Journal articles: 'COMPOSE GALLIUM'

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Awan, Z. A., Hassan Ullah, Ahsan Ullah, and Afshan Ashraf. "Effective parameters of a metamaterial composed of dielectric coated conducting cylindrical rods." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 8 (February 19, 2020): 797–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000094.

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AbstractIn the first part, the scattering characteristics of an isolated dielectric coated conducting rod have been investigated. The types of considered coatings for the scattering analysis are realistic materials including barium strontium titanate, magnetodielectric, gallium arsenide, and silicon carbide. It is found that the gallium arsenide coating can be used to significantly reduce the scattering from a thin perfectly electric conducting cylindrical rod at specific observation angles. In the second part, the effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials composed of two dimensional periodic arrangements of these dielectric coated conducting cylindrical rods have been studied. An increase in the double negative (DNG) bandwidth of a metamaterial composed of barium strontium titanate coated conducting rods has been observed in contrast to the corresponding bandwidth of a metamaterial composed of only barium strontium titanate material rods. Also an additional plasmonic epsilon negative (ENG) bandwidth has been found in case of a metamaterial composed of barium strontium titanate coated conducting rods. It is further studied that the widest ENG, mu negative, and DNG bandwidths exist for a metamaterial composed of gallium arsenide rods.

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Monnens, Wouter, Pin-Cheng Lin, Clio Deferm, Koen Binnemans, and Jan Fransaer. "Electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of gallium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane-based electrolytes." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 29 (2021): 15492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp01074c.

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The electrodeposition of gallium from GaCl₃ in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) is a two-step reduction process, leading to a deposit composed of spherical gallium droplets covered by thin gallium oxide shells.

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Divya. "Graph Theoretical Representation, Analysis and Synthesis of Amorphous Metal Oxide Networks." MRS Advances 2, no. 48 (2017): 2639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.342.

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ABSTRACTWith the advent of amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS) like amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO), the analysis and prediction of amorphous structures has regained importance, more so, since first principles based studies are being increasingly employed to explain device behavior. Negative bias illumination stress in a-IGZO thin film transistors is one such example. However, the amorphous atomic structure is complex and defect or dopant studies require each site to be modeled independently and this leads to significant computational costs. Therefore, a simplification in the representation of the amorphous oxide network is effected so that it may lead to identifying similar atomic sites. The amorphous network is visualized as a network of polyhedra. The polyhedra has at its center a cation with the bonded oxygen atoms at the vertices and it comprises the short range interactions characterized by bond lengths and bond angles. Based on a first principles study of 10 a-IGZO models containing 36 cations each, it was found that the 360 polyhedra of the a-IGZO models can actually be described with only ten polyhedral motifs. These polyhedra are then connected to each other via a shared vertex or an edge; face-sharing was not observed in these models. Graph theory is used to map this network using either a graph of cationic polyhedra as the nodes or a bipartite graph (composed of cations and anions as individual nodes), each of which is described using the respective adjacency matrix. The second nearest interactions are characterized by the degree of each vertex and each atomic site is now characterized by a polyhedron and network metrics; and hence, can be compared with same-element sites. The changes in network itself, are quantified as the composition changes, when varying the ratio of In:Ga:Zn in a-IGZO. For example, the average vertex connectivity of a pair of indium sites reflects on the continuity of overlap between the In-5s orbitals which compose the conduction band minimum in a-IGZO, which, in turn, affects the transport properties of the semiconductor. Thus, the long range interactions of the physical amorphous network are described by the graph metrics. Moreover, evolutionary algorithm in conjunction with this graph theoretic representation can be used to generate new amorphous models. Two parent graph are chosen and then spliced and then bred. The new graph is then reverse-engineered to form an amorphous model which then undergoes ionic and volume relaxation in the framework of density functional theory. The resulting graph is the child and the new amorphous model, with the energy as the fitness criteria.

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Feschotte, P., and K. Yvon. "Etude stoechiometrique des composes intermediaires dans le systeme gallium-magnesium." Journal of the Less Common Metals 158, no. 1 (February 1990): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(90)90434-l.

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Николаев, В. И., А. В. Чикиряка, Л. И. Гузилова, and А. И. Печников. "Микротвердость и трещиностойкость оксида галлия." Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no. 21 (2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.21.48476.17991.

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The microhardness and the fracture toughness of two main polytypes of gallium oxide (a metastable α-Ga2O3 and thermodynamically stable high-temperature β-Ga2O3 phase) have been investigated. The measurements were carried out by the Vickers hardness test method. This is the first attempt to compare the mechanical properties of various polytypes of gallium oxide.

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Alvarez-Vera, Manuel, Ana Largo, Sergio Iglesias-Abad, and Jorge Castillo. "Quality of compost obtained from hen manure, with application of beneficial microorganisms." Scientia Agropecuaria 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2019.03.05.

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LI, JIANYE, XIAOLONG CHEN, GANG ZHANG, and JEONG YONG LEE. "SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF Ga2O3 NANOSHEETS." Modern Physics Letters B 16, no. 10n11 (May 10, 2002): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984902003853.

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Monoclinic gallium oxide nanosheets were synthesized on a large scale through a simple gas reaction method. They were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Raman spectroscopy. FE-SEM images showed that the product was mainly composed of nanosheets. XRD, EDS and Raman spectra indicated the nanosheets were a monoclinic gallium oxide structure. An HRTEM lattice image revealed that the nanosheets are nearly uniform in structure and single crystalline.

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Adak, Biplab, Ipsita Chinya, and Shrabanee Sen. "Enhanced dielectric and energy storage performance of surface treated gallium ferrite/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposites." RSC Advances 6, no. 107 (2016): 105137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra22939e.

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The ceramic–polymer nanocomposites composed of gallium ferrite (GFO) nanoparticles and employing sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) as surfactant and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as matrix have been fabricated by solvent casting followed by hot-press technique.

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Warrell, R. P., W. K. Murphy, P. Schulman, P. J. O'Dwyer, and G. Heller. "A randomized double-blind study of gallium nitrate compared with etidronate for acute control of cancer-related hypercalcemia." Journal of Clinical Oncology 9, no. 8 (August 1991): 1467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1991.9.8.1467.

