Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Components assembling'

Thesis (M.A.Sc.) - Simon Fraser University, 2007.
Theses (School of Engineering Science) / Simon Fraser University. Senior supervisor: Dr. Bonnie Gray -- School of Engineering Science. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.

The objective of the thesis is rationalization of current process of assembling of manifold assemblies from the reduction of operating costs point of view. The reason for rationalization is uncompetitiveness of actual solution due to high manufacturing cost of manifold assemblies coming from this process. After analysis of current operations, taking into account presumed production plan, the capacitive calculation of assembly line was done. Then alternative solutions were proposed based on above mentioned criterion, and from these the optimal variant was picked and developed. The assessment of resultant solution was done in the end.

The importance of medical fabrics is reflected by increased clinical need and consumption over the past decade in the health and medical sectors. Medical fabric products, including wound dressings, are currently defined as ‘medical devices’ by European legislation. To ensure effectiveness as a wound dressing, these fabrics should assist the repair process by providing sufficient protection against bacterial spread in the wound bed. Chronic wounds are an increasingly urgent health problem, owing to the rising population of elderly, obese and diabetic patients. When treating such wounds with drug releasing dressings, the immediate release of the drug is a common limitation. Thus, the development of smart drug delivery dressings that release antibacterial agents into the wound bed when required would be a useful aid in medicine. The overall aim of this study was to develop a wound dressing that was able to release the antibacterial agents only in the presence of bacteria. Medical dressings were treated with pH-responsive, self-assembling peptides as antibacterial carriers that were able to release the loaded drug when stimulated by the bacterial pH. A methodology developed for potential future medical application is presented. The preliminary design consisted of three stages. First, the self-assembled peptide candidates were studied and selected as drug carriers. Second, fabrics were treated with the selected self-assembled peptides using two different methods: (1) coating with the peptides from the outer surface by impregnating in peptide solution and (2) incorporating the self-assembled peptides within the structure by electrospinning. The treatment success of the dressing was investigated using a series of complementary techniques such as FTIR, TEM, SEM and CLSM. Third, potential effectiveness of the dressings was assessed in vitro using two antibiotics model, vancomycin and levofloxacin separately, against a Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial strain, a species commonly found in infected wounds. The study findings clearly demonstrated the in vitro potential of self-assembling peptide technology in improving the function of medical fabrics.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1989 / Town & Country Hotel & Convention Center, San Diego, California
The need for ever-increasing miniaturization of airborne instrumentation through the use of surface mounted components closely placed on printed circuit boards highlights problems with traditional board cleaning methods. The reliability of assemblies which have been cleaned with vapor degreasing and spray cleaning can be seriously compromised by residual contaminants leading to solder joint failure, board corrosion, and even electrical failure of the mounted parts. In addition, recent government actions to eliminate fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and chlorinated hydrocarbons from the industrial environment require the development of new cleaning materials and techniques. This paper will discuss alternative cleaning materials and techniques and results that can be expected with them. Particular emphasis will be placed on problems related to surface-mounted parts. These new techniques may lead to improved circuit reliability and, at the same time, be less expensive and less environmentally hazardous than the traditional systems.

This dissertation presents new insight into the ability of small molecule passivated NCs to achieve intimate approach distances, despite being well passivated, while developing guiding principles in the area of ligand mediated microstructure control and the resulting macroscopic optical and electronic properties that close packing of high quality NCs enables. NC ligand coverage will be characterized quantitatively through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and qualitatively by photoluminescence and electroluminescence, in the case of functional devices; illustrating the importance of practitioner dependent control of ligand coverage through variations in the dispersion precipitation purification procedure. A unique examination of the relative contribution of energy and charge transfer in NC LEDs will demonstrate the ability to achieve charge transfer, at a level competitive with energy transfer, to well passivated NCs at various wt% loading in a polymer matrix. The observation of potential dependent recombination zones within an active layer further suggest novel, NC surface passivation mediated control of blend microstructure during solution processing towards the development of a bi-continuous network. Next, NC self-assembly and resulting microstructure dependent optical and electronic properties will be examined through electroluminescence and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of functional NC/polymer bulk heterojunction LEDs. The joint characterization of NC optical properties, and self-assembly microstructure provide a deeper understanding of the significant and inseparable effects of minimal changes in NC surface passivation on structure and function, and emphasize the potential to rely on strongly passivating ligands to control physical properties and processing parameters concurrently towards higher efficiency devices via low cost processing. Finally, micro-contact printing of blazed transmission gratings, using stable dispersions of core and core/shell NCs will be shown to produce close packed assemblies of NCs forming near-wavelength luminescent superstructures separated in space. We show the dominant contribution of a two-monolayer thick sharp interface CdS shell to the diffraction efficiency, and necessarily the refractive index, of the NCs, independent of core size. Utilization of these gratings as in-coupling elements at various positions within a device architecture are also examined. These new observations were achieved by unprecedented control of NC architecture during dispersion processing, while maintaining high luminescence, made possible by optimized NC surface passivation. These studies enable the formation of new LED architectures, and new optoelectronic devices based on angle resolved, monochromatic fluorescence from diffraction gratings prepared from simple solution processing approaches. Further, the novel observation of angle amplified interfering fluorescence from these features is argued to be a result of long range radiative coupling and superradiance enabled by the monodispersity and high-quality NC surface passivation described herein.

