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Werner, Andreas Frank. "Freshwater on the international agenda - emergence of a regime complex." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-13102015-155516/.
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In the 21st century, water scarcity due to pollution, increasing demand and mismanagement has become a global phenomenon of growing concern. Often depicted in media reports, endorsed by global summits - such as the recent \"Rio+20\" Conference in 2012 in Brazil - and campaigned for by NGOs all over the world, freshwater issues play an important role within bigger debates on global environmental issues. Despite a clear increase in the intensity and scope of these issues over the last decades, they are not novel as such and have a history. This Ph.D. thesis analyzes the emergence and evolution of the freshwater topic on the international agenda since the early 1970s, when the first international freshwater-related conferences and conventions took place. In order to explain this genesis and evolution, the freshwater topic is situated within the broader international environmental agenda and is connected with International Relations scholarship on agenda-setting as well as international regimes. Subsequently, the empirical freshwater conventions and conference data is analyzed through these theoretical lenses, showing that the freshwater issue is in fact an umbrella topic which can be further subdivided into smaller water-related topics. The treatment of these sub-topics has led to conventions in two cases (wetlands and international watercourses) which are taken to be regimes in their own right, whereas others have so far remained limited to international conferences and events (sanitation, access to potable water etc.). Rather than seeing these as unconnected, individual regimes and conferences as has been done within contemporary scholarship, it will be argued that these in fact represent sub-regimes and parts of a bigger freshwater regime complex. Moreover, it will be argued that the origins of this regime complex are not due to specific countries´ deliberate aims of constructing international institutional overlap to subsequently explore forum-shopping opportunities to their advantage but, rather, that developments in this issue-area unintentionally resulted in this overlap for functional reasons.<br>No século 21, a escassez hídrica devido a causas como poluição, crescente demanda e má administração tem se tornado um fenômeno cada vez mais preocupante. Os recursos de água doce possuem um papel importante nos debates mais amplos sobre o meio ambiente, figuram frequentemente nas reportagens da mídia, são endossados nas cúpulas globais - tais como a recente \"Rio+20\" em 2012 no Brasil - e são o foco de campanhas de ONGs no mundo inteiro. Apesar de um crescimento evidente na intensidade e no escopo dessas questões nas últimas décadas, elas não são novas, mas sim integram um processo histórico. Esta tese de doutorado analisa a emergência e evolução do tema da água doce na agenda internacional a partir do início dos anos 1970, quando tiveram lugar as primeiras conferências e convenções relacionadas com essa questão. Com o intuito de explicar esta gênese e evolução, o tema da água doce está situado dentro da agenda ambiental mais ampla e se conecta com a literatura de relações internacionais sobre agenda-setting e regimes internacionais. Subsequentemente, os dados empíricos das convenções e conferências de água são analisados por meio dessas lentes teóricas, o que mostra que a temática hídrica é de fato um tópico guarda-chuva, que pode ser subdivido ainda em temas menores com relação à água. O tratamento desses subtemas tem levado a convenções em dois casos (zonas úmidas e cursos d\'água internacionais), que são percebidos como regimes próprios, quando outros têm ficado limitados até agora a conferências internacionais e meros eventos (saneamento, acesso à água potável etc.). Em vez de ver estes como regimes e conferências individuais e isolados, como tem sido feito na literatura contemporânea, argumentar-se-á que eles de fato representam subregimes e partes de um complexo de regime de água doce mais amplo. Além disso, argumentar-se-á que as origens desse complexo de regime não se devem a objetivos conscientes de certos países com o fim de construir uma sobreposição institucional para subsequentemente explorar oportunidades de fórum-shopping; mas bem os desdobramentos nessa área resultaram nessa sobreposição por razões funcionais, de forma não intencional.
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Franco, Cairê Moura. "Aplicação do planejamento integrado de recursos em usina hidroelétrica sob o regime de cotas de garantia física." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.
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Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Patrícia Teixeira Leite Asano<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2017.<br>A partir do início da década de 1920 começou a entrar em operação a audaciosa iniciativa denominada "Projeto Serra" que, em síntese, consistia em bombear parte do volume de água dos rios Tietê e Pinheiros para o reservatório Billings construído com a finalidade de armazenar água para ser aduzida por 720 metros de queda até ser turbinada na Usina Hidroelétrica Henry Borden. Essa configuração proporciona a essa usina uma excepcional produtibilidade, fato que na prática representa produzir mais eletricidade turbinando menor volume de água se comparada a outras usinas no Brasil. As estruturas do Projeto Serra continuam em operação e integram o que atualmente é denominado Complexo Henry Borden, entretanto, devido aos índices de poluição nas águas dos rios Tietê e Pinheiros o bombeamento para produção de eletricidade está proibido desde 1989 e com isso os consumidores brasileiros de eletricidade não podem dispor continuamente da plena capacidade e produtibilidade da Usina Henry Borden. Considerando o grande e múltiplo potencial do Complexo, esse trabalho de pesquisa explorou, a partir da metodologia do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos, a utilização das idiossincrasias regulatórias vigentes no Setor Elétrico para sugerir um plano de ação conjunto entre diversos agentes, visando ao tratamento das águas dos rios que integram o Complexo com a finalidade de redução dos índices de poluição visando à autorização de bombeamento das águas para geração de eletricidade, para que dessa forma, a sociedade brasileira e moradores da região metropolitana de São Paulo possam usufruir da plena disponibilidade dos diversos usos do Complexo Henry Borden.<br>From the beginning of the 1920s, the bold initiative called "Serra Project" began, which, in synthesis, consisted of pumping part of the volume of water from the Tietê and Pinheiros rivers to the Billings reservoir built for the purpose of storing water to be adduced by 720 meters of fall until being turbine in Hydroelectric Plant Henry Borden. This configuration gives this plant an exceptional productivity, a fact that in practice represents the production of more electricity by turbinating less water compared to other plants in Brazil. The structures of the Serra Project continue to operate and integrate what is now known as the Henry Borden Complex. However, due to the pollution indexes in the Tietê and Pinheiros rivers, pumping for electricity production has been prohibited since 1989 and with this the Brazilian consumers of Electricity cannot continuously dispose of the full capacity and productivity of the Henry Borden Mill. Considering the large and multiple potential of the Complex, this research project explored, from the methodology of Integrated Resource Planning, the use of the regulatory idiosyncrasies in force in the Electric Sector to suggest a joint action plan among several agents, aiming at the treatment of the waters of the Which integrate the Complex with the purpose of reducing the pollution indexes in order to permit the pumping of water for electricity generation, so that Brazilian society and residents of the metropolitan region of São Paulo can enjoy the full availability of the various uses of the Complex Henry Borden.
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Martil, Mariana Maturano Dias. "O magmatismo de Arco Continental Pré-Colisional (790 Ma) e a reconstituição espaço-temporal do regime transpressivo (650 Ma) no Complexo Várzea do Capivarita, Sul da Província Mantiqueira." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149194.
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Este estudo foca no Complexo Várzea do Capivarita (CVC), localizado no sul da Província da Mantiqueira (PM), Brasil. A fim de investigar a evolução geológica do CVC, uma abordagem multi-disciplinar foi utilizada, incluindo geologia de campo, geologia estrutural, petrografia, geoquímica de elementos maiores e traços, isótopos de Sr-Nd e geocronologia U-Pb em zircão (LA-MC-ICP-MS e SHRIMP). O complexo compreende uma variedade de orto- e paragnaisses de composição e idade diversa. Volumes subordinados de sienitos sintectônicos também perfazem o CVC. A deformação é particionada em zonas de cisalhamento do tipo thrust (D1) e transcorrentes (D2), o que sugere tectônica transpressiva. O arcabouço estrutural descrito é possivelmente relacionado a um evento colisional oblíquo. Os estudos petrológicos e geocronológicos enfatizaram os ortognaisses do CVC a fim de avaliar as fontes magmáticas e paleo-ambientes envolvidos. Idades de cristalização obtidas nos domínios de zircão com zonação tipicamente ígnea variaram entre 780 e 790 Ma. Por sua vez, idades entre 640 - 650 Ma foram obtidas em sobrecrescimentos de zircão, sendo interpretadas como o registro da idade do metamorfismo de alto grau e fusão parcial associada. Os dados geocronológicos apresentados também indicaram que ambos os regimes cinemáticos foram contemporâneos, oferecendo, dessa forma, evidencia adicional para a hipótese de colisão oblíqua. Os ortognaisses do Complexo têm composição tonalítica a granítica e são rochas calcioalcalinas meta- a peraluminosas, com razões elevadas de 87Sr/86Sr (i) variando de 0.71628 a 0.72509 e valores εNd (790) entre -7.19 a -10.06. Sua composição e padrões de elementos traços sugerem que representem um magmatismo de arco maduro continental. O magmatismo registrado no CVC é compatível com outras sequências de arco de ca. 800 Ma, incluindo parte das metavulcânicas ácidas do Complexo Metamórfico Porongos (CMP) e os ortognaisses do Cerro Bori, Uruguai. Todas essas associações têm assinatura típica de orógenos acrescionários, contendo idade TDM Meso a Paleoproterozóica, além de forte evidência da participação de proscessos de assimilação crustal/ contaminação. Desta forma, o conjunto de dados apresentados permite interpretar essas associações como parte do mesmo magmatismo, ou pelo menos como fragmentos de arcos magmáticos similares. As assinaturas Sr-Nd e geoquímica sugere que ao menos parte das metavulcânicas do CMP represente os protólitos dos ortognaisses de alto grau inclusos no CVC. Adicionalmente, as evidencias isotópicas também apontam similaridade entre as rochas sedimentares de ambas as unidades, sugerindo que o CVC e o PMC são, ao menos em parte, expressões do mesmo contexto, onde a atividade magmática e sedimentar ocorreu em um mesmo ambiente de arco continental. A corroboração desta premissa é o objetivo principal de estudos de proveniência em andamento, cujos resultados prévios apontam para o caráter vulcano-sedimentar dos metapelitos do CVC e sua relação co-genética com os ortognaisses do CVC. Os dados isotópico Sr-Nd sugerem que os protólitos dos ortognaisses foram gerados por processos de assimilação crustal associados à cristalização fracionada. O modelamento binário (binary mixing model) realizado indica que o magmatismo estudado teria se originado de fontes mantélicas do tipo EM II. Uma seqüência paleoproterozóica de rochas TTG pertencente ao Complexo Arroio dos Ratos (CAR) é possivelmente o principal contaminante crustal assimilado. Em conjunto com as idades de herança descritas no CVC em ca. 2.0 Ga é sugerido que a fusão crustal que gerou o magmatismo do CVC em ca. 790-780 Ma foi predominantemente similar ao CAR.<br>This study focuses in the Várzea do Capivarita Complex (VCC), exposed in the southern part of the Neoproterozoic Mantiqueira Province (PM), Brazil. To investigate the evolutionary processes that lead the VCC construction, a multidisciplinary approach is taken, which includes field and structural geology, petrography, major and trace-element geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotope and U-Pb zircon geochronology by LA-MC-ICP-MS and SHRIMP. The complex comprises a compositional and age variety of ortho- and paragneisses tectonically interleaved during a high grade event. Subordinate volumes of syntectonic syenites are also part of CVC. The VCC deformation is partitioned into thrusting (D1) and transcurrent (D2) shear zones, suggestive of transpressive tectonics. This structural framework is possibly related to an oblique collision event. Petrological and goechronological studies emphasize the VCC orthogneisses in order to evaluate magmatic sources and related paleo-environments. Igneous crystallization ages obtained in the typical magmatic domains presenting oscillatory zoning in zircons vary between 780 and 790 Ma. Zircon overgrowths have ages mostly in the 650 – 640 Ma range and are interpreted to record the timing of high-grade metamorphism and associated partial melting. Geochronological data presented also indicates that boths kinematic regimes are contemporaneous, offering, therefore, further evidence for the oblique collisional event hypothesis. The VCC ortogneisses comprise tonalitic to granitic compositions and are metaluminous to peraluminous, calc-alkaline rocks, with high 87Sr/86Sr (i) ratios from 0.71628 to 0.72509 and εNd (790) values from -7.19 to -10.06. Their geochemical composition and trace-element patterns are compatible with a continental mature arc. VCC magmatism is correlated with other ca. 800 Ma arc sequences from southern PM, including part of the Porongos Metamorphic Complex (PMC) metavolcanic rocks and the orthogneisses from Cerro Bori, Uruguay. All these associations show signatures typical of accretionary orogens, TDM and Meso to Paleoproteroic inheritance ages, and present strong evidences of crustal assimilation/contamination. Thus, these sequences may be interpreted as part of the same magmatism, or at least as fragments of similar magmatic arcs. Geochemical and Sr-Nd signatures suggest that at least part of the PMC metavolcanic rocks may represent the protoliths of the VCC high grade orthogneisses. This, together with the isotope evidence of similarity between the sedimentary fractions of both unities, suggest that the VCC and PMC are, at least in part, expressions of the same context, wherein the magmatic and sedimentary activity occurred in a single continental arc environment. The corroboration of this premise is the main goal of provenience studies in prep, which previous results points to the volcano-sedimentary character of part of the VCC metapelites and its co-genetic relation with the VCC orthogneisses. Sr-Nd isotope data suggest that the orthogneiss protoliths were generated by crustal assimilation processes associated with fractional crystallization. Binary mixing models indicate that the VCC magmatism originates from evolved EM II mantle sources. A Paleoproterozoic TTG association (ca. 2.0 Ga) from the Arroio dos Ratos Complex (ARC) seems to be the main crustal contaminant assimilated. Together with the small inheritance contribution at ca. 2.0, this suggests that the melted crust at ca. 790-800 Ma was predominantly like ARC.
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Cardona, Patricia Soares Pinto. "Elementos ópticos difrativos operando em regime de modulação complexa completa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-25022014-114351/.