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Hypercalcemia is a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Gallium nitrate and the bisphosphonate, etidronate, are new agents that have recently become available for treatment of this disorder. To directly compare therapeutic effectiveness, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of gallium nitrate compared with etidronate for acute control of cancer-related hypercalcemia. Gallium nitrate was administered by continuous intravenous (IV) infusion at a dose of 200 mg/m2/d. Etidronate was administered as a 4-hour IV infusion at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. Both drugs were given daily for 5 consecutive days. Eligible patients had persistent moderate-to-severe hypercalcemia (total serum calcium [corrected for serum albumin] greater than or equal to 12.0 mg/dL) after 2 days of hospitalization and IV hydration. Seventy-one patients were randomized and treated. Twenty-eight of 34 patients (82%) who received gallium nitrate achieved normocalcemia compared with 16 of 37 patients (43%) who received etidronate (P less than .001). Patients who received etidronate required significantly greater amounts of IV fluids (P = .04) and more hypocalcemic drug treatment (P less than .05) during the poststudy period than patients who received gallium nitrate. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly longer median duration of normocalcemia for patients treated with gallium nitrate (8 days v 0 days, P = .0005). A significantly higher proportion of patients treated with gallium nitrate developed asymptomatic hypophosphatemia compared with patients treated with etidronate (97% v 43%, P less than .001). We conclude that gallium nitrate is highly effective and superior to etidronate for acute control of moderate-to-severe cancer-related hypercalcemia.

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Xiang, Xiong, Yu Fan, Wei Liu, and Aiwu Fan. "Comparison between thermal resistances of optimized water-based and gallium-based heat sinks using the genetic algorithm." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 1388–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-07-2019-0590.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare the thermal resistances between optimized gallium- and water-based heat sinks to show which one is superior. Design/methodology/approach Taking the thermal resistances of heat sinks as the goal function, an optimization process is programmed based on the genetic algorithm. The optimal channel/fin widths and the corresponding thermal resistances of gallium- and water-based heat sinks are obtained and compared with/without a laminar flow constraint. The analytic model and CFD method are applied in different situations to ensure sufficient accuracy. Findings The results show that in the laminar regime, the thermal resistance of optimized gallium-based heat sink is lower than the water-based counterpart in most cases, but the latter becomes better if it is long enough or the channel is sufficient high. Without the laminar constraint, the thermal resistance of the optimized gallium-based heat sink can be decreased by 33-45 per cent compared with the water-based counterparts. It is interesting to find that when the heat sink is long or the channel height is short, the optimal geometry of gallium-based heat sink is a mini gap. Originality/value This paper demonstrates that the cooling performance of gallium-based heat sink can be significantly improved by optimization without the laminar flow constraint.

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Alhalaili, Bunk, Vidu, and Islam. "Dynamics Contributions to the Growth Mechanism of Ga2O3 Thin Film and NWs Enabled by Ag Catalyst." Nanomaterials 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2019): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9091272.

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In the last few years, interest in the use of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) as a semiconductor for high power/high temperature devices and UV nano-sensors has grown. Ga2O3 has an enormous band gap of 4.8 eV, which makes it well suited for applications in harsh environments. In this work, we explored the effect of Ag thin film as a catalyst to grow gallium oxide. The growth of gallium oxide thin film and nanowires can be achieved by heating and oxidizing pure gallium at high temperatures (~1000 °C) in the presence of trace amounts of oxygen. We present the results of structural, morphological, and elemental characterization of the β-Ga2O3 thin film and nanowires. In addition, we explore and compare the sensing properties of the β-Ga2O3 thin film and nanowires for UV detection. The proposed process can be optimized to a high scale production Ga2O3 nanocrystalline thin film and nanowires. By using Ag thin film as a catalyst, we can control the growth parameters to obtain either nanocrystalline thin film or nanowires.

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Ramos, A. Y., M. Grisolía Cardona, H. C. N. Tolentino, M. C. M. Alves, N. Watanabe, O. L. Alves, and L. C. Barbosa. "CsCl-modified Ga2S3–La2S3 glasses: Structural approach by x-ray absorption spectroscopy." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 5 (May 2001): 1349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0188.

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Gallium–lanthanum sulfide glasses are potential hosts for 1.3-μm optical fiber amplifiers and for fiber lasers in the near and middle infrared. In these glasses the addition of CsCl increases the thermal stability region making possible to draw optical fibers, without altering the optical properties of the glass. Ga2S3–La2S3 glasses modified by 10 to 40% CsCl have been studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy, to investigate the structural role of CsCl. The chlorine environment is found similar to that in CsCl. The gallium-based network is composed from almost regular tetrahedra weakly connected by corners and is not altered by the addition of CsCl.

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Tamm, Alexander S., and Jonathan T. Abele. "Bone and Gallium Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography-Computed Tomography is Equivalent to Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Infectious Spondylodiscitis: A Retrospective Study." Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 68, no. 1 (February 2017): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2016.02.003.

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Objectives Spondylodiscitis has historically been a difficult clinical diagnosis. Two imaging techniques that address this problem are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and combined bone (99mTc-methylene diphosphonate) and gallium-67 single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT). Their accuracies have not been adequately compared. The purpose of this study is to compare the sensitivities and specificities of bone and gallium SPECT-CT and MRI in infectious spondylodiscitis. Methods This retrospective study assessed all patients who underwent a bone or gallium SPECT-CT of the spine to assess for infectious spondylodiscitis from January 1, 2010, to May 2, 2012, at a single tertiary care centre. Thirty-four patients (23 men; average 62 ± 14 years of age) were included. The results of the bone or gallium SPECT-CT were compared against MRI for all patients in the cohort who underwent an MRI within 12 weeks of the SPECT-CT. A diagnosis of spondylodiscitis in the discharge summary was considered the reference standard, and was based on a combination of clinical scenario, response to therapy, imaging, or microbiology. Results Spondylodiscitis was diagnosed in 18 patients and excluded in 16. Bone or gallium SPECT-CT and MRI had similar ( P > .05; κ = 0.74) sensitivities (0.94 vs 0.94), specificities (1.00 vs 1.00), positive predictive values (1.00 vs 1.00), negative predictive values (0.94 vs 0.80), and accuracies (0.97 vs 0.95) when compared to the reference standard. Conclusion Although MRI remains the initial modality of choice in diagnosing spondylodiscitis, bone and gallium SPECT-CT appears diagnostically equivalent and should be considered a viable supplementary or alternative imaging modality particularly if there is contraindication or inaccessibility to MRI.

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Maruccio, Claudio, Marco Scigliuzzo, Silvia Rizzato, Pasquale Scarlino, Giuseppe Quaranta, Maria Serena Chiriaco, Anna Grazia Monteduro, and Giuseppe Maruccio. "Frequency and time domain analysis of surface acoustic wave propagation on a piezoelectric gallium arsenide substrate: A computational insight." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18803461.

