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1
Salazar, Addisson. On Statistical Pattern Recognition in Independent Component Analysis Mixture Modelling. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
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2
Drift into failure: From hunting broken components to understanding complex systems. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010.
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Cavicchio, Federica, and Emanuela Magno Caldognetto, eds. Aspetti emotivi e relazionali nell'e-learning. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-833-8.
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This book investigates the role of emotions and multimodal communication in face-to-face teaching and in e-learning, and assesses the incidence of these not merely verbal components on the cognitive processes of the student. It also presents certain types of man-machine interface that utilise natural language in written, vocal and multimodal form; the latter implement a new metaphor of interaction with the computer that is more human-oriented. This is, therefore, a new and interdisciplinary theme of research that highlights the technical and theoretical complexity that e-learning specialists and scholars of multimodal communication and emotions address in order to devise new systems of human-computer communication that are more natural and more motivating for learning.
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Baryshev, Ruslan. Proactive library in the information and educational environment of the University. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1123649.
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In the monograph, the University library is presented as a complex system that includes elements of various properties and varying complexity. As in any system, structural change inevitably affects the performance of all its components. In this regard, the library is an element of the information and educational environment of the University, which is designed to support and improve the effectiveness of educational and scientific activities. The article reveals the concept of active University library" as a system for providing information services to the reader in any form and on any medium based on classical and network forms of service based on query advance services. The article analyzes the opportunities provided by the active University library for its users. The mechanism of activation of an electronic library through selective provision of information is considered, and the principle of the influence of an active electronic library on its proactivity is approved. For all those interested in librarianship and Informatization of education."
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Surkova, Galina. Atmospheric chemistry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079840.
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The textbook contains material corresponding to the course of lectures on atmospheric chemistry prepared for students studying meteorology and climatology. The basic concepts of atmospheric chemistry are given, its gaseous components, as well as aerosols and chemical processes related to their life cycles, which are important from the point of view of the formation of the radiation, temperature and dynamic regime of the atmosphere, as well as its pollution, are considered. The main regularities of the transport of impurities in the atmosphere and the role of processes of different spatial and temporal scales in this process are presented. The concept of approaches of varying degrees of complexity used to model the transport of matter in the atmosphere, taking into account its chemical transformations, is presented. The processes in the gaseous and liquid phases that affect the chemical composition and acidity of clouds and precipitation are described. Modern methods of using information about the concentration and state of chemical compounds, including their radioactive and stable isotopes, to obtain information about the meteorological regime of the atmosphere in the present and past are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of training "Hydrometeorology".
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Nakamura, Jeanne, and Scott Roberts. The Hypo-egoic Component of Flow. Edited by Kirk Warren Brown and Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.9.
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Flow is a state of deep absorption that may be experienced when engaged in activities that stretch one’s capacities. A defining feature of the flow state is a reduction in self-awareness, which has been described in the flow literature as loss of self-consciousness. This chapter specifies the senses in which awareness of the self is, and is not, lost when one is in flow. It reviews the phenomenological, psychometric, and neurophysiological literatures addressing hypo-egoism in flow, suggesting that flow activities are characterized by hypo-egoic complexity or a dialectical interplay of directed and effortless attention. Flow is seen to be both hypo-egoic and egoic, with a loss of self-awareness and yet ultimately a growth of the self. The chapter considers whether the hypo-egoism in flow extends beyond loss of self-awareness to a focus on domains larger than the individual self, and calls for more research on the hypo-egoic component of flow.
7
Salazar, Addisson. On Statistical Pattern Recognition in Independent Component Analysis Mixture Modelling. Springer, 2012.
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8
Salazar, Addisson. On Statistical Pattern Recognition in Independent Component Analysis Mixture Modelling. Springer, 2014.
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9
Donal, Erwan, Seisyou Kou, and Partho Senguptadd. Left ventricle: cardiac mechanics and left ventricular performance. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0019.
