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Chen, Xiang-Ru, Qi-Jie Zhai, Han Dong, Bao-Hua Dai, and Hardy Mohrbacher. "Molybdenum alloying in cast iron and steel." Advances in Manufacturing 8, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40436-019-00282-1.

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AbstractMetal casting is an important manufacturing technology for efficiently producing massive components with complex shape. A large share of industrial castings is made from iron and steel alloys, combining attractive properties and low production cost. Upgrading of properties in cast iron and steel is mainly achieved by alloying and in fewer cases by heat treatment. Molybdenum is an important alloying element in that respect, increasing strength, hardness and toughness. It also facilitates particular heat treatments such as austempering. The paper describes the metallurgical functionality of molybdenum alloying in iron-based castings and demonstrates its effectiveness for applications in the automotive and mining industry.
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Saveliev, М. V., А. V. Chiglintsev, D. V. Sushnikov, P. V. Ekkert, and V. Yu Elin. "Development of steel continuous casting at the Nizhny Tagil steel-works." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 6 (July 21, 2020): 550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-6-550-555.

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Steel continuous casting is one of fundamentals of modern steel industry. Specialists of Nizhny Tagil steel-works (NTMK) made an important contribution to the process perfection. The one-strand slab CCM of curvilinear type with radial mold and slab straightening by multipoint curve, designed and manufactured at Uralmashzavod, became a prototype for many machines, which were later manufactured at domestic and foreign steel-works in the end of 60th of the previous century. In the process of mastering of CCMs, which were put into operation within the programs of the plant modernization and transferring to BOF production with steel continuous casting, the CCMs were significantly modernized and technology of casting was perfected. To bring down the impact on the solidifying billet peel and decrease a billet swell, the scheme of the supporting rollers location was changed, which enabled to increase the length of the supported zone. A principally new scheme of billets cooling was implemented, which ensured a softer and uniform secondary cooling due to water-air “fog”. To create optimal conditions of axis zone forming during production of round billets of 430 mm diameter, a technology of protective heat screens application was used. The protective screens were installed in the end of ingot solidification zone. A large work was done on determination of optimal technological casting parameters – temperature and speed modes, types of slag forming mixtures, types of heat-insulating mixtures, methods of metal protection in the process of casting. As a result of the work done, at EVRAZ NTMK a complex of steel continuous casting was created, which enables to be flexible depending on the varying situation at the market and to produce continuously casted billets of various dimensions and wide range of steel grades.
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Küthe, Fabian, C. Afrath, and Andreas Bührig-Polaczek. "Steels with Different Carbon Content for High Pressure Die Casting in Semisolid State." Solid State Phenomena 116-117 (October 2006): 708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.116-117.708.

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Some excellent projects have been finished successfully since the last conference on the pre-industrial stage showing the great potential of thixoforming technology for steels [1][2]. Experiments presented in this paper on induction heating, process window and mould filling of three widely-used steel alloys offer an even greater field of application for industrial companies. In the past thin walled cutting tools and complex impellers made of cold working steel X210CrW12 were produced at the Foundry Institute [3][4]. Constitutive on this knowledge the field of applications is enlarged by research on two further steel alloys. Processing of 100Cr6 (roller bearing steel) and 42Cr4 (annealing steel) is challenging due to a decreasing window at a higher temperature level with decreasing carbon content. An exact procedure has been worked out to create new control programs for the induction heating unit. It is based on thermo-chemical calculations and delivers billets with feasible temperature distribution and well defined content of liquid phase. Material characterization is performed in a step-die (seven steps between 25 and 0.5mm), especially developed for demands of semi-solid casting. Mould filling capacity, micro structural evolution and mechanical properties are determined on each of the seven steps. For any reproducible process the knowledge of suitable system parameters is essential. To find the limits of the process window sensitive experimental parameters were changed systematically for each of the three steel alloys. In addition to tool temperature the process windows consist principally of content of liquid phase fs, piston velocity vP and pressure during freezing pfr. Characteristic differences appeared between the different steel grades. The thermal simulation was used to find functional dimensions for the gating system and to shorten process times. Simulation of tools system was used to estimate the additional thermal load induced by higher working temperatures. The abrasive wear at the offsets to the next steps was in the same order of magnitude for all examined steels. These results provide the opportunity for commercial steel grades to cast complex steel parts in high pressure die casting.
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Wang, Shuo Ming, Cheng Liang Du, and Ju Gao. "Study of Micro-Inclusion of 20g Steel." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1864.

