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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Compliance enforcement

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Academic literature on the topic 'Compliance enforcement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Compliance enforcement"

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Robinson, Anne. "Enforcement and compliance." Probation Journal 61, no. 3 (September 2014): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550514536759.

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Davis, Jon S., Gary Hecht, and Jon D. Perkins. "Social Behaviors, Enforcement, and Tax Compliance Dynamics." Accounting Review 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 39–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.1.39.

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We analyze the effect of social norms and enforcement on the dynamics of taxpayer compliance. Specifically, we develop two models to evaluate the movement between classes of compliant and noncompliant taxpayers. Our analysis suggests that the effect on compliance of changing enforcement levels depends on whether the taxpayer population is initially compliant or noncompliant. Compliant populations are insensitive to changes in enforcement policies until enforcement becomes sufficiently lax, when we observe a sudden shift to high levels of noncompliance in equilibrium. In contrast, relatively noncompliant populations respond to increased enforcement by gradually increasing compliance. Then, when enforcement becomes sufficiently harsh, we find a sudden shift in equilibrium to very high levels of compliance. After the taxpayer population shifts from compliance to noncompliance, or vice versa, our models predict that returning to the previous enforcement policy will not cause the population to return to its previous state. On the whole, our models' results help explain why taxpayer compliance varies across time and across geographic regions, even under similar enforcement regimes.

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Slemrod, Joel. "Tax Compliance and Enforcement." Journal of Economic Literature 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 904–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181437.

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This paper reviews recent economic research in tax compliance and enforcement. After briefly laying out the economics of tax evasion, it focuses on recent empirical contributions. It first discusses what methodologies and data have facilitated these contributions, and then presents critical summaries of what has been learned. It discusses a promising new development—the analysis of randomized controlled trials mostly delivered via letters from the tax authority—and then reviews recent research using various methods about the impact of the principal enforcement tax policy instruments: audits, information reporting, and remittance regimes. I also explore several understudied issues worthy of more research attention. The paper closes by outlining a normative framework based on the behavioral response elasticities now being credibly estimated that allow one to assess whether a given enforcement intervention is worth doing. (JEL H26, H30)

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Hansen, Fay. "FLSA Compliance and Enforcement." Compensation & Benefits Review 28, no. 4 (July 1996): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088636879602800402.

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Shimshack, Jay P., and Michael B. Ward. "Enforcement and over-compliance." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 55, no. 1 (January 2008): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.05.003.

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Bhargava, Rashmi. "ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3159.

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Each country faces a unique set of challenges and capacities to implement its environmental laws. However, there are fundamental elements in all countries that form the basis of effective environmental compliance and enforcement programs and of legal systems. These common principles, based on the collective knowledge and experience of the International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (INECE) and reflective of international good practice, may be used to improve national environmental compliance and enforcement programs. These principles are divided into five sections: (1) environmental results and shared responsibility, (2) goals and strategies, (3) good governance, rule of law and compliance, (4) structure and resources, and (5) continuous evaluation and improvement.

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Paniccia, John, Kassandra Barnes, and Terry Karda. "HAULED WASTE COMPLIANCE ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2004, no. 14 (January 1, 2004): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864704784137279.

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Andarge, Tihitina, and Erik Lichtenberg. "Regulatory compliance under enforcement gaps." Journal of Regulatory Economics 57, no. 3 (June 2020): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11149-020-09405-0.

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Titus, Matthew J. "Benefits of Electronic Clearance for Enforcement of Motor Carrier Regulations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1522, no. 1 (January 1996): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152200108.

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The transparent borders concept of the Federal Highway Administration's Intelligent Transportation System for Commercial Vehicle Operations program could enhance regulatory efficiency by improving motor carrier compliance and reducing the costs of compliance. Discussion focuses on the cost of enforcement for motor carriers, which is one of the components of compliance cost. Motor carrier regulations are typically enforced concurrently with weight and safety enforcement efforts. To determine the burden, the amount and value of time spent by motor carriers on enforcement activities was estimated. Recognizing that differences among trucking firms exist, burdens were estimated separately for truckload and less-than-truckload carriers. Values were based on labor and opportunity costs. Time requirements were taken from existing literature. Current weight enforcement efforts cost the industry between $167 and $283 million annually. Furthermore, over 99.4 percent of the burden is borne by compliant carriers. Technologies and enforcement strategies that would greatly reduce the proportion of compliant vehicles subjected to enforcement are currently available and should be pursued. Complying with current safety enforcement efforts costs the industry between $14 and $25 million annually. Compliant carriers bear over 44 percent of this cost. Analysis of safety data indicates that a statistical relationship exists between out-of-service rates and accident rates. Therefore, it is possible to develop a system that would increase the proportion of noncompliant vehicles subjected to inspection relative to compliant vehicles.