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The complexity of left ventricular (LV) function(s) assessment in heart failure patients is related to the complexity of heart anatomy, but also to the complexity of electromechanical interaction, and to the load dependency of all the parameters that could be applied in clinical practice. Three perpendicular axes orienting the global geometry of the LV define the local cardiac coordinate system: radial, circumferential, and longitudinal. Speckle tracking is the technique of choice for quantifying myocardial deformation (regional and global). Longitudinal LV deformation, which is predominantly governed by the subendocardial region, is the most vulnerable component of LV mechanics and therefore most sensitive to the presence of myocardial disease.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Integration and control: the nervous system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0011.
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The complexity of fish behaviour and information processing indicates high levels of neural, anatomical and functional organization. Neural cells are conducting neurons and neuroglia with putative support and physiological roles. Neuronal conduction, synaptic transmission, reflexes and neuropils are factors in integrative activity and information processing. Fish nervous systems are organized into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (including autonomic) components. Interestingly the structure and function of the fish optic tectum have been considered comparable to those of the tetrapod cerebral cortex. Also of interest are the bilaterally paired large Mauthner fibres in the teleost central nervous system, which mediate startle responses. The autonomic nervous system in fish occupies a pivotal position amongst vertebrates, including uncertainty about the existence of a posterior parasympathetic component. The trend is to regard it in terms of spinal autonomic (sympathetic) cranial autonomic (parasympathetic) and enteric systems. Accounts of the autonomic control of individual effector systems are included.
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Deng, Xiaohu. Livestock. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0010.
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The exponential population growth rate is increasingly straining the supply of food and resources. Meat is a key component in the diet of many global cultures. The increase in demand for meat has shifted production from small farms and ranches to large corporate livestock production facilities. The complexity of the livestock industry and production processes has increased the need to manage the financial risk associated with raising the various types of livestock, such as feeder cattle, live cattle, and lean hogs, and the processing, packaging, and distribution of livestock products. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange has created an array of financial futures and options to assist livestock producers and processors with their price risk management needs.
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Andruchow, James E., and Benjamin Easter. Anesthesia for Procedures in the Emergency Department. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0025.
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The practice of emergency medicine has changed significantly over the past several decades. It has evolved into a separate and distinct specialty with a unique knowledge base and training program. As the specialty has evolved, so too has the complexity of patients being cared for in the emergency department (ED), as well as the range of tests and treatments being performed. For many of these patients, the acute management of pain and anxiety is an essential component of their ED care and fundamental to the performance of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Consequently, possessing an arsenal of anesthesia techniques is essential to the safe and effective practice of modern emergency medicine. This chapter reviews the provision of such anesthesia in the ED setting.
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Verhoeven, Didier, Cary Kaufman, Robert Mansel, and Sabine Siesling, eds. Breast cancer: Global quality care. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198839248.001.0001.
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Caregivers delivering care to breast cancer patients wish to provide the highest quality breast care possible. Due to the complexity of the care pathway, this care should be delivered by a multidisciplinary team working in a breast cancer unit/centre. This book was written by experts from different disciplines and presents ideas for developing a breast unit wherever you live. The authors provide thorough descriptions of high-quality breast cancer care, define targets, methods to assess one’s care, and ideas on how to improve care within one’s resources. A global view of the quality of breast cancer care shows specific best practices applicable to many centres operating in various health care systems with different financial and political situations. Foundation hallmarks of innovation, communication, patient-centred care, multidisciplinary, and budget considerations guide specific recommendations for each component of care. This book discusses global and local considerations so that optimally ‘integrated’ breast cancer care can be organized. Each component of care (e.g. imaging, surgery, etc.) is discussed from both theoretical and practical aspects. The recommendation for each component of care is facilitated by experienced experts laying out rational and practical approaches to each step. This book provides guidance how to integrate the different disciplines into breast cancer care. Beyond treatment, it provides practical considerations regarding accreditation and certification, and it comments on the influence of budget and of treatment. Finally, it demonstrates how best practices may be altered by the emerging involvement of patients, technologies, and transitions of future societal values.
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Wildman, Wesley J. Anthropomorphism and Apophaticism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815990.003.0002.