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According to the production process of 20g steel(120t BOF→ LF→ CC), some system analysis are introduced to research on the content of T[O] and [N] and the type, source, composition and quantity of micro inclusions in refining process, pouring process and casting billet. The results of the study show: the content of T[O] is 93.2ppm in the normal billet which is 37.8ppm more than that at steady state in the export of tundish. The content of T[O] is 140.5ppm in the compound casting billet which is 70.133ppm more than that at non-steady state in the export of tundish. The secondary oxidation of mould is serious at casting progress. In billet, the quality of CaS-SiO2-Al2O3 complex inclusion is the most, the quality of MnS inclusion is the second, and the quality of Al2O3 inclusion is the least. The sulphur content in micro-inclusion of billet is higher. The sulphur content in CaS-SiO2-Al2O3 complex inclusion is 3~15%, the sulphur content in MnS inclusion is 25%. The particle size of less than 10μm in micro-inclusions is the largest. The particle size of 0~5μm is about 60%, the particle size of 5~10μm is about 35%, the particle size of 10~15μm is about 5%. The average total volume rate of micro-inclusion is 0.149% in normal billet. The average total volume rate of micro-inclusion is 0.184% in compound casting billet which is 1.23 times than normal billet. The number of micro-inclusion is 36.5/ mm2 in normal billet. The number of micro-inclusion is 58.5/ mm2 in compound casting billet which is 60.27% higher than normal billet. The non-steady state casting has serious influence on billet cleanliness.
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Han, Zhan Guang, and Jia Quan Zhang. "An Advanced Dynamic Secondary Cooling Control Model for Bloom Castings." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.171.

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For bloom casting, typical quality defects such as midway crack usually occur upon improper cooling control during non-steady casting conditions specially for the production specialty steels,. A key measure to eliminate the defects formation has been presented by the adoption of more sophisticated secondary cooling strategies to balance the surface reheating due to casting speed fluctuation. With the consideration of the complex casting conditions and the characteristics of bloom casters, a dynamic control model for the secondary cooling has been developed in the paper to obtain a reasonable temperature profile and solidification progress for the bloom casting process, which is based on a slice residence time method combined with a multi-level control strategy. The feedback system, based on the difference between the calculated surface temperatures and the predetermined or measured surface temperatures, has been integrated into two-dimensional thermal model. The interlocking protection system between level-1 and level-2 is included in the model together with the data diagnosis and processing. Furthermore, the control model also offers technological interface for the introduction of new steel grades in production and the related modification to the secondary cooling parameters. It is shown from online application that the dynamic control system of secondary cooling for bloom casting is robust during operation and adaptable to any change of real casting conditions. Sound quality bloom castings according to acid etched tests have been obtained from the caster accordingly.
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Khan, Muhammad Azhar Ali. "Simulation Based Mold Design Optimization of a Spring Flap Casting." Solid State Phenomena 305 (June 2020): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.305.178.

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The complex nature of metal casting process brings about a need to simulate it before undertaken in a foundry. Casting simulations provide insights on flow of molten metal within the mold, solidification sequence, nature and location of defects etc. Moreover, mold design can be optimized to minimize defects without undergoing physical trials-and-errors as previously practiced in traditional metal casting. This study is based on casting an ASTM A216 WCB steel spring flap for automotive suspension system using a simulation based optimized mold design. The initial and optimized mold designs are simulated in MAGMASoft for mold filling, solidification, stress distribution and defects prediction. The results of simulations and actual castings are found to be in good agreement. It is concluded that simulations are accurate in modeling casting process and in predicting defects followed by their minimization through mold design optimization. The use of auxiliary components in a carefully designed mold can lead to a nearly defect-free and high quality cast product.
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Szajnara, J., A. Studnicki, M. Kondracki, and J. Głownia. "Technological Aspects of Low-Alloyed Cast Steel Massive Casting Manufacturing." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0090.

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Abstract In the paper authors have undertaken the attempt of explaining the causes of cracks net occurrence on a massive 3-ton cast steel casting with complex geometry. Material used for casting manufacturing was the low-alloyed cast steel with increased wear resistance modified with vanadium and titanium. The studies included the primary and secondary crystallization analysis with use of TDA and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of non-metallic inclusions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Complex steel casting"

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Miklin, Anton. "Entwicklung einer Fertigungstechnologie für dünnwandigen Stahlguss." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-38945.