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A computational study of the electromechanical response of micro-structure engineered two port surface acoustic wave delay lines on gallium arsenide is presented. The influence on the results of geometrical, material, and mesh parameters is also discussed. Furthermore, experimental results are provided to validate the numerical study. The device consists of two interdigital transducers composed of 40, 80, and 120 pairs of electrodes, respectively, with a pitch [Formula: see text] and distant [Formula: see text]. In particular, a microwave burst of surface acoustic waves propagating on gallium arsenide is fully characterized including multiple transit effects. These results are of major interest for understanding the dynamical behavior of complex systems such as surface acoustic wave–based sensors or energy harvesting devices at the nano and microscale.

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Li, Mingcai, Xuejie Zhang, Haoran Zhang, Weibin Chen, Li Ma, Xiaojun Wang, Yingliang Liu, and Bingfu Lei. "Highly efficient and dual broad emitting light convertor: an option for next-generation plant growth LEDs." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 12 (2019): 3617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06115g.

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At present, blue-red composite LED light sources used for plant lighting are mainly composed of blue light and red light; the blue light is provided by gallium nitride LED chips, but the full-width at half-maximum (FWHW) is only approximately 25 nm, while the blue light required by plants for photosynthesis is wider.

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Zarkesh, Ryan A., Andrew S. Ichimura, Todd C. Monson, Neil C. Tomson, and Mitchell R. Anstey. "Voltage clustering in redox-active ligand complexes: mitigating electronic communication through choice of metal ion." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 24 (2016): 9962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt00422a.

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Homoleptic bis(imino)acenaphthene complexes of aluminum, chromium, and gallium were synthesized, characterized and modeled to compare the orbital contributions of main group elements and transition metals in ligand-based redox events toward increasing energy density of battery electrolytes.

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Wang, Jiantai, Yushuai Xu, Shenghan Zou, Chao Pang, Ruimin Cao, Zhangxu Pan, Chan Guo, et al. "Effective defect passivation of CsPbBr3 quantum dots using gallium cations toward the fabrication of bright perovskite LEDs." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 34 (2021): 11324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01077h.

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Trivalent gallium cations are introduced to passivate the surface defects of the CsPbBr3 QDs. The resultant Ga-modified perovskite QDs are used to fabricate perovskite LEDs, which exhibit remarkably improved brightness and stability, compare with pristine QD-derived devices.

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Nemish, Ulyana, Rong-Hua Yu, Leslie W. Tari, Karla Krewulak, and Anthony B. Schryvers. "The bacterial receptor protein, transferrin-binding protein B, does not independently facilitate the release of metal ion from human transferrin." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 81, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o03-057.

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Pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria of the Pasteurellaceae and Neisseriaceae acquire iron for growth from host transferrin through the action of specific surface receptors. Iron is removed from transferrin by the receptor at the cell surface and is transported across the outer membrane to the periplasm. A periplasmic binding protein-dependent pathway subsequently transports iron into the cell. The transferrin receptor is composed of a largely surface-exposed lipoprotein, transferrin binding protein B, and a TonB-dependent integral outer membrane protein, transferrin binding protein A. To examine the role of transferrin binding protein B in the iron removal process, complexes of recombinant transferrin binding protein B and transferrin were prepared and compared with transferrin in metal-binding and -removal experiments. A polyhistidine-tagged form of recombinant transferrin binding protein B was able to purify a complex with transferrin that was largely monodisperse by dynamic light scattering analysis. Gallium was used instead of iron in the metal-binding studies, since it resulted in increased stability of recombinant transferrin binding protein B in the complex. Difference absorption spectra were used to monitor removal of gallium by nitrilotriacetic acid. Kinetic and equilibrium binding studies indicated that transferrin binds gallium more tightly in the presence of transferrin binding protein B. Thus, transferrin binding protein B does not facilitate metal ion removal and additional components are required for this process.Key words: iron, transport, outer membrane, lipoprotein, glycoprotein.

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Uson-Finkenzeller, M., W. Bublak, B. Huber, G. Müller, and H. Schmidbaur. "Synthese und Kristallstruktur des Bis(benzol)gallium(I)-tetrabromogallat(III)-Dimeren / Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Bis(benzene)gallium (I) Tetrabromogallate(III) Dimer." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 41, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1986-0309.

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Anhydrous Ga[GaBr4] is readily dissolved in benzene. The resulting solutions show discrete 71Ga NMR signals for Ga(I) und Ga(III) centers. Narrow line-widths of the former indicate a small electric field gradient of the Ga(I) nucleus due to almost spherical shielding by the 4 s2 lone pair of electrons.Crystals obtained from the benzene solution on cooling have the stoichiometry [(C6H6)2Ga · GaBr4]2 ·3 C6H6, and are isomorphous with the analogous chloride compound: a = 9.390(2). b = 10.847(1), c = 13.118(2) Å; α = 85.54(1). β = 102.91(1). γ = 105.62(1)°; triclinic, space group Ρ1̄, Z = 1.The centrosymmetric dimers are composed of bis(benzene)gallium(I) and tetrabromogallate(III) units bridged by six bromine atoms. Only two bromine atoms are not engaged in coordinative bonding. The two benzene rings are both η6-bonded to the gallium(I) center, but not equidistant. They are enclined by 57.5°. The remaining benzene molecules are crystal benzene with no specific cation or anion contacts.

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Yao, Wen-Zhi, Jian-Bin Yao, and Si-Dian Li. "Ab InitioTheoretical Investigation on the Geometrical and Electronic Structures of Gallium Aurides:GaAun0/-andGa2Aun0/- (n=1–4)." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/406314.

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This study presents a systematic investigation of the geometric and electronic properties of GaAun0/-and Ga2Aun0/-(n= 1–4) clusters based on density functional theory and wave function theory. Detailed orbital analyses, adaptive natural density partitioning, and electron localization function analyses are performed and relevant results are discussed. GaAun0/-(n= 1–4) clusters withn-Au terminals and Ga2Aun0/-(n= 1–4) clusters with bridged Au atoms possess geometric structures and bonding patterns similar to those of the corresponding gallium hydrides GaHn0/-and Ga2Hn0/-. Ga–Au interaction is predicted to occur through highly polar covalent bonds in monogallium aurides. In contrast to the highly symmetric ground states ofC2vGa2Au,C2vGa2Au2, andD3hGa2Au3,C3vGa2Au4is composed of strong interactions between a Ga+cation and the face of a tetrahedral GaAu4−anion. The adiabatic and vertical detachment energies of the anions under study are calculated to facilitate their experimental characterization. Geometric and electronic structural comparisons with the corresponding gallium hydrides are conducted to establish an isolobal analogy between gold and hydrogen atoms.