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To appreciate the risks and benefits of anthropomorphism, it is important (1) to appreciate the genius and limitations of human cognition, (2) to compare ultimacy models to see what difference anthropomorphic modeling techniques make, and (3) to entertain the possibility of an apophatic approach to ultimate reality that relativizes and relates ultimacy models. An apophatic approach to ultimate reality relativizes ultimacy models but also implies a disintegrating metric that serves to relate ultimacy models to one another. Degree of anthropomorphism is an important component of this disintegrating metric. Comparative analysis helps manifest internal complexity in the idea of anthropomorphism by distinguishing three relatively independent dimensions: Intentionality Attribution, Rational Practicality, and Narrative Comprehensibility. Educational efforts stabilized in cultural traditions can confer on people the desire and ability to resist one or more dimensions of the anthropomorphic default modes of cognition to some degree.
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Unger, Annemarie, Gabriele Fischer, and Loretta P. Finnegan. Drug Dependence During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.27.
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The chaotic lives of women who are drug dependent and their frequent lack of consistent prenatal care put them at risk for many medical problems during pregnancy. Illicit drug use during pregnancy also places women at increased risk for obstetrical complications. The complexity of medical problems in the pregnant drug abuser is complicated by the attendant psychosocial problems and psychiatric comorbidities seen in this population. Psychiatric diagnoses, treatment, and patient compliance are often hindered when the main focus of attention is on drug-related problems. The stigma associated with maternal drug use and difficult life circumstances are additional burdens to successful treatment entry and adherence for women. The basis for stabilizing most opioid-dependent pregnant women is agonist maintenance therapy in the context of comprehensive services, and the treatment of psychiatric comorbidities is a key component in optimizing pregnancy and child outcomes.
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Arango, Victoria, and Mark Underwood. The Neurobiology of Suicide and Implications for Treatment and Prevention. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.23.
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Suicide has a biological component. It is the result not only of the necessary biological vulnerability, but also of multiple factors that must converge to elicit the behavior. These factors are discussed in this chapter and include genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, as well as psychopathologic, environmental, and stressful considerations, such as exposure to early adversity. We present a mathematical model with suicide as the outcome. The equation is based on a conventional stress-diathesis model, but it underscores the complexity of suicide behavior. In addition to discussing the contributors to suicidal behavior, we incorporate in the model protective factors that can reduce the risk of suicide. Because of the anatomical abnormalities in the serotonergic system in the brain of people who have died by suicide, a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy may be most effective in preventing the behavior.
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Seesengood, Robert Paul. Shifting Biblical Parables. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.30.
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This chapter examines parables in both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. A review of the history of parable interpretation reveals how many complex issues surround even the identification, let alone the interpretation, of biblical parables. This essay briefly examines some modern readings of very popular biblical parables, noting how as scholars change or “shift” their methodologies, operating assumptions, or narrative focus, the central themes or “meaning” of the parable they are reading shifts, as well. Parables are deceptively complex narratives, and reading biblical parables involves a creative engagement with their complexity. Sifting through the questions and problems raised by biblical parables, and the shifting interpretive assumptions and interests as a result, creates awareness of the array what parables might “mean.” In the end, the meaning of a parable lies in the process of interpretation itself—in the affectual component of a parable—and transcends simple articulation.
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Chang, Victor T. Visceral pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0134.
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Visceral pain is pain that arises from, in, or around internal organs. Common examples include chest pain and functional abdominal pain. In palliative medicine, well-known visceral pain syndromes include pain from pancreatic cancer and bowel obstruction. Recent advances have increased our understanding of the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic possibilities for patients with visceral pain syndromes. Understanding the basis of referred pain is a key component of patient assessment. The complexity of visceral nociception and pain signalling is being unravelled through anatomical, immunohistochemical, and functional studies. On a molecular level, families of receptors and signalling proteins have now been described that will lead to a future with innovative therapies. This knowledge has developed within the paradigms of pain pathways, peripheral activation and peripheral and central sensitization, thereby linking and distinguishing visceral pain from somatic and neuropathic pain. Treatment options for visceral pain in palliative care encompass a wide variety of medical, interventional, and psychological approaches. With appropriate diagnostic measures and careful consideration of therapeutic options, most patients can achieve satisfactory relief.
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Madrid, Silvia Christina de Oliveira. A pesquisa no PPGE-UEPG/PR: Educação física escolar, educação infantil e formação de professores. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-348-0.