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Aakre, Stine, and Jon Hovi. "Emission trading: Participation enforcement determines the need for compliance enforcement." European Union Politics 11, no. 3 (September 2010): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116510369265.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compliance enforcement"

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Villegas, Palacio Clara. "Formal and informal regulations : enforcement and compliance /." Göteborg : University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/22402.

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Christian, Philip C. "Sales Tax Enforcement: An Empirical Analysis of Compliance Enforcement Methodologies and Pathologies." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/335.

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Most research on tax evasion has focused on the income tax. Sales tax evasion has been largely ignored and dismissed as immaterial. This paper explored the differences between income tax and sales tax evasion and demonstrated that sales tax enforcement is deserving of and requires the use of different tools to achieve compliance. Specifically, the major enforcement problem with sales tax is not evasion: it is theft perpetrated by companies that act as collection agents for the state. Companies engage in a principal-agent relationship with the state and many retain funds collected as an agent of the state for private use. As such, the act of sales tax theft bears more resemblance to embezzlement than to income tax evasion. It has long been assumed that the sales tax is nearly evasion free, and state revenue departments report voluntary compliance in a manner that perpetuates this myth. Current sales tax compliance enforcement methodologies are similar in form to income tax compliance enforcement methodologies and are based largely on trust. The primary focus is on delinquent filers with a very small percentage of businesses subject to audit. As a result, there is a very large group of noncompliant businesses who file on time and fly below the radar while stealing millions of taxpayer dollars. The author utilized a variety of statistical methods with actual field data derived from operations of the Southern Region Criminal Investigations Unit of the Florida Department of Revenue to evaluate current and proposed sales tax compliance enforcement methodologies in a quasi-experimental, time series research design and to set forth a typology of sales tax evaders. This study showed that current estimates of voluntary compliance in sales tax systems are seriously and significantly overstated and that current enforcement methodologies are inadequate to identify the majority of violators and enforce compliance. Sales tax evasion is modeled using the theory of planned behavior and Cressey’s fraud triangle and it is demonstrated that proactive enforcement activities, characterized by substantial contact with non-delinquent taxpayers, results in superior ability to identify noncompliance and provides a structure through which noncompliant businesses can be rehabilitated.

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Friesen, Lana. "Improving compliance with environmental regulations, targeted enforcement and self-audits." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0024/NQ51861.pdf.

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Hildebrand, Philipp Michael. "Compliance in the international environmental politics : the case of the European Union." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259981.

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Holland, Robert Cloyce. "Enforcement of, and compliance with environmental regulations at Department of Energy facilities /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Chang, Cheng. "Automobile pollution control in China enforcement of and compliance with vehicle emission standards /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3235195.

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Rocke, Sean A. "On Random Sampling for Compliance Monitoring in Opportunistic Spectrum Access Networks." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/169.

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In the expanding spectrum marketplace, there has been a long term evolution towards more market€“oriented mechanisms, such as Opportunistic Spectrum Access (OSA), enabled through Cognitive Radio (CR) technology. However, the potential of CR technologies to revolutionize wireless communications, also introduces challenges based upon the potentially non€“deterministic CR behaviour in the Electrospace. While establishing and enforcing compliance to spectrum etiquette rules are essential to realization of successful OSA networks in the future, there has only been recent increased research activity into enforcement. This dissertation presents novel work on the spectrum monitoring aspect, which is crucial to effective enforcement of OSA. An overview of the challenges faced by current compliance monitoring methods is first presented. A framework is then proposed for the use of random spectral sampling techniques to reduce data collection complexity in wideband sensing scenarios. This approach is recommended as an alternative to Compressed Sensing (CS) techniques for wideband spectral occupancy estimation, which may be difficult to utilize in many practical congested scenarios where compliance monitoring is required. Next, a low€“cost computational approach to online randomized temporal sensing deployment is presented for characterization of temporal spectrum occupancy in cognitive radio scenarios. The random sensing approach is demonstrated and its performance is compared to CS€“based approach for occupancy estimation. A novel frame€“based sampling inversion technique is then presented for cases when it is necessary to track the temporal behaviour of individual CRs or CR networks. Parameters from randomly sampled Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) data frames are used to reconstruct occupancy statistics, taking account of missed frames due to sampling design, sensor limitations and frame errors. Finally, investigations into the use of distributed and mobile spectrum sensing to collect spatial diversity to improve the above techniques are presented, for several common monitoring tasks in spectrum enforcement. Specifically, focus is upon techniques for achieving consensus in dynamic topologies such as in mobile sensing scenarios.