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Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurde eine Fertigungstechnologie entwickelt, die die Überleitung des Stahlniederdruckgießverfahrens (3CAST) in die Produktion und somit die Erzeugung des dünnwandigen Stahlgusses ermöglicht. Die konventionellen Stahlgusswerkstoffe sowie ihre Gießbarkeit und Wärmebehandlung wurden untersucht und an die Besonderheiten des neuen Verfahrens und dünnwandigen Stahlgusses angepasst. Auf der Basis von schon existierenden Gießtechnologien wurde eine Formträgertechnologie (FTTech) entwickelt, die unter Berücksichtigung ökologischer Aspekte eine hohe Gussteilqualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit des Gießverfahrens sichert. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse wurden anhand eines Formträgerprototyps unter produktionsnahen Bedingungen erfolgreich erprobt. Somit ist eine Grundlage für den bei der Fa. Evosteel GmbH geplanten Aufbau der Fertigungstechnologie zur Serienproduktion von komplexen dünnwandigen Stahlgussteilen geschaffen.
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Book chapters on the topic "Complex steel casting"

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Chen, Jieyun, Dan Zhao, Huigai Li, and Shaobo Zheng. "Non-Metallic Ti Oxides and MnS/FeS2 Complex Precipitation in Ti-Killed Steel." In Advances in the Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification, 147–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48117-3_18.

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Mohanty, Itishree, and Dabashish Bhattacherjee. "Artificial Neural Network and Its Application in Steel Industry." In Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering, 267–300. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0290-6.ch010.

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The recent developments in computational intelligence has enhances the applicability of empirical modelling in different areas particularly in the area of machine learning. These new approaches are based on analysing the data about a system, in particular finding connections between the system state variables (input, internal and output variables) without having precise knowledge about the physical behaviour of the system. These data driven methods explain advances on conventional empirical modelling and include contributions from many overlapping fields like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computational Intelligence (CI), Soft Computing (SC), Machine Learning (ML), Intelligent Data Analysis (IDA), and Data Mining (DM). The most popular computational intelligence techniques used in process modelling of steel industry includes neural networks, fuzzy rule-based systems, genetic algorithms as well as approaches to model integration. This chapter describes mainly the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in steel industry. ANN has extensively used in improving and controlling different processes of steel industry like steel making, casting and rolling which lead to indirect energy savings through reduced product rejects, improved productivity and reduced down time. The efficiency of artificial neural network tool in handling steel plant processes has been discussed in detail. ANN based models are found to be very potential to handle very complex, dynamic and non-linear problems.
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HORMEL, M., W. KONEN, S. FUHRMANN, and A. FLÜGEL. "NEURAL SYSTEMS FOR COMPLEX IDENTIFICATION TASKS: THE ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM ZN-FACE AND THE ALARM IDENTIFICATION SENECA FOR STEEL CASTING PROCESSES." In Industrial Applications of Neural Networks, 75–84. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812816955_0010.

