Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Composés aromatiques polycycliques – Détoxication'
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Meux, Edgar. "Caractérisation structurale et enzymatique, cibles potentielles et rôles physiologiques de glutathion transférases à cystéine catalytique de Phanerochaete chrysosporium." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0256/document.
Full textPhanerochaete chrysosporium is a model fungus well studied for its lignolytic properties towards wood compounds and various toxic aromatic derivatives such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These degradation processes lead first to the formation of highly reactive and toxic compounds, which are then catabolized or excreted outside the cell. Genomic data allowed the identification of genes coding for superfamilies of enzymes putatively involved in these tolerance mechanisms. Among them, glutathione transferases are present in all kingdoms and constitute a multigenic superfamily of enzymes involved in cell protection and detoxification. However, although numerous studies have been performed on vertebrate enzymes, the role of these enzymes in the detoxication of toxic aromatic compounds is still unknown in basidiomycetes. The comparative analysis of GST sequences from various kingdoms of life reveals that fungal GSTs have evolved differently from their orthologs, in particular through the expansion of sub-classes poorly represented in vertebrates. Among them, GSTs with a catalytic cysteine represent 30% of this superfamily of enzymes in P. chrysosporium. Three Cys containing fungal isoforms have been characterized at the biochemical and structural levels, including an orthologue from lignolytic bacteria. All these enzymes are involved in deglutathionylation processes using a wide range of aromatic halogenated electrophilic compounds, including potentially toxic derivatives arising from the degradation of halogenated aromatic polymers. This GSTs family can be organized in various functional groups based on their substrate specificities, but still the catalytic process remains the same with the direct attack of the glutathionylated compound by the catalytic cysteine which is then reduced and regenerated. The comparative analysis of three isoforms revealed a new structural and functional class called glutathionyl hydroquinone reductase absent in vertebrates. These proteins exhibit a new mode of dimerization as well as the ability to deglutathionylate quinones. These results suggest that fungi have developed resistance mechanisms in response to environmental stresses, notably through the evolution of multigenic families such as catalytic cysteine bearing GSTs which are likely involved in the metabolism and tolerance towards a wide range of exogenous or endogenous compounds
Perraudin, Emilie. "Réactivité des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) adsorbés sur des particules modèles d'intérêt atmosphérique : mesures cinétiques, développements analytiques et analyse des produits d'oxydation." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12919.
Full textDontot, Léo. "Propriétés structurales et spectroscopiques des agrégats d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/4526/.
Full textModeling of neutral or cationic molecular clusters remains a challenge in ab initio approaches as soon as the molecules involved are large or when their number exceed several units. We develop, in this thesis, a mixed method based on the combination of the DFTB method, an approximation of the Density Functional Theory (DFT), with a Configuration Interaction (CI). This method (DFTB-CI) provides an original and efficient approach to obtain a correct description of the charge resonance within cationic clusters. The application to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons clusters is of interest in various fields such as physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium, chemistry of the atmosphere and also combustion processes. This work has enabled the description of structural properties of the ground state of neutral and cationic clusters of pyrene and coronene containing up to ten molecules. A multi-method strategy has been implemented in order to efficient search for the most stable structures with the global exploration algorithm "Parallel Tempering Monte Carlo". In addition to the structural properties, we have determined the quantities characterizing the stability of these clusters (binding and dissociation energies) as well as their electronic properties such as the dependency of the ionization potentials on the size in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, we propose an extension to the DFTB-CI model in order to compute the excited states of molecular clusters. The results on dimers are found in good agreement with ab initio calculations. An application to small cationic clusters of benzene and pyrene presents the determination of their electronic absorption spectra
Saas, Philippe. "Mécanisme d'action de l'immunotoxicité induite par les hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Saas.Philippe.SMZ9736.pdf.
Full textPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitus environmental contaminants know to be carcinogenic as well as immunosuppressive. Using as PAH the synthetic compound 7. 12-dimetthylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) that is well characterised for its immunotoxicity in mice, we study DMBA interaction with T lymphocyte activation focusing mainly on calcium homeostasis. DMBA induces an increase in intracellular calcium (Ca2+ic) in murine T lymphocytes and also human T lymphocytes. This Ca2+ic elevation is detected early in murine T cells whereas this augmentation is observed later in human T cells. In murine T lymphocytes, DMBA induced calcium elevation follows tyrosine kinase activation and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate production. This leads to calcium depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, DMBA also blocks extracellular calcium entry. Thus, reduction of calcium mobilisation by DMBA is responsible to altered T cell proliferation in response to mitogens. In the second part of this study, we have defined the structural requirements for suppression of murine T lymphocyte activation by DMBA using two benz(a)anthracene monomethylated derivatives, 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene (7MBA) and 12-methylbenz(a)anthracene (12MBA). We show that DMBA is the more active for suppressing T cell activation. Like its two derivatives, DMBA inhibits molecular events that lead to G0 toG1 transition of the cell cycle (il-2 production, high affinity il-2 receptor expression). However, only DMBA interferes with G1 to S transition by inhibiting il-2 dependent proliferation. The methyl in position 12 is necessary to modify calcium homeostasis in murine T lymphocytes, since 12 MBA acts in the same way as DMBA unlike 7MBA which does not increase Ca2+ic. Finally, immunosuppression of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and murine splenocytes is compared following DMBA in vitro exposure. NK cytotoxicity, T cell proliferation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction and function are affected by DMBA whatever the origin of the cells (human or murine) despite a different mechanism of DMBA with calcium homeostasis in murine and human cells
Besnier, Marie-Annick. "Les hydrocarbures polycycliques aromatiques dans les viandes et lespoissons fumés." Nantes, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NANT405P.