One of the new trends in the building construction industry is designing for environmental-friendly buildings, a.k.a. Green Buildings. Planners and designers are therefore trying to accommodate these new environmental practices into existing design criteria. Selection of building materials is one of the key decisions need to be made by building designers. However, due to the strong influence of costs on the building industry, making material-selection decisions solely based on their environmental impacts could be both inadequate and impractical. These factors therefore complicate the building design process, especially pertaining to material selection. Accordingly, the present study is aimed at providing much needed support to the decision-making process of residential building design. To this end, the study evaluates and analyzes the environmental and cost impacts of several building assemblies and material alternatives for the building exterior walls. The Technique of Order Preference Similar to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is used to evaluate and rank different material alternatives used in walls based on their environmental impacts. In addition, the environmental data used in this study were extracted from commonly used databases that considered the lifecycle impacts of different residential building materials and assemblies. The environmental and cost impacts of several exterior wall assemblies are then aggregated for different building material alternatives to allow for an objective comparison of these assemblies and facilitate proper building design decision- making. The study results show that wood and exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS) provided the best environmental performance of wall structural and wall finishing materials, respectively. This research is expected to prove useful in supporting building design decision- making. In addition, this research can improve pre-construction estimation and support screening of building materials.

Environmental stress tests, or accelerated life tests, apply stresses to electronic packages that exceed the stress levels experienced in the field. In theory, these elevated stress levels are used to generate the same failure mechanisms that are seen in the field, only at an accelerated rate. The methods of assessing reliability of electronic packages can be classified into two categories: a statistical failure based approach and a physics of failure based approach. This research uses a statistical based methodology to identify the critical factors in reliability performance of a flip chip on board component level assembly and a physics of failure based approach to develop a low cycle strain based fatigue equation for flip chip component level assemblies. The critical factors in determining reliability performance were established via experimental investigation and their influence quantified via regression analysis. This methodology differs from other strain based fatigue approaches because it is not an empirical fit to experimental data; it utilizes regression analysis and least squares to obtain correction factors, or correction functions, and constants for a strain based fatigue equation, where the total inelastic strain is determined analytically. The end product is a general flip chip on board equation rather than one that is specific to a certain test vehicle or material set.

High cycle fatigue (HCF) failure has been studied extensively over the last two decades. Its impact on jet engines is severe enough that may result in engine losses and even life losses. The main requirement for fatigue life predictions is the stress caused by mechanical vibrations. One of the factors which have major impact on the vibratory stresses of bladed disk assemblies is a phenomenon called &ldquo
mistuning&rdquo
which is defined as the vibration localization caused by the loss of cyclic periodicity which is a consequence of inter&
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blade variations in structural properties. In this thesis, component mode synthesis method (CMSM) is combined with nonlinear forced response analysis in modal domain. Newton&
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Raphson and arc length continuation procedures are implemented for the solution. The component mode synthesis method introduces the capability of imposing mistuning on the modal properties of each blade in the assembly. Forced response analysis in modal domain reduces the problem size via mode truncation. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it is capable of calculating nonlinear forced response for all the degrees&
#8208
of&
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freedom at each blade with less computational effort. This makes it possible to make a stress analysis at resonance conditions. The case studies presented in this thesis emphasize the importance of number of modes retained in the reduced order model for both CMSM and nonlinear forced response analysis. Furthermore, the results of the case studies have shown that both nonlinearity and mistuning can cause shifts in resonance frequencies and changes in resonance amplitudes. Despite the changes in resonance conditions, the shape of the blade motion may not be affected.