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Neste trabalho desenvolvemos duas séries de EODs operando em regime simultâneo de modulação das componentes de fase e de amplitude de uma frente de luz (Modulação Complexa Completa MCC). A primeira destas séries foi constituída por Hologramas de Fourier calculados através do Algoritmo Iterativo da Transformada de Fourier (Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm IFTA) e a segunda, por Hologramad de Fresnel cujo cálculo da propagação da luz foi obtido por filmagem linear espacial proveniente da solução da Equação de Helmholtz no domínio da frequência. Nos dois casos, a Modulação Complexa Completa foi implementada fisicamente empregando, para realizar a modulação de fase, um micro-relevo gravado em um filme de DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) depositado sobre um substrato de vidro. Sobre este relevo foi implementada a modulação de amplitude, através da deposição de um filme de alumínio, no qual foram realizadas micro-aberturas diferentes cujas áreas eram proporcionais à amplitude em cada pixel. Nos Hologramas de Fourier, uma diferente espessura do filme DLC localizada sobre cada pixel foi responsável pela modulação do valor de fase relativo àquele ponto. Nos Hologramas de Fresnel, a combinação de duas espessuras diferentes do filme de DLC em cada pixel foi responsável pela modulação do valor de fase relativo a cada ponto. Os elementos foram caracterizados física e opticamente e produziram imagens de reconstrução totalmente livres de ruídos do tipo speckle. Também em caráter de avaliação dos resultados foi efetuada a comparação entre as imagens de reconstrução óptica produzidas pelos Hologramas de Fresnel com MCC com as produzidas por Hologramas de Fresnel convencionais em regime de modulação de fase.<br>In this work, we developed two sets of DOESs able to modulate both phase and amplitude components of light simultaneously (Complete Complex Modulation CCM). The first set is composed of Fourier Holograms calculated by Iteractive Fourier Transform Algorithm (IFTA). The second set is composed by Fresnel Holograms, which light propagation was calculated by spatial linear filtering obtained from the solution of the Helmholtz Equation in the frequency domain. In both cases, Complete Complex Modulation was physically implemented by a micro-relief, for phase modulation, recorded on a Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) film deposited on a glass substrate. Amplitude modulation was implemented on a aluminum fim layer deposited on this relief. In this layer, micro-appertures proportional to the amplitude on each pixel, were recorded. Phase modulation in each pixel of the Fourier Holograms was achivied by different thicknesses of the DLC film. For Fresnel Holograms, phase modulation was achieved by combining two different thicknesses of DLC film inside each pixel. The elements were physically and optically characterized and produced reconstruction images completly free of speckle like noise. The optical reconstruction images produced from Fresnel Holograms working in CCM regime and convencional phase-only modulated Fourier Holograms were compared.
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Draguljic, Gorana. "The Politics of Choice and Institutional Development in Global Environmental Regimes." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/408385.
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Political Science<br>Ph.D.<br>What factors account for variation in institutional development in the direction of greater or lesser regime complexity? To answer this question, this dissertation develops a distributive historical theory that connects the micro-foundations of state choice to the macro-processes of institutional development. I argue that distributive conflict over the terms of cooperation in a regime provides dissatisfied states with incentives to pursue institutional change. Yet there are centripetal forces that can bias regime development towards the status quo. The ways in which these forces of change and stability interact result in variations of institutional development and regime complexity. From the distributive historical theory, I derive and test a set of hypotheses through cross-case analysis of the regimes constructed to address ozone depletion, the overfishing of global stocks, and climate change. Across the cases, I find that dissatisfied actors continuously contest the status quo institutional arrangements to gain distributive advantages. Still, regimes tend to develop in a strongly path-dependent manner because institutions are resistant to change and because the status quo beneficiaries employ strategies that blunt the impact of the dissatisfied actors’ actions.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Hamad, Mohammed Hassan Ahmed. "Regional security complex theory and IGAD's regime." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422800.
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Macêdo, Marta de Paiva. "Escala de análise e cartografia: estudo da representação gráfica de fenômenos complexos, no âmbito da ciência geográfica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-03032010-123032/.
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Neste estudo, partimos do pressuposto de que o conhecimento dos fenômenos da realidade, em seu aspecto qualitativo, são manifestações de seu conteúdo que devem estar à frente de qualquer processo de apreensão apoiado em bases quantitativas, em que pese ser este uma necessidade ao conhecimento, demandada pela possibilidade de reconhecimento do real por sua estrutura. O conhecimento do específico pressupõe, em nosso entender, a particularidade que assume força de compartilhamento ou relações específicas entre o ser social e a espacialidade produzida. Espaço geográfico é, assim, o resultado de processos sempre inacabados da realidade, e, a região é nesse sentido, um reflexo de espacialidade provisória. A região é entendida neste estudo como fenômeno complexo, devendo ser compreendida através da incerteza que caracteriza o real, e que como realidade precisa ser compreendida. E, uma forma admitida para isto, é o mapa, tido como instrumento capaz de sintetizar o que os conteúdos da apreensão do aspecto regional, a partir do real, refletem. Desse modo, o processo de apreensão de tais conteúdos pensados à luz de conceitos geográficos de região, e, consubstanciados por uma Teoria do Conhecimento, com vistas à sua representação em mapa, foi o que, de certo modo, nos conduziu no percurso deste estudo. Entender a região, não foi objetivo principal aqui, mas a força dos diversos conceitos que a representa. Essa pluralidade conceitual e a persistência destes, ao lado das teorias que os fundamentam, terminam por influenciar várias escolhas na sua cartografia. A força dos conceitos a que nos referimos aqui, está em sua dimensão empírica, portanto, na realidade. Para tanto, a realização cartográfica depende da escala de apreensão do fenômeno. A escala no nível conceitual é para o fenômeno da região, o alcance da manifestação regional, o ponto de partida admitido a que este estudo se refere a região compreendida a partir da realidade empírica. Encontra-se desse modo, como solução mais adequada às cartografias da região, a forma de entendimento que cada pesquisador admite no exercício da reflexão sobre a realidade, cuja consciência e compromisso com critérios de verdade, conferem ao lado dos instrumentos técnicos, a conformação do aspecto regional. Ressalta-se, entretanto, que limitações próprias do processo de conhecimento, o seu caráter estruturador e generalizador, associadas aos métodos cartográficos que privilegiam funções automáticas nesse processo, terminam por elaborar um mapa inadequado. Contudo, o método para a solução disso repousa, em nosso entender entre a síntese do concreto pensado e a síntese cartográfica, designada nesse estudo de esforço de totalidade, ou ainda, síntese raciocinada. Esse método, entretanto, caracteriza-se por refutar veementemente critérios quantitativos apenas, como ponto de partida da realização cartográfica, às vezes, desprezando aspectos qualitativos. Além disso, consideramos que a força da razão mobiliza tais aspectos qualitativos na apreciação crítica da realidade pelo sujeito cognoscente, e que está em sua intenção as motivações do fazer cartográfico. Desse modo, as limitações próprias da estruturação do conhecimento não participam tão ativamente da escolha dos conteúdos a serem considerados na cartografia para a Geografia. Isto se dá pela consciência de que somos influenciados por uma dimensão da realidade que não é geométrica. Assim, o esforço de totalidade pode validar a concepção do mapa da realidade complexa, desde que se priorize uma leitura qualitativa, e que não se prescinda da eleição de um conceito de região ancorado na dimensão empírica da realidade, como procedimento que anteceda a todo o processo.<br>In this study, we depart from the principle that the knowledge of the phenomena of reality in its qualitative aspects are manifestations of its content, that should be ahead of any process of understanding supported by quantitative basis, in which weight to be a necessity of knowledge, demanded by the possibility of recognition of the real by it structures. The knowledge of the specific presumes, in our understanding, the particularity that assumes force of sharing or specific relations between being social with the produced space. Geographical space is, in this way, the result of always unfinished processes of reality, and, the region, in this sense is a reflex of provisional space. The region is understood in this study as a complex phenomenon, and should be comprehended through the uncertainty that characterizes the real, and that, as reality needs to be comprehended. And a way to do so, is through a map, Known as an instrument capable of synthesize the contents of understanding of the regional aspect, reflected through the real. This way, the process of understanding such contents are thought through the study of geographic concepts of the region, and, consolidated by a knowledge Theory, aiming its representation in maps. It was somehow, what guided us in this route. Understanding the region was not the main objective in this study, but the strength of various concepts that represent it. This conceptual plurality and the persistence of these ones, added to theories that base them, result in the influence of many choices in its cartography. The strength of the concepts which we raise in this work is in its empirical dimension, therefore, in reality. Thus, the cartography accomplishment depends on the scale of the phenomenon understanding. The scale in the conceptual level is to the phenomenon of the region and the reaching of the regional manifestation, the starting point to which this study refers to is the region comprised thence forward the empirical reality. This manner we come across as the most adequate solution the cartography of the region, the way each researcher acknowledges the reflection of realty, in which conscience and commitment with real criteria, integrated to the technical instruments, are the configuration of the regional aspect. We emphasize however, that typical limitations of the knowledge process, its structural and generalized character, associated to the cartography methods that privilege automatic functions in this process, conclude to the elaboration of an inadequate map. However, the method for this solution lies, in our understanding, between the synthesis of the real that is thought and the cartography synthesis, designated in this study of totality, or even, thought over synthesis. This method, however, is characterized by the strongly deny of only the quantitative criteria, as a starting point for the cartography, and sometimes scorning qualitative aspects. Moreover, we consider that the strength of reason encourage such qualitative aspects in the critic evaluation of reality, by the reasonable person who has his/her purposes about the motivations of the cartography creation. In such way, the typical limitations of the structural knowledge do not take part effectively in the choice of the contents to be considered in the cartography to the Geography. This happens by the conscience that understands we are influenced by the extent of reality that is not geometrical. So, the effort of totality can validate the concept of map of complex reality, since it prioritizes a qualitative reading, and that do not dismiss the election of a concept of region based in the empirical dimension of reality, as a process that comes before all processes.
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Castanié, Aurore. "Surface plasmon hybridization in the strong coupling regime in gain structures." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20093/document.
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Les plasmons de surface sont des modes non-radiatifs qui vivent à l'interface d'un diélectrique et d'un métal. Ils peuvent confiner la lumière à des échelles sub-longueur d'onde. Néanmoins, leur propagation reste limitée par les pertes inhérentes au métal qui entraînent une absorption rapide du mode. L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude du couplage des plasmons de surface dans des structures planes métallo-diélectriques. L'obtention des propriétés des différents modes nécessite le prolongement des solutions dans le plan complexe définissant la constante de propagation. La méthode mise en œuvre consiste à déterminer les pôles de la matrice de diffusion en utilisant les intégrales de Cauchy. Une première solution pour résoudre le problème de propagation des plasmons de surface consiste à coupler ces modes entre eux. Dans un milieu symétrique, lorsque l'épaisseur d'un film métallique devient suffisamment faible, le couplage entre les modes plasmons existants sur chaque surface devient possible. L'un des deux modes couplés ainsi créé, dit plasmon longue portée, a une longueur de propagation supérieure à celle du plasmon de surface usuel tandis que l'autre, dit plasmon à courte portée, se propage moins. Nous présentons une configuration permettant l'excitation du mode longue portée sans le mode courte portée grâce à une couche métallique déposée sur un substrat infiniment conducteur. Cette excitation peut alors être effectuée dans l'air et permettre des applications comme la détection et la caractérisation de molécules. Ensuite, nous présentons le couplage entre deux guides d'ondes diélectriques, et plus particulièrement la théorie des modes couplés, étendue au cas de la polarisation transverse magnétique. Nous considérons aussi le cas de la PT symétrie. La dernière partie de ce mémoire présente la démonstration du régime de couplage fort entre un plasmon de surface et un mode guidé. Nous mettons alors en évidence une augmentation de la longueur de propagation pour le mode hybride plasmon dont le confinement reste celui d'un mode de surface. Un gain linéaire est ensuite ajouté dans les différentes couches de la structure pour en étudier l'effet. L'ajout de gain dans la couche intermédiaire entre les deux modes couplés a pour conséquence l'exaltation de la longueur de propagation des modes et plus particulièrement du mode hybride plasmon qui peut alors se propager au-delà du millimètre<br>Surface plasmon polaritons are non radiative modes which exist at the interface between a dielectric and a metal. They can confine light at sub-wavelength scales. However, their propagation is restricted by the intrinsic losses of the metal which imply a rapid absorption of the mode. The aim of this thesis is the study of the coupling of surface plasmons in metallo-dielectric planar structures. Obtaining the properties of the modes implies the extension of the solutions to the complex plane of propagation constants. The method used consists in determining the poles of the scattering matrix by means of Cauchy's integrals. The first solution to solve the problem of propagation of the surface plasmons consists in coupling these modes to one another. In a symmetric medium, when the thickness of the metallic film becomes thin enough, the coupling between the plasmon modes which exist on each side becomes possible. One of the coupled modes which is created, the so-called long range surface plasmon, has a bigger propagation length than the usual plasmon whereas the other coupled mode, named short range surface plasmon, has a smaller propagation length. We present a configuration which allows the excitation of the long range surface plasmon without the short range mode with a metallic layer deposited on a perfect electric conductor substrate. This excitation can be done in air and allows applications, such as the detection and the characterisation of molecules. Then, we present the coupling between dielectric waveguides, and, in particular, the coupled-mode theory in the case of the transverse magnetic polarisation. We consider also the case of PT symmetric structure. The last part of this work presents the demonstration of the strong coupling regime between a surface plasmon and a guided mode. We demonstrate an increase of the propagation length of the hybrid surface plasmon, which still has the confinement of a surface mode. A linear gain is added in the different layers of the structure. When the gain is added in the layer between both coupled modes allows an enhancement of the propagation lengths of the modes, and more precisely of the hybrid surface plasmon mode, which can propagate at the millimeter scale
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Lashgari, Iman. "Stability analysis and inertial regimes in complex flows." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fysiokemisk strömningsmekanik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177850.
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In this work we rst study the non-Newtonian effects on the inertial instabilities in shear flows and second the inertial suspensions of finite size rigid particles by means of numerical simulations. In the first part, both inelastic (Carreau) and elastic models (Oldroyd-B and FENE-P) have been employed to examine the main features of the non-Newtonian fluids in several congurations; flow past a circular cylinder, in a lid-driven cavity and in a channel. In the framework of the linear stability analysis, modal, non-modal, energy and sensitivity analysis are used to determine the instability mechanisms of the non-Newtonian flows. Signicant modifications/alterations in the instability of the different flows have been observed under the action of the non-Newtonian effects. In general, shear-thinning/shear-thickening effects destabilize/stabilize the flow around the cylinder and in a lid driven cavity. Viscoelastic effects both stabilize and destabilize the channel flow depending on the ratio between the viscoelastic and flow time scales. The instability mechanism is just slightly modied in the cylinder flow whereas new instability mechanisms arise in the lid-driven cavity flow. In the second part, we employ Direct Numerical Simulation together with an Immersed Boundary Method to simulate the inertial suspensions of rigid spherical neutrally buoyant particles in a channel. A wide range of the bulk Reynolds numbers, 500<Re<5000, and particle volume fractions, 0<\Phi<3, is studied while fixing the ratio between the channel height to particle diameter, 2h/d = 10. Three different inertial regimes are identied by studying the stress budget of two-phase flow. These regimes are laminar, turbulent and inertial shear-thickening where the contribution of the viscous, Reynolds and particle stress to transfer the momentum across the channel is the strongest respectively. In the inertial shear-thickening regime we observe a signicant enhancement in the wall shear stress attributed to an increment in particle stress and not the Reynolds stress. Examining the particle dynamics, particle distribution, dispersion, relative velocities and collision kernel, confirms the existence of the three regimes. We further study the transition and turbulence in the dilute regime of finite size particulate channel flow. We show that the turbulence can sustain in the domain at Reynolds numbers lower than the one of the unladen flow due to the disturbances induced by particles.<br><p>QC 20151127</p>
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Krasner, Tate Q. "Identity Crisis: Interorganizational Cooperation and Competition within the Peacekeeping Regime Complex." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106773.