Full textGrova, Nathalie. "Transfert et métabolisme des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques chez le ruminant laitier." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL086N.
Full textPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are lipophilic, persistant and ubiquitous compounds in the environment. Exposed fodder becomes a PAHs route for lactating ruminants. A first experiment was aimed to evaluate the influence of feeding system on PAHs levels in cows' milk. The results showed that grass generals a more important PAHs exposition than maize fodder. A second experiment was focused on PAHs transfer from feed to milk in controlled conditions. Among the 16 PAHs of the US-EPA list, only light compounds with less than 5 aromatic rings were detected in milk. Their transfer levels decreased from 30 % to 1 %
Quelven, Emmanuelle. "Mise au point d'un dosage immuno-enzymatique des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30122.
Full textBuco, Stéphanie. "Métrologie de la contamination des sols par les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30098.
Full textThe Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are proven to be major pollutants because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. These compounds raised up many "on-site" or laboratory methods developments. The in situ methods are used for a rapid screening of contaminated soils and can be completed by laboratory analyses to give more accuracy. The aim of this study was to develop new methods with the minimization of the "on-site" and laboratory methods drawbacks which are respectively low accuracy, cost and analysis time. It appears from our laboratory study that the Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cpp-GC/MS) is an efficient alternative method for the PAHs determination. We obtained similar results compared to classical methods, with short operating time and without solvent consumption. The in situ methodology is based on a "on-site" extractor, developed during this work and UV spectrophotometric measurements (Pastel-UV). This methodology has proved to be a fast, quantitative and qualitative screening of contaminated soils by PAHs. The results show that our "on-site" extractor is more efficient than the usual "hand shaking" methods. A correlation was established between laboratory and "on-site" results to near to real PAHs concentration
Amer, Ahmed Khalil Souliman. "L'influence des interactions physico-chimiques des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAP) avec les constituants des sols sur leur mobilité et leur transfert dans l'environnement." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10010.
Full textThe study of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) mobility and transfers is of high interest for the risk assessment of contaminated soils and sites. Emitted from different sources, PAHs are mainly produced through human activities. But they can be classified in three main categories : biogenic PAHs, petrogenic PAHs, and pyrogenic PAHs. Due to their toxicological hazard, PAHs sometimes represent a risk for human health. There are many methods available in the litterature for predicting the water solubility of PAHs or their partitionning between water and organic substances. Some detailed studies in pharmaceutical sciences allow now to better estimate their thermodynamical properties from molecular structure data. Nevertheless, validated applications of theses results are limited to relatively simple systems compared to industrial soils ones. We have studied the PAHs mobility by solubilization and their transfer by diffusion in materials potentially contaminated by coal tar in the presence of diverse organic substances in the aqueous phase (toluene, phenol or AH) or in non aqueous phase liquids (tars ou natural H. S). We have developed a specific approach for PAHs in complex matrices. This development reaches the statement of a conceptual model in which thermodynamical equilibrium constraints between phases can be quantified and described with numerical models. An experimental approach targetted on the case of phenanthrene gives results which allow the discussion of model application for a better understanding of phenomena driving PAHs solubilization and diffusive transfer
Miet, Killian. "Etude expérimentale de la dégradation hétérogène des Composés Aromatiques Polycycliques (CAP) d'intérêt troposphérique." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00424794.
Full textMeudec, Anna. "Exposition au fioul lourd chez Salicornia fragilis Ball et Tutin : contamination chimique par les HAPs et réponses biologiques de la plante." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2008.