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Smith, Farrel. "Using water law enforcement to demonstrate the effectiveness of regulations for the protection of water resources." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7983.

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Magister Philosophiae (Integrated Water Resource Management) - MPhl(IWM)
The South African National Water Act attracted attention of the international water community as one of the most reformist pieces of water legislation in the world, and a major step forward in the transformation of the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) into legislation. However, 20 years later after the National Water Act was promulgated, implementation of the same act has been partially successful. In many aspects, the, implementation has been weak. The argument is that the water law enforcement is not been implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of regulations for the protection of water resources.
2022

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Hutchinson, Robert Charles. "Enhancing preparedness adoption and compliance in the federal law enforcement community through financial incentives." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5073.

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CHDS State/Local
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina, the federal law enforcement community has not adopted the level of emergency preparedness recommended or instructed by national directives, studies, and after-action reports. The importance of preparedness has been identified in numerous studies regarding the need for coordinated efforts on federal, state, local, and tribal levels. Failure to prepare and train employees has resulted in tort claims against local agencies and potential increased legal liability for the federal government. Through an analysis of specific costs and benefits of preparedness adoption and compliance, this thesis concludes that measurable and anticipated benefits often exceed costs for agencies. Analysis reveals that financial incentives, through the many federal preparedness grant programs, have encouraged preparedness adoption and compliance by state, local, and tribal governments. However, the federal law enforcement community, without access to these grants, has not achieved a level of preparedness adoption and compliance, raising the question: Would a new financial incentive concept designated for the federal law enforcement community increase preparedness adoption and compliance? Research indicates that a novel federal financial incentive concept would in fact increase preparedness adoption and compliance within the federal law enforcement community consistent with its state, local, and tribal partners.

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Haflidadottir, Helga. "The progressive development of international enforcement : public international law and compliance with environmental obligations." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14459.

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This thesis is concerned with the progressive development of international enforcement. In effect, it explores the normative pull of international law and its influence on compliance with international environmental obligations. Moreover, it looks to the notion of progress in international law and assesses its influence within the sphere of international enforcement. In recent decades, the effect of contemporary environmental challenges on the enjoyment of various values and rights have become more apparent. It is in light of this present situation that this thesis explores the progressive development of international enforcement. Furthermore, it is in light of this situation that the thesis makes a claim for enhanced compliance with international environmental obligations. The thesis main argument is that the normative pull of international law can increase the effectiveness of international enforcement within the context of some international environmental obligations. Furthermore, the thesis posits that looking to the notion of progress in international law can advance an understanding of how the normative pull impacts the authority and legitimacy of international enforcement measures. To that end, it is argued that the notion of progress in international law, by coinciding with authority in international law, justifies coercive enforcement actions; and further, that the notion of progress, by influencing the legitimacy of international enforcement, contributes to the necessity of compliance. In effect the notion of progress in international law, therefore, has the capacity to influence compliance with international environmental obligations. In order to contextualise the theoretical arguments and assumptions made, the thesis looks to two international environmental obligations: The obligation to avert the cause of climate change and the obligation to preserve and protect the marine environment.

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Books on the topic "Compliance enforcement"

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ADMINISTRATION, FEDERAL AVIATION. Compliance and enforcement program. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 1986.

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Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority. Compliance and enforcement policy. Dar es Salaam]: TFDA, 2006.

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Steinberg, Robert E. RCRA compliance & enforcement manual. 2nd ed. Colorado Springs, Colo: Shepard's/McGraw-Hill, 1994.

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FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. Compliance and enforcement program. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 1994.

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FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. Compliance and enforcement program. [Washington, D.C.?]: Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 1992.

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Steinberg, Robert E. RCRA compliance & enforcement manual. Colorado Springs, Colo: Shepard's/McGraw-Hill, 1993.

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Mays, Richard H. CERCLA litigation, enforcement, and compliance. Colorado Springs, Colo: Shepard's/McGraw-Hill, 1993.

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Unit, West Midlands Low Pay. National minimum wage: Compliance & enforcement. Birmingham: West Midlands Low Pay Unit, 2001.