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Thesis advisor: Jennifer Erickson<br>What explains why international and regional organizations in some cases choose to cooperate during peacekeeping operations, while in other cases find themselves competing for resources and control? This thesis seeks to explain variation in coordination, competition, and cooperation between international and regional organizations in the area of peacekeeping. In the post-Cold War era, a number of factors—including the proliferation of increasingly capable organizational actors, expansion of mandated tasks, and increasing complexity of conflict—have led to the development of an international peacekeeping “regime complex.” This complex is characterized by multiple international institutions that exhibit overlapping membership, are actively involved in matters of peace and security, and are connected by normative and operative interaction, both official and ad hoc. In some cases, this complex functions smoothly, while in others, it does not. By examining materialist, dependency, and identity factors at work in the peacekeeping regime complex, this thesis explores institutional interaction and the drivers of both rivalry and collaboration in the context of four cases: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Mali, and Somalia. I hypothesize that organizations will cooperate when they hold complementary understandings of their roles within the peacekeeping regime complex, but will compete when these identities clash and overlap. Understanding these dynamics will not only lead to recommendations for more effective and efficient peacekeeping operations, but also contribute more generally to the growing theoretical field of regime complexity in international relations<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Scholar of the College<br>Discipline: International Studies
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Adebola, Titilayo Adunola. "The regime complex for plant variety protection : revisiting TRIPS implementation in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/98751/.
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Article 27.3(b) of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) obliges all World Trade Organisation (WTO) embers to protect plant varieties. This thesis unpacks plant variety protection in the Global South, using Nigeria as a case study. To do this, the thesis adopts Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) as a macro-methodological lens and regime complex theory as a supplement. TWAIL is a historically aware methodology that engages with international law from the perspectives and aspirations of the Third World. While regime complex theory illuminates how the overlapping non-hierarchical institutions, agreements, systems, and principles governing plant variety protection shape the implementation of Article 27.3(b) of TRIPS. Combining TWAIL with regime complex theory uncovers the complexities in plant variety protection law-making in the Global South with a view to provide lessons for Nigeria. As Nigeria currently does not have a plant variety protection system, the thesis employs an original empirical study, involving semi-structured iinterviews in Nigeria, to understand realities and stakeholders’ perspectives on the subject. Based on the empirical insights, the thesis proposes a sui generis system which protects the interests of both small-scale farmers and commercial breeders as best suited to Nigeria. To understand the intricacies and contingencies of designing such a system, the thesis examines plant variety protection laws and law-making of Global South WTO members such as the African Group, India, and Thailand. Drawing lessons from this examination, the thesis develops original frames for analysing plant variety protection in the Global South, namely: trade agreements, regional associations, pressures from seed companies, international institutions lobbies, and civil society activism. In combining the original multi-layered methodological lens, empirical study, and analytical framework, the thesis presents the first comprehensive analysis on plant variety protection in Nigeria. It is hoped that this timely thesis will inspire the introduction of the sui generis system proposed.
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Oliveira, Josà Dickson AraÃjo de. "Evaluation of the operation of the HVDC system of Madeira River complex interconnection to the Southern Region of the brazilian electric system." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15766.
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This work proposes a model for the HVDC transmission system of the Madeira River Complex, which is developed using PSCAD/EMTDC and based on the design provided by the Energy Research Company (EPE) during the granting concession stage. The implemented model is evaluated by comparing the simulation results and actual data regarding events that occurred in the National Interconnected System (SIN) involving the complex. The Madeira River HVDC system is rated at 7,100 MW, being responsible for transmitting the power generated by the hydropower plants of Santo AntÃnio and Jirau, which are close to the city of Porto Velho, to local load centers and southeastern Brazil, thus reaching the Araraquara substation in the state of SÃo Paulo through two 2,350 km lines. The system consists of two back-to-back (antiparallel) blocks rated at 400 MW each using capacitor-commutated converter stations in order to supply the load comprising the states of RondÃnia and Acre, and also two bipoles of 3,150 MW each, which are constituted by 12-pulse line-commutated current source converters so that power can be transmitted to southeastern Brazil. The results of comparison between actual data and the simulation tests have shown that the percentage difference between the evaluated quantities are within acceptable limits, while it can be concluded that the proposed model is properly validated.<br>Este trabalho propÃe um modelo do sistema de transmissÃo HVDC do Complexo do Rio Madeira, desenvolvido no ambiente PSCAD/EMTDC e baseado no projeto disponibilizado pela Empresa de Pesquisa EnergÃtica - EPE na fase de concessÃo das instalaÃÃes. O modelo construÃdo à avaliado por meio da comparaÃÃo entre os resultados de simulaÃÃo e os dados reais de ocorrÃncias no Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN que envolveram o complexo. O HVDC do Rio Madeira possui capacidade total de conversÃo de 7.100 MW, e transporta a energia gerada nas usinas hidroelÃtricas de Santo AntÃnio e Jirau, prÃximas a Porto Velho, para centros de carga locais e para o sudeste do Brasil, chegando à subestaÃÃo Araraquara, no estado de SÃo Paulo, atravÃs de duas linhas em corrente contÃnua de 2.350 km de extensÃo. O sistema à composto por dois blocos back-to-back (anti-paralelo) de 400 MW cada, com estaÃÃes conversoras comutadas por capacitores, para atender as cargas dos estados de RondÃnia e Acre, e dois elos bipolares de 3.150 MW cada, constituÃdos de conversores fonte de corrente de 12 pulsos com comutaÃÃo natural de linha, para transmissÃo de energia para o sudeste do paÃs. Os resultados da comparaÃÃo entre os dados reais e a simulaÃÃo mostraram que as diferenÃas percentuais entre grandezas avaliadas se mantiveram dentro de limites satisfatÃrios, podendo-se concluir que o modelo construÃdo foi considerado validado.
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Mantovani, Rocco. "Modelling complex systems in the severely undersampled regime: a Bayesian model selection approach." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18019/.
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L'inferenza di modelli di spin è uno strumento diffuso nell'approccio statistico ai sistemi complessi.
Tipicamente ci si limita a modelli con interazioni a uno e due corpi:
per il principio di massima entropia,
ciò equivale
ad assumere che magnetizzazioni e correlazioni a coppie costituiscano le variabili rilevanti (statistiche sufficienti)
del sistema.
L'assunzione non è giustificabile nel caso generale sulla base di argomenti puramente statistici;
il problema della selezione tra modelli con interazioni di ordine arbitrario
è però alto-dimensionale. Esso può essere affrontato tramite
una particolare euristica Bayesiana che permette di
ottenere le variabili rilevanti direttamente dal campione;
la selezione avviene nella classe delle misture, e
i risultati vengono proiettati sulla
rappresentazione di spin.
Il risultato è l'ottenimento delle statistiche sufficienti senza alcuna assunzione a priori.
Il numero di tali statistiche
è modulato da quello di differenti frequenze empiriche nel campione; in regime di sottocampionamento,
esso è molto minore della dimensione del modello completo. Ciò rende il problema di inferenza dei parametri
tipicamente basso-dimensionale.
Il principale scopo di questo lavoro è quello di investigare esplicitamente come l'informazione sia organizzata
nella mappa tra misture e modelli di spin.
La comprensione dettagliata di tale mappa suggerisce nuovi approcci per la regolarizzazione;
inoltre i risultati gettano luce sulla natura delle statistiche sufficienti,
che risultano essere funzioni degli stati solo tramite le frequenze empiriche di questi.
Mostriamo come da un approccio integralmente Bayesiano emerga sotto opportune condizioni
un termine regolarizzatore "L2"; verifichiamo numericamente se tali condizioni sono tipicamente soddisfatte.
Presentiamo infine alcune osservazioni qualitative circa l'emersione di loop stuctures
nella mappa da misture a spin; queste aprono scenari interessanti per la ricerca futura.
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Iaydjiev, Ivaylo. "Faustian bargaining in a regime complex : IMF-RFA cooperation in Europe (2008-2012)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cc6196b8-853c-489e-ab3f-add7c83fa12f.
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What explains IMF behavior in Europe between 2008 and 2012? Harshly criticized in Greece, yet tentatively praised in Hungary, the institution found itself playing different roles as it responded to a string of financial crises. Its programs varied substantially in terms of conditionality, financing, and private sector involvement. This thesis explores why, highlighting the changing global financial safety net, which is both expanding and becoming more decentralized due to the spectacular rise of regional financing arrangements (RFAs). Existing theories of IMF behavior assume the Fund to be a stand-alone institution and analyse financial assistance as the outcome from the interplay between creditors, borrowers, and staff. By focusing on dynamics within the IMF, however, they miss how developments outside the institution are increasingly shaping its behavior. This thesis brings in the role of changes in the institutional environment by drawing on the literature on regime complexity. The proliferation of RFAs alters the outside options of all actors, which affects their bargaining power. This opens the way for new strategies, through which creditors can entangle institutions by creating overlaps, borrowers can engage in confrontation between alternative financing institutions, and the IMF can find means to co-work with RFAs. These in turn affect whose preferences shape program design. This argument is tested empirically through process-tracing and comparing three cases of IMF-RFA cooperation in Europe. In Hungary, the IMF led the way in shaping a surprisingly 'generous' program with little constraint from the EU. However, in Latvia, the Fund found itself a 'junior partner' in a program driven by local authorities with the support of an European RFA. In Greece, the interests of creditors were paramount, securing IMF acquiescence through the threat of exclusion. These findings point to significant challenges for the Fund going forward. As RFAs continue to proliferate around the world, the IMF needs to avoid the temptation of striking even more Faustian bargains that keep it at the table of financial assistance at the cost of becoming a junior partner.
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Muñoz, Martínez María de los Ángeles. "Complejo turístico rural: Santa Amelia - Pichidegua." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112488.
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Arquitecto<br>La idea del “turismo sustentable” o “turismo cultural” nace de la crisis de un sistema que ha desgastado sus recursos a un punto insostenible. La existencia en la actualidad de ciudades “fantasma” que solo son habitadas por turistas y que son verdaderos museos al aire libre, se ha hecho cada vez mas común, y si bien ha sido el resultado de un proceso complicado y dañino, ha servido para entender que como actividad productiva el turismo es una muy buena alternativa, pero que al transformarse en la “única” actividad de la que se alimenta una comunidad, termina depredando los mismos elementos que la originaron.
Nace así una nueva alternativa, que cada vez va cobrando más fuerza, alejada de las masas y concentrada en pequeñas comunidades que conservan aun tradiciones y manifestaciones culturales propias del lugar donde están ubicadas. Este tipo de turismo no genera la misma cantidad de recursos que el turismo de masas, pero tiene un impacto social mucho más profundo y duradero, constituyendo un elemento de desarrollo en una mucho más amplia variedad de ámbitos.En un mundo cada vez más globalizado, en donde han desapareciendo las fronteras de la información y comunicación, el hombre ha comenzado a perder su identidad. Nunca habíamos estado mas conscientes de lo pequeños que somos como individuos, y de lo mucho que necesitamos sentirnos parte de algo, diferenciarnos de esta gran masa, tener costumbres y características que nos ubiquen geográficamente. Es en respuesta a esta necesidad, que iniciativas como el turismo rural tienen su nicho.Esta modalidad no solo va en beneficio de las frágiles economías rurales, que han visto mermados sus recursos gracias a la industrialización de la agricultura, sino que también fortalece las redes sociales que pudieron haberse visto debilitadas por el éxodo a los centros urbanos. Es más, el turismo rural se alimenta de estas redes para su funcionamiento, logrando que esta actividad tenga connotaciones que van mas allá de un tema monetario.En nuestro país este tema aun es incipiente, si bien existen algunos organismos estatales dedicados a su fomento, estos no son producto de la planificación sino más de una necesidad existente. Sin embargo, a pesar de no existir políticas regionales que definan los objetivos específicos de esta actividad, el Valle central ha logrado establecer su condición de epicentro de las tradiciones chilenas, atrayendo año a año cada vez mas visitantes chilenos y extranjeros (a los cuales siguen las inversiones).
Esta es una actividad en desarrollo y con muchísimas proyecciones, pero al tener como base algo tan delicado como el patrimonio cultural y arquitectónico de un lugar, debe ser planificada e implementada con el mayor de los cuidados, velando por que las intervenciones tengan objetivos claros y que los criterios tengan una base más conceptual que económica. He aquí, el desafío.
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Schoeninger, Karine. "Sistemática de Kapala Cameron, 1884 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2018. http://bdtd.inpa.gov.br/handle/tede/2642.