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"coating layer itself, an d at the interface between the coating and the substrate, causes instant fracturing and separation of coating material from the surface. In general, if a coating or contaminant is CHEMICALLY bonded to a surface, dry ice particle blasting will NOT effectively remove the coating. If the bond is PHYSICAL o r MECHANICAL in nature, such as a coating of rubber residue which is "anchored" into the porous surface of an aluminum casting, then there is a good chance that dr y ice blasting will work. Contaminants which are etched, or stained into the surfaces of metals, ceramics, plastics, or other materials typically cannot be removed with dry ice blasting. If the surface of the substrate is extremely porous or rough, providing strong mechanical "anchoring" for the contaminant or coating, dr y ice blasting may not be able to remove all of the coating, or the rate of removal may be too slow to allow dry ice blasting to be cost effective. The classic example of a contaminant that does NOT respond to dry ice blast-ing is RUST. Rust is both chemically and strongly mechanically bonded to steel substrate. Advanced stages of rust must be "chiseled" away with abrasive sand blasting. Only the thin film of powderized "flash" rust on a fresh steel surface can be effectively removed with dry ice blasting. 4.2.1.1. Inductio n (venturi) and direct acceleration blast systems - the effect of the typ e of system on available kinetic energy In a two-hose induction (venturi) carbon dioxide blastin g system, the medium particles are moved from the hopper to the "gun" chamber by suction, where they drop to a very low velocity before being induced into the outflow of the nozzle by a large flow volume of compressed air. Some more advanced two-hose systems employ a small positive pressure to the pellet delivery hose. In any type of two-hose system, since the blast medium particles have only a short distance in which to gain momentum and accelerate to the nozzle exit (usually only 200 to 300 mm), the final particle average velocity is limited to between 60 and 120 meters per second. So, in general, two-hose systems, although not so costly, are limited in their ability to deliver contaminant removal kinetic energy to the surface to be cleaned. When more blasting energy is required, these systems must be "boosted" a t the expense of much more air volume required, and higher blast pressure is re-quired as well, with much more nozzle back thrust, and very much more blast noise generated at the nozzle exit plane. The other type of solid carbon dioxide medium blasting system is like the "pressurized pot" abrasive blasting system common in the sand blasting and Plas-ti c Media Blasting industries. These systems use a single delivery hose from the hopper to the "nozzle" applicator in which both the medium particles and the compressed air travel. These systems are more complex and a little more costly than the inductive two-hose systems, but the advantages gained greatly outweigh the extra initial expense. In a single-hose solid carbon dioxide particle blasting system, sometimes referred to as a "direct acceleration " system, the medium is introduced from the hopper into a single, pre-pressurized blast hose through a sealed airlock feeder. The particles begin their acceleration and velocity increase." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 162–63. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Complex steel casting"

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Sasaki, Gen, Yongbum Choi, and Kenjiro Sugio. "Development of Tool Steel Matrix Composites With High Thermal Conductivity." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8572.

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Abstract The improvement of thermal conductivity of tool steel is a very important problem to achieve life prolongation of a metal die used in press forming and die-casting and obtain large size or complex shape products with good mechanical properties. To improve the thermal conductivity without the degradation of mechanical properties, some kind of dispersants were added into tool steel 40CrMoV5 in ISO standard. 0.5–1.0 vol. % carbon nanofiber, 4–8 vol. % TiB2 particles with 2.62 micrometer in average diameter and 8 vol. % Cu particles was added in tool steel. Dense composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering by controlling sintering temperature and time. The thermal conductivity was improved by adding all dispersant. Strength of carbon nanofiber / steel composites increased by adding 0.5 vol. % fiber, but decreased by adding 1.0 vol. % because of aggregation of carbon fiber. Some chemical reaction occurred in TiB2 particles/ steel composites, and the elongation improved because of the boron element in the interface. Cu /steel composites keep good strength compared with monolithic tool steel and the thermal conductivity increased dramatically as increasing Cu contents.
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Stalheim, Douglas G., and Bernhard Hoh. "Guidelines for Production of API Pipelines Steels Suitable for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) Service Applications." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31299.

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Worldwide oil and natural gas reserves can be classified as either sweet or sour service. The sour service classified oil and natural gas reserves contain some level of H2S making the product flowing through a steel pipeline corrosive. Due to this, the majority of the oil and natural gas reserves that have been drilled are of the sweet service nature. However as demand continues and supplies change, many of the remaining oil and natural gas reserves contain the H2S component and are of a sour service nature. These oil and natural gas reserves containing the H2S component through a corrosion mechanism will allow for diatomic hydrogen — in the presence of moisture — to disseminate to monatomic hydrogen and diffuse into the pipeline steel microstructure. Depending on the microstructure and level of cleanliness the monatomic hydrogen can become trapped at areas of high residual stress, recollect to diatomic hydrogen and creating partial pressures that exceed the tensile strength of the steel resulting in cracking. Therefore transmission pipelines are being built to transport sour service oil or natural gas requires steels with hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance. Alloy designs, steel making processing, continuous casting, plate or strip rolling, pipe forming, and last not least corrosion testing are all key components in producing pipeline steels that are resistant to HIC applications and meeting the NACE TM0284 specifications. However, producing steels that have good HIC performance do not necessarily meet other mechanical property requirements such as strength and YT ratios. Balance has to be achieved to meet not only the HIC requirements but the other required mechanical properties. Mastering this complex HIC process poses a serious challenge to pipe producers and their primary material suppliers. The capability of producing HIC steel grades according to critical specifications and/or standards clearly distinguishes excellent steel producers from good steel makers. This paper will discuss the basics of the hydrogen induced cracking phenomenon, the requirements of the NACE TM0284 specification and give guidelines for steel production of API pipeline steels that not only can meet the specification requirements the NACE testing but also fulfill the other mechanical property requirements.
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Anapagaddi, Ravikiran, Rishabh Shukla, Sharad Goyal, Amarendra K. Singh, Janet K. Allen, Jitesh H. Panchal, and Farrokh Mistree. "Exploration of the Design Space in Continuous Casting Tundish." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34254.