Owing to advancements in component re-use technology, component-based software development (CBSD) has come a long way in developing complex commercial software systems while reducing software development time and cost. However, assembling distributed resource-constrained and safety-critical systems using current assembly techniques is a challenge. Within complex systems when there are numerous ways to assemble the components unless the software architecture clearly defines how the components should be composed, determining the correct assembly that satisfies the system assembly constraints is difficult. Component technologies like CORBA and .NET do a very good job of integrating components, but they do not automate component assembly; it is the system developer's responsibility to ensure thatthe components are assembled correctly. In this thesis, we first define a component-based system assembly (CBSA) technique called "Constrained Component Assembly Technique" (CCAT), which is useful when the system has complex assembly constraints and the system architecture specifies component composition as assembly constraints. The technique poses the question: Does there exist a way of assembling the components that satisfies all the connection, performance, reliability, and safety constraints of the system, while optimizing the objective constraint? To implement CCAT, we present a powerful framework called "CoBaSA". The CoBaSA framework includes an expressive language for declaratively describing component functional and extra-functional properties, component interfaces, system-level and component-level connection, performance, reliability, safety, and optimization constraints. To perform CBSA, we first write a program (in the CoBaSA language) describing the CBSA specifications and constraints, and then an interpreter translates the CBSA program into a satisfiability and optimization problem. Solving the generated satisfiability and optimization problem is equivalent to answering the question posed by CCAT. If a satisfiable solution is found, we deduce that the system can be assembled without violating any constraints. Since CCAT and CoBaSA provide a mechanism for assembling systems that have complex assembly constraints, they can be utilized in several industries like the avionics industry. We demonstrate the merits of CoBaSA by assembling an actual avionic system that could be used on-board a Boeing aircraft. The empirical evaluation shows that our approach is promising and can scale to handle complex industrial problems.

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Após o aumento de potência do reator IEA-R1 de 2 MW para 5 MW observou-se um aumento da taxa de corrosão nas placas laterais de alguns elementos combustíveis e algumas dúvidas surgiram com relação ao valor de vazão utilizada nas análises termo-hidráulicas. A fim de esclarecer e medir a distribuição de vazão real pelos elementos combustíveis que compõe o núcleo do reator IEA-R1, um elemento combustível protótipo, sem material nuclear, chamado DMPV-01 (Dispositivo para Medida de Pressão e Vazão), em escala real, foi projetado e construído em alumínio. A vazão no canal entre dois elementos combustíveis é muito difícil de estimar ou ser medida. Esta vazão é muito importante no processo de resfriamento das placas laterais. Este trabalho apresenta a concepção e construção de um elemento combustível instrumentado para medir a temperatura real nestas placas laterais para melhor avaliar as condições de resfriamento do combustível. Quatorze termopares foram instalados neste elemento combustível instrumentado. Quatro termopares em cada canal lateral e quatro no canal central, além de um termopar no bocal de entrada e outro no bocal de saída do elemento. Existem três termopares para medida de temperatura do revestimento e um para a temperatura do fluido em cada canal. Três séries de experimentos, para três configurações distintas, foram realizadas com o elemento combustível instrumentado. Em dois experimentos uma caixa de alumínio foi instalada ao redor do núcleo para reduzir o escoamento transverso entre os elementos combustíveis e medir o impacto na temperatura das placas externas. Dada a tamanha quantidade de informações obtidas e sua utilidade no projeto, melhoria e capacitação na construção, montagem e fabricação de elementos combustíveis instrumentados, este projeto constitui um importante marco no estudo de núcleos de reatores de pesquisa. As soluções propostas podem ser amplamente utilizadas para outros reatores de pesquisa.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

碩士
大葉大學
機械工程研究所碩士班
92
In this paper, the micro-assembling task of the inkjet system is discussed and an automatic positioning system via image recognition is developed to replace manual operations. The study is focused on how to use the image recognition of the positioning mark to achieve the automatic positioning process. The positioning mark is created by etching processes, so there are many blur in the outline of the image. To solve this problem, a special High-Pass Filter of outline processing is proposed to improve geometric pattern matching task. Otherwise, a cubic function of sub-pixel method is proposed to improve the resolution of outline; finally, a randomized algorithm of detecting lines is applied to find the straight line of the positioning mark. The proposed standard processes of image recognition achieve the fast and stable positioning tasks.