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Previous issue date: 2018-04-30<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>Kapala Cameron, 1884 is widespread throughout the Neotropical region, except for Chile and a
disjunct species is found in Central Africa and Madagascar. The need for a review of the Kapala
species was observed from their original descriptions, which are extremely succinct, resulting in
many misidentifications. The vast majority of descriptions mention coloration, which is extremely variable; the presence of two long spines, flabellate antennas in males and mesoscuto high and convex. These characteristics are common to all species making identification of their species almost impossible. Despite this, the greatest difficulty found within the group is its high intraspecific variation, but at the same time highly conserved. This is the first attempt to revise known species, to describe new taxa, and to establish a baseline for genus taxonomy. In addition, a new phylogenetic proposal for Kapala is provided. In Chapter I, based on the examination of the species-type and complementary material, we redescribe the type species of the genus and establish the limits of valid species; four synonyms were performed, K. atrata (Walker, 1862) n. syn. and K. surgens (Walker, 1862) n. syn. was synonimized with K. flabellata (Fabricius, 1804), K. striaticeps (Cameron, 1913) n. syn. was synonymized with K. inexagens (Walker, 1862) and K. sulcifacies (Cameron, 1904) n. syn. was synonymized with K. romandii (GuérinMeneville, 1845); three lectotypes were designated: K. cynipsea (Walker, 1862) pres. desig., K.inexagens(Walker, 1862) pres. desig. and K. terminalis (Ashmead, 1892) pres. desig., and seven species had males associated with females. Seven new species are described: K. confusa n. sp., K. corcovata n. sp., K. genistriata n. sp., K. gracilispina n. sp., K. haplospinosa n. sp., K. jalisca n. sp. e K. spinaepplanata, and an identification key for all species is provided. In Chapter II, a phylogenetic study based on morphological and molecular data was performed with the objective of testing Kapala monophyly and the relationships among its species. For this purpose, 61 characters related to external morphology were analyzed. For the molecular analyzes, parts of five gene regions were amplified: 18S, 28S-D2, 28S-D3-D5, COI-nj and COII. As a result, it was verified in all morphological and molecular analyzes that Kapala is paraphyletic, divided into three species complexes, which in turn are divided by groups of different genera. In chapter III, the iridicolor species complex was reviewed, as well as a molecular phylogeny based on 5 genes, 3 nuclear and 2 ribosomal genes. Six species were recognized within the iridicolor complex, including K. iridicolor described by Cameron (1904) and five new species: K. cavicornis n. sp., K. ceciliae n. sp., K. ipa n. sp., K. longicornis n. sp. and K. parairidicolor n. sp. In addition, a diagnosis of the K. iridicolor complex is provided, as well as an identification key for the species. In chapter IV, a review of the furcata species complex and a molecular phylogeny was performed, with three new species being recognized: K. deltalis n. sp., K. parafurcata n. sp. And K. quasimodo n. sp. In addition, a diagnosis for the furcata complex is provided, as well as a key identification for its species. In Chapter V, as a basis in morphological and molecular phylogeny, two new genera are described for the family Eucharitidae, Ecarinata n. gen. and Torquata n. gen. A revised and updated key is provided for the Neotropical genera of Eucharitidae.<br>Kapala Cameron, 1884 é amplamente difundido em toda a região Neotropical, com exceção do Chile e uma espécie disjunta que é encontrada na África Central e Madagascar. A necessidade de uma revisão das espécies de Kapala foi observada a partir de suas descrições originais, que são extremamente sucintas, o que resultou em muitas identificações errôneas. A grande maioria das descrições menciona a coloração, que é extremamente variável; a presença de dois longos espinhos, presença de antenas flabeladas e mesoscuto alto e convexo. Essas características são comuns a todas as espécies tornando a identificação de suas espécies quase impossível. Apesar disso, a maior dificuldade encontrada dentro do grupo é a sua alta variação instraespecífica, mas ao mesmo tempo altamente conservada. Esta é a primeira tentativa de revisar as espécies conhecidas, descrever novos táxons e estabelecer uma linha de base para a taxonomia do gênero. Além disso, uma nova proposta filogenética para Kapala é fornecida. No Capítulo I, com base no exame dos espécimes-tipo e material complementar, redescrevemos as espécies-tipo do gênero e estabelecemos os limites das espécies válidas; quatro sinônimos foram realizados, K. atrata (Walker, 1862) sin. nov. e K. surgens (Walker, 1862) sin. nov. foram sinonimizadas com K. flabellata (Fabricius, 1804), K. striaticeps (Cameron, 1913) sin. nov. foi sinonimizada com K. inexagens (Walker, 1862) e K. sulcifacies (Cameron, 1904) sin. nov. foi sinonimizado com K. romandii (Guérin-Meneville, 1845); três lectótipos foram designados: K. cynipsea (Walker, 1862) pres. desig., K. inexagens (Walker, 1862) pres. desig. e K. terminalis (Ashmead, 1892) pres. desig., e sete espécies tiveram machos associados a fêmeas. Sete novas espécies sã descritas: K. confusa n. sp., K. corcovata n. sp., K. genistriata n. sp., K. gracilispina n. sp., K. haplospinosa n. sp., K. jalisca n. sp. e K. spinaepplanata, e uma chave de identificação para todas as espécies é fornecida. No capítulo II, um estudo filogenético com base em dados morfológicos e moleculares foi realizado com o objetivo de testar a monofilia de Kapala e as relações entre as suas espécies. Para este propósito, 61 caracteres relacionados à morfologia externa foram analisados. Para as análises moleculares, partes de cinco regiões de genes foram amplificadas: 18S, 28S-D2, 28S-D3-D5, COI-nj e COII. Como resultado, foi verificado em todas as análises, morfológica e molecular, que Kapala é parafilético, dividido em três complexos de espécies, que por sua vez, estão divididos por agrupamentos de gêneros distintos. No capítulo III, foi realizada a revisão do complexo de espécies iridicolor, bem como uma filogenia molecular com base em 5 genes, 3 nucleares e dois ribossomais. Como resultados, foram reconhecidas seis espécies dentro do complexo iridicolor, incluindo K. iridicolor descrita por Cameron (1904) e cinco novas espécies, sendo elas: K. cavicornis n. sp., K. ceciliae n. sp., K. ipa n. sp., K. longicornis n. sp. e K. parairidicolor n. sp. Além disso, uma diagnose do complexo K. iridicolor é fornecida, bem como uma chave de identificação para as espécies. No capítulo IV, foi realizada a revisão do complexo de espécies furcata e, também, uma filogenia molecular, sendo reconhecidas três novas espécies: K. deltalis n. sp., K. parafurcata n. sp. e K. quasimodo n. sp. Além disso, uma diagnose para o complexo furcata é fornecida, bem como uma chave de identificação para as suas espécies. No capítulo V, como base na filogenia morfológica e molecular, dois novos gêneros são descritos para a família Eucharitidae, Ecarinata n. gen. e Torquata n. gen., sendo fornecida uma chave revisada e atualizada para os gêneros Neotropicais de Eucharitidae.
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Chen, Li-Kwen. "Unsteady flow and heat transfer in periodic complex geometries for the transitional flow regime." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Chen_09007dcc804bed71.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008.<br>Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed May 12, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Choi, Kam-lung Franky, and 蔡錦龍. "Macau history museum complex." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31982670.
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Contreras, Donoso Pía. "Complejo fronterizo tipo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100065.
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Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento.<br>Complejo Fronterizo es entendido como la instancia formal, que permite contener
instalaciones adecuadas para poder ejercer el control respectivo de salida y entrada de
Chile. La idea principal es poder tener “bajo un mismo techo”, todos los programas que
logran hacer funcionar una área de control, pasando por el área de control, propiamente
tal, hasta las áreas de vivienda de funcionarios, entendiendo todo como una unidad. En el
caso de estudio, una tipologia de Complejo Fronterizo, que permita ser utilizada en diversos
puntos dentro de los extensos limites de Chile.
El principal desafío en el diseño de un Complejo Fronterizo Tipológico, debido a la gran
diversidad de clima y topografía de Chile en la zona Andina y zona Sur Extremo, es la
adecuada adaptación y respuesta del proyecto a todas las zonas geográficas sin pertenecer
a uno en particular.
Es importante que la propuesta arquitectónica sea eficiente bajo los parámetros de
habitabilidad como de los parámetros de construcción, formulando así un proyecto integral
en cuanto a normas y condiciones del habitar.
Bajo este mismo concepto, el proyecto deben presentar la máxima eficiencia
energética, evitar las pérdidas térmicas, permitir la concentración de los servicios y el ahorro
económico, siendo una base en cuanto a la construcción de tipologías.
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Wang, Jade P. (Jade Peilynn) 1979. "Complete characterization of optical pulses in the picosecond regime for ultrafast communication systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87430.
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Roche, Richard Louis. "Stratigraphic and geochemical evolution of the Glass Buttes complex, Oregon." PDXScholar, 1987. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3748.
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Glass Buttes complex lies at the northern margin of the Basin and Range province in central Oregon and is cut by the northwest-trending Brothers fault zone. An older acrystalline volcanic sequence of high-silica rhyolites (>75% SiO2) forms a broad platform composed of domes and flows with minor pyroclastic deposits. The high-silica rhyolite sequence is divided on the basis of texture into 1) zoned flows and domes, 2) obsidian flows, 3) felsite flows, and 4) biotite-phyric flows and domes.
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Clayton, C. A. "Echelle observations of HII complexes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382745.
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Ho, Hoi-to Lucas, and 何海濤. "The Nielaxiongbo metamorphic core complex and its associated granites,in Southern Tibet." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30252052.
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Muñoz, Marticorena Jorge Luis [UNESP]. "Alteration of the faunistic composition of edafic mites according to land use in the central-southern region of Brazil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150882.
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Previous issue date: 2017-04-07<br>Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AIUP)<br>O ecossistema natural da Região Centro Sul do Brasil é formado em grande parte pelos Biomas Cerrado e Floresta Atlântica, que hoje se encontram fragmentados como resultado da transformação das áreas para a realização de atividades agrícolas e pecuárias ao longo do tempo. Esses fragmentos ainda são habitados por uma rica fauna e flora endêmica, que em seu conjunto constituem um complexo sistema trófico formado por artrópodes, nematoides, microrganismos e plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a abundância e a diversidade de ácaros edáficos em áreas com diferentes usos da terra no município de Jataí no estado de Goiás, e nos municípios de Valparaíso e Ipaussu no estado de São Paulo. Duas amostragens foram feitas durante este estudo, a primeira entre Dezembro de 2013 e Janeiro de 2014 e a segunda entre Dezembro de 2014 e Janeiro do 2015. Em cada data de amostragem foram tomadas 12 amostras de serapilheira, 12 amostras de solo a 0-5 cm de profundidade e 12 amostras de solo a 5-10 cm em cada unidade de estudo, cada uma correspondendo a um uso da terra em cada município: vegetação natural, cana-de-açúcar ou pastagem. Os ácaros foram extraídos utilizando-se uma modificação do método de Berlese-Tullgren. Os resultados mostraram a existência de novas constatações de ácaros para o Brasil, incluindo algumas espécies ainda não descritas. Cita-se a ocorrência de uma nova espécie de Zercoseius Walter & Lindquist (Blattisociidae), três novas espécies de Asca von Heyden (Ascidae) e um novo gênero de Ologamasidae. Laelapidae foi a família com maior número de espécies, incluindo 19 espécies de Gaeolaelaps Evans & Till, oito de Cosmolaelaps Berlese, uma de Stratiolaelaps Berlese e uma de Pseudoparasitus Oudemans. O numero de gêneros e especies observados após do uso da terra foram vistos reduzidos. Isto foi mais evidente em Ipaussu.<br>The natural ecosystem of the Central South Region of Brazil is formed in large part by the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest Biomes, which today are fragmented as a result of the transformation of the areas for the carrying out of agricultural and livestock activities over time. These fragments are still inhabited by a rich endemic fauna and flora, which together constitute a complex trophic system formed by arthropods, nematodes, microorganisms and plants. The objective of this work was to estimate both, the abundance and diversity of edaphic mites in areas with different land uses located in the municipality of Jataí in the state of Goiás and in the municipalities of Valparaíso and Ipaussu in the state of São Paulo. Two samplings were taken during this study, the first between December 2013 and January 2014 and the second between December 2014 and January 2015. At each sampling date 12 litter samples were taken, 12 soil samples at 0-5 cm depth and 12 soil samples at 5-10 cm of each study unit, each corresponding to one land use in each municipality: natural vegetation, sugarcane or pasture. The mites were extracted using a modification of the Berlese-Tullgren method. The results showed the existence of new mite findings for Brazil, including some species not yet described. The occurrence of a new species of Zercoseius Walter & Lindquist (Blattisociidae), three new species of Asca von Heyden (Ascidae) and a new genus of Ologamasidae are mentioned. Laelapidae was the family with the highest number of species, including 19 species of Gaeolaelaps Evans & Till, eight of Cosmolaelaps Berlese, one of Stratiolaelaps Berlese and one of Pseudoparasitus Oudemans. The number of genera and species observed after land use was reduced. This was most evident in Ipaussu.
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Acuña, Aguirre José Manuel. "Complejo fronterizo integrado Los Libertadores." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101156.
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En ambos lados de la cordillera y de manera muy ínfi ma (considerando su total extensión en más de 5.000km), existen pequeños pasos, que nacen a partir de quebradas, cajones de río que la surcan y permiten el traspaso hacia el otro lado. Pueblos originarios y últimamente arrieros han ido simbolizando y llamado estos recorridos con nombres reconocibles (potrerillos, punta de vacas, paso de toros, etc.…).
En Chile, se ha visto desgastada la actual infraestructura de control migratorio (Control Fronterizo), sobre todo por la ruta más vital y más conocida por memoria colectiva de entrada terrestre a nuestro país: la Ruta 60, a través del paso Cristo Redentor. Afi rmandolo casi con datos duros, como que hasta 1995, era el único paso con la ruta totalmente asfaltada, siendo la conexión terrestre más importante entre ambas naciones desde siempre.
Estos argumentos han de conformar los conceptos asociados a frontera, límite e integración, para ser llevados a una respuesta arquitectónica, clara y efi ciente que dé soporte a estas vitales necesidades para el país.
Razones que justifican el desarrollo de un nuevo complejo fronterizo Los Libertadores:
1.- Trascendencia histórica y cultural del paso. Desde siempre ha sido la entrada este del país y la principal vía de ingreso de turistas desde Argentina por paso terrestre, por lo que se debe revitalizar y valorizar todo lo que signifi ca una puerta de ingreso tan importante para el país.
2.- Interés estatal por evaluar y proyectar modernizaciones tanto en la ruta 60 como en las infraestructuras del complejo en el corto plazo, a través de estudios que se encuentran en desarrollo y que revitalizan la importancia gubernamental que se le da a este paso fronterizo.
3.- Ubicación estratégica desde diversas perspectivas: Geográfico, Económico y Turístico.
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Yeldesbay, Azamat [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Rosenblum, and Arkadij [Akademischer Betreuer] Pikovskij. "Complex regimes of synchronization : modeling and analysis / Azamat Yeldesbay ; Michael Rosenblum, Arkadij Pikovskij." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1218398728/34.
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Hudson, C. Sebastián. "Complejo acuícola Arenas Blancas. Arquitectura, sustentabilidad, patrimonio." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116906.
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Arquitecto<br>Chile sin duda es un país minero, lo ha sido desde siempre.
Sin embargo desde la perspectiva del alumno la minería como materia
arquitectónica no se trata con suficiente ahínco.
La minería parece reservada para los ingenieros, para los especialistas
y entendidos en el tema; el área que reporta el grueso del PIB de Chile
parece reservado para unos pocos.
Parece necesario interiorizarse, entonces, en el quehacer minero desde
una perspectiva arquitectónica.
La minería está ligada, desde el punto de vista del autor, a
conceptualizaciones muy potentes, el hecho de sumergirse en la tierra, de alterar y crear paisaje son temas de interés a desarrollar en esta investigación.