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Due to the stringent requirements of industry, it has become extremely important to have a careful control over the required performance and properties of steels. Performance and properties of advanced high strength steel depend significantly on its cleanliness. Cleanliness is achieved by restricting the inclusion count to a permissible limit. Over the past few years, there has been increased use of tundish, a device that acts as a buffer between ladle and mold, for controlling inclusions. Apart from facilitating inclusion removal, tundish also maintains low dead volume and thermal and chemical homogeneity, which is required for smooth casting operation. Thus, performance of the tundish operation greatly influences the properties and quality of the cast slab. Tundish performance is generally assessed using parameters such as inclusion removal efficiency, dead volume within tundish and effectiveness in maintaining the desired amount of superheat. But, the aforesaid parameters are conflicting in nature. Managing the conflict and providing a satisficing solution based on the customer requirements become essential. In this paper, we present an approach to manage the conflicts involved in designing a tundish. An integrated framework, by linking meta-models with compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP) construct, is developed to determine a satisficing solution considering conflicting requirements. The utility of the framework is illustrated by providing decision support when an existing configuration for tundish is unable to meet the requirements. This has been done by exploring the design space of tundish and coming up with a design and operating set points suitable for a particular purpose. This approach can be instantiated for other unit operations involved in steel manufacturing. In the future, each unit operation can be integrated to provide a complete picture of steel manufacturing which in turn will help in reducing the time and cost incurred in the development of new materials and products.
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Neyhouse, Jeffrey R., Jose M. Aurrecoechea, J. Preston Montague, and John D. Lilley. "Cast Iron-Nickel Alloy for Industrial Gas Turbine Engine Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68837.

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Austenitic ductile iron castings have traditionally been used for gas turbine exhaust components that require castability, good machinability, low thermal expansion, and high strength at elevated temperatures. The achievement of optimum properties in austenitic ductile irons hinges on the ability of the foundry to produce nodular graphite in the microstructure throughout the component. In large, complex components, consistently producing nodular graphite is challenging. A high-nickel steel alloy that is suitable for sand castings has been recently developed for industrial gas turbine engine applications. The alloy exhibits similar mechanical and physical properties to austenitic ductile irons, but with improved processability and ductility. This alloy is weldable and exhibits no secondary graphite phase. This paper presents the results of a characterization program conducted on a 35% nickel, high-alloy steel. The results are compared with an austenitic ductile iron of similar composition. Tensile and creep properties from ambient temperature to 760°C (1400°F) are included, along with fabrication experience gained during the manufacture of several sand cast components at Solar Turbines Incorporated. The alloy has been successfully adopted for gas turbine exhaust system components and other applications where austenitic ductile irons have traditionally been utilized. The low carbon content of austenitic steels permits improved weldabilty and processing characteristics over austenitic ductile irons. The enhancements provided by the alloy indicate that additional applications, as both austenitic ductile iron replacements and new components, will arise in the future.
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Collins, L. E., P. Wei, S. Nafisi, P. Wang, and J. B. Wiskel. "Effects of Segregation on the Mechanical Performance of X70 Line Pipe." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64302.

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Elemental segregation during continuous casting of steel is an inherent part of the solidification process. After rolling, the segregation is evident through banding of the microstructure, particularly at the centerline where the enrichment of such elements as carbon, manganese, molybdenum and chromium, may locally increase the hardenability of the steel and result in the formation of harder microstructural features. While operational steps may be taken to minimize segregation during casting, complete elimination of segregation is almost impossible. Various slab rating systems have been defined over the years which are employed as a means to measure slab quality taking into account such factors as internal cracks and segregation. While these slab rating systems were intended to aid mill operators in assessing slab quality, in recent years slab ratings have been prescribed as a means of assessing pipe quality. In this study the properties of pipe produced from a slab with Mannesmann rating of 2 are compared to those of pipe produced from a slab with a rating of 3. The work has been supplemented by microprobe analyses to measure the degree of segregation. Increased levels of Mn and Si were found at the centerline of pipe processed from the Mannesmann 3 slab. In the final pipe, these centerline bands were 10 to 20 μm in thickness and exhibited increased hardness (HV 50g) in the Mannesmann 3 pipe as compared to the Mannesmann 2 pipe. Despite evidence of increased segregation, the mechanical properties (YS, UTS, Charpy, DWTT) of both pipes comfortably met X70 property requirements.
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Kobayashi, Daisuke, Tsutomu Takeuchi, and Katsushi Nakabeppu. "Creep Damage Assessment of Notched Material Made of a Solidification Control Ni-Base Superalloy Using the EBSD Method." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3229.