Full textCoastal vegetations are directly exposed to accidental marine pollution by oil hydrocarbons. The impact of such pollution on vegetation differs according to the type of exposure and to the physico-chemical properties of pollutant. Short-term physical effects of heavy fuel oil on plants were described but its long-term chemical effects on plant physiology remain unknown. Salicornia fragilis Ball and Tutin, edible plant located on the interdidal zone with the edge enters the slikke and the schorre, is artificially exposed to n°6 heavy fuel oil or either by polluted sediments, or by the coating of the aerial parts. The effects of petroleum on glasswort are various and plant responses directly PAHs from fuel oil involves the contamination of plant tissues inducing a chemical toxicity in addition to the known physical effects of oil. Thus, the exposure of glasswort to fuel oil generates stress, which is expressed by the reductions of growth and leaded to the disturbances in cellular physiology and metabolism of the plants. In spite of these, the plants are able to resist about the pollutant thanks to fast cellular responses and the establishment of enzymatic systems of detoxification such as the glutathione-S-transferase for metabolisation of PAHs and the superoxide dismutase in response to an oxidative stress. Metabolites of PAHs are thus detected in glasswort tissues contaminated by PAHs after their culture in artificially polluted sediments
Verrhiest, Ghislaine. "Toxicité de sédiments d'eau douce contaminés par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs)." Chambéry, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CHAMS018.
Full textDavach, de Thèze Jean-François. "Vapoconversion catalytique sélective de produits aromatiques en présence de composés soufrés." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10521.
Full textGuilloteau, Angélique. "Etude multiphasique de polluants organiques aromatiques : répartition des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans les suies et formation d’aérosols dans l'ozonolyse du catéchol." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2065.
Full textGoulay, Fabien. "Etudes de réactions d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques par la méthode CRESU." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10061.
Full textBeaulieu, Juliette. "Composés naphténiques et naphténoaromatiques des gazoles et émissions de particules : étude des schémas de formation de particules en fonction de la nature des composés naphténiques et naphténoaromatiques des gazoles." Orléans, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ORLE2044.
Full textJacob, Véronique. "Etude de la dégradation d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques légers en présence d'aérosols de natures diverses : modélisation sur le naphtalène." Grenoble 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989GRE10112.
Full textJouannin, Frédéric. "Etude de la mobilité des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) contenus dans un sol industriel pollué." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0036/these.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study the mobility of PAH contained in a polluted industrial soil. After having established the physical and chemical features of the soil, the various lixiviation tests have revealed that both dissolved and particulate pollutants were concerned by the mobility of PAH. In spite of a heavy pollution of the soil, the release of dissolved PAH is limited particularly when the temperature during lixiviation is about 15°C. On the opposite, the release is quite significant when the particulate part is taken into account. The study revealed that the release of the dissolved part is regular, even with time whereas is temporary. It occurs when ionic strength of the leaching is low enough and it ends when there is no more particulate PAH in the soil
Delorme, Marion. "Réactions de cycloaddition métallocatalysées : réactivité des γ-alkylidènebuténolides et γ-alkylidènebutyrolactames." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0530.
Full text[2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction is one of the most efficient and the most elegant tool to rapidly acces aromatic or heteroaromatic polycyclic compounds as well as cyclohexa-1,3-diene derivatives. In this work, the aim was to carry out [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions using transition metal complexes on specific enediyne type system containing γ-alkylidenebutenolid core. The objective of the use of this kind of system was to synthetise spirocyclic compound. This moeity can be found in naturel or synthetic products with bioligicals activities. First this system has been used in an intermolecular way then in an intramolecular version. Various tests have demonstrated a versatile reactivity by obtaining various and unexpected compounds depending on the nature of the metal complexe used. In the intermolecular version, it is possible to use different alternatives by using either a cobalt catalyst. In the intramolecular version, via the use of cobalt complex, unexpected tetracyclic cobalt (III) complexes were obtained from γ-alkylidenebutenolides. The use of γ-alkylidenebutyrolactams allowed the synthesis of spirocyclic cobalt complexes
Kolasa, Élise. "Modulation des effets œstrogéniques et cytokiniques de contaminants environnementaux (hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques)." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S144.
Full textPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as benzanthracene (BZA) are widespread environmental contaminants, exerting carcinogenic effects and endocrines disruptions. Humans are commonly exposed to these pollutants through food and tobacco smoke. The toxic effects of PAH are likely to be modulated by the cellular microenvironment, which includes – in physiological situation – hormones, cytokines, but also other toxic pollutants that humans are potentially exposed to. However, these modulations of PAH's phenotypic effects remain insufficiently characterized, and were therefore studied during this thesis. First, our work shows that the estrogenic effects of BZA are strongly modulated by the activation of the non-genomic signaling pathway protein kinase C (PKC) – however the nature of the modulation depends on targets. Second, we have demonstrated that the cytokinic microenvironment – in particular tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) – induces, in combination with BZA, the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokinine that can promote tumor progression. This regulation involves the hydrocarbon receptor and the transcription factor NF-κB. In conclusion, our results indicate that the toxic effects of PAH should be assessed in fucntion of exposure conditions, in particular with a potential co-exposure to contaminants that activate PKC, or pathophysiological context, notably inflammatory conditions
Le, Gren Isabelle. "Les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans les huiles minérales : extraction, dosage et pouvoir mutagène." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10528.