Se comprende también en la influencia externa que han tenido poblados
mineros desde principios del siglo XIX y que perdura hasta hoy. Esta influencia muchas veces es el punto de partida para las directrices
urbanas y de imagen de una ciudad; a partir de modelos impuestos,
ajustados a las condiciones propias de cada lugar generan sincretismo
cultural, único e irrepetible.
Esta investigación pretende llegar al fondo de la comprensión de la
sociedad minera, sus atributos físicos, históricos, urbanos, económicos y de inconsciencia colectiva.
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Wright, Harry. "Genes of the ovine major histocompatibility complex class II region." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30049.
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As part of a study investigating fundamental cellular immunology in the sheep, this thesis describes the characterisation and expression of the genes of the sheep MHC class II region. Cosmid libraries prepared from DNA from three unrelated sheep were screened with probes from the <I>DP, DQ</I> and <I>DR</I> sub-regions of the human and mouse MHC class II regions. Cosmids were used because they facilitate the cloning of relatively large genomic inserts. Restriction maps of the cosmids have been produced showing that some of the clones overlapped. The MHC <I>A</I> and <I>B</I> genes within the clones have been sequenced and assigned to a specific sub-type. Functional genes have been identified by the reaction of their products with anti-sheep class II monoclonal antibodies following DNA-mediated transfection into the mouse L cell, a fibroblast cell line which does not express endogenous mouse class II genes. Transcription of some of the genes has been demonstrated by Northern blots and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A restriction map of the sheep class II <I>DQ</I> sub-region has been constructed and shown to contain two distinct <I>DQA</I> loci with associated <I>DQB</I> genes. The <I>DQ1</I> <I>A/B</I> gene pair was expressed in the mouse L cell. The sheep class II <I>DQ1</I> product at the cell surface reacted with a sub-set of the available anti-sheep class II monoclonal antibodies. The <I>DQ2</I> genes were transcribed and some evidence for their cell surface expression was obtained, although this was not formally proved.
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Bello, Fernández Eduardo Felipe. "El complejo volcánico del distrito La Coipa, franja de Maricunga: geoquñimica, petrología y alteración." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111556.
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Geólogo<br>En el distrito La Coipa está definido un Complejo Volcánico (Domos La Coipa y domos dacíticos centrales) de edad Oligoceno Mioceno conformado por domos efusivos y productos piroclásticos asociados. Estas unidades junto con rocas intrusivas más antiguas (Eoceno, Paleoceno, Cretácico y Paleozoico) que afloran en el distrito fueron consideradas en este estudio geoquímico, petrológico y de alteración.
A partir de la geoquímica y petrografía es posible generar claras diferencias entre las unidades. En términos generales la mineralogía es similar (plagioclasa, cuarzo, biotita y anfíbola) pero existen diferencias en la proporción de estos minerales, en las texturas y en la alteración. El Complejo volcánico La Coipa está conformado por los domos dacíticos centrales (Mioceno Medio) que están prácticamente inalterados y tienen una matriz vítrea a diferencia de los domos La Coipa (Oligoceno Mioceno) que presentan una textura cristalina (felsítica). Dado que la composición es similar, es posible que lo que se observa de los domos La Coipa represente una porción más interna, o un mayor grado de desvitrificación o simplemente haya existido una mayor desgasificación asociado a la formación de estos. Las tobas de la unidad domos La Coipa son fácilmente reconocibles por la textura, los fragmentos de cristales y líticos. Las unidades más antiguas en general presentan mayor alteración y son fácilmente distinguibles por las texturas y mineralogía primaria.
Los resultados geoquímicos tienen un buen sustento petrográfico (diagrama TAS). Las unidades están en el campo calcoalcalino consecuente con el ambiente de arco volcánico continental. La mayoría de las muestras son metaluminosas (típico de las rocas en Chile) por lo que tienden a formar alguna fase que pueda acomodar el exceso de Ca (por ejemplo, hornblenda), las otras son peraluminosas posiblemente debido a un efecto de alteración. En cuanto a los óxidos mayores Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, Na₂O, TiO₂, MnO, P₂O₅ y SrO decrecen con el aumento de SiO₂, es decir, ellos muestran un comportamiento compatible. K₂O y BaO tienen una correlación positiva, comportamiento incompatible. La mayoría de estos rasgos son los esperables en procesos de diferenciación magmática, salvo el Al₂O₃ y Na₂O que posiblemente se deba a un efecto de alteración. Respecto a las tierras raras (REEs), todas las muestras de superficie presentan una pendiente negativa pronunciada, asociada a un fuerte fraccionamiento con un notable enriquecimiento en tierras raras livianas (LREE) por sobre las tierras raras pesadas (HREE). Las muestras del Paleoceno - Eoceno presentan una mayor razón La/Yb que las muestras del Oligoceno - Mioceno, aunque ambos grupos presentan una tendencia adakítica. Este resultado indica que las rocas derivan de altas presiones (profundidad mínima de 35 km) y que la corteza tuvo su mayor espesor durante el Paleoceno - Eoceno. Este resultado es coincidente con trabajos estructurales que indican que el cambio de stress regional ocurrió entre los 36 y 32 Ma (último acortamiento en la región) y 26 Ma, desde un ambiente compresivo a uno extensional y de rumbo.
Geoquímica de tasas molares de elementos (PER y GER) fue utilizada para determinar el grado de alteración que presentan las muestras. De esta manera fue posible generar un índice de alteración el cual arrojó anomalías cerca de zonas mineralizadas (Purén West, Pompeya y Maritza) y en una nueva zona más al sur de las minas del bloque oeste. Esta nueva zona presenta varias características favorables, por ejemplo: (i) es la continuidad hacia el sur del bloque oeste, (ii) presenta altos valores del índice de alteración, (iii) existen labores de pirquineros inmediatamente al norte (Mina Vieja), (iv) gran cantidad de brechas freáticas en las cercanías, (v) diques dacíticos con valores interesantes de Ag (una muestra de hasta 40 ppm), (vi) fallas que generan gran oxidación y pudieron ayudar en el ascenso de fluidos hidrotermales y (vii) presencia de un domo dacítico con in intenso stockwork de cuarzo gris. Respecto al comportamiento de algunos cationes respecto a la alteración, se observó que al aumentar la alteración (mayor índice de alteración) existe un enriquecimiento en Ca y Al y un empobrecimiento de Na y K en las rocas.
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Hauway, Kong Vanessa. "Portal urbano Atacama — complejo intermodal distribuidor de servicios de transporte y minería." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100262.
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Khedairy, Hamid S. (Hamid Sabri). "Determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the xylZ region of the Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid pDK1, encoding a subunit of the toluate oxidase complex." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798448/.
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A 1.57 kb XhoI restriction fragment derived from the TOL plasmid pDKI was subcloned into the E. Coli plasmid pUC19. The complete nucleotide sequence of this XhoI fragment was determined using both the chemical cleavage and chain termination DNA sequencing methods.
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Singh, Vineeta. "Segmentation of Regions with Complex Boundaries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479821009146599.
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Qin, Jinyi. "Characterisation of the central region of the sheep major histocompatibility complex." Curtin University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=118317.
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a chromosomal region encoding molecules controlling adaptive immune response in vertebrates. In farm animals, many associations between MHC loci and productivity traits including disease susceptibility have been described. However, current knowledge about the structure and function of the MHC in domestic animals, especially sheep, is very limited. Characterization of the sheep MHC may potentially facilitate breeding for enhanced disease-resistant animals through use of marker assisted selection. The main aim of this project has been to provide insights into the organization of the genomic content of the central region of the sheep MHC. The work described herein has utilized subcloning of a sheep BAC genomic library in conjunction with DNA sequencing to generate a map of the central region of the sheep MHC covering ≈700 kbp. Within this map the relative order and identity of twenty five recognized loci were established. For some loci the intergenic distances were also determined. The final map is the most accurate map of this region reported to date and shows a high degree of similarity to the analogous region of the human MHC. This work has been published and a copy of the paper is included in Appendix 1. During the course of this work detailed genomic sequences were obtained for several sheep central region loci. Complete nucleotide sequences were generated for the complement factor B locus (CFB) and the TNFα locus and a comparative analysis of these sequences confirmed their homology with other vertebrate orthologues. Extensive partial sequences for complement components C2 and C4 were also obtained and reported to GenBank.<br>In addition, a previously identified short tandem repeat locus designated BfMs believed to be in the CFB locus was mapped to an intron within the adjacent SKI2VL locus. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by analysing homologous sequences from a minimum of five individual sheep. In total 33 SNPs were discovered distributed over eleven distinct loci. Allele frequencies for SNPs from ten of these loci were determined and reported for a panel of 71 sheep comprising 58 unrelated sheep from the Rylington Merino flock plus a further 13 unrelated parental animals from a three generation half sibling sheep pedigree. The availability of an independently confirmed pedigree constructed from a three generation half sibling sheep family permitted the identification by deduction of central region MHC haplotypes based on a panel of SNPs derived from 10 loci. This is the first reporting of haplotypes covering this region of the sheep MHC. Analysis of SNP panel genotypes in the cohort of 71 unrelated sheep using the expectation maximization algorithm permitted the prediction of a group of approximately 20 haplotypes, which accounted for more than 90% of the expected haplotype distribution. Four of these predicted haplotypes were also present in the known haplotype cohort deduced from the sheep pedigree. Analysis of pairwise linkage disequilibrium between SNP loci in the cohort of 71 unrelated sheep showed a centre-most region displaying relatively high levels of linkage disequilibrium which was bounded by two regions displaying more variable linkage disequilibrium.<br>It is hypothesised that this mid region of the central region of the sheep MHC may be a block like structure characterized by low recombination similar to those that have been widely described in the human and mouse genomes. The discoveries reported in this thesis provide a more accurate and detailed description of the central region of the sheep MHC together with a panel of SNPs, which reflect the diversity of this important genomic region which is known to be associated with immune responsiveness. The description, for the first time, of central region haplotypes provides a practical means of seeking candidate loci associated with disease resistance and productivity traits. The application of molecular techniques will enhance the rate at which the genomic composition of this region is elucidated and the work described in this thesis will contribute to final characterization of this important complex in health and disease.
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Soto, Verdugo María Fernanda. "Pressure-temperature-time paths of the Limón Verde metamorphic complex, Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/114036.
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Magíster en Ciencias - Mención Geología<br>El basamento Paleozoico (Pz) de los Andes Centrales ha sido objeto de estudio con el fin de determinar la historia tectonodinámica del márgen occidental de Sudamérica. En el norte de Chile, el basamento aflora en franjas N-S, de las que algunos autores han sugerido como bordes de terrenos alóctonos acrecionados al márgen occidental de Gondwana. La Sierra Limón Verde es una de estas franjas N-S, la cuál es parte de la Cordillera de Domeyko. El basamento Pz de la Sierra comprende rocas Carboníferas intrusivas del Complejo Igneo Limón Verde y rocas metamóficas Pérmicas. El Complejo Metamórfico Limón Verde (CMLV) comprende afloramientos en una franja NNE de 12x2 km ubicada al nor-oeste de la Sierra. Estas rocas consisten en esquistos micáceos y anfibolitas foliadas, además de cuarcitas subordinadas. Análisis de geoquímica en roca total en anfibolita indican como protolito a basaltos con afinidad de intra-placa, y a sedimentos psamopelíticos al protolito de los esquistos micáceos. Circones detríticos que presentan distintas proveniencias reafirman la naturaleza sedimentaria de los esquistos, con una edad mínima de depositación de 300 Ma. Esta edad es similar al la del magmatismo tardío del Complejo Igneo Limón Verde.
Las rocas del CMLV presentan una trayectoria horaria prógrada consistente con un ambiente de subducción. El peak metamórfico del mica esquisto (PT) fue obtenido en condiciones acuosas (ca. 5% H2O) a los ca. 280 Ma (U-Pb en circón). Esto se observa como anatexis en ciertas partes de la roca y también en los diagramas de REE de bordes de circón. El campo PT modelado a través de pseudosecciones indica 14.5 kbar y 600oC, llegando a una temperatura máxima de 650oC, lo que se interpreta como una profundidad de formación cercana a los 50 kms. El peak metamórfico de la unidad de anfibolita también fue formado en condiciones acuosas y de alta fugacidad de oxígeno (0.11% O2) ,el que se obtuvo a menor presión (11.5 kbar) pero a temperaturas similares a las del esquisto (ca. 650 oC), lo que es interpretado como una profundidad cercana a los 40 kms. Por otro lado, la edad del metamorfismo es cercana a los 260 Ma (U-Pb en titanita y Ar-Ar en hornblenda).
Edades plateau Ar-Ar en mica blanca (ca. 263 Ma) y biotita (ca. 251 Ma) provenientes de un mica esquisto fueron utilizadas para determinar tasas de enfriamiento, los que se hicieron en dos pasos: 11.4 ± 3.47 oC/My para el primer paso (U-Pb en circón a Ar-Ar en mica blanca) y 4.16 ± 5.03 oC/My para el segundo (Ar-Ar mica blanca a Ar-Ar biotita). Al considerar un gradiente geotermal de una corteza normal de 25 oC/km (Ernst, 2009) se estimaron tasas de enfriamiento de 0.45 mm/yr y 0.16 mm/yr para el primer y segundo paso respectivamente. Al tomar en cuenta las temperaturas de cierre de estos sistemas y un gradiente geotérmico normal, debe de haber ocurrido una exhumación rápida. Al sur del CMLV existen unidades sedimentarias triásicas que contienen clastos de mica esquistos de granate del CMLV (Fm. Agua Dulce), sugiriendo que las rocas del complejo metamórfico se encontraban completamente exhumadas ya en el Triásico medio.
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Montreuil, Anne-Lise. "Aeolian dune development and evolution on a macro-tidal coast with a complex wind regime, Lincolnshire coast, UK." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10609.