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Changes in misorientation with deformation were measured by various misorientation analysis methods using the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) method, and quantitative assessments were attempted to estimate the amount of strain or damage. Misorientations were correlated with macroscopic plastic or creep strains for comparative well-strained materials such as austenitic stainless steels. Ni-base superalloys used for components requiring high temperature strength such as gas turbine blades, have low ductility with precipitation of the γ’ phase in grains, therefore the change of crystal orientation was considered to be extremely suppressed in comparison with austenitic stainless steels. In addition, it was anticipated that the extremely large grains of Ni-base superalloys made it difficult to properly assess the damage as misorientation. However, with the current advances in the EBSD acquisition systems in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy, it has become possible to make unprecedented resolved measurements of the local crystal structure distribution at a millimeter scale. In particular, in order to assess the damage of gas turbine blades, the complex blade inner cooling system complicates the distribution of temperatures and stresses in the blades, which implies that it is required to assess the influence of geometry at stress concentrated regions in addition to the condition of temperatures, stresses and creep fatigue wave forms. To date, in the case of the conventional casting material or the same geometry notched specimen of the directionally solidified (DS) superalloy, the average misorientation which means the grain reference orientation deviation (GROD) within grains in a certain predetermined evaluation area including the notch increases linearly up to the initiation of creep cracks regardless of the testing temperatures, strain rates and the effect of fatigue under the creep dominant condition. However, the different notch geometry of the DS superalloy shows the different characteristics of the misorientation development. This paper focuses on a misorientation parameter which can assess the creep crack initiation life independent of the geometry at stress concentrated regions. In order to assess the creep crack initiation life at various stress concentrated areas of the DS superalloy, the development of a unified life assessment method independent of the individual notch geometries was discussed. As a result of this study, a parameter dividing the GROD by the initial notch opening value, φ0, was proposed and it was confirmed that the proposed parameter, GROD/φ0 shows similar characteristics with the relative notch opening displacement (RNOD) curves which correspond to the local strain energy and the initiation of creep crack at the notch tip independent of the geometry at a stress concentrated region.
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7

Morimoto, Yoshitaka, Naohiko Suzuki, Yoshiyuki Kaneko, and Minoru Isobe. "Vibration Control of Relative Tool-Spindle Displacement for CNC Lathe With Pipe Frame Structure." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89292.

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Abstract:
A new CNC lathe with a pipe frame bed has been developed. One requested improvement for machine tools is their downsizing by minimizing the number of mechanical parts. Some researchers aim to construct a desktop factory. This trend has been attracting a lot of attention lately in the industrial field. When a machine tool bed is designed using castings and/or welded steel plate structures to comply with this request, it is difficult to ensure space for chip evacuation because of the space limitations of solid body components. This led us to develop another type of structure for machine tools. A pipe frame bed has the ability to solve this problem. As represented by bridge trusses and flexible space structures, truss structures are traditional and fundamental in their design. This structure is expected to have enough space between the truss bars to solve the space problem. However, rigidity is the most significant issue for machine tools. Therefore, the desired rigidity is ensured by the use of diagonal braces. Based on this design concept, a CNC lathe whose frame consists of pipes, joints, and diagonal braces has been developed with enough rigidity and space utility for chip evacuation. From the viewpoint of machine tool usage, the rigidity and stable dynamic characteristics of the structure must be obtained. Then, real-time vibration control theory is applied to the relative displacement between the tool post and the spindle. Active vibration control is used to suppress specific relative vibration modes. In this paper, the effects of vibration control are evaluated by comparing the relative vibratory motion between the tool post and the spindle. Over 50% suppression has been achieved by applying vibration control to the target vibration mode. Additionally, using this control, the machined profile has been improved, and the roundness and harmonic analysis of the workpiece showed over 30% improvement.
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