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The research (PPGE/UEPG) of this work deals with themes in the areas of School Physical Education, Early Childhood Education and Teacher Training. The authors' academic production is linked to the axes and lines of research of the Study and Research Group on School Physical Education and Teacher Training – Gepefe (UEPG/CNPq). The work begins by presenting the study on the theoretical assumptions that underlie Education for Peace as an educational component of a Culture of Peace, the effective approach from the perspective of Edgar Morin's Theory of Complexity. Next, the study on the methodological theoretical assumptions of Physical Education in the final years of elementary school of the Public Network of the State of Paraná is presented, the research was carried out in schools in a municipality in the interior of the State. The theme of the third study deals with how school management is realized in the pedagogical practice of Early Childhood Education. The fourth study deals with the pedagogical practice of Physical Education in the early years of elementary school of the Municipal Education Network, in an interior city of the State of Paraná. At the end of the work, Gepefe's academic contribution is presented as a space for dialogues between the school context and the Training of Physical Education teachers, in the areas of teaching, research and extension. The authors hope that the work will contribute to foster discussions in the academic and professional spheres, providing debates and reflections in relation to the context of School Physical Education, Early Childhood Education and Teacher Training.
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Ehresmann, Andrée. Applications of Categories to Biology and Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0015.
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Mathematical models used in biology are generally adapted from physics and relate to specific local processes. Category theory helps developing global dynamic models account for the main specificities of living systems: (i) The system is evolutionary, with a tangled hierarchy of interacting components, which change over time. (ii) It develops a robust and flexible memory up to the emergence of components and processes of increasing complexity. (iii) It has a multi-agent, multi-temporality, self-organization. This chapter presents such a model, the Memory Evolutive Systems, which in particular characterizes the property at the root of emergence and flexibility. A main application is the model MENS for a neurocognitive system which proposes a physically based “theory of mind”, up to the emergence of higher cognitive processes such as consciousness, anticipation, and creativity.
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Newman, Mark. Computer algorithms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0008.
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This chapter introduces some of the fundamental concepts of numerical network calculations. The chapter starts with a discussion of basic concepts of computational complexity and data structures for storing network data, then progresses to the description and analysis of algorithms for a range of network calculations: breadth-first search and its use for calculating shortest paths, shortest distances, components, closeness, and betweenness; Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths and distances on weighted networks; and the augmenting path algorithm for calculating maximum flows, minimum cut sets, and independent paths in networks.
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Francisco, Louçã, and Ash Michael. Shadows in Times of Crash. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828211.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 tells the story of the crash as it unfolded. At that moment much of the public discovered a previously hidden world of obscure financial instruments and deals. Prior to the crash, the public might get only occasional glimpses of high finance when one of its components failed. In 2007, almost the entire system came crashing down. The complexity and tight coupling of the shadow banking system had created the possibility of a chain reaction and in 2007 and 2008 the chain was yanked tight. These events shocked the general public, most economists and most of the shadow bankers themselves.
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Martin, Keith M. Cryptographic Protocols. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788003.003.0009.
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This chapter is concerned with cryptographic protocols. We begin with an explanation of what components a cryptographic protocol consists of. We then illustrate the complexity of designing a secure cryptographic protocol by considering an artificially simple scenario, for which we propose and analyse seven candidate protocols. For each of these protocols, we comment on whether, or under which conditions, they meet the required specification. We go on to look at the important class of authentication and key establishment protocols. We identify typical goals and examine some important protocols in this class, including the Diffie–Hellman protocol.
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Chehab, Monzer, Elias Antypas, Matthias J. Kirsch, and Aradhana M. Venkatesan. Antibiotics. Edited by Bradley B. Pua, Anne M. Covey, and David C. Madoff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276249.003.0002.
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Although infectious complications are rare in interventional radiology (IR), their occurrence can have serious consequences. Considerations for antibiotic prophylaxis and selection of an appropriate antibiotic agent and dosing regimen are essential components of the preprocedural evaluation of patients presenting for IR procedures. As the breadth and complexity of patients and procedures expand, it is critical for the interventional radiologist to have a thorough knowledge of the pathogenesis of infection, the rationale behind prophylaxis in specific clinical scenarios, and the appropriate use of antibiotic agents. The goal of this chapter is to provide the trainee with a comprehensive overview of antibiotic prophylaxis for the most commonly performed procedures in interventional radiology.