Full textMarie-Rose, Stéphane Charlery. "Utilisation des zéolithes comme filtre catalytique des polluants organiques persistants." Poitiers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POIT2331.
Full textThis study deals with the catalytic oxidation of 1-methylnaphtalene (1. MN) a modele molecule of polycyclics aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) over USHY faujasite zeolite doped or not with platinium. The aim of this study was the use of the USHY zeolite as catalytic filter for the destruction of persistant organic pollutants (POPs) fromm incineration processes. In a first time we evaluated the potential of the USHY zeolite for the destruction of 1-MN alone into carbon dioxide and water, then in the presence of 1. 2-dichlorobenzene, a precursor of dioxin and finally in the presence of a complex mixture of HCI, NO, SO2 and NH3
Verdun, Francis. "Analyses des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques in situ et étude de l'ionisation en phase solide avec effets de résonance par microsonde laser lamma." Metz, 1985. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1985/Verdun.Francis.SMZ8507.pdf.
Full textCorgie, Stéphane. "Biodégradation des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques, sélection et dynamique des populations bactériennes dans la rhizosphère en fonction de la distance aux racines." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10011.
Full textThe biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) is mainly performed by microorganisms that can use these compounds as sole source of carbon and energy. Such capacity has been amply studied to use and optimise microbial activity for remediation of contaminated soils The use of plants has been suggested to increase and accelerate biodegradation rate by improving microbial activity. However, biodegradation mechanisms still remain poorly described as the interactions between plant, pollutant and rhizosphere microflora are often complex. A simplified compartmented device was developed to study rhizospheric processes, especially biodegradation of PAH, as a function of distance to roots, where root exudates and/or PAH were the only carbon sources for microbial growth. The development and use of biomolecular techniques (nucleic acid isolation, PCR, RT-PCR, TGGE, hybridization with a degradation gene specific probe) permitted to follow the structure of bacterial communitities. Gradients of phenanthrene biodegradation were observed as a function of distance to roots, in parallel to spatial and temporal variations in bacterial community structure. These bacterial communities, as well as PAH biodegradation rate, also depended on the aromaticity of PAH and were modified by the symbiosis between plant and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
Nguyen, Mai Lan. "Etude de réactions d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques adsorbés sur les suies avec les oxydants atmosphériques O3, NO2 et OH." Orléans, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ORLE2044.
Full textAbdelhay, Arwa. "Développement d'un bioréacteur biphasique pour la dégradation du phénanthrène par Mycobacterium 6PY1 sp." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0121.
Full textThe overall objective outlined in the work of this thesis is to evaluate the potential of a two-phase partitioning bioreactor TPPB supplemented with an aeration system equipped with static mixers, for the biodegradation of phenanthrene (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon model). Preliminary steps were devoted to the physiological adaptation of the Mycobacterium sp. 6PY1 in sole subtrate system and to the optimisation of the operating conditions. The fundamental results gained in these preliminary steps were applied to phenanthrene degradation in the TPPB combined with the aeration system involving static mixers. It was found that this system is efficient for complete phenanthrene degradation. Furthermore, integrating static mixers in the indicated system enhances both the biodegradation rate by 15% and the biomass production by 21%
Botta, Céline. "Génotoxicité de la lumière visible (400-800 nm) et son rôle dans la photoactivation intracellulaire des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX22951.
Full textPoulain, Mathieu. "Structure et dynamique du carbone organique dans les milieux aqueux : relations sédiment-eau." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2338.
Full textThe aim of this study was to characterize organic matter from water and sediment phases of two kind of ponds: natural ponds and water retention ponds. This characterization has been made at molecular level with the study of four biomarkers and at macromolecular level with the study of humic substances. Analytical methods in two or three steps (SPE, derivatization and GC/MS analysis) have been developed for biomarkers study. Biomarkers distributions have enabled to determine free molecules origins. Humic substances from water are more aromatic than those coming from sediment. All these humic substances are composed of polysaccharide, protein and aromatic structures. With the study of humic substances we can only distinguish each kind of pond whereas with the study of biomarkers we can differentiate each pond individually
Eom, Ig-Chum. "Ecotoxicité d'un sol de cokerie contaminé par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP)." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Eom.Ig_Chun.SMZ0608.pdf.