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Li, Danhong, and Jiuhong Yu. "Exploring the structural and electronic properties of heterostructures composed of gallium nitride and boron selenide monolayers." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 126 (February 2021): 114480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2020.114480.

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An, Sinuo, Jingwei Lv, Zao Yi, Chao Liu, Lin Yang, Famei Wang, Qiang Liu, et al. "Ultra-short and dual-core photonic crystal fiber polarization splitter composed of metal and gallium arsenide." Optik 226 (January 2021): 165779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165779.

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Nnaji, Nnaemeka, Njemuwa Nwaji, and Tebello Nyokong. "Electrodeposited Benzothiazole Phthalocyanines for Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium in Acidic Medium." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2020 (September 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8892559.

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Tetrakis[(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-thio) phthalocyaninato] gallium(III)chloride (1) and tetrakis[(benzo[d]thiazol-2ylphenoxy) phthalocyaninato] gallium(III)chloride (2) were successfully electrodeposited onto aluminium for corrosion retardation in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution. The aim of this study was to compare the corrosion resistance of electrodeposited metallated phthalocyanines. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and polarization confirmed the aluminium corrosion inhibition potentials of complexes 1 and 2. EIS and polarization techniques showed that complex 2 performed better than complex 1, with values from EIS measurements of 82% for 1 and 86% for 2 in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution. The importance of electrodeposition in industries and a dearth of research on the use of electrodeposited metallated phthalocyanines necessitated this study, and results show that coatings formed by electrodeposition of 1 and 2 onto aluminium reduced its susceptibility to corrosion attack.

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Hernández Rodríguez, Ofelia Adriana, César Humberto Rivera Figueroa, Elías E. Díaz Ávila, Dámaris L. Ojeda Barrios, and Víctor M. Guerrero Prieto. "Plant and livestock waste compost compared with inorganic fertilizer: nutrient contribution to soil." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 35, no. 4 (October 8, 2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v35i4.198.

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El uso de desechos de ganado y residuos vegetales, como fuente de nutrientes y material orgánico para el suelo, puede representar una alternativa viable para evitar daños riesgosos para el agroecosistema, derivados del uso de fertilizantes químicos. El presente estudio fue conducido en 2013, en condiciones de invernadero en la FACIATEC-UACH, Chihuahua, México. Se evaluó la contribución al suelo de los macronutrientes NO3-, P=, K+, Ca++, Mg++ y Na+, a partir de cuatro compostas elaboradas de (a) estiércol de bovinos, (b) excremento de gallina, (c) aserrín y (d) esquilmo de maíz, los cuales fueron comparados con urea como fertilizante sintético y un control sin fertilizante. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado y se realizó el análisis de varianza mediante el paquete estadístico SAS (Statistical Analysis System), versión 9.3.1; la comparación múltiple de medias se realizó mediante el procedimiento de Tukey (α = 0.05). Los resultados sugieren que cinco de los tratamientos de compostas incrementaron la concentración de NO3-, en los cuales el estiércol de gallina superó signif icativamente al de bovinos en su aportación de los macronutrientes NO3- y P=; del mismo modo, las compostas elaboradas a partir de aserrín tuvieron un efecto signif icativo sobre el NO3- y superaron a los que contenían esquilmos de maíz. La concentración de Ca++ y Mg++ en los suelos donde se aplicó la composta, fue menor en comparación con aquellos tratados con urea, aunque el contenido de Na+ en los tratamientos de composta superó estadísticamente a la de aquellos tratados con fertilizantes inorgánicos. Esta evidencia sugiere que el uso de fertilizantes orgánicos, ya sea de origen animal o vegetal, es una fuente benéf ica para los nutrientes del suelo con alto potencial en la agricultura sostenible.

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Hollerman, W. A., J. H. Fisher, D. Ila, G. M. Jenkins, and L. R. Holland. "Proton-induced fluorescence properties of terbium gallium garnet." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 8 (August 1995): 1861–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1861.

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The authors completed a 3 MeV proton irradiation test on a terbium gallium garnet crystal sample. The main goal was to determine the proton dose required to reduce the fluorescence intensity to half its original value (half-brightness dose) at ambient temperature. The 3 MeV proton half-brightness dose was found to be 1.25 × 1015 p/cm2 using the Birks and Black relation. This decay is comparable to other fluors irradiated by the authors. The sample exhibited a yellow glow when irradiated in a 3 MeV beam. The fluorescence spectrum was composed of four peaks at wavelengths of 487.2 nm, 542.4 nm, 589.92 nm, and 624.1 nm.

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Kang, Junyong, and Tomoya Ogawa. "Precipitates in GaN epilayers grown on sapphire substrates." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 8 (August 1998): 2100–2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0293.

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Precipitates in GaN epilayers grown on sapphire substrates were investigated by atomic number contrast (ANC), wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (WDS), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and cathodoluminescence (CL) techniques. The results showed that the precipitates are mainly composed of gallium and oxygen elements and distribute more sparsely and inhomogeneously in directions in the sample grown on substrate nitridated for a longer period. Yellow luminescence intensity was imaged to be stronger in the precipitates. The results suggest that the precipitates are formed on dislocations and grain boundaries by substituting oxygen onto the nitrogen site, and result in the formations of deep levels nearby.

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Subash, T. D., T. Gnanasekaran, J. Jagannathan, and C. Divya. "Relative Analysis of GaAs, InSb, InP Using QWFET." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 1080–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.1080.

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Indium Antimonide (InSb) has the greater electron mobility and saturation velocity of any semiconductor. Also InSb detectors are sensitive between 1–5 μm wavelengths and it belongs to III-V [13] component. In this paper we compare the InSb with some other major components like Indium Phosphide (InP) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) which are also from same III-V group. The analysis was made using the simulation tool TCAD and using the properties and band structure of those materials we compare InSb with InP and GaAs. The results we proposed shows that InSb is best for ultra high speed and very low power applications.

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JR, Lawal. "Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Haemoparasitosis in Village Chickens (Gallus Gallus Domesticus) in Gombe State, Nigeria." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 4, no. 3 (2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000190.

