Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Composés bioactifs'
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Lapointe, Verreault Camille. "Développement du motif sulfahydantoïne comme source de composés bioactifs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30436/30436.pdf.
Full textLacombe, Marielle. "Méthodes électrochimiques pour l'analyse in situ de composés bioactifs en milieu océanique." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/119/.
Full textThe implementation of in situ autonomous observatories for biogeochemical studies in the open ocean water column and in deep-sea chemosynthetic environments is crucial for the understanding of these ecosystems. We focussed this study on silicate and sulphide, two key compounds of the marine food chain. A voltammetric method for sulphide measurements on silver electrode is presented, and a new method for quantitative determination based on the solubility difference between silver chloride and silver sulphide is proposed. A completely reagentless method for silicate measurements is developed using molybdate and protons produced during molybdenum oxidation. These analytical developments allowed us to validate a submersible potentiostat, first step toward a new sensor for in situ measurements. A Drake Passage water masses analysis is also performed using data collected during the Drake ANTIII/3 oceanographic cruise in 2006
Turcotte, Caroline, and Caroline Turcotte. "Régulation de l'inflammation par les lipides bioactifs : interactions biosynthétiques et fonctionnelles entre les endocannabinoïdes et les éicosanoïdes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37592.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2019-2020
Les maladies inflammatoires chroniques sont un fardeau de santé important à travers le monde. Les traitements actuellement disponibles soulagent la douleur et l’inflammation, mais leurs effets secondaires rendent leur utilisation à long terme risquée. À la lumière de cette problématique, la communauté scientifique s’intéresse au potentiel d’anti-inflammatoires naturels comme les endocannabinoïdes. Les endocannabinoïdes sont des lipides endogènes qui activent les récepteurs cannabinoïdes (CB1 et CB2). Ils régulent ainsi divers processus physiologiques tels l’appétit, l’adipogénèse et la nociception. Les deux endocannabinoïdes les mieux caractérisés, le 2-AG et l’AEA, peuvent également moduler l’inflammation en activant le récepteur CB2 à la surface des cellules immunitaires. Les souris déficientes pour le récepteur CB2 présentent un phénotype inflammatoire exacerbé, suggérant que ce récepteur est anti-inflammatoire. Cependant, le rôle des endocannabinoïdes dans l’inflammation est beaucoup plus complexe puisqu’ils peuvent être métabolisés en une grande variété de médiateurs lipidiques de l’inflammation. Leur voie de dégradation principale est leur hydrolyse en acide arachidonique (AA), qui sert de précurseur à la biosynthèse d’éicosanoïdes pro-inflammatoires comme le leucotriène B4 et la prostaglandine E2. Ils peuvent également être métabolisés directement par certaines enzymes impliquées dans la synthèse d’éicosanoïdes, pour générer des médiateurs comme les prostaglandines-glycérol (PG-G). Par conséquent, les endocannabinoïdes peuvent générer un profil unique d’effets pro- et anti-inflammatoires. Des stratégies thérapeutiques visant à bloquer l’hydrolyse des endocannabinoïdes pour amplifier leurs effets anti-inflammatoires ont été étudiées, mais une très grande proportion de cette recherche a été effectuée sur des animaux. Les façons dont les endocannabinoïdes sont synthétisés et dégradés par les leucocytes humains, ainsi les effets de leurs métabolites sur les fonctions de ces cellules, sont mal définis. Bien que les résultats obtenus dans des modèles animaux soient prometteurs, ces mécanismes doivent être mieux caractérisés chez l’humain avant qu’il ne soit envisageable de les manipuler afin de traiter les maladies inflammatoires. Le premier objectif de mon doctorat était de caractériser les voies de dégradation et de biosynthèse des endocannabinoïdes chez les leucocytes humains. Nous avons documenté l’expression de toutes les lipases hydrolysant le 2-AG, chez plusieurs types leucocytaires. Ces résultats ont souligné que chaque leucocyte exprime plusieurs 2-AG hydrolases et que les inhibiteurs sélectifs actuellement disponibles n’inhibent que partiellement l’hydrolyse du 2-AG chez ces cellules. Ces données ont également démontré que les leucocytes humains hydrolysent très efficacement le 2-AG, une découverte qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence une nouvelle voie de biosynthèse du 2-AG par les leucocytes. En présence d’inhibiteurs d’hydrolyse, les neutrophiles, éosinophiles et monocytes stimulés avec de l’AA ont produit des quantités de 2-AG environ 1000 fois supérieures aux niveaux rapportés dans la littérature. Ils ont également transformé d’autres acides gras polyinsaturés en leurs endocannabinoïdes-glycérol respectifs. Nous avons démontré que cette voie de biosynthèse est dépendante de la réacylation des