Full textA cokery soil polluted by PAHs was assessed for its toxicity and genotoxicity to soil and aquatic organisms. Total mean 16 PAH concentration was determined to 2634 241 mg/kg d. W. The heavy metals were in the range of the respective regional reference values. The effective concentration (EC) values based on concentration-response relationships were calculated. Toxicity of water extracts in chronic bioassays (algal growth and reproduction of C. Dubia) was high compared to acute toxicity (bacterial luminescence and daphnid viability). The Ames and Mutatox tests indicated mutagenicity of water extracts, while no response was found with the Umu test showing lower sensitivity. Germination of the tested plant species was not affected, contrary to plant growth. Fresh biomass was a more sensitive parameter than dry biomass. The results of terrestrial toxicity showed that toxic effect of contaminated soil was high, when survival and reproduction of collembola, reproduction of earthworm and survival of juvenile earthworm were measured. Different concentrations of the contaminated soil mixed with the artificial ISO or loamy natural soil were tested to determine influence of the control soil on toxicity. There was a significant trend that toxicity of contaminated soil was lower in the natural soil tested than in ISO, when reproduction of collembola and earthworm was studied. The transfer of PAHs from contaminated soil to biota (earthworm and plant) was inferior to 1, indicating no major problem in trophic chains. The earthworm bioaccumulation of high- molecular-weight PAHs with 5-6 aromatic rings was higher than the one of low-molecular-weight PAHs with 3-4 aromatic rings
Cottin, Nathalie. "Traitement par biofiltres d'organochlorés et d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques : application aux eaux de nappes et de ruissellements." Chambéry, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CHAMS026.
Full textTechnologies for decontamination of water have been developed. In this respect, biological processes are an attractive alternative to conventional physico-chemical treatments, expansive and power consuming. The biofilter based on the principle of concentrating the pollutants on a support so that they can be used as a source of carbon and energy by the microorganisms can be considered as a process particularly interesting. It this context, the treatment performance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (HAP) and chlorinated benzene contaminated water were studied in laboratory by natural biofiltration media (peat, compost, organic matter or pozzolana), in relation with constructed wetlands installed on an industrial site. The influence of bioaugmentation and the presence of plants (Phragmites australis) were also investigated, as well as the toxicity of effluent. Mass balance has been realized to assess the fate of pollutants in these systems with the knowledge of adsorption, volatilisation, lixiviation and degradation. This work provides a first assessment of the behaviour of pollutants in these systems. Several elements of optimization have been proposed to better understand this process for a use on industrial site
Gateuille, David. "Rémanence et transferts des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques dans le bassin amont de la Seine." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066730.
Full textThis thesis deals with the processes of transfer and the persistence of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the upstream part of the Seine River basin. A set of more than 830 samples (atmospheric fallout, soil, suspended solids [SS] and surface water) were collected during an entire hydrological year. Chemical analyses and measurements of radionuclide activities were combined to allow the use of sediment fingerprinting methods. The results showed the presence of significant stocks of PAHs in soils compared to the quantities involved in the current transfers of those compounds. This suggested the persistence of a legacy contamination due to the industrial history of the basin. Atmospheric fallout is responsible for the ubiquitous contamination of the environment, whereas high concentrations of PAHs are locally measured in areas exposed to a strong anthropogenic pressure. A sharp increase in concentrations was observed between soil and SS highlighting the impact of erosion processes in the transfer of PAHs. In this context, contamination of SS is higher in catchments where topsoil erosion dominates compared to river bank erosion. In addition, soil erosion processes result in the PAH enrichment of eroded particles compared to the soil they originate from. Finally, our results show that the PAH contamination acts in two timescales. On the one hand, current anthropogenic releases would be responsible for the bulk of contamination of the aquatic environment. On the other hand, soils are likely to act as secondary sources of PAHs to rivers for the next several decades
Useli, Bacchitta Francesca. "Photophysique des molécules polycycliques aromatiques hydrogénées d'intérêt interstellaire avec l'expérience PIRENEA." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/865/.
Full textOne of the interesting discoveries of infrared astronomy is the ubiquitous presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in interstellar and circumstellar environments. These macromolecules play a key role in the physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM). However, despite a lot of observational, laboratory and modelling studies, no definite identification of individual species has been possible yet. The identification process requires both an understanding of the nature of these large carbon molecules, which is driven by their formation and further evolution under the action of UV photodissociation and chemistry, and the search for specific spectroscopic fingerprints. These subjects are experimentally approached in this work,taking advantage of the PIRENEA set-up dedicated to astrochemistry. In the first part of this thesis a study of the photodissociation cascade of several medium-sized PAHs isolated in the ion trap of PIRENEA is performed. The aim of this study is to provide information on both destruction of PAHs by UV radiation and formation channels of small hydrocarbons and carbon clusters through destruction of a larger precursor. An inventory of the formed species is made and the main fragmentation patterns are identified. The second part of the thesis focuses on the visible spectroscopy of different PAH cations and dehydrogenated derivatives. Multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy is performed to measure the electronic spectra of these species. The experimental results are interpreted with the help of theoretical spectra calculated in the frame of the time-dependent density functional theory and laboratory data obtained in rare-gas matrices. The photophysics of the laser-irradiated ions is also modelled to derive, for some of the studied species, the absorption cross-sections of the measured electronic transitions. The purpose of this second study is to obtain gas-phase spectroscopic data on different ionised PAHs and derivatives, that can be useful for the pre-selection of the most promising candidates for some of the diffuse interstellar bands, a set of absorption bands observed in the ISM since almost a century but still unidentified
Devos, Olivier. "Analyse multivariable des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques par fluorescence synchrone en milieu micellaire." Chambéry, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CHAMS026.