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Tomanek, Robert J., Adriana A. Silva Pires-Gomes, and José Maria Pérez-Pomares. The development of coronary vascularization. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0021.
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The coronary vascular system is a complex network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that supports myocardial performance, a topic previously reviewed by other authors. Disruption of coronary blood vessel form and/or function can underlie severe congenital and acquired cardiovascular conditions, from myocardial infarction to sudden death. Coronary blood vessels are an evolutionary innovation of vertebrates and form from multiple cell sources. Accordingly, the developmental complexity of coronary vessel morphogenesis is likely to reflect evolutionary constraints, as well as to explain the origins of coronary congenital anomalies (CCAs). In this chapter we summarize the current knowledge on coronary vascular development and identify the essential mechanistic cellular and molecular components of coronary morphogenesis. We will also provide plausible developmental explanations for some relevant CCAs.
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Nadkarni, Abhijit, Mary J. De Silva, and Vikram Patel. Developing mental health interventions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0003.
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Most mental health interventions are complex as they are made up of a number of interconnected components, acting both independently and interdependently. This inherent complexity makes the development and evaluation of such interventions a complex process. Following a structured approach to the development and evaluation of complex interventions helps ensure that the process is systematic, rigorous, and replicable. In this chapter we demonstrate how systematically conducted formative research, consistent with the MRC framework, will ensure that due consideration is given to the sociocultural and health systems context. We use the case study of an ongoing complex intervention development and evaluation program in India (PREMIUM) to illustrate the application of the development and feasibility/piloting phases of the MRC framework. We describe two complementary frameworks, the Normalization Process Theory and the Theory of Change that can be used to strengthen the MRC framework for the development of mental health interventions.
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Jarjour, Tala. Authority. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190635251.003.0007.
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Like Suryaniness, authority in Hayy al-Suryan is performed. The two are constantly contested and (re)articulated such that their components are legitimated, and, ultimately, agreed upon and valued. In putting some emphasis on gender in relation to notions of authority, particularly on women’s agency in the strict ecclesiastical and social hierarchy of Hayy al-Suryan, this chapter suggests the concept of authority as more appropriate than power. Borrowing Ricoeur’s tradition of authority, the chapter presents chant as the arbiter of Suryani modes of value in the worldly, relational sphere of Urfalli sociality. It underlines the affective liminality social complexity bestows on the female voice while gendering women’s bodies. The chapter zooms in on three individuals, portraying them dynamically in integrated instances of intimate ethnography, to shed light on the atemporal interlockings of value and perception in the musical story of a living, ancient musicality.
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Sabatino, Carl, and Chris Wiebe. Bridges Academy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645472.003.0019.
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This chapter explores the programmatic components of a successful strength-based school serving twice exceptional (2e) students in grades 4 through 12. The chapter first provides a brief overview of the school’s background to shed light on the unique learning needs of 2e students and discusses the institutional foundations and beliefs that best support student growth. An overview of the school’s Multiple Perspectives Model shows how faculty members focus on several factors—including students’ gifts and talents, learning differences, and family contexts—to make decisions about learning strategies in a dynamic educational environment. The school stresses the importance of a culture of appreciation of students’ strengths while differentiating and dual differentiating their curricula to move students forward to appropriate levels of depth and complexity in their learning. Finally, the chapter underscores the need for flexible school policies that embrace creative problem-solving and put the needs of the student above external rules and regulations.
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Boyce, Gordon, and Richard Gorski, eds. Resources and Infrastructures in the Maritime Economy, 1500-2000. Liverpool University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973007329.001.0001.