acides gras dans les phospholipides membranaires, et que leur métabolisme subséquent en endocannabinoïdes implique possiblement l’acide lysophosphatidique comme intermédiaire. Cette étude est la première à rapporter une biosynthèse significative d’endocannabinoïdes par les leucocytes humains, et à démontrer que cette biosynthèse est indépendante de la voie classique de biosynthèse du 2-AG. Nous avions également pour objectif de caractériser l’impact du 2-AG et des PG-G sur les fonctions des leucocytes humains. Nous avons démontré qu’en présence d’IL-5, une cytokine impliquée dans l’inflammation éosinophilique présente dans l’asthme, le 2-AG induit une migration importante des éosinophiles. Cet effet du 2-AG requiert à la fois l’activation du récepteur CB2 et l’hydrolyse du 2-AG en AA pour produire des métabolites de la 15-lipoxygénase. Ceci souligne que l’hydrolyse du 2-AG permet la production de médiateurs causant des effets pro-inflammatoires et qu’il serait souhaitable de bloquer cette hydrolyse in vivo. Finalement, nous avons étudié l’effet de la PGE2-G sur les fonctions des neutrophiles et démontré qu’elle inhibe plusieurs fonctions effectrices de ces cellules. Cet effet inhibiteur nécessite l’hydrolyse de la PGE2-G en PGE2 par les neutrophiles, et l’activation du récepteur EP2 à leur surface. Nos travaux permettront de mieux comprendre la façon dont l’hydrolyse des endocannabinoïdes devrait être bloquée chez les humains, ainsi que tous les effets biologiques qui en découleront. Le but ultime est de développer de nouveaux traitements contre les maladies inflammatoires chroniques, qui maximiseront les effets analgésiques et anti-inflammatoires des endocannabinoïdes tout en limitant leurs effets néfastes.
Les maladies inflammatoires chroniques sont un fardeau de santé important à travers le monde. Les traitements actuellement disponibles soulagent la douleur et l’inflammation, mais leurs effets secondaires rendent leur utilisation à long terme risquée. À la lumière de cette problématique, la communauté scientifique s’intéresse au potentiel d’anti-inflammatoires naturels comme les endocannabinoïdes. Les endocannabinoïdes sont des lipides endogènes qui activent les récepteurs cannabinoïdes (CB1 et CB2). Ils régulent ainsi divers processus physiologiques tels l’appétit, l’adipogénèse et la nociception. Les deux endocannabinoïdes les mieux caractérisés, le 2-AG et l’AEA, peuvent également moduler l’inflammation en activant le récepteur CB2 à la surface des cellules immunitaires. Les souris déficientes pour le récepteur CB2 présentent un phénotype inflammatoire exacerbé, suggérant que ce récepteur est anti-inflammatoire. Cependant, le rôle des endocannabinoïdes dans l’inflammation est beaucoup plus complexe puisqu’ils peuvent être métabolisés en une grande variété de médiateurs lipidiques de l’inflammation. Leur voie de dégradation principale est leur hydrolyse en acide arachidonique (AA), qui sert de précurseur à la biosynthèse d’éicosanoïdes pro-inflammatoires comme le leucotriène B4 et la prostaglandine E2. Ils peuvent également être métabolisés directement par certaines enzymes impliquées dans la synthèse d’éicosanoïdes, pour générer des médiateurs comme les prostaglandines-glycérol (PG-G). Par conséquent, les endocannabinoïdes peuvent générer un profil unique d’effets pro- et anti-inflammatoires. Des stratégies thérapeutiques visant à bloquer l’hydrolyse des endocannabinoïdes pour amplifier leurs effets anti-inflammatoires ont été étudiées, mais une très grande proportion de cette recherche a été effectuée sur des animaux. Les façons dont les endocannabinoïdes sont synthétisés et dégradés par les leucocytes humains, ainsi les effets de leurs métabolites sur les fonctions de ces cellules, sont mal définis. Bien que les résultats obtenus dans des modèles animaux soient prometteurs, ces mécanismes doivent être mieux caractérisés chez l’humain avant qu’il ne soit envisageable de les manipuler afin de traiter les maladies inflammatoires. Le premier objectif de mon doctorat était de caractériser les voies de dégradation et de biosynthèse des endocannabinoïdes chez les leucocytes humains. Nous avons documenté l’expression de toutes les lipases hydrolysant le 2-AG, chez plusieurs types leucocytaires. Ces résultats ont souligné que chaque leucocyte exprime plusieurs 2-AG hydrolases et que les inhibiteurs sélectifs actuellement disponibles n’inhibent que partiellement l’hydrolyse du 2-AG chez ces cellules. Ces données ont également démontré que les leucocytes humains hydrolysent très efficacement le 2-AG, une découverte qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence une nouvelle voie de biosynthèse du 2-AG par les leucocytes. En présence d’inhibiteurs d’hydrolyse, les neutrophiles, éosinophiles et monocytes stimulés avec de l’AA ont produit des quantités de 2-AG environ 1000 fois supérieures aux niveaux rapportés dans la littérature. Ils ont également transformé d’autres acides gras polyinsaturés en leurs endocannabinoïdes-glycérol respectifs. Nous avons démontré que cette voie de biosynthèse est dépendante de la réacylation des