博士
中原大學
機械工程研究所
102
Nowadays the competition of 3C products is very intense and the products release faster, so how to produce the high-quality products within limited time is a great challenge in mold industry. One factor of manufacturing the high-quality product is the good mold design, which is from the experienced engineers. Fortunately, computer technology has developed rapidly and CAD / CAM software and artificial intelligence technology continues to evolve. If the skillful engineers’ knowledge and experiences can be incorporated into CAD / CAM software, design quality can be improved and design time can be shorten. Therefore, this study will focus the three necessary and more complicated design steps to do further study, and build the automatic auxiliary functions in order to reduce design time and design negligence. According to its design sequence, this study is divided into three parts. First, this study discuss the draft angle in conceptual design stage applied Feature Recognition Algorithm to generalize the types of draft angle and build the automatic program. In the result, mouse clicks can be reduced about 85% for some particular types of draft angle. Second, this study uses the parting lines created by users in conceptual design stage to extend and create the parting surface automatically, which reduce 90% mouse clicks for designing parting surface. Final, using the Top-Down design to create the standard mold base and parts. Also, the assembling framework can be built up automatically by parameter design. In conclusion, this study can reduce errors because of incorrect operation or inexperienced personnel. Thus, manufacturing efficiency can be optimized greatly in mold industry.