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Coastal foredunes are natural aeolian bedforms located landward of the backshore and which interact continuously with the beach. Traditionally, coastal dunes have been associated with onshore winds, however they can be found under more complex wind regimes where offshore winds are common such as the UK East coast, Northern Ireland and New Zealand. This research investigates the ways in which foredune-beach interactions occur under a complex wind regime at a range of overlapping temporal and spatial scales and is innovative in that it explicitly links small-scale processes and morphodynamic behaviour to large scale and long-term dynamics. The study area is the north Lincolnshire coast, East England. Detailed observations of airflow at three locations under varying wind regimes revealed considerable spatial variations in wind velocity and direction, however it was possible to determine a general model of how foredune topography deflected and modified airflow and the resultant geomorphological implications (i.e. erosion and deposition). During direct offshore and onshore winds, airflow remained attached and undeflected; and distinct zones of flow deceleration and acceleration could be identified. During oblique winds airflow was deflected to become more parallel to the dune crest. The field sites used are characterized by a seasonal erosion/accretion cycle and a series of increasingly complex models was developed and tested to determine whether it was possible to predict sand volume changes in the foredune-beach system based on a limited number of variables. The model predictions were tested against detailed digital terrain models at a seasonal timescale. The model prediction that best matched the observed (surveyed) sand volume changes included wind speed, direction, grain size, fetch effect controlled by beach inundation and angle of wind approach was accurate to within ±10% for 18 out of 48 tests at the seasonal scale and 6 out of 12 tests over periods of >5 years. A key variable influencing foredune-beach sand volume is the magnitude and frequency of storm surge events and this was not factored in to the model, but may explain the model-observation mismatch over the medium-term on two occasions. Over the past 120 years historical maps and aerial photographs indicate long-term foredune accretion of approximately 2 m year-1 at the three study sites (1891-2010). At this timescale, rates of coastal foredune accretion reflect the low occurrence of severe storm surges and suggest rapid post-storm recovery. The morphological response of the foredune-beach morphology is considered to be a combination of controlling and forcing factors. Process-responses within the system, associated with nearshore interactions and sediment transfer from the littoral drift, are compiled into a multi-scale morphodynamic model. Important to match appropriate dataset to scale of research question or management plan being explored. In the case of management, long-term records of past activity are necessary to predict the future but also to understand natural responses of system to short-term impact such as storm surge.
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Vlach, Silvio Roberto Farias. "Geologia, petrografia e geocronologia das regioes meridional e oriental do complexo de Morungaba, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 1985. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44135/tde-29082013-164250/.
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O Complexo Intrusivo de Morungaba, com área de 330 km², aflora ao sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, apresentando forma irregular, alongada segundo SW-NE. É composto principalmente por rochas granitóides com biotita; dioritos são subordinados. O mapeamento faciológico detalhado (escala 1:50.000) das partes meridional e oriental do Complexo (200 km²), permitiu o reconhecimento de 31 facies granitóides (incluindo duas de rochas dioríticas), com características estruturais-petrográficas próprias. A maioria das facies (mapeadas como associações de facies) é agrupada em três Suítes magmáticas, denominadas Rósea, Cinzenta e Porfirítica. A Suíte Rósea é formada por quartzo-monzonitos, granitos 3b e granitos 3a, predominantemente equigranulares de granulação média a grossa e por granitóides-pórfiros, os quais afloram como corpos alongados a sub-circulares, acompanhando as estruturas regionais. No diagrama Q-FA-P, as rochas definem, em parte, tendência calco-alcalina granodiorítica-monzonítica. Nas rochas mais máficas (M\' entre 5 e 15) encontra-se a associação máfica biotita + titanita + magnetita \'+ OU -\' alanita \'+ OU -\' ilmenita; as rochas mais félsicas (M\' \'APROXIMADAMENTE IGUAL A\' 5) apresentam biotita \'+ OU -\' alanita \'+ OU -\' muscovita + magnetita \'+ OU -\' ilmenita. Na parte Sul do Complexo, as facies distribuem-se segundo um padrão concêntrico de zonalidade. As características geológicas e estruturais-texturais indicam que as a rochas mais félsicas, e mais jovens, têm histórias de cristalização mais simples e que se colocam sob regimes mais permissivos, termicamente menos rigorosos, que as rochas mais máficas e mais antigas. Os granitóides-pórfiros são manifestações derradeiras, colocadas sub-superficialmente, como corpos menores e diques. A maioria das facies invadiu como corpos discretos. Dados geocronológicos Rb/Sr para grupos de facies associadas definem intervalos amplos de colocação e/ou cristalização (690 m.a. para rochas mais máficas; 490 m.a. para rochas mais félsicas), os quais são exagerados e devem-se, provavelmente, à influência de diversos processos petrogenéticos (e.g., não-homogeneidade isotópica da área fonte, cristalização fracionada). Uma isócrona conjunta, para a maioria das facies desta Suíte, indica idade de 580 m.a.. Acredita-se que a maioria das facies se posicionou entre 590 m.a. e 560 m.a.. As razões iniciais obtidas (0,707 - 0,706) são compatíveis com derivação a partir de fonte na crosta inferior, possivelmente pós-transamazônica. A Suíte Cinzenta agrupa facies equigranulares de granulação fina a média, com tipos hololeucocráticos (M\' \'APROXIMADAMENTE IGUAL A\' 5; granitos 3b com biotita + muscobita \'+ OU -\' granada \'+ OU -\' ilmenita) e leucocráticos (M\' entre 5 e 10; granitos 3b e subordinadamente granodioritos, ambos com biotita + titanita + magnetita \'+ OU -\' alanita \'+ OU -\' ilmenita ou com associação máfica similar aos tipos hololeucocráticos). As rochas são mais antigas que a maioria dos granitóides da Suíte Rósea. As facies hololeucocráticas apresentam idade Rb/Sr de 590 m.a. e razão inicial 0,709, compatível com fonte metassedimentar isotopicamente pouco evoluida. As facies leucocráticas são de origem híbrida, produto de assimilação de rochas dioríticas (a maioria do embasamento) por magmas que originam principalmente as facies hololeucocráticas; apresentam, caracteristicamente, enclaves e glomérulos máficos (com biotita + plagioclásio + titanita + magnetita + apatita \'+ OU -\' ilmenita, de origem restítica). A Suíte Porfirítica, mapeada parcialmente, compreende quartzo, monzonitos, granitos 3b e granitos 3a, predominantemente porfiríticos, de granulação média a grossa. Apresentam M\' entre 5 e 15 e contêm biotita \'+ OU -\' hornblenda + titanita + magnetita \'+ OU -\' alanita \'+ OU -\' ilmenita. Afloram na parte N/NE do Complexo como corpos alongados, colocados sob regimes forçados, sub-concordantes com os padrões estruturais regionais SW-NE. As rochas desta Suíte são anteriores aos granitóides equigranulares, apresentando idade isocrônica (Rb/Sr) de 610 m.a. e razão inicial de 0,707, sugerindo que os magmas são originados por fusão de materiais da crosta inferior. Os dioritos compreendem em parte rochas híbridas, derivadas por interação de rochas dioríticas mais máficas do embasamento com magmas granitóides das Suítes Rósea e Cinzenta. Também incluem prováveis corpos magmáticos discretos, colocados sincronicamente aos granitóides. Os granitóides das Suítes Rósea e Porfirítica são correlacionáveis aos granitóides da série magnetítica e, em parte, aos granitóides de tipo I Caledoniano, enquanto que os da Suíte Cinzenta correspondem em parte aos granitóides da série ilmenítica (e granitóides tipo S) e, em parte, aos da série magnetítica. O Complexo Intrusivo de Morungaba, colocado em grande parte durante fases do soerguimento regional, representa os eventos tardi- e pós-orogênicos do Ciclo Brasiliano.<br>The Morungaba Granitoid Complex, covering about 330 km², crop out as an elongate irregular massif trending SW-NE, in the southeast part of the State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. Major constituents are biotite granitoids with subordinate diorites. Over thirty facies types, each with distinctive structural-petrographic features, were recognized during detailed mapping of part of the massif (about 200 km²), and mapped as groups of facies. The Pink Granitoid Suite is made up mostly of equigranular quartz monzonites and 3b-3a granites, with some granite porphyries. Modes depict, in part, a calc-alkaline tendency in the modal Q-AF-P triangle. The more mafic facies (M\' about 5-15) contain biotite + sphene + magnetite \'+ OU -\' allanite \'+ OU -\' ilmenite, while the more felsic types (M\' \'APROXIMADAMENTE IGUAL A\' 5) show biotite \'+ OU -\' allanite \'+ OU -\' muscovite \'+ OU -\' magnetite \'+ OU -\' ilmenite. Granitoids are distributed in a roughly concentric pattern in the southern part of the massif. Geological and petrographic characteristics indicate that the more felsic (and Iater) facies - in contrast to mafic types - had simpler crystallization histories and were emplaced under thermally less rigorous, and structurally more permissive, regimes. Granite porphyries are late rocks, emplaced as shallow (subvolcanic?) dikes and small bodies. Most facies types penetrated as discrete magmatic volumes. Geochronological Rb/Sr data for several groups of associated facies suggest a protracted emplacement interval, between 690 Ma for the more mafic groups and 490 Ma for the more felsic varieties. This interval seems unacceptably long, however, and probably reflects the existence of \"fictitious isochrons\" conditioned by several special petrogenetic processes (e.g., lack of isotopic homogeneity in the source region, influence of magmatic differentiation). A joint isochron of the Pink Suite indicates an age of 580 Ma. It is suggested that the ages of various facies lie between 560 and 590 Ma. The initial \'Sr POT. 87\'/\'Sr POT. 86\' ratios of about 0.707 - 0.706 are compatible with a lower crust, possibly post-Transamazonic, source. The Gray Suite, also equigranular, comprises holoIeucocratic (3b granites with biotite + muscovite \'+ OU -\' garnet \'+ OU -\' ilmenite; M\' \'APROXIMADAMENTE IGUAL A\' 5) and leucocratic types (3b granites and subordinate granoriorites with biotite + sphene + magnetite + allanite + ilmenite or the same mafic minerals of the hololeucocratic varieties; M\' about 5-15). These rocks are older than most facies of the Pink Suite. Hololeucrocratic types show a Rb/Sr isochronic afe of 590 Ma and an initial \'Sr POT. 87\'/\'Sr POT. 86\' ratio of 0.709, compatible with a metasedimentary source. The leucocratic facies are mostly hybrid rocks, a mixture of evolved granite magmas (which crystallized mainly as hololeucocratic types) and older basement diorites. These rocks contain characteristic enclaves and mafic clots (restitic, with biotite + plergioclase + sphene + magnetite + apatite + ilmenite). The Porphyritic Granitoid Suite, only partly mapped, comprises mostly porphyritic quartz monzonites and 3b-3a granites, with biotite \'+ OU -\' hornblende + sphene + magnetite \'+ OU -\' allanite \'+ OU -\' ilmenite, which crop out as forcefully emplaced elongate bodies, trending SW-NE, subconcordant with the basement structure. These varieties are older than the equigranular rocks from the two other suites. A Rb/Sr isochron furnishes an age of 610 Ma and an initial ratio of a 0.707, also compatible with a derivation from a lower crustal source. Diorites are partly hybrid rocks, a result of interaction between more mafic basement diorites and evolved granite magmas, but probably also include small magmatic bodies, emplaced contemporaneousIy with other granitoids. The granitoids of the Pink and Porphyritic Suites are comparable to Magnetite-granites and, in part, to I-type Caledonian granites, while those of the Gray Suite present characteristics of both Magnetite-, Ilmenite- (and S-) granite types. The Morungaba Complex was emplaced mostly during regional uplift, and represents late- to post-tectonic magmatic stages of the Brasiliano Orogeny.
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Dietrich, Donald R. 1950, and Donald R. 1950 Dietrich. "A study of spinels in the upper zone of the Stillwater Complex, Montana." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626041.
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LAPROVITERA, Ana Cláudia Arruda. "Dinâmica espacial: persistência de um modelo mononuclear na Região Metropolitana do Recife." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17276.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-12<br>O que se pretende nesta tese é analisar até onde os processos e fenômenos econômicos que estão acontecendo no entorno do Complexo Portuário Industrial de Suape – CIPS estão efetivamente determinando uma nova configuração espacial metropolitana. Parte-se da hipótese de que a estrutura espacial que vem sendo gestada no entorno do CIPS vem fortalecendo a articulação entre esse complexo e a Cidade do Recife, núcleo da RMR, e, portanto, vem reforçando o caráter monocêntrico dessa metrópole, em detrimento da emergência de uma nova centralidade no território do complexo. A metodologia adotada estabelece definições e teorias que contribuem para o tratamento objetivo da questão e ajuda a entender as estruturas econômicas e espaciais interurbanas, mais especificamente, os fluxos materiais que emanam do CIPS e de seu entorno, com implicações na estrutura espacial do território. Assume-se, também, como questão central, que a rede urbana – bem como os indicadores de performance econômica e social que se estabelecem a partir das estruturas físico-territoriais existentes –, consiste na condição fundamental para direcionar o processo de integração econômica e social e a consequente criação de novas centralidades. Assume-se, também, que o processo de desenvolvimento em curso no Estado de Pernambuco é um processo modernizante em bases conservadoras, no qual se assiste ao tradicional pacto político-social e tecnocrático do setor público com a tecnocracia e o grande capital imobiliário. Não há mudanças substanciais nos padrões das estruturas sociais, culturais e econômicas, e sim a manutenção e perpetuação do status quo pré-existente no que pese a transformações modernizadoras. Por fim, conclui-se que a Cidade do Recife, por possuir fortes características de polarização e atratividade em seu eixo central, além de vantagens competitivas históricas e naturais construídas ao longo do seu processo de desenvolvimento, possui fortes economias locais de aglomeração que fortalecem ainda mais a sua estrutura monocêntrica, em detrimento da criação de novas centralidades urbanas dinâmicas em seu entorno.<br>The aim of this thesis is to analyze how far the processes and economic phenomena that are going on around the Industrial Port Complex of Suape - CIPS are effectively determining a new metropolitan spatial configuration . It starts with the hypothesis that the spatial structure that it is growing in the vicinity of CIPS is strengthening the links between this complex and the City of Recife, core of RMR, and therefore has reinforced the monocentric character of this metropolis, to the detriment of emergence of a new centrality in the territory of the complex. The methodology establishes definitions and theories that contribute to the treatment purpose of the issue and help us to understand the economic and spatial structures long distance. More specifically, the structures include the material flows emanating from the CIPS and its surroundings, with implications for the spatial structure of the territory, and also the central issue, the urban network – and the indicators of economic and social performance that are established from the existing physical and territorial structures. This is the fundamental condition to direct the process of economic and social integration and the subsequent creation of new centers. It should also be assumed that the ongoing development process in the state of Pernambuco is a modernizing process on conservative bases, in which we witness the traditional political and social pact and technocratic public sector with the technocracy and the great real estate capital. There are no changes in the patterns of social, cultural and economic structures, but the maintenance and perpetuation of the pre-existing status quo despite the modernizing transformations. Finally, we have concluded that the city of Recife, because it has strong characteristics of polarization and attractiveness in its central axis, in addition to historical and natural competitive advantages built over its development process, has strong local agglomeration economies that greatly strengthen its monocentric structure, rather than creating new dynamic urban centralities in its surroundings.