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The present study was conducted between November, 2016 and September, 2017, aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with haemoparasitosis in village chickens in Gombe State, Nige ria. Blood samples were collected from a total of 1820 village chickens and Giemsa stained thin blood smears were microscopically examined for the presence of haemoparasites. Results revealed an overall prevalence of 19.6% of three genera of avian haemopar asites in a single and mixed infection. Amongst the haemoparasites encountered, Plasmodium (13.9%) was the most prevalent followed by Haemoproteus (2.6%) and Leucocytozoon (0.4%) in single infection, while the prevalence of mixed infection with Plasmodium + Haemoproteus was 2.6%. Higher prevalence rates were recorded in cocks (28.5%) compared to hens (8.9%), as well as in adults (23.0%) compared to the growers (11.0%) village chickens. The prevalence rates was found to be higher in the rainy (39.3%) compare d to cold dry (12.5%) and hot dry (7.7%) seasons of the study period. The difference in prevalence of haemoparasites among sex, age groups, and season was statistically significant (<0.0001). In conclusion, haemoparasites exist among village chickens flock s in Gombe State, Nigeria probably due to the presence of vectors and inadequate practice of biosecurity measures. It is therefore, recommended that awareness should be created on the prevalence of haemoparasites, further researches involving molecular cha racterization of haemoparasites should be carried out and village chicken farmers should be educated on the need for maintenance proper biosecurity measures on their farms.

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DÍAZ-GUERRERO, D. S., I. RODRÍGUEZ-VARGAS, G. G. NAUMIS, and L. M. GAGGERO-SAGER. "SELF-SIMILAR CHARGE TRANSMISSION IN GAPPED GRAPHENE." Fractals 24, no. 02 (June 2016): 1630002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x16300026.

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A new self-similar multibarrier system is proposed and used to study transmission of Dirac electrons in graphene. Such system is based on the scaling of the length and energy of the barriers. The use of self-similar structures allows us to compare the transmission in graphene and gallium arsenide (GaAs). The transmission coefficient for charge carriers in graphene shows a surprising scaling behavior structure, which is not seen in GaAs. The scaling properties are established as a function of three parameters: barrier’s energy, the length and the generation of the system.

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Kim, Byeong-Jun, Jong-Hyun Seo, Heehwan Choe, and Jae-Hong Jeon. "An Investigation of Gate Pulse Induced Degradation in a-InGaZnO Thin Film Transistors." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11170.

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We investigated the effects of pulsed gate bias on degradation of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-InGaZnO) thin film transistors (TFTs). The waveform composed of 0 V and 20 V produced little degradation, but the waveform composed of −20 V and 0 V produced a considerable degradation on the turn-on current in the transfer characteristics. Those instabilities were found mostly in TFTs of which the concentration of Zn is higher than the other metallic components (In, Ga). In order to explain the anomalous degradation behaviors, we propose a possible degradation model which is different from the conventional model of charge trapping. Our proposed model is related to an increase of acceptor-like states in a-InGaZnO near the source and drain electrodes. More electrons can be trapped there, and the increased potential barrier hinders current flow in the channel. The proposed model can also account for the increased frequency dispersion in C–V characteristics of our a-InGaZnO TFTs after the waveform stress.

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Namai, Asuka, Shinji Kurahashi, Takashi Goto, and Shin-ichi Ohkoshi. "Theoretical Design of a High-Frequency Millimeter Wave Absorbing Sheet Composed of Gallium Substituted $\varepsilon$-Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$ Nanomagnet." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 48, no. 11 (November 2012): 4386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2012.2199091.

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Mu, Guoqian, Wenqing Qu, Haiyun Zhu, Hongshou Zhuang, and Yanhua Zhang. "Low Temperature Cu/Ga Solid–Liquid Inter-Diffusion Bonding Used for Interfacial Heat Transfer in High-Power Devices." Metals 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091223.

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Interfacial heat transfer is essential for the development of high-power devices with high heat flux. The metallurgical bonding of Cu substrates is successfully realized by using a self-made interlayer at 10 °C, without any flux, by Cu/Ga solid-liquid inter-diffusion bonding (SLID), which can be used for the joining of heat sinks and power devices. The microstructure and properties of the joints were investigated, and the mechanism of Cu/Ga SLID bonding was discussed. The results show that the average shear strength of the joints is 7.9 MPa, the heat-resistant temperature is 200 °C, and the thermal contact conductance is 83,541 W/(m2·K) with a holding time of 30 h at the bonding temperature of 100 °C. The fracture occurs on one side of the copper wire mesh which is caused by the residual gallium. The microstructure is mainly composed of uniform θ-CuGa2 phase, in addition to a small amount of residual copper, residual gallium and γ3-Cu9Ga4 phase. The interaction product of Cu and Ga is mainly θ-CuGa2 phase, with only a small amount of γ3-Cu9Ga4 phase occurring at the temperature of 100 °C for 20 h. The process of Cu/Ga SLID bonding can be divided into three stages as follows: the pressurization stage, the reaction diffusion stage and the isothermal solidification stage. This technology can meet our requirements of low temperature bonding, high reliability service and interfacial heat transfer enhancement.

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Asano, Hiroya, Shun Sadakuni, Keita Yagi, Yasuhisa Sano, Satoshi Matsuyama, Takeshi Okamoto, Kazuma Tachibana, and Kazuto Yamauchi. "Rapid Planarization Method by Ultraviolet Light Irradiation for Gallium Nitride Using Platinum Catalyst." Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (November 2012): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.46.

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We have developed a chemical process for atomic planarization of gallium nitride (GaN) using a platinum catalyst and ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The process is mediated by a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by platinum as a solid catalyst. Because the reaction occurs selectively from the step edges, a flat surface composed of a straight step-and-terrace structure is obtained. In the absence of UV light, owing to the low step edge density, the removal rate is quite slow, approximately 1 nm/h. In contrast, under UV light, etch pits are formed on the terraces by photo-electrochemical etching causing an increase in the step edge density. We achieved surface planarization with a removal rate of 9.6 nm/h assisted by irradiation with UV light.

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Schlupp, P., H. von Wenckstern, and M. Grundmann. "Amorphous zinc-tin oxide thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature." MRS Proceedings 1633 (2014): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.117.

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ABSTRACTFor a cost-efficient fabrication of homogeneous oxide thin films the usage of amorphous materials is favorable. They can be deposited at room temperature (RT) and represent an interesting alternative to amorphous silicon in electronics. Zinc-tin oxide is a promising n-type channel material for thin film transistors and consists of abundant elements, only, in contrast to the well-explored indium gallium zinc oxide. Here, the electrical and optical properties of room temperature deposited ZTO thin films are discussed. These films were fabricated via pulsed-laser deposition on glass substrates by ablating a ceramic target composed of ZnO and SnO2 in a 1:2 ratio. The resistivity has been controlled over seven orders of magnitude via the oxygen growth pressure. Further, the optical transmittance tends to be higher for higher oxygen growth pressures.