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This book provides a study of both the physical and intangible frameworks that enabled maritime resources to flow and infrastructures to operate. The aim is to demonstrate the complexity and diversity of the legal, social, cultural, and institutional forces at work within maritime economics. Port development, planning, and policy-making constitute the physical frameworks, while agency structures and consular networks make up the non-physical factors under discussion. Both land and sea commodities are examined, including capital mobilised from other sectors, and a particularly pertinent maritime commodity, fish. Through case studies, theory-driven analysis, evidence from statistical data, and regional and national comparisons, it successfully illustrates the structure of resource flow and the shape of maritime economic activity on an international scale spanning the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Nations examined include Scotland, England, New Zealand, Italy, Denmark, plus several Nordic and Mediterranean states. The book consists of three sections: the first exploring intangible infrastructures and their components; the second, resource flow and economic development; and, finally, the physical infrastructures of the ports themselves.
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Sexton, Thomas L., and Julie R. LaFollette. Finding What Works. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.17.
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One of the critical challenges in relationship science is translating the “science” of relationship research into the “practice” of clinical intervention. One of the major issues in this challenge is determining when something “works” or, more specifically, identifying the central criteria from which to evaluate the findings of research and determine that an intervention is ready for clinical use. This seemingly simple task is complex given that relationship science research is based on the interaction among client factors, therapeutic influence, and specific change mechanisms that lead to measurable outcomes in couple and family therapy (CFT). As a result of the complexity, determining what works can no longer be accomplished by literature reviews or meta-analyses alone. Determining what works in a clinically useful way is an important task because if clinicians are to use research it must be evaluated on components that are both methodologically sound and clinically useful. We suggest that treatment guidelines have the potential to reliably distinguish varying levels of evidence and effectively disseminate this information to practitioners, serving to close the gap between practice and research in relationship science. Thus, treatment guidelines offer a “vehicle” to move research into practice.
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Corry, Richard. Power and Influence. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840718.001.0001.
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This book investigates the metaphysical presuppositions of a common—and very successful—reductive approach to dealing with the complexity of the world. The reductive approach in question is one in which we study the components of a complex system in relative isolation, and use the information so gained to explain or predict the behaviour of the complex whole. So, for example, ecologists explain shifts in species population in terms of interactions between individuals, geneticists explain traits of an organism in terms of interactions between genes, and physicists explain the properties of a gas in terms of collisions between the particles that make up the gas. It is argued that this reductive method makes substantive metaphysical assumptions about the world. In particular, the method assumes the existence of causal powers that manifest ‘causal influence’—a relatively unrecognized ontological category of which forces are a paradigm example. The success of the reductive method, therefore, is an argument for the existence of such causal influence. The book goes on to show that adding causal influence to our ontology gives us the resources to solve some traditional problems in the metaphysics of powers, causation, emergence, laws of nature, and possibly even normative ethics. What results, then, is not just an understanding of the reductive method, but an integrated metaphysical world view that is grounded in a novel ontology of power and influence.
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Tammemagi, Hans. The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.001.0001.
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As populations continue to increase, society produces more and more waste. Yet it is becoming increasingly difficult to build new landfills, and the existing landfills are causing significant environmental damage. Finding solutions is not simple; the problem is enormous in size, vital in terms of its impact on the environment, and complex in scope. This book provides a vast look at solid waste management in North America and seeks solutions to the waste crisis. It describes the magnitude and complexity of the problem, focusing on municipal wastes and placing them in the perspective of other wastes such as hazardous, biochemical, and radioactive debris. It describes the components of an integrated waste management program, including recycling, composting, landfills, and waste incinerators, and it presents in detail the scientific and engineering principles underlying these technologies. To illustrate both the problems and solutions of waste management programs, the authors provide seven case histories, among them the Fresh Kills (Staten Island, New York), the East Carbon Landfill (Utah), and the Lancaster County Municipal Waste Incinerator (Pennsylvania). The Waste Crisis is unique in its attempt to analyze waste management in a broader societal context and to propose solutions based on basic principles. And by doing so, it encourages readers to challenge commonly held perceptions and to seek new and better ways of dealing with waste. As such, this book deserves a place on the bookshelf of anyone who deals with or feels the need to confront the growing problems of waste management.
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Levashov, Vladimir K. The Political Culture of Russian Society (Sociological Analysis). Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FCTAS RAS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/monogr.978-5-89697-347-8.2021.