Tese de Doutoramento - Programa Doutoral em Líderes para as Indústrias Tecnológicas
In recent years, the worldwide economic crisis and the continuing trend toward globalization have forced companies worldwide to seek to improve existing production systems or implement new manufacturing processes. It was based on this problem that this project was initiated. This PhD had the objective of developing a new process capable of producing a functional automotive component in an optimized way and with a lower cost compared to existing processes. To achieve this objective an intensive study was made into the concept of a manufacturing process utilizing injection molding processes allied with laser welding technologies. These two processes were chosen due to their capability of producing different components in a single process. To achieve the desired end, several tasks were undertaken. In the first instance a market research study was done so as to define which automotive component case study warranted particular examination. An in-depth appraisal of the state-of-the-art of the technologies involved in the projected manufacturing process. Following on identification of the optimal component case study, initial design of a mold and assembling process was undertaken, this ultimately leading cost analysis. This PhD was made in collaboration with PIEP and Olesa. After preliminary studies it was decided to focus on the rear lamp. To adapt the existing rear lamp to be produced through this new process it was necessary to develop a new electric circuit and to change the resistive lamp to LEDs. To produce the electric conductive circuit, it was decided to use conductive polymers. The modification made to the existing rear lamp was made according to legislation UNECE Vehicle Regulations - 1958 Agreement; Regulation No. 50 -Rev.2. To ensure the success of the new electric conductive circuit, several conductive additives were mixed with PC and PP and then tested. These comparative conductive tests showed that the material with the best electric conductivity was PC with 5% of carbon nanotubes. In this project was to examine the application of laser welding as the joining process. To study their viability in joining several materials were studied - PC, PMMA and PP. The seams of the joins made were characterized in terms of the mechanical resistance. The best combination of materials obtained would seem to be PMMA with PC while the best welding conditions are available with a minimum velocity of 20cm/min, a minimum power of 20W and a laser emitter 1mm in diameter. A comparative cost analysis examining and contrasting the comparable unit costs of production under the current manufacturing/ assembling process. The current process produces component subsystems with a lower cost when compared to the hybrid process for production batches smaller than 2800 units. After this batch size, the hybrid process produces subsystems with lower cost. In the thesis, a number of factors that influence the final price were also studied and evaluated. In particular, the possibility to produce component subsystems with two injection machines in contra-cycle with one laser and robot was examined; this production process seems capable of producing component subsystems with a lower cost and double the productive capacity when compared to the process initially studied.
A atual crise económica e a globalização têm levado a que muitas das empresas procurem otimizar os seus processos produtivos ou então deslocalizar a sua produção para países onde o custo de mão-de-obra é mais barata, de forma reduzir o custo final. Muitas das vezes, a deslocalização obriga à substituição dos atuais fornecedores, por fornecedores locais, construção de novas instalações e formação dos novos colaboradores o que torna esta solução muito dispendiosa. De forma a evitar os elevados custos de uma deslocalização, novas soluções podem ser desenvolvidas, tais como otimização do atual processo produtivo, otimização do componente ou modificação da matéria-prima. É neste sentido que este projeto de investigação se insere, ou seja, desenvolver um novo processo que permita produzir subsistemas completos de uma forma otimizada e com um custo inferior às soluções existentes no mercado. De forma a obter o processo desejado várias tarefas foram realizadas, tais como estudo de mercado, estado da arte da tecnologia, o desenvolvimento técnico da ideia e finalmente a definição da estratégia de mercado. O trabalho foi realizado em colaboração com o PIEP e com a Olesa (parceiro industrial). Mais precisamente, o trabalho teve como objetivo, desenvolver uma célula de fabrico capaz de produzir subsistemas funcionais. Para isso foram utilizadas tecnologias como o laser e a montagem dentro do molde. A primeira tarefa realizada consistiu em analisar o Mercado automóvel e de motociclos. Esta escolha deveu-se ao facto de serem estes os mercados, onde parceiro industrial já se encontra implementado. Para tal foram analisados vários mercados tais como o europeu, indiano, norte-americano e japonês. A pesquisa mostrou que a maioria dos mercados sofreu com a crise mundial excetuando o mercado indiano. Esta pesquisa permitiu definir dois casos de estudo possíveis, um painel de porta e um farol traseiro de um motociclo. Após a realização do estudo preliminar e alguns contactos com o parceiro industrial decidiu-se que caso de estudo a ser estudado seria o farol do motociclo. Com a definição do caso de estudo, partiu-se para estado de arte das tecnologias definidas anteriormente e que serão utilizadas na célula de fabrico. O estado de arte revelou a existência de dois processos de soldadura por laser, um por transmissão e outro direto. O processo de soldadura por transmissão necessita que um dos materiais seja transparente ao laser, enquanto o outro material deva ter a capacidade de absorver toda a energia emitida pelo mesmo. Neste processo são utilizados lasers de díodo e de Nd:YAG. A soldadura direta não tem os mesmos requisitos que o método anterior, uma vez que neste processo é utilizado laser de CO2 que é absorvido por todos os materiais. A pesquisa sobre o processo de montagem dentro do molde demonstrou uma enorme variedade de processos. Mesmo assim, a maioria das técnicas baseia-se na utilização de variedade de processos. Mesmo assim, a maioria das técnicas baseia-se na utilização de placas rotativas nos moldes, robots ou então o processo de sobre-moldação. O desenvolvimento do caso de estudo teve como primeira etapa a modificação do emissor de luz. O farol atual utiliza uma lâmpada incandescente, enquanto o novo farol utilizará LEDs (Diodo Emissor de Luz). Com a substituição do emissor foi necessário desenvolver estruturas refletoras de modo a que o farol cumprisse a legislação. O material condutor da corrente elétrica no interior do farol foi substituído por um polímero condutor. A última modificação realizada no farol consistiu na remoção das estruturas da soldadura por ultrassons, para superfícies lisas de modo a poder ser soldado por laser. Após analisar as modificações partiu-se para a definição do número LEDs necessários para cumprir a legislação, material condutor e as melhores condições de soldadura. Os estudos e os cálculos mostraram que são necessários 11 LEDs para cumprir a legislação. Em termos de condutividade elétrica o material que apresentou a menor resistividade foi o PC com 5% de nano tubos de carbono (CNT’s). Em termos de soldadura a laser, a combinação de materiais que apresentou maior resistência mecânica foi a PMMA/PC. Para esta combinação de materiais, as melhores condições de soldadura são uma potência de 20W, uma velocidade de 20 cm/min e um diâmetro do laser de 1 mm. Para finalizar o estudo deste novo processo, foi efetuada uma analise financeira comparativa entre o processo atual e o novo. A análise demostrou que a produção com esta célula de fabrico apresenta custos inferiores ao processo atual. O mesmo estudo demonstrou que utilizando duas injectoras em contra ciclo é possível aumentar a cadência de produção reduzindo ao mesmo tempo o custo final do farol traseiro. O edifício é o fator com maior peso no preço final do farol traseiro. Neste caso se em vez de adquirir o edifício existir a possibilidade de aluga-lo é possível reduzir o preço final do farol substancialmente em produções inferiores a 5000 unidades.