Full textAuvray, Isabelle. "Biodégradabilité - stabilité des matières organiques des sédiments de rivières : caractérisation et dynamique des fractions extractibles et des nutriments et polluants associés." Nancy 1, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2007_0135_AUVRAY.pdf.
Full textRiver sediments of Moselle catchment area (Moselle, Madon and Fensch) have been studied to improve the knowledge about this compartment of major interest for environmental questions (drinking water, transfer of pollutants and nutriments. . . ). The studies were focused on organic matter which represents a major reactive pool. The characterization of 15 sediments by measurements of abiotic parameters (physical, chemical and physico-chemical) allows proposing a first typology related to human activities. Some sedimentation sites were defined, accumulating fine particles rich in organic matter and associated to anthropic modifications of the river bed (dam, channel, pollution). By studying the organic matter biodegradation, criteria of bioavailability could be defined on one hand, and evolution of extractable fraction of organic matter based on their physico-chemical properties (water soluble, lipidic, acid soluble, alkaline soluble) was assessed on the other hand in two selected sediments, polluted and unpolluted. Depending on the type of sediment and the conditions of incubation (aerobic vs. Anaerobic), models of evolution of the organic fractions are observed either qualitatively and quantitatively. Specific or not microbial communities were numbered from field and laboratory experiments in relation with the presence of two model substrates: cellulose and phenanthrene
Bernal-Martinez, Arodi. "Élimination des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques présents dans les boues d'épuration par couplage ozonation-digestion anaérobie." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20088.
Full textGeffard, Olivier. "Toxicité potentielle des sédiments marins et estuariens contaminés : évaluation chimique et biologique, biodisponibilité des contaminants sédimentaires." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12437.
Full textTarantini, Adeline. "Modulation de la génotoxicité des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) en mélanges." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00456384.
Full textBidaud, Christine Laurette. "Biodégradation des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques. Approche microbiologique et application au traitement d'un sol pollué." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841329.
Full textNikoyan, Anna. "Evaluation du risque génotoxique lié aux expositions professionnelles aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans une population de salariés du pourtour de l'étnag de Berre." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX22958.
Full textVarlet, Vincent. "Caractérisation des composés volatils responsables des qualités odorantes du saumon fumé (Salmo salar) et évaluation des contaminants du fumage (Hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques)." Nantes, 2007. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=7db0b9f7-e1e3-4824-a079-31228676d467.
Full textThe works described in this manuscript aim to characterise the volatile compounds responsible for the odorant qualities of smoked salmon and to evaluate the chemical smoking contaminants occurence. The organoleptic evaluation required a methodological development of simultaneous characterisation of the overall odour and odorant volatile compounds of smoked salmon. Therefore overall odour was assessed by sensory analysis and the characterisation of odorant volatile compounds required the optimisation of a representative and quantitative extraction method of the smoked salmon aroma and an analysis method by gas chromatography coupled to olfactometry and mass spectrometry. This double characterisation allowed to identify the main odorant volatile compounds and to study their influence on the overall odorant perception of smoked salmon. The sanitary evaluation required a methodological development for the determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, contaminants of smoking process, by means of gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The methods used were validated by their ability to discriminate smoked salmons processed by four industrial smoking techniques leading to products with differences for sensory qualities, aroma and PAH profiles
Bryselbout, Carine. "Mobilité et disponibilité des HAP dans des systèmes terre-boue de station d'épuration." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL039N.
Full textThe aim of this work is to understand how the valorisation of urban sewage sludges on soils can play on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PARs) mobility in soils. First, extractions and adsorption kinetics have been envolved in order to study P AHs affinities with organic matters of a sewage sludge and a soil. Second, PARs mobility has been studied during a 185 days long incubation experiment. Then, PARs disponibility for plants has been studied with greenhouse cultivated plants and wild plants grown on a sewage sludge storage plateform. These experiments shown that adsorption and extractibility of PARs is linked to the soil total organic carbon content. Addition of sewage sludge to the soil leeds to less immobilisation of PARs in soil, whereas this addition or mercury addition leeds to less PARs disponibility. The use of sewage sludges for culture fertilisation as it is ruled in France leeds to any direct effect on P AHs mobility and disponibility in soil
Risoul, Véronique. "Etude, à l'échelle du laboratoire, de l'influence de la pression sur la décontamination thermique de sols pollués par des molécules organiques : étude particuliere des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Mulhouse, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MULH0541.