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Hild, Frédéric, Nirvana Neehaul, Frédéric Bier, Morgane Wirsum, Christophe Gourlaouen, and Samuel Dagorne. "Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Various N,O,N-Chelated Aluminum and Gallium Complexes for the Efficient ROP of Cyclic Esters and Carbonates: How Do Aluminum and Gallium Derivatives Compare ?" Organometallics 32, no. 2 (January 11, 2013): 587–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om3011068.

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Wallis, D. R., and P. W. Shaw. "The use of sex pheromone lures to compare pear and apple leafcurling midge phenology." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5650.

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Pear leafcurling midge (Dasineura pyri PLCM) is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae and is a persistent pest in New ZealandWhilst mature trees can withstand considerable damage feeding by larvae can cause severe distortion (galling) of developing leaves on younger trees Apart from obvious leaf damage PLCM activity is difficult to detect so the recent development of the synthetic sex pheromone provides a useful monitoring tool for this pest Pear leafcurling midge pheromone traps were set up in four commercial pear blocks across the Nelson district which is the main commercial peargrowing area in New Zealand to assess the ability of the pheromone lure to monitor seasonal activity of the pest Trapping results are compared and discussed in relation to apple leafcurling midge activity in five apple blocks in the same region

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De Santi, Carlo, Matteo Buffolo, Gaudenzio Meneghesso, Enrico Zanoni, and Matteo Meneghini. "Dynamic Performance Characterization Techniques in Gallium Nitride-Based Electronic Devices." Crystals 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091037.

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In this paper, we compare and discuss the main techniques for the analysis of the dynamic performance of GaN-based transistors. The pulsed current-voltage characterization provides information on the effect of different trapping voltages on various bias points of the device under test, leading to the detection of all the possible effects, as well as to the choice of the optimal filling and measure bias conditions in other techniques. The drain current transients use one of the identified bias configurations to extract information on the deep level signature responsible for the performance variation and, thus, they can pinpoint the corresponding physical crystal lattice configuration, providing useful information to the growers on how the issue can be solved. Finally, given the complex interplay between the filling and emission time constants, the gate frequency sweeps can be used to obtain the real performance in the target operating condition.

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Araújo, Walter Santos de, and Valéria Cid Maia. "First characterization of a taxonomically well‑resolved trophic network composed by host plants and gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Neotropical region." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 (March 31, 2021): e20216134. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.34.

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In the present study we described the structure of a trophic network composed by gall-midge species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and their host plants in the Restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Species data were retrieved from literature and different topological descriptors (links per species, connectance, and modularity of interactions) were used. All gall-midge species were monophages, with connectance of 2.8% of the 2,016 possible interactions. The network of host plants and gall midges had low number of links per species and high modularity, which indicates high specificity and specialization of plant-galling interactions in the area. This is the first characterization of a trophic network with good taxonomic resolution for the Neotropical gall midges.

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Sveshtarov, Vasil, S. Nencheva-Sveshtarova, R. Grozdanova, and K. Prodanova. "Superluminous Devices Versus Low-Level Laser for Temporomandibular Disorders." Acta Medica Bulgarica 45, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2018-0002.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to compare the pain intensity reduction between the mean radiation doses per session of gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAIAs) laser with superluminous diodes (SLD) in four of the most common pain-related chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD) - local myalgia, myofascial pain, myofascial pain with a referral, and arthralgia. This study was implemented on 124 patients with pain-related temporomandibular disorders according to the DC/TMD criteria. We applied trigger point oriented near-infrared laser (785 nm, 100 s, 8 J/cm2) and SLD cluster sessions (the cluster is composed of 49 SLDs with a combination of visible red (633 nm) and infrared (880 nm) diodes, 200 mW, 300 s, 8 J/cm2) for the temporomandibular joints and the affected muscles. Patients were evaluated at the start of the treatment, and after the 6th session of combined phototherapy. The pain intensity scores were measured according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Our results show that the most statistically manifested pain reduction is found for the SLD dose, р = 0,000118, followed by the overall dose (laser plus SLD); р = 0,001031, and the laser dose; р = 0,030942 (ANOVA dispersion analyses). Consequently, it can be concluded that myalgia is better treated through lower doses of red light compared to infrared laser doses because SLDs combine the prooxidative effect of photons with 633 nm wavelength, a large area of exposure, sufficient tissue penetration, and some positive warming thermal impact of the SLD clusters.

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Elsayad, Nour, Hadi Moradisizkoohi, and Osama Mohammed. "A New Three-Level Flying-Capacitor Boost Converter with an Integrated LC2D Output Network for Fuel-Cell Vehicles: Analysis and Design." Inventions 3, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030061.

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In this paper, a new three-level boost converter with continuous input current, common ground, reduced voltage stress on the power switches, and wide voltage gain range is proposed. The proposed converter is composed of a three-level flying-capacitor switching cell and an integrated LC2D output network. The LC2D output network enhances the voltage gain of the converter and reduces the voltage stress on the power switches. The proposed converter is a good candidate to interface fuel cells to the dc-link bus of the three-phase inverter of an electric vehicle (EV). A full steady-state analysis of the proposed converter in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) is given in this paper. A 1.2 kW scaled-down laboratory setup was built using gallium nitride (GaN) transistors and silicon carbide (SiC) diodes to verify the feasibility of the proposed converter.

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Liu, Lin Lin, Ting Gang Zhu, Michael Murphy, Marek Pabisz, Milan Pophristic, Boris Peres, and Tom Hierl. "600V GaN Schottky Barrier Power Devices for High Volume and Low Cost Applications." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 1251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.1251.

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The first commercially viable high voltage (>600V) gallium nitride (GaN) Schottky barrier devices are reported. Though GaN does not have any “micropipe” defects, which commonly exists in SiC material, defects like dislocations due to lattice mismatch hamper the material development of GaN high power devices. Improvements in the nitride epitaxial film growth have led to significant reduction of conductive dislocations. Conductive Atomic Force Microscope (CAFM) analysis of conductive dislocations shows only on the order of 103 cm-2 density of conductive dislocations, which are believed to be responsible for the undesired leakage current. GaN diodes compare to SiC or Si devices demonstrate a significant advantage in the thermal resistance. The insulating properties of Sapphire substrates allow fabrication of the devices in TO220 packages with insulating frame and thermal resistance better than 1.8°C/W compare to 3°C/W of SiC or Si devices with insulating frame. Performance of GaN, SiC and Si devices in the switch mode power supplies is compared.

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Barbaro, L. A., M. A. Karlanian, P. F. Rizzo, N. I. Riera, V. V. Della Torre, M. Beltrán, and D. E. Crespo. "Compost de guano de gallina en la composición de sustratos para la producción de plantines florales." AgriScientia 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31047/1668.298x.v30.n1.6049.

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Se evaluaron sustratos formulados con distintas proporciones (20, 50 y 80%)de tres tipos de compost de guano de gallina (CGG1, CGG2, CGG3) mezclados con compost de corteza de pino y un sustrato comercial. Los diez tratamientos fueron usados para el cultivo de plantines de Impatiens walleriana y Salviasplendens. Se caracterizó física y químicamente cada sustrato, y sobre los plantines se evaluó sobrevivencia, masa seca y calcio, magnesio, potasio ysodio en la hoja. Los sustratos con 20% y 50% de los tres CGG tuvieron la mayor capacidad de retención de agua, y con 80%, la mayor porosidad de aire.Los sustratos con 50% y 80% presentaron los más altos valores de pH (?6,6),potasio y sodio. Para las mismas proporciones, CGG2 y CGG3 presentaron valores de CE >1,1 dS cm-1. La mayor masa seca de los plantines se logró para el sustrato comercial, los sustratos con 20% de los tres CGG y con 50%de CGG1. Estos sustratos exhibieron en las hojas una mayor concentración de calcio y magnesio, y menor de potasio. Las mejores características de sustratos para el desarrollo de los plantines evaluados se lograron en los sustratos con20% de los tres CGG y con 50% del compost CGG1.

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Raghavan, Parthasarathy S., Roman Drachev, Bala Bathey, and Henry Chou. "A Comparative Study of the Crystal Growth Techniques of Silicon Carbide, Technology Adaption and the Road to Low Cost Silicon Carbide Materials." Materials Science Forum 963 (July 2019): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.963.51.

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The growing demand for power electronic device for automotive, photovoltaic, transportation, motor drives creates an enormous demand for widebandgap semiconducting materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). While GaN based devices can be used for low voltages, SiC is the workhorse for voltages >600. Progress in the availability of larger diameter SiC wafers has driven the final cost of device assembly down. In this paper we compare different growth techniques for growing high quality SiC crystals, technology adaption and road to low cost SiC materials. GT Advanced Technologies has been involved in SiC sublimation equipment manufacturing since the year 2000 and the results from our 100 mm and 150 mm SiC crystals show high epi-quality.

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Sanders, Douglas C., Luz M. Reyes, David W. Monks, Katie M. Jennings, Frank J. Louws, and Jim G. Driver. "(21) Using Compost Sources as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide in Vegetable Production." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1074A—1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1074a.

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Compost sources were used to determine long-term influence on common vegetable cropping systems (tomato, pepper, and cucumber). Three sources of Controlled Microbial Compost (CMC) (20 yd3/A) amended with fumigant Telone-C35 (35 gal/A) and Trichoderma-382 [2.5 oz/yd.3 (T-382)] were used during 3 consecutive years. Tomato showed statistic differences (1%) among compost treatments with higher total yields when CMC was combined with Telone-C35 (21%) and T-382 (8.2%). All treatments but Bio-Compost and control presented al least 25% more marketable yield per acre. No differences in fruit size were found for tomato, except for medium-size fruit when Telone C-35 was added. The CMC alone or combined with Telone C-35 and T-382 increased the total plant dry weight at least 18.6%. Pepper crop showed statistic differences with higher number of No. 1 fruit size when CMC was combined with Telone C-35 and T-382. Number of culls per acre decreased for all three compost sources, with no differences from the control. Cucumber yields differed among treatments for total and marketable yields and No.1 size fruit per acre. Best yields were achieved with CMC and when mixed with Telone C-35 and T-382. The lower numbers of culls per acre were found with Bio-Compost and Lexington sources and CMC+T-382. Total plant dry weight was increased in at least 24% when Bio-Compost or CMC compost were used alone or combined with Telone-C35 or T-382. CMC increased root knot nematode soil counts and percentage of root galling, but tended to improve root vigor in cucumbers. It seems that compost sources combined with Telone C-35 or T-382 could improve the cropping management as alternative to methyl bromide. Weed responses will also be discussed.

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SURESH, S., V. GANESH, M. BALAJI, K. BASKAR, K. ASOKAN, and D. KANJILAL. "STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 70 MeV Si5+ ION IRRADIATION INDUCED NANOCLUSTERS OF GALLIUM NITRIDE." International Journal of Nanoscience 10, no. 04n05 (August 2011): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x11009246.

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70 MeV Si ions irradiation at the liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) induced nanoclustering on GaN epilayers grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) are reported. HRXRD rocking curves show that there are no localized amorphization due to irradiation. Atomic force microscopy images reveal the formation of nanoclusters on the surface of the irradiated samples. On increasing the fluence the number of modified regions on the surface increases and resulted in three dimensional growth of nanocluster due to overlapping and coalescence. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirm that the surface features are composed of GaN . The variation of carrier concentration and hall mobility with respect to ion fluence are also studied. The effects of ion-beam induced modifications on the structural, surface characteristics and electrical properties of GaN are studied and possible mechanisms responsible for the modifications are discussed.

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Joo, Shin, Jung, Cha, Nam, and Kwon. "Oxide Thin-Film Transistor-Based Vertically Stacked Complementary Inverter for Logic and Photo-Sensor Operations." Materials 12, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 3815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233815.

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Numerous studies have addressed the utilization of oxide thin-film transistor (TFT)-based complementary logic circuits that are based on two-dimensional (2D) planar structures. However, there are fundamental limits to the 2D planar structured complementary logic circuits, such as a large dimension and a large parasitic resistance. This work demonstrated a vertically stacked three-dimensional complementary inverter composed of a p-channel tin monoxide (SnO) TFT and an n-channel indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) TFT. A bottom-gate p-channel SnO TFT was formed on the top-gate n-channel IGZO TFT with a shared common gate electrode. The fabricated vertically stacked complementary inverter exhibited full swing characteristics with a voltage gain of ~33.6, a high noise margin of 3.13 V, and a low noise margin of 3.16 V at a supplied voltage of 10 V. The achieved voltage gain of the fabricated complementary inverter was higher than that of the vertically stacked complementary inverters composed of other oxide TFTs in previous works. In addition, we showed that the vertically stacked complementary inverter exhibited excellent visible-light photoresponse. This indicates that the oxide TFT-based vertically stacked complementary inverter can be used as a sensitive photo-sensor operating in the visible spectral range with the voltage read-out scheme.

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Lee, Young Jin, Youngsoo Kim, Seokhyeon Hong, and Soon-Hong Kwon. "Ultrathin Submicrometer Scale Multicolor Detector of Visible Light Based on Metamaterial." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 23, 2019): 4103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194103.

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In this study, we propose a multi-color detector using a simple plasmonic metamaterial structure consisting of a silver and a indium phosphide. The color detector is composed of a metal strip with a periodicity in the x-axis direction on a layer of the dielectric material located on a metal substrate. This color detector can control the spectrum absorbed in the dielectric material layer by changing the thickness of the dielectric material layer or the width of the metal strip. The triangle formed by the three primary colors, namely, red, green, and blue, which are representatively detected by optimizing the color detector using only silver and indium phosphide, covers 44% of the standard Red Green Blue (sRGB) region. Furthermore, the area of the triangle obtained by further optimization, such as changing the material to gold or gallium phosphide or changing the period of the metal stirp, can aid in the detection of a larger number of colors covering 108% of the sRGB area.

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Che, Yong-Li, Xiao-Long Cao, and Jian-Quan Yao. "Tunable and switchable resonance in optically-controlled nested metamaterials at terahertz frequencies." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 03 (January 28, 2016): 1650011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916500111.

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The asymmetrical nested metamaterial, composed of two split-ring resonators (SRRs) and two embedded gallium arsenide (GaAs) islands placed in the two SRRs, has been elaborately designed on quartz substrate. Its tunable and switchable resonances at terahertz (THz) frequencies are numerically demonstrated here based on different conductivities of GaAs, which can be transformed from semiconductor to metallic state through appropriate optical excitation. Without photoexcitation, our designed metamaterial has three resonance peaks in the range of monitored frequency range, and they are located at 0.813, 1.269 and 1.722 THz, respectively. As the conductivity of the two GaAs islands increases, different new resonances appear and constantly strengthen. Finally, four new resonant points are generated, at 0.432, 0.948, 1.578 and 1.875 THz, respectively. At the same time, the metamaterial structure is changed from the original nested mode to a new integral mode. Applying reversible changing conductivity of semiconductor to push the conversion of resonance, this asymmetrical nested design provides a new instance in application and development of additional THz devices.

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Dhami, Dana Victoria, Sabina Dhami, Dinesh Kapur, David Coletti, Kurella Sreedevi, and Mandeep Dhami. "Follicular Lymphoma Masquerading As a Neuroendocrine Tumor." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-138506.

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A 73 y/o Caucasian female presented with abdominal pain for 2 years, gradually worsening in the recent past. The pain was more severe at night, especially while sleeping on her abdomen. An A/P CT scan showed a mid-abdominal mesenteric mass measuring 8 x 4 cm, which was new since prior examinations. The new mass was accompanied by prominent retro-peritoneal lymph nodes, the largest along the left paraaortic region measuring 1.9 x 1.6 cm. She reported good appetite and denied fever, chills, night sweats or unexplained weight loss. She admitted to a 6-month history of diarrhea consisting of 2-3 loose stools daily. Her clinical presentation was felt to be concerning for Carcinoid tumor. A GA-68 dotatate PET/CT showed uptake within the known mesenteric mass, most likely representing carcinoid tumor. Minimal uptake observed in retroperitoneal lymph nodes felt to represent early metastatic disease. The patient underwent laparotomy, small bowel resection and retroperitoneal lymph node resection. Pertinent laboratory studies - Chromogranin level, pre op - 625 (ref 25 - 140) Chromogranin level post op - 54 Pathology showed grade 2, follicular lymphoma. The neoplastic cells predominantly composed of small, irregular cleaved centrocytes mixed with a minor population of centroblasts (less than 15 per high-power field). Neoplastic follicles were diffusely positive for CD20, PAX5, CD10, BCL6, and BCL2. Ki67 showed 10-20% proliferation index. Cyclin D1 was negative. Flow cytometry identified monoclonal B-cell population positive for CD10, CD19 (dim), and CD20, which expressed dim monotypic lambda light chain. CD5 negative. Discussion: There is evidence that lymphoma cells express somatostatin receptors (SSTR). Octreotide scan (111In-pentetreotide - binds to SSTR2 and SSTR5) uptake has been described in lymphomas with variable degree of avidity. Gallium Dotatate scan (68Ga-Dotatate - binds selectively to SSTR2) uptake has been previously described in a patient with large cell lymphoma. Here we describe a case of follicular lymphoma presenting with symptoms suggestive of carcinoid that showed uptake on Gallium Dotatae scan. This finding therefore warrants recognition by clinicians for potential of lymphoma presenting with positive Gallium Dotatate scan. Ruuska et al* have shown that 62% of various PET positive lymphomas (DLBCL, follicular and Hodgkin's) were also 68Ga-DOTONAC PET/CT positive and there was concordance between SSTR2 positivity by IHC and 68Ga-DOTONAC PET/CT. If this finding is confirmed in further studies, perhaps this may lead to a possible therapeutic application for 177Lu-DOTA-TATE in management of some refractory lymphomas. *Tina Ruuska et al, Acta Oncologica, 2018, vol 57, no. 2. 283-289 Figure Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Baig, Sarwat A., Jessica L. Boland, Djamshid A. Damry, Hoe H. Tan, Chennupati Jagadish, Michael B. Johnston, and Hannah J. Joyce. "Choice of Polymer Matrix for a Fast Switchable III-V Nanowire Terahertz Modulator." MRS Advances 2, no. 28 (2017): 1475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.280.

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Abstract:

ABSTRACTProgress in ultrafast terahertz (THz) communications has been limited due to the lack of picosecond switchable modulators with sufficient modulation depth. Gallium arsenide nanowires are ideal candidates for THz modulators as they absorb THz radiation, only when photoexcited – giving the potential for picosecend speed switching and high modulation depth. By embedding the nanowires in a polymer matrix and laminating together several nanowire–polymer films, we increase the areal density of nanowires, resulting in greater modulation of THz radiation. In this paper, we compare PDMS and Parylene C polymers for nanowire encapsulation and show that a high modulation depth is possible using Parylene C due to its thinness and its ability to be laminated. We characterize the modulator behavior and switching speed using optical pump–THz probe spectroscopy, and demonstrate a parylene–nanowire THz modulator with 13.5% modulation depth and 1ps switching speed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'COMPOSE GALLIUM'

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