碩士
國立成功大學
資訊工程研究所
87
Component-based Software will be the mainstream in future software industry. Software developed on basis of components provides the abilities of extension, maintenance, and customization. These abilities can be achieved simply by replacing components without the need to re-compiler the software In a component-based application, the component is called a server while the driver program of the components is called a client. If the client simply gets services from the servers, the client must know the specifications of servers'' interface.In this situation, components replacing can be archived by providing the replacing component with same interface as the old one. However, this will restrict the extensibility of software because if the new component is equipped with new interfaces or new functions on the interfaces than the old one, the functions of the new component will not be exerted. In this thesis we propose the concept of executing components. Clients in executing-component-based software do not need to know the services provided by servers. All the clients need to do is to drive the components to execute their functions. On basis of the concept and following the specification of COM, we propose a configuration and assemblying mechanism of component-based software. Through implementation we found the software generated based on the proposed scheme is indeed with the above-mentioned capabilities.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
89
Study on behavior of assemblies and components using in fire compartment -using the iron rolling door and the glasses for example Thesis Advisor: Ching-Yung Lin Graduate Student: Chiai-Yu Chen ABSTRACT The purpose of research which be aimed at compartment assemblies and components in construction is to discuss the fire compartment with distance. Taking the iron rolling door and the glasses to make experiments. Used several glasses and applied fire resistant paint to the iron rolling door, to simulate different range of insulation, then according to its properties to grade for design of fire compartment. After experiments, the fire glasses have bad stability generality. The original iron rolling door whose insulation is worse, but applying fire resistant paint to the iron rolling door, its insulation was improved. Using temperature of unexposed surface and radiation to grade, base on temperature regulation of test standard from each country in the world. By limited of opening size, 2.5m×2.5m, 60cm of distance, the condition of that radiation ignite combustible and safe of escape, determined that the gradeⅠwhich with insulation is under 0.3 W/cm2, the grade Ⅱ is between 0.3~0.7 W/cm2, for Ⅱ-A, Ⅱ-B, Ⅱ-C, Ⅱ-D, and the grade Ⅲ which has non-insulation is exceeding 0.7 W/cm2.Making the classification to chart for represent , and take result of experiment to be example to know the grade of the assemblies and components, and its clearance of distance for reference to use of design in the fire compartment.

博士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
95
In order to deal with the building type which is constantly evolving toward large-scale space and multiple functions, the construction industry needs to adopt new and diverse fire compartment components and assemblies, in order to achieve appropriate fire compartment. However, for the time being, there is no any objective test methods developed for testing these new materials and equipment. In response to the situation mentioned above, this research has developed a set of full-scale fire test facilities and methods with the aim of dealing with this problem. Through analyzing the associated documents, BRI 2002 computer simulation, FDS computer simulation, and full-scale fire tests, the present paper has studied the influence of fire load, opening area, size of room, fire room temperature distribution, combustible materials and their arrangement, fire duration, insulation performance of surrounding walls, and other related parameters on the fire room which is on fire. After a series of studies and evaluation, a two-story steel structure building with a 3m(height)×6.4m(width)×7.2m(length) fire room as the test facility was built. On the floor of the fire room, thirty 60cm×60cm portable ventilators were installed which can be used along with the ventilators on the walls. This facility adopts wooden pallets as fuel; they are uniformly arranged in the fire room to provide stable combustion status. By adjusting the weight of the wooden pallets and the total net area of ventilators according to the fire duration formula recommended by this study, researchers can carry out full-scale fire simulation tests.

Product modeling, in which the product information is managed throughout the design and manufacturing activities, is the key technology for integrating CAD/CAM in a concurrent engineering system. Researchers in this area are still investigating and trying to improve the product design during the design process. An intelligent CAD system should be able to assist a designer during the product design process by detecting design problems, providing alternative suggestions and correcting design violations. This research concentrates on developing a collaborative design advisory system based on a constraint-based product modeling environment. We classify engineering constraints during the product design process as component design constraints, manufacturing constraints and assembly constraints. Engineering constraints are modeled and managed in close relation to assembly and component models. We develop an enhanced assembly modeling scheme based on spatial relationships and introduce mating bonds in the assembly for easy and systematic integration with the design advisory system. The representation and management of constraints are elaborated at the component level and assembly level using a graph-based approach. We develop a model for a design advisory system which is embedded in the constraint modeling scheme. This system considers product design from three different aspects: component dimensioning, manufacturing and assembly, and each corresponding sub-model is elaborated. The interactions among these three sub-models is reasoned from the constraint graphs. The assembly design advisory system plays an important role from the viewpoint of the whole product design, so it is amplified in detail. The assembly design advisory system composes a conflict-based communication with the other advisory systems to negotiate the design modification of the product such that an optimal product design can be achieved. The product design optimization is formulated as a bipartite graph matching problem and resolved by integer programming techniques.