Full textSoumagne-Schweyckart, Isabelle. "Etude de la luminescence du pyrène pour la formulation de revêtements sensibles à la pression." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2264.
Full textThe Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technique provides continuous pressure field measurements on the entire model surface tested in wind tunnel. Some molecules, when they are excited with a suitable light source, emit luminescence whose intensity is inversely related to the partial pressure of oxygen and to the air pressure. Previous studies lead to the formulation of paints suitable for measuring steady aerodynamic phenomena. This study is devoted to the application of the technique to unsteady measurements. Usually, PSP consists of luminescent molecules dispersed in a polymer. The response time is limited due to the oxygen diffusion into the binder. To achieve response times at millisecond level, the idea is to eliminate the binder polymer, so that the luminescent compound is in direct contact with the air. The coating we have developed consists of a pyrene derivative linked on silica. The grafted silica is mixed with an alumina in a water solution and the mixture is sprayed on the surface. The response time of this paint is less than 5ms, opening promising prospects for unsteady applications
Boismenu-Lavoie, Joël. "Synthèse de composés à caractère biradicalaire et extension du système conjugué de l'anthanthrone." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28318.
Full textEn raison de leur grande réactivité, il est ardu de synthétiser des composés à caractère biradicalaire, ce qui limite grandement leur utilisation dans plusieurs applications comme l’optique non linéaire et l’électronique organique. Les intéressantes propriétés de ces molécules proviennent de l’équilibre entre leur forme couche fermée, où les électrons de l’orbitale de valence sont appariés, et leur forme couche ouverte, où ces électrons sont situés dans des orbitales différentes. La principale méthode afin d’obtenir ce type de composés s’appuie sur la stabilisation par génération de sextets de Clar, c’est-à-dire par l’augmentation de l’aromaticité de leur système lors du passage en couche ouverte. Cette méthode, bien qu’efficace, donne des molécules très rigides, dont le caractère biradicalaire n’apparait qu’à une température donnée. Notre stratégie est d’utiliser l’encombrement stérique pour forcer notre composé à adopter une structure biradicalaire, plutôt que d’utiliser le gain d’énergie fourni par l’aromatisation d’une molécule. En brisant les liaisons π de liaisons doubles, on rend à ces liens un caractère de liaison simple permettant un plus grand degré de liberté. Ce faisant, la molécule peut adopter une conformation moins encombrée. L’objectif de ce projet est d’augmenter la conjugaison du système π du 4,10-dibromoanthanthrone afin de modifier ses propriétés optiques et électroniques dans le but de générer des composés à caractère biradicalaire. En plus de sa structure déjà très conjuguée, il s’agit d’une molécule très étendue permettant ainsi d’atteindre un encombrement stérique important. Cette approche rend possible l’obtention de molécules dont le caractère biradicalaire peut être atteint par deux méthodes différentes, soit par augmentation de la température en solution, soit par application de pression en phase solide.
Due to their inherent reactivity, biradical compounds synthesis is hard, limiting their uses in many applications such as non-linear optics and organic electronics. Their interesting properties arise from the equilibrium between their close-shell electronic structure, where valence orbital electrons are paired, and their open-shell state, where those electrons are located in two different orbitals. The main strategy used to obtain those compounds is based on Clar’s sextets generation, which increases the system’s aromaticity when adopting the close shell conformation. While effective, this method usually produces rigid molecules whose biradical character only appears at a given temperature. Our strategy is to force our compound to adopt a biradical structure by using steric hindrance as the driving force rather than the aromatic stabilization. By breaking the π component of a double bond, it gains a simple bond character, making it easier for the molecule to rearrange itself in a sterically less energetic conformation. The main goal of this project is to expand the 4,10-dibromoanthanthrone π-system conjugation in order to modify its optic and electronic properties, and generate biradical compounds. In addition to its fully conjugated structure, this molecule is very large, generating an important steric hindrance. This strategy is discussed in this manuscript and biradical character is observed on multiple compounds, revealed by temperature augmentation in solution and pressure application in solid phase.
Goriaux, Mathieu. "Etude des artefacts de prélèvement et de la distribution gaz-particules des HAP [Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques]." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX11053.pdf.