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Patzer, Robert A. Environmental law: Compliance and enforcement. Halifax, N.S: School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 1995.

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Cahill, Nessa. Company law compliance and enforcement. Haywards Heath, West Sussex: Tottel Pub., 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Compliance enforcement"

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Covell, Daniel, and Sharianne Walker. "Compliance and Enforcement." In Managing INTERCOLLEGIATE Athletics, 181–200. Second edition. | Scottsdale, Arizona : Holcomb Hathaway, Publishers, [2016]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429298363-8.

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Clarke, Michael. "Compliance and Enforcement." In Regulation, 136–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333982327_6.

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Deveaux, Tim. "Enforcement and compliance framework." In Bassett’s Environmental Health Procedures, 3–39. Ninth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, [2020]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429060847-1.

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Shaw, Kristin DeMarco, Byron Beerbower, and Cynthia Walker. "Inspections, Compliance, and Enforcement." In Regulatory Foundations for the Food Protection Professional, 179–200. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0650-5_12.

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Doe, Kenneth G., and Paula M. Jackman. "Compliance and Enforcement Toxicity Testing." In Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, 269–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5704-2_26.

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Armour, Quintin, William Elazmeh, Nour El-Kadri, Nathalie Japkowicz, and Stan Matwin. "Privacy Compliance Enforcement in Email." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 194–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11424918_20.

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Covell, Daniel, and Sharianne Walker. "Compliance, Enforcement and Performance Motivation." In Managing Intercollegiate Athletics, 231–61. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003153894-8.

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Boyd, Don A. "Disclosure, Enforcement and Compliance: A Shipper’s Perspective on Compliance." In Transportation of Hazardous Materials, 1–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3222-4_1.

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Li, Wanxin, and Krzysztof Michalak. "Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in China." In Governance, Risk, and Compliance Handbook, 379–91. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118269213.ch27.

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Mukherjee, Proshanto K., and Mark Brownrigg. "Maritime Safety Standards: Compliance and Enforcement." In Farthing on International Shipping, 223–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34598-2_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Compliance enforcement"

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Hacigumus, Hakan. "Compliance Enforcement for Service Process Flows." In IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scc.2007.42.

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Tsai, P. h., H. c. Yeh, C. y. Yu, P. c. Hsiu, C. s. Shih, and J. w. s. Liu. "Compliance Enforcement of Temporal and Dosage Constraints." In 2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rtss.2006.14.

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Jansen, Bernhard, Hari-Govind V. Ramasamy, and Matthias Schunter. "Policy enforcement and compliance proofs for Xen virtual machines." In the fourth ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1346256.1346271.

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Khaitzin, Ety, Roee Shlomo, and Maya Anderson. "Privacy Enforcement at a Large Scale for GDPR Compliance." In SYSTOR '18: International Systems and Storage Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3211890.3211913.

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Rocke, Sean, and Alexander M. Wyglinski. "Frame-based temporal occupancy characterization for compliance enforcement in opportunistic spectrum access networks." In 2016 IEEE 37th Sarnoff Symposium. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sarnof.2016.7846748.

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Rocke, Sean, and Alexander M. Wyglinski. "Re-thinking compliance enforcement: Investigating random spectrum sampling techniques for temporal occupancy characterization." In 2015 IEEE 16th International Symposium on "A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks" (WoWMoM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2015.7158140.

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Meyer, Dirk H., Radovan Vuletic, and Alexander Seidl. "Enforcement of Mask Rule Compliance in Model-Based OPC'ed Layouts during Data Preparation." In Photomask Technology 2002, edited by Brian J. Grenon and Kurt R. Kimmel. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.467751.

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AlKalbani, Ahmed, Hepu Deng, and Booi Kam. "The Influence of Organizational Enforcement on the Attitudes of Employees towards Information Security Compliance." In 2019 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iacs.2019.8809166.

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Rocke, Sean, Azim Abdool, and Daniel Ringis. "Energy-reduced non-contiguous spectrum sensing for compliance enforcement in dynamic spectrum access environments." In 2015 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pacrim.2015.7334865.

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Firmansyah, Amrie, and I. Putu. "The Effect of Tax Knowledge Reward and Enforcement Strategies on SMEs Tax Compliance Behavior." In Seventh International Conference on Advances in Social Science Management and Human Behaviour SMHB 2018. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-160-3-22.

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Reports on the topic "Compliance enforcement"

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Slemrod, Joel. Tax Compliance and Enforcement. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24799.