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Huang, Jian-Ping. "Numerical simulation study of ozone episodes in complex terrain and coastal region /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MATH%202005%20HUANG.
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Doerr, John Timothy. "The structural controls of the Vale Rhinehart Buttes complex, Vale KGRA, Malheur County, Oregon." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3585.
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The Vale KGRA is characterized by high heat flow, two to five times higher than the worldwide average, and by numerous hot springs. The hot springs are aligned along faults. This phenomena is typical of a Basin and Range type geothermal system. The hot geothermal fluids migrate upward along the more permeable, fault planes.
The rocks exposed in the Vale area are the Pliocene Chalk Butte formation and the Pleistocene beds of Captain Keeney Pass. Both units are composed of volcaniclastic siltstones, sandstones and conglomerates. The units are differentiated by color, texture and degree of lithification. About 200 meters of the Chalk Butte formation and 100 meters of the beds of Captain Keeney Pass are exposed in the area. Silicification is wide spread in the rocks of the Chalk Butte formation.
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Muñoz, Parra Felipe Alejandro. "Masterplan Turístico-Patrimonial en Lago Ranco: complejo turístico privado + consolidación de áreas públicas en ex-sistema ferroviario." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/100098.
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La prioridad en los usos de suelo en pequeñas localidades del sur de Chile puede generar fuertes contradicciones entre el estado legal de una propiedad y el uso cotidiano de la misma.
Tal es el caso del pueblo de Lago Ranco, cuyo origen estuvo ligado directamente al sistema ferroviario que comunicaba los recursos naturales en los interiores del lago con una estación de almacenamiento para su distribución hacia las grandes ciudades del norte del país. Cuando la estación fue clausurada en los 80s, todo el sistema ,y su territorio, fueron abandonados. En estas circunstancias, y al no contar con ningún tipo de delimitación entre lo público y lo privado, todo el lugar fue asimilado como una área abierta y libre, la cual tomo un fuerte protagonismo en las últimas tres décadas como hito principal del pueblo y soporte de sus actividades cívicas y turísticas.
Con la quiebra de Ferrocarriles del Estado, que era dueña de buena parte de la unidad territorial del sistema ferroviario, toda su parte fue puesta a la venta. Infelizmente no pudo ser adquirida por el municipio, encontrándose a la fecha en manos de un privado. De este modo, lo que por décadas se constituyó como lugar por el uso de la comunidad, ahora se encuentra fragmentado y en la perspectiva de que un proyecto insensible a esta realidad termine por eliminar el valor histórico, espacial y cultural de este verdadero centro histórico del pueblo.
Para enfrentar esta situación, el siguiente proyecto de titulo se basa en el desarrollo de un masterplan para todo el territorio del ex sistema ferroviario, que contempla la generación de un proyecto turístico rentable en la zona privada y una consolidación y renovación de la zona pública. Ambas partes se vinculan programática y espacialmente en un círculo virtuoso mediante el cual, a través de una mínima concesión territorial por parte de del la zona privada, esta logra elevar el potencial de su rentabilidad privada. El dialogo de las formas a través del lenguaje arquitectónico colabora a configurar un proyecto que, si bien tiene una clara división entre lo público y lo privado, logra integrarse como una totalidad que hace eco de los valores congénitos y venta. Infelizmente no pudo ser adquirida por el municipio, encontrándose a la fecha en manos de esto no se ve adquiridos por el lugar a través de los años.
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Diniz, Neto Omar de Oliveira. "Formulação tridimensional completa para o aquecimento a laser de sólidos em regime não-linear : modelo e aplicações." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277390.
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Orientador: Carlos Alberto da Silva Lima<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T22:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 1995<br>Resumo: O advento dos lasers causou uma grande revolução na área de processamento de materiais, que atingiu um rápido desenvolvimento, nos últimos anos. O amplo espectro de materiais processáveis atualmente com lasers o comprova. Ainda assim, um grande número de pesquisadores continua buscando respostas para aspectos ainda não elucidados dos desafios lançados pela interação de laser com a matéria, em condições de alta intensidade de irradiação. Dentro desse contexto, nossa Tese dedicou-se a investigar em extensão e profundidade o controle paramétrico do aquecimento a laser, tendo em vista explorar numa etapa posterior sua influência na viabilização do controle conformacional do processo de microperfuração de materiais com lasers. Estudando, entre outras coisas, as condições e as características peculiares do avanço da frente de calor num sólido irradiado por um laser potente, em diversas configurações operacionais, investigamos, em particular, os efeitos da forma espacial e duração do pulso do laser, condutividade térmica e da difusividade térmica da amostra, assim como os efeitos de variações nas grandezas físicas que interferem no processo de acoplamento laser-sólido, tais como a refletividade e o coeficiente de absorção, sobre a forma e evolução temporal das isotermas nas amostras. Isto se dá porque a variação da temperatura afeta todos os parâmetros físicos que regem o processo de aquecimento a laser. Em nosso estudo consideramos, além de amostras homogêneas, amostras estratificadas de duas e três camadas, e amostras intrinsicamente heterogêneas, i.e., amostras onde a condutividade e difusividade térmicas variam continuamente com a profundidade da amostra. Para obter a distribuição temporal e espacial da temperatura num sólido aquecido localmente por um laser, e proceder os estudos acima delineados, nossa abordagem partiu especificamente de uma versão não-linear da equação parabólica para difusão de calor , porém com estrita observação dos limites de validade da teoria de Fourier. Além da não-linearidade que advém da dependência explícita dos parâmetros térmicos do material com a temperatura, interessou-nos também, investigar, em detalhe, os efeitos da variação correspondente da refletividade e coeficiente de absorção. A metodologia de tratamento que demos ao problema envolve a solução numérica das equações linear e não-linear de difusão de calor. Desenvolvemos e exploramos um novo algoritmo, específico para tratar a formulação dada a questão no presente trabalho. Nele, a discretização das funções e derivadas que aparecem na equação de difusão é feita através do método das diferenças finitas. Usamos uma versão modificada, que desenvolvemos, da formulação de Crank - Nicholson para obtermos um sistema de equações algébricas acopladas, que foi resolvido pelo método iterativo das sobre relaxações sucessivas (SOR). A implementação deste método foi feita em linguagem FORTRAN, executada no computador IBM 3090 da UNICAMP, e posteriormente, em estação de trabalho SUN-SPARC II. Em resumo, os cálculos com base em nosso modelo levaram-nos a concluir que é possível, em princípio, controlar a forma e a velocidade de avanço da frente de calor (isoterma de fusão) num sólido, a temperatura máxima no centro focal, o tempo necessário para alcançá-la e as taxas de aquecimento e resfriamento, dentre outros, atuando-se judiciosamente tanto sobre os parâmetros térmicos como sobre os parâmetros ópticos da amostra. Por exemplo, ao tratar com as amostras estratificadas (camadas sucessivas com propriedades adequadamente diferenciadas) ficou evidente uma clara tendência da isoterma de fusão a assumir uma conformação cada vez mais cilíndrica, em oposição ao perfil tipicamente cônico da correspondente isoterma em materiais homogêneos. Este efeito se torna ainda mais crítico quando o material tem essas propriedades variando continuamente com a profundidade. Esta Tese, enfim, elucida em detalhe os fundamentos teóricos e práticos que devem ser observados no controle paramétrico do processamento de materiais com laser com vista à obtenção de uma moldagem conformacional, como por exemplo, na micro-perfuração de materiais com lasers<br>Abstract: Laser processing of materials has undergone substantial development in recent years and there is an ever growing family of
materials that are now amenable to such treatment. Yet, some problems in this area are far from settled, and the pertinent
scientific research is still responsible for a wealthy of papers.
This Thesis is a contribution towards some of these problems. Specifically, we have considered in depth and in breadth the
problem related to the possibility of parametric control of the laser heating. We meant to studying its influence upon the
controlled shaping of holes in laser microdril1ing processes. A full model and its numerical implementation have been developed
accordingly and applications under different conditions have been considered.
In particular, in a careful study of the heat front surface advance in a laser heated solid under different operational
configurations, we have dealt with the effects upon the form and evolution of the fusion isotherm in the sample, coming from the
shape and length of the laser pulse, the changes in the thermal conductivity and in the thermal diffusivity, as well as those in other
physical variables interfering in the laser vs. Solid interaction, such as the optical reflectivity and absorption coefficient. Such
effects are due to the fact the temperature affects all the physical parameters involving the laser heating process.
Our studies were applied to homogeneous samples and to both stratified samples(with two and three layers) and intrinsically
heterogeneous samples, e.g., those where such properties as thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity vary continuously with
depth.
To calculate spatial and temporal temperature distributions in the laser heated sample and carry on the forementioned
studies, we resorted to a formulation based on the mathematically non-linear heat parabolic equation, under strict observation
of the bounds imposed by Fourier law. Thus, besides investigating the effects of the non-linearity that arise from both thermal
parameters of the material being temperature dependent, we have also considered , in detail, the effects of the corresponding
variations in the reflectivity and absorption coefficient. The calculations were based on a procedure that resorted to the use of
Kirchoff transform followed by numerically solving the resulting equation under the given boundary conditions using finite
differences through our modified version of the Crank-Nicholson scheme and a numerical iteration that explored the successive
over relaxation (SOR) method. This was implemented by coding a corresponding program in FORTRAN to run in the IBM
3090 vector processing computer which, later on, was also adapted to run in SUN-SPARC II workstations.
To sum up, our model calculations took us to conclude that, in principle, it is possible to control both shape and speed of the
laser heating front (fusion isotherm), the maximum focal temperature, the time it takes to reach it and the heating and cooling
rates, among others, by judiciously acting upon both the thermal and the optical sample parameters. For example, in the case of
stratified samples (several layers in succession having adequately differentiated properties) it became clear that there appears a
clear trend on the fusion isotherm towards becoming gradually more cylindrical in shape, as opposed to the typical conical
shape exhibited by the corresponding isotherm in laser heated homogeneous materials. This behavior can be seen to be even
more critical when we one takes on a sample where these properties vary continuously with depth.
Overall, this Thesis discloses in detail the theoretical and practical foundations that have to be considered when the
parametric control of the laser processing of a material, to achieve conformational molding, e.g. in laser microdrilling of
materials, is at issue<br>Doutorado<br>Física<br>Doutor em Ciências
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Humphrey, Glynis. "The role of humans, climate and vegetation in the complex fire regimes of north-east Namibia." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29649.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores how interactions and feedbacks between environmental and socio-historical factors influenced fire management dynamics in north-east Namibia. Fires are mostly human ignited, but precipitation patterns influence when and where fires can occur, and there are feedbacks between fire, climate and vegetation cover. Yet, knowledge of historical and contemporary use of fire by societies is fragmented in southern Africa, and is therefore disputed. As a result, the complex interaction between climate, vegetation and human factors that influence fire dynamics remains poorly understood. This thesis explores how the political history, livelihoods, land-use practices, policy changes, vegetation and climatic variation are relevant to present-day fire regimes and management. The study is located in Bwabwata National Park (BNP), north-eastern Namibia, which is managed for both conservation objectives and people’s livelihoods. The park is inhabited by the Khwe (San), former hunter-gatherers, who have been using fire for millennia, and the Bantu-speaking Mbukushu people, who are agriculturalists and pastoralists. The area has been subject to colonial regimes, war, inter-ethnic conflict, social-political resettlement, conservation and associated changing fire management approaches since the 19th century. The vegetation includes omiramba grasslands, savanna-woodlands, Burkea shrublands and riparian types. For this study, qualitative semi-structured interviews with Namibian stakeholders, in combination with multi-year (2000 – 2015) remote sensing products, were used to understand the past and present fire regime characteristics. Interviews with community stakeholders revealed that the Khwe and Mbukushu communities use fire for a diverse range of livelihood activities. Specifically, early season burning is used to assist in hunting, tracking and gathering of veld foods, and for improving forage for livestock. The traditional practice of early season burning is not only culturally and ecologically significant, but has positive consequences for Bwabwata National Park’s conservation objectives, and fire policies, in terms of suppressing late season fires. However, explicit marginalisation of the Khwe since the C19th due to colonial regimes and cross-border wars has disrupted traditional fire management. Interviews with government and conservation stakeholders revealed recognition of the benefits of early season burning for biodiversity. Furthermore, despite the complex social-ecological history of the area, recent policy changes reveal an emerging willingness to incorporate traditional fire management into fire management policy. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data was used to analyse the fire regime (burned area, fire frequency, fire number and size, intensity, and seasonality), together with climate (El Niño Southern-Oscillation [ENSO] events; local rainfall patterns) and vegetation data in multiple use (inhabited) and core conservation areas, over a time period that covered a shift in policy from fire suppression (2000-2005) to early season burning (2006-2015). Results from the analysis of the MODIS data revealed that a high frequency of early season burning in the inhabited areas of the park reduced the late season fires and dampened the local rainfall and burned area relationship. Nonetheless, grass growth (i.e. available biomass) during ENSO wet season events (La Niña) resulted in greater area burned and fire sizes in above average rainfall years in the early dry season in the community inhabited areas. In contrast, higher fire intensity and larger fire sizes were evident in the conservation core areas where people were not actively burning. Fire frequencies and burned areas were highest in the omiramba grasslands and savanna-woodlands, in the early dry season under the early burning policy in the east of the park, which reduced fire intensities in these vegetation types. In contrast, burning in the Burkea shrublands was frequent in the late dry season, at higher intensities in the Western conservation area under both policy phases. This study indicates that burned area depends on rainfall, ignitions and fire sizes in inhabited landscapes, where people practice early burning, which has consequences for decreasing the intensity and therefore spread and impact of fires on vegetation. This study highlights the complex interactions between people, rainfall seasonality and fuel availability, as well as the need to incorporate historical factors. The study uses a pyrogeographic framework to integrate the social-cultural, climatic-biological, and topographic-environmental factors with fire. The synthesis reveals that the park communities are currently socially and ecologically vulnerable to global environmental change, given their dependence on fire for ecosystem services. However, the study also highlights how traditional fire management, and specifically early season burning, improves food security and contributes to livelihood subsistence and biodiversity conservation in the park. BNP is characterised by complex historical and present-day social-ecological fire dynamics. The study highlights the importance of understanding the historical and political context of fire for determining and managing current spatial-temporal fire patterns. Respect for diverse fire knowledge and culture, communication and shared governance are central to improving community livelihoods and fire management strategies in BNP. Specifically, the shared interest in early season burning provides a point of confluence between diverse stakeholders in BNP and a basis for fire management policies that benefit biodiversity as well as livelihoods.