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The monograph presents the results of sociological research on the project “The political culture of the Russian society in the transition to a new technological structure and implementation Of the strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation from 07.05.2018 № 204 «On national goals and strategic objectives of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024»”. The all-Russian survey was conducted in May-June 2019 in 22 regions of the Russian Federation. The study of the structure and nature of citizens’ opinions on national development goals and digital society shows that the Russian society has formed the initial elements of the fundamental components of an innovative political culture: knowledge, beliefs and attitudes for the actual behavior of citizens in terms of the introduction and use of information and communication technologies and the implementation of national projects. The problematic situation is identified and described in the monograph, according to the author, requires a thought-out and verified program of political actions, both on the part of the Government of the Russian Federation and on the part of civil society institutions in order to create a high cognitive, labor motivation in this strategically decisive area of life of the Russian society. The urgency, scale and complexity of the tasks require the unification of the efforts of civil society with a leading role and strategic coordination of state actions. The monograph summarizes the results of sociological research on topical issues on the agenda of Russian society and the state, and can be useful for management personnel of state and municipal administration, production organizers, managers of social and educational institutions, researchers, University teachers, graduate students and students.
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Wikle, Christopher K. Spatial Statistics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.710.
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The climate system consists of interactions between physical, biological, chemical, and human processes across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Characterizing the behavior of components of this system is crucial for scientists and decision makers. There is substantial uncertainty associated with observations of this system as well as our understanding of various system components and their interaction. Thus, inference and prediction in climate science should accommodate uncertainty in order to facilitate the decision-making process. Statistical science is designed to provide the tools to perform inference and prediction in the presence of uncertainty. In particular, the field of spatial statistics considers inference and prediction for uncertain processes that exhibit dependence in space and/or time. Traditionally, this is done descriptively through the characterization of the first two moments of the process, one expressing the mean structure and one accounting for dependence through covariability.Historically, there are three primary areas of methodological development in spatial statistics: geostatistics, which considers processes that vary continuously over space; areal or lattice processes, which considers processes that are defined on a countable discrete domain (e.g., political units); and, spatial point patterns (or point processes), which consider the locations of events in space to be a random process. All of these methods have been used in the climate sciences, but the most prominent has been the geostatistical methodology. This methodology was simultaneously discovered in geology and in meteorology and provides a way to do optimal prediction (interpolation) in space and can facilitate parameter inference for spatial data. These methods rely strongly on Gaussian process theory, which is increasingly of interest in machine learning. These methods are common in the spatial statistics literature, but much development is still being done in the area to accommodate more complex processes and “big data” applications. Newer approaches are based on restricting models to neighbor-based representations or reformulating the random spatial process in terms of a basis expansion. There are many computational and flexibility advantages to these approaches, depending on the specific implementation. Complexity is also increasingly being accommodated through the use of the hierarchical modeling paradigm, which provides a probabilistically consistent way to decompose the data, process, and parameters corresponding to the spatial or spatio-temporal process.Perhaps the biggest challenge in modern applications of spatial and spatio-temporal statistics is to develop methods that are flexible yet can account for the complex dependencies between and across processes, account for uncertainty in all aspects of the problem, and still be computationally tractable. These are daunting challenges, yet it is a very active area of research, and new solutions are constantly being developed. New methods are also being rapidly developed in the machine learning community, and these methods are increasingly more applicable to dependent processes. The interaction and cross-fertilization between the machine learning and spatial statistics community is growing, which will likely lead to a new generation of spatial statistical methods that are applicable to climate science.
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1935-, Lasker G. E., International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics., and International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics (13th : 2001 : Baden-Baden, Germany), eds. Advances in database and expert systems: Data mining and data warehousing techniques, similarity search for reusable database components, performance assessment of learning algorithms, estimation of models for expert systems, complexity evaluation of software processes, multi-agent systems, multi-agent approach to coalition formation, communication between software agents in distributed information systems, expert systems for fault diagnosis, parameter modulated fractals generators, information management in Intranet and Extranet environments. Windsor, Ont: International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 2001.
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E, Vance Dennis, and Vance Jean E, eds. Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins, and membranes. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991.
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