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Dunworth, Treasa. Compliance and Enforcement in WMD-related Treaties. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/19/wmdce1.

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Lentzos, Filippa. Compliance and Enforcement in the Biological Weapons Regime. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/19/wmdce4.

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Revill, James, John Borrie, Pavel Podvig, and Jennifer Hart. Compliance and Enforcement: Lessons from across WMD-related regimes. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/19/wmdce6.

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Revill, James, Rebecca Katz, Elena Fasoli, Einas Mohammed, Himayu Shiotani, and Jens Hillebrand Pohl. Tools for Compliance and Enforcement from Beyond WMD regimes. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/21/wmdce10.

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In seeking fresh ideas for twenty-first century WMD arms control and disarmament, there is value in looking at other regimes for tools and approaches that could be adapted and developed to enhance compliance and enforcement in contemporary WMD-related regimes. To this end, this report comprises a series of short essays that outline tools for treaty compliance or enforcement from regimes dealing with the environment, public health, small arms, international trade, and core international crimes.

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Wunderlich, Carmen, Harald Müller, and Una Jakob. WMD Compliance and Enforcement in a Changing Global Context. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/21/wmdce02.

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The regimes for the control of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) are essential ingredients of the global order. Yet this order is currently in transition: the bipolarity of the Cold War has given way to a more complex, multipolar world order characterized by conflicts of interest and great power competition rather than cooperative security. This competition brings with it rising strategic uncertainties which endanger stability and have far reaching implications for WMD-related agreements. To better understand the implications of this changing global context for WMD arms control and disarmament measures this report looks at the past, present and future prospects for WMD-related treaties. The report begins by outlining four broad yet interlinked approaches to arms control and disarmament before considering how these have been applied to chemical, biological and nuclear weapons in the past and how these measures could be applied in the future.

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Pritam, Banerjee, Chattopadhyay Soumya, Sinha Deepankar, and Sharma Prashant. Technology Framework for India's Road Freight Transport: Compliance and Enforcement Architecture Reform. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210271-2.

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In India, different agencies conduct inspections on road freight in transit, which can cause unscheduled stoppages that result in delays and add to operational costs. Compliance and enforcement architecture reform involving road freight transport in the country involves the application of data-based and integrated digital tools that can enable inspection facilities and units to immediately identify potential noncompliance and minimize multiple physical inspections that the current enforcement model entails. This paper presents an alternative model for enforcement agencies with regulatory mandates on the on-road movement and conveyance of cargo. The importance of road freight transport in India can benefit from a technology-based reform, which has become critical to improving the efficiency of domestic trade facilitation.

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Stricklett, K. L., and M. Vangel. Analysis of proposals for compliance and enforcement testing under the new part 431:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6092.

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Findlay, Trevor. The Role of International Organizations in WMD Compliance and Enforcement: Autonomy, Agency, and Influence. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/wmdce9.

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Major multilateral arms control and disarmament treaties dealing with weapons of mass destruction (WMD) often have mandated an international organization to monitor and verify State party compliance and to handle cases of non-compliance. There are marked differences in the mandates and technical capabilities of these bodies. Nonetheless, they often face the same operational and existential challenges. This report looks at the role of multilateral verification bodies, especially their secretariats, in dealing with compliance and enforcement, the extent to which they achieve “agency” and “influence” in doing so, and whether and how such capacities might be enhanced. In WMD organizations it is the governing bodies that make decisions about noncompliance and enforcement. The role of their secretariats is to manage the monitoring and verification systems, analyse the resulting data – and data from other permitted sources – and alert their governing bodies to suspicions of non-compliance. Secretariats are expected to be impartial, technically oriented and professional. It is when a serious allegation of non-compliance arises that their role becomes most sensitive politically and most vital. The credibility of Secretariats in these instances will depend on the agency and influence that they have accumulated. There are numerous ways in which an international secretariat can position itself for maximum agency and influence, essentially by making itself indispensable to member States and the broader international community. It can achieve this by engaging with multiple stakeholders, aiming for excellence in its human and technical resources, providing timely and sustainable implementation assistance, ensuring an appropriate organizational culture and, perhaps most of all, understanding that knowledge is power. The challenge for supporters of international verification organizations is to enhance those elements that give them agency and influence and minimize those that lead to inefficiencies, dysfunction and, most damaging of all, political interference in verification and compliance judgements.

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Cantor, R., and S. Cohn. Evaluation of implementation, enforcement and compliance issues of the Bonneville Model Conservation Standards Program: Volume 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6055528.

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