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Barker, Benjamin. "Thermal Preferences and Critical Temperature Regimes of the Western North Atlantic Invasive Lionfish Complex (Pterois spp.)." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/385.
Full textAbstract:
Temperature preference, behavioral tolerance, and physiological tolerances were determined for locally captured, invasive juvenile lionfish at four different acclimation temperatures (13°C, 20°C, 25 °C and 32°C). Temperature preferences and avoidance temperatures were evaluated using an automated shuttlebox system that presents subject-driven temperature stimuli to subjects, who control the temperature with their movement throughout the tank for 12 hours. Subjects are tracked by a computer system, with data output approximately every second. Acute preference was calculated from the archived data as the mean temperature that the fish occupied during the first two hours of dynamic experimentation. Acute preference measurements were used to determine final temperature preferendum and avoidance temperatures were used to determine behavioral tolerance. Critical thermal methodology (CTM) determined the CTmin and CTmax of the lionfish with loss of equilibrium (LOE) as the endpoint. It is assumed that beyond this temperature, the fish would be unable to survive. Temperature was increased or decreased by 0.33°C per minute until the end point was reached. Thermal tolerance polygons provide a visual representation of the lower and upper thermal avoidance temperatures, delineating the thermal range of the species. Their CTmin and CTmax (acclimated to 25°C) were compared experimentally with two other Florida reef fish species (Cephalopholis cruentata and Lutjanus apodus). Acute preferences of juvenile invasive lionfish showed a final preferendum at 28.7 ± 1°C, but with no significant difference between acclimation temperatures. The thermal tolerance polygon of invasive lionfish shows a strong correlation between CTM and acclimation temperature, with the highest CTmax at 39.5°C and the lowest CTmin at 9.5°C. The thermal polygon, preference, and avoidance data describes the thermal niche of the lionfish. Lionfish CTM (24.61°C) is narrower than those of C. cruentata (25.25°C) and L. apodus (26.87°C).
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Castanie, Aurore. "Surface plasmon hybridization in the strong coupling regime in gain structures." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913379.
Full textAbstract:
Surface plasmon polaritons are non radiative modes which exist at the interface between a dielectric and a metal. They can confine light at sub-wavelength scales. However, their propagation is restricted by the intrinsic losses of the metal which imply a rapid absorption of the mode. The aim of this thesis is the study of the coupling of surface plasmons in metallo-dielectric planar structures. Obtaining the properties of the modes implies the extension of the solutions to the complex plane of propagation constants. The method used consists in determining the poles of the scattering matrix by means of Cauchy's integrals. The first solution to solve the problem of propagation of the surface plasmons consists in coupling these modes to one another. In a symmetric medium, when the thickness of the metallic film becomes thin enough, the coupling between the plasmon modes which exist on each side becomes possible. One of the coupled modes which is created, the so-called long range surface plasmon, has a bigger propagation length than the usual plasmon whereas the other coupled mode, named short range surface plasmon, has a smaller propagation length. We present a configuration which allows the excitation of the long range surface plasmon without the short range mode with a metallic layer deposited on a perfect electric conductor substrate. This excitation can be done in air and allows applications, such as the detection and the characterisation of molecules. Then, we present the coupling between dielectric waveguides, and, in particular, the coupled-mode theory in the case of the transverse magnetic polarisation. We consider also the case of PT symmetric structure. The last part of this work presents the demonstration of the strong coupling regime between a surface plasmon and a guided mode. We demonstrate an increase of the propagation length of the hybrid surface plasmon, which still has the confinement of a surface mode. A linear gain is added in the different layers of the structure. When the gain is added in the layer between both coupled modes allows an enhancement of the propagation lengths of the modes, and more precisely of the hybrid surface plasmon mode, which can propagate at the millimeter scale.
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Bravo, Ojeda Francisco Javier. "Nuevas perspectivas geológicas y estructurales sobre el control de la circulación de fluidos del sistema geotermal Copahue-Caviahue y su relación con isótopos de Helio." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137544.
Full textAbstract:
Geólogo<br>El Complejo Volcánico Copahue-Caviahue (CVCC) se encuentra emplazado entre los segmentos norte y sur de la Zona Volcánica Sur de los Andes en la frontera entre Chile y Argentina en la Región del Bío-Bío. Esta es una zona de transición producto de la transferencia de esfuerzos entre dos estructuras regionales. El CVCC alberga un importante sistema volcánico-magmático-hidrotermal cuyas manifestaciones no solo se ven reflejadas a través de la actividad del Volcán Copahue, sino que también mediante numerosas áreas geotermales con manifestaciones superficiales como fumarolas, aguas termales y piscinas burbujeantes.
El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es estudiar la relación existente entre la estructura local, la circulación de fluidos y la composición de los isotopos de helio de los fluidos del sistema geotermal del CVCC. Para esto se tomaron y analizaron muestras de la fase gaseosa en las áreas geotermales superficiales y se realizaron mediciones de la concentración de CO2 en el suelo y el potencial espontaneo en superficie a lo largo de perfiles que atravesaron las zonas geotermales y las estructuras principales del área de estudio.
Los resultados obtenidos revelaron un importante control estructural tanto en el emplazamiento de las zonas geotermales (las que se encuentran asociadas a la presencia de fallas profundas de orientaciones NNE), como también en la recarga del sistema (la cual se encuentra asociada a la presencia de fallas NNW). Existen fallas de orientación NNE que no generan manifestaciones geotermales superficiales, estas vendrían a ser estructuras secundarias que carecen de la profundidad necesaria para permitir el ascenso de fluidos hidrotermales. La razón isotópica 3He/4He (R/Ra) muestra dos grupos bien definidos: uno donde se presentan los valores más elevados registrados en la Cordillera de Los Andes en toda Sudamérica (7,5 Ra) evidenciando un aporte de origen mantélico en los fluidos, y otro con valores más bajos (5,4 Ra) producto de la interacción de estos fluidos hidrotermales con la infiltración de agua meteórica rica en helio radiogénico en zonas asociadas a la recarga del sistema.
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Giannotti, Daniel. "Diagnosi energetica del complesso PEEP di Corticella tramite simulazioni in regime dinamico: analisi e sviluppo di indicatori energetici." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
Obiettivo della tesi è quello di determinare una metodologia di analisi energetica a livello di distretto urbano per individuare indicatori energetici che consentano di definire successivamente azioni di efficientamento energetico sia a livello dei singoli edifici sia a livello di distretto. Il caso studio in esame è costituito dal complesso PEEP connesso alla rete di teleriscaldamento di Corticella. Tutti gli edifici sono stati analizzati tramite simulazioni in regime dinamico con il software Design Builder. La disponibilità di dati di monitoraggio dei consumi degli ultimi anni ha consentito di ottenere la firma energetica dei singoli edifici e di eseguire una taratura dei modelli in modo da ottenere risultati coerenti con le misure reali. La fase di taratura dei modelli è risultata particolarmente complessa, in quanto le variabili che incidono sui consumi energetici di un edificio sono molteplici; inoltre la scarsa prevedibilità del comportamento dell’utente ha reso ancora più complicata la calibrazione del modello. Pertanto, si è deciso di considerare accettabili i risultati che garantissero un errore massimo, rispetto ai consumi reali, pari al 10%. Dall’osservazione dei dati ottenuti dalle simulazioni, sono stati poi sviluppati diversi indicatori energetici che potessero essere utili come punto di partenza per la successiva fase di sviluppo di scenari per la riqualificazione energetica del quartiere. In particolare, sono stati analizzati indicatori per i singoli edifici, analizzando analogie o differenze rispetto a edifici simili, individuando le maggiori criticità dal punto di vista di involucro edilizio, nonché una valutazione globale sull’andamento dei carichi termici che devono essere sopperiti dalla rete di teleriscaldamento. Inoltre l’analisi dei profili di consumo orario e delle temperature di servizio sia per il servizio di riscaldamento che di produzione acqua calda sanitaria ha permesso di fornire un primo quadro sulle possibili soluzioni di intervento
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Ioannidu, Sofia. "Physikalische Kartierung der RT1-C-M-Region des Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplexes der Ratte." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ABC6-D.
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Turton, Anthony Richard. "The political aspects of institutional developments in the water sector: South Africa and its international river basins." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25233.
Full textAbstract:
This research set out to develop a deeper theoretical component to the emerging discipline of hydropolitics by studying the political aspects of institutional developments in the water sector. The focal point was the four international river basins that are shared between South Africa and six of its neighbouring states. The study found that while there is a lot of evidence for the securitization of water resource management in South Africa’s international river basins, there are also a number of examples of regimes. The creation of these regimes was driven primarily by threat perceptions relating to state security, mostly during the period of apartheid and the Cold War. These regimes were mostly robust and served as a valuable instrument for the de-escalation of conflict, which was primarily of a high politics nature. Examples of both plus-sum and zero-sum outcomes have been isolated. Plus-sum outcomes arose when the non-hegemonic state chose to view the offer of a regime in terms of national self-interest with four examples of this condition. In all four cases the non-hegemonic state benefited from cooperation with South Africa. Zero-sum outcomes arose when the non-hegemonic state chose to view the offer of a regime in terms of ideology with two examples of this condition. In both cases the non-hegemonic state did not benefit and was sidelined to the extent that they became marginalized and worse off than before. In all cases the hegemonic state benefited from the regime. The research consequently showed that a hydropolitical complex is emerging in Southern Africa, clustered around two international river basins, the Orange and Limpopo, which have been defined as pivotal basins. Both of these basins have reached the limit of their readily available water resources and future development is not possible on any great scale. Four of the most economically developed states in Southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa) are riparians on these two international river basins, and have been defined as pivotal states. Other less developed countries that share any international river basin with a pivotal state have been defined as an impacted state, because their own development aspirations have been capped through this association. Any international river basin that has at least one of the pivotal states in it has been defined an impacted basin. Finally, this research showed that regimes create a plus-sum outcome in closed international river basins because they reduce the levels of uncertainty and institutionalize the conflict potential. As such regimes are a useful instrument with which to regulate inter-state behavior, leading over time to the development of institutions consisting of rules and procedures.<br>Thesis (DPhil (International Politics))--University of Pretoria, 2005.<br>Political Sciences<br>unrestricted
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Ciemer, Catrin. "Complex systems analysis of changing rainfall regimes in South America and their implications for the Amazon rainforest." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19896.
Full textAbstract:
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die systematische Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von Änderungen in der Niederschlagshäufigkeit und -menge im Amazonas sowie eine Prognose der zukünftigen Entwicklung des Regenwaldes unter den sich ändernden Bedingungen im Rahmen des Klimawandels. Die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen der Niederschlagskorrelationsmuster des südamerikanischen Monsuns basieren auf der Theorie komplexer Netzwerke und offenbaren beispielsweise den Übergang von einem geordneten zu einem ungeordneten System zu Beginn des Monsuns. Die Erweiterung der verwendeten Methoden hin zu mehrschichtigen Netzwerken wird anschließend zur Untersuchung der Ursache von Dürren im zentralen Amazonasgebiet verwendet. Ein bivariates Netzwerk aus Niederschlagsdaten und atlantischen Meeresoberflächentemperaturen zeigt, dass bestimmte Meeresregionen im tropischen Atlantik den Niederschlag im zentralen Amazonas stark beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass einer Dürre in der Regel die Entstehung eines klimatischen Dipols der Meeresoberflächentemperaturen zwischen den identifizierten Ozeanregionen vorausgeht. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wird in dieser Arbeit erstmalig ein Frühwarnsystem für Dürren im Amazonas vorgestellt. Der Untersuchung des Einflusses von Niederschlagsvariabilität auf die Vegetation wird eine Potentiallandschaft aus Niederschlags- und Baumbedeckungsdaten im Amazonas zugrunde gelegt. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass eine direkte Abhängigkeit zwischen der lokalen, langfristigen Niederschlagsvariabilität und der Resilienz des Waldes besteht. Dies bedeutet, dass stärkere jährliche Niederschlagsvariabilität zu einem Trainingseffekt der tropischen Vegetation führen kann. Bedenkt man außerdem, dass es in Zukunft im zentralen Amazonas mehr Dürren geben soll, kann es entscheidend sein, ob die Vegetation einer Region zuvor Erfahrung mit starker Niederschlagsvariabilität gemacht hat und dementsprechend angepasst ist. Um nicht nur lokale, sondern auch globale Einflüsse zu berücksichtigen, wird zum einen der Effekt einer sich verlangsamenden thermohalinen Zirkulation durch Klimaerwärmung und zum anderen der direkte Einfluss der Klimaerwärmung auf denn zentralen Amazonas Regenwald untersucht. Die Studie zeigt, dass beide Ereignisse gegensätzliche und somit sich ausgleichende Einflüsse auf die Vegetation im Amazonasgebiet haben können. Der Regenwald könnte somit stabil in Bezug auf den Klimawandel sein. Die vorliegende Dissertation Arbeit leistet auf der Basis von neu entwickelten Methoden einen wesentlichen Beitrag, um die Kenntnisse der betrachteten klimatischen und ökologischen Systeme zu vertiefen.<br>This thesis investigates the impact of changes in frequency and amount of precipitation in the Amazon rainforest and analyzes its development under the changing conditions due to global warming. In this context, complex network theory is utilized to investigate the South American monsoon system. The precipitation correlation structure reveals hidden features of the system, such as the transition from a disordered to an ordered monsoon system. Further developing existing network methods towards multilayer network tools allows for the investigation of the root causes for droughts in the central Amazon basin. By using a bivariate network between monthly precipitation in the central Amazon and Atlantic sea surface temperatures, distinct oceanic regions are identified to have a strong influence on central Amazonian precipitation. The formation of a climatological dipole between the northern and southern tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures is found to precede droughts. As a result, this study is the first to give an early warning for droughts in the Amazon. To investigate the influence of rainfall variability on vegetation, a potential landscape is constructed from precipitation and Amazonian tree cover data. The resilience of the forest is found to directly depend on the local rainfall variability in the long-term past, thereby reflecting a vegetational training effect under specific environmental conditions. Considering climate change projections, this effect could be decisive for the future survival of the present rainforest vegetation state. In order to cover long-term influences of global warming, this thesis additionally investigates the effects of a slowing down of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the direct influence of global warming on the southern Amazon rainforest.. It is revealed that these effects, although caused by global warming, have competitive impacts on precipitation in the Amazon basin, with a stabilizing effect of an Atlantic meridional overturning circulation slowdown on the Amazon rainforest. This dissertation provides newly developed, as well as adjusted methods to enhance our understanding of the considered climatological and vegetational systems. Together, they provide the basic tools for a further investigation of these complex systems.