acides gras dans les phospholipides membranaires, et que leur métabolisme subséquent en endocannabinoïdes implique possiblement l’acide lysophosphatidique comme intermédiaire. Cette étude est la première à rapporter une biosynthèse significative d’endocannabinoïdes par les leucocytes humains, et à démontrer que cette biosynthèse est indépendante de la voie classique de biosynthèse du 2-AG. Nous avions également pour objectif de caractériser l’impact du 2-AG et des PG-G sur les fonctions des leucocytes humains. Nous avons démontré qu’en présence d’IL-5, une cytokine impliquée dans l’inflammation éosinophilique présente dans l’asthme, le 2-AG induit une migration importante des éosinophiles. Cet effet du 2-AG requiert à la fois l’activation du récepteur CB2 et l’hydrolyse du 2-AG en AA pour produire des métabolites de la 15-lipoxygénase. Ceci souligne que l’hydrolyse du 2-AG permet la production de médiateurs causant des effets pro-inflammatoires et qu’il serait souhaitable de bloquer cette hydrolyse in vivo. Finalement, nous avons étudié l’effet de la PGE2-G sur les fonctions des neutrophiles et démontré qu’elle inhibe plusieurs fonctions effectrices de ces cellules. Cet effet inhibiteur nécessite l’hydrolyse de la PGE2-G en PGE2 par les neutrophiles, et l’activation du récepteur EP2 à leur surface. Nos travaux permettront de mieux comprendre la façon dont l’hydrolyse des endocannabinoïdes devrait être bloquée chez les humains, ainsi que tous les effets biologiques qui en découleront. Le but ultime est de développer de nouveaux traitements contre les maladies inflammatoires chroniques, qui maximiseront les effets analgésiques et anti-inflammatoires des endocannabinoïdes tout en limitant leurs effets néfastes.
Chronic inflammatory diseases are an important health burden worldwide. The currently available treatments alleviate pain and inflammation, but their numerous adverse effects make their long term use difficult. Therefore, the scientific community is studying the anti-inflammatory potential of mediators such as endocannabinoids. Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids that activate the cannabinoid receptors, namely CB1 and CB2. In doing so, they regulate various physiological functions and cognitive processes functions such as appetite, adipogenesis and nociception. The two best-characterized endocannabinoids, 2-AG and AEA, also exert effects on immune cell functions, leading to the modulation of immunity and inflammation. They do so by activating the CB2 receptor, which is expressed in the periphery, notably on immune cells. Notably, it was shown that mice lacking the CB2 receptor display an exacerbated inflammatory phenotype, suggesting that CB2 activation by endocannabinoids is anti-inflammatory. However, the biological effects of endocannabinoids are far more complex, given that they can be metabolized into a wide variety of bioactive lipids. The main degradation pathway for 2-AG and AEA is their hydrolysis into arachidonic acid (AA), a fatty acid that acts a precursor for the biosynthesis of several pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2. They can also be directly metabolized by eicosanoid-biosynthetic enzymes, which generates mediators such as glyceryl-prostaglandins (PG-Gs). Therefore, endocannabinoids can generate an intriguing profile of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, depending on the balance between their catabolic pathways and receptor activation. Therapeutic strategies aiming at blocking endocannabinoid hydrolysis to amplify their anti-inflammatory effects have been extensively studied. However, most of these studies were conducted in animals. Endocannabinoid metabolism by human leukocytes, as well as the effects of their metabolites on human leukocytes functions, are poorly defined. Although the data obtained from animal models is promising, these mechanisms must be characterized in humans before they can be manipulated to treat inflammatory diseases. Our first aim was to characterize endocannabinoid biosynthetic and hydrolytic pathways in human leukocytes. We documented the expression of several 2-AG hydrolases in human neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages. The data we obtained underscored that each cell type expresses several 2-AG hydrolases, and that the selective inhibitors that are currently available only partially block 2-AG degradation by leukocytes. Our results also show that human leukocytes are experts at hydrolyzing 2-AG, a finding that allowed us to establish a novel 2-AG biosynthetic pathway in human leukocytes. In the presence of 2-AG hydrolysis inhibitors, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes stimulated with AA produced 2-AG in amounts ~ 1000 times greater than those previously reported. They also converted other polyunsaturated fatty acids into their glycerol-containing endocannabinoid counterparts. We showed that this endocannabinoid biosynthetic pathway depends on fatty acid reacylation into membrane phospholipids, and that their subsequent metabolism into endocannabinoid likely requires the production of