Full textAtmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been widely studied since several years because of their human health impact. Due to their physico-chemical properties, PAH in the atmosphere are present in particulate and gaseous phase. This gas-particle partitioning has a strong influence on PAH fate (degradation or deposition) and their health impact. So, for their study, a simultaneous samplig in the two atmospheric phases is necessary. In addition, the European Union (directive n°2004/107/CE) has recently decided that PAH should be monitored. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has been chosen as tracer to represent this class of molecule. For both gas-particle partitioning study and for BaP monitoring, samplings are commonly carried out using high volume sampler. Unfortunately, several studies show that this kind of sampler induced sampling artefacts which could disturb the determination of the atmospheric concentrations in the two phases. The aim of this work is to improve the sampling procedure of PAH by the validation of a denuder sampler previously calibrated under laboratory conditions. In this goal several field campaigns were carried out to compare particulate phase sampling and gas-particle partioning with both conventional and denuder samplers. For concentrations in the particulate phase the results showed significant differences between the two samplers which could be important (up to a factor 10), especially for the most reactive PAH such as BaP. This could be the result of degradations occurring on the filter of the conventional sampler during sampling whereas the filter of the denuder sampler is protected from the oxidants by the denuder tube. The importance of the degradation artefact seems more linked to “the aged of particle” than to the concentrations of oxidant. On the other hand, no relevant differences were observed for the partition study of this kind of semi-volatil coumpounds between the two devices. Finally we conceived and realised an experimental device in order to study the reactivity of PAH occuring in the denuder tube during sampling. The study have been realised for naphthalene with ozone as oxidant
Crespo, Alexia. "Présence et sources des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans le Bassin d'Arcachon." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13981/document.
Full textAbstract
Lawicki, Arkadiusz. "Interaction de molécules et d'agrégats d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques avec des ions multichargés lents." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2029.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis concerns the study of the interaction of low energy multiply charged ions (few tens of keV) with molecules of astrophysical relevance, either in molecular or in cluster form. It is the main aim to study the fundamental processes which occur when molecules and clusters of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are colliding with multi-charged ions (MCIs). During this interaction the potential energy transported by the ions provokes a charge transfer between the target and the projectile. Consequently, after the collision the molecules or the clusters are singly or multiply charged. We are interested in the stability of these size-finite systems in relation with the excess charge and the internal energy of the system. The different fragmentation channels which have been studied for molecules and clusters depend on their sizes, their structures, their charge states and their internal energies. The studies presented in this thesis, which are the first this kind, give new insight in the stability of the simply and multiply charged cationic clusters of PAH molecules
Crône, Magalie. "Diagnostic de sols pollués par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) à l'aide de la spectrophotométrie UV." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/83/77/62/PDF/2000_Crone_Magalie.pdf.
Full textPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were produced by many pyrolitic or combustion processes. They were found in soils, often in high concentrations. Remediation of industrial sites contaminated by P AHs requires an initial diagnosis of the pollution. In this perspective, an analytical procedure based on UV spectrophotometry was developed and validated with about 80 soil samples. Different exploitation methods of the samples UV spectra enable to develop simple and rapid characterization tools. A PAH UV index is proposed for the estimation of global PAH concentration. A more accurate exploitation of the spectra gives an indication on the presence or the absence of some individual PAH like benzo[ a ]pyrene. A maturity index based on a two wavelength approach constitutes an indicator of the potential evolution of soil contamination in natural conditions. Laboratory methodology was adapted to field analysis and a test kit was designed for this purpose. The test duration is 20 minutes
Fouillet, Bruno. "Contribution à l'étude de l'influence de l'ozonation sur le pouvoir mutagène de 3 classes de polluants prioritaires : les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, les amines aromatiques, les nitrosamines." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1T180.
Full textBonnard, Marc. "Relations "biodisponibilité-génotoxicité-écotoxicité" des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans les sols de friches industrielles." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ007S/document.
Full textThe aim of this work research was to show in formerly-contaminated coking plant soils a relationship between the bioavailability of soil pollutants (PAH and/or heavy metals), their genotoxicity and their populational effects in the Eisenia fetida earthworm. This study showed that despite a similar contamination studied soils exhibited a great difference in ecotoxicity to earthworms and other terrestrial organisms (plants, springtails). Differences in ecotoxicity of soils would be attributable to bioavailability of soil pollutants which is different between soils. This study also showed that thermal desorption applied on one of the contaminated soils increased bioavailability of heavy metals. Thermal desorption would modify 1) the nature and composition of soil organic matter, 2) the speciation of heavy metals, 3) links between soil organic matter and heavy metals, rendering them more bioavailable and genotoxic to earthworms. The biological-ecotoxicological approach, which takes into consideration the bioavailability of soil pollutants, reveals to be necessary in addition of the physico-chemical approach in the evaluation of 1) risks and 2) remediation efficiency of contaminated soils. This study also showed that the measure of DNA damage in coelomocytes of earthworms is a relevant biomarker in the evaluation of genotoxicity of soil pollutants. This biomarker of genotoxicity can be used as indicator of bioavailability of soil pollutants. It revealed more sensitive than survival and as sensitive as reproduction, which are classical endpoints measured in earthworms. This biomarker of genotoxicity could be used as early indicator of physiological disturbances, even if the mechanistic link between DNA damage and effects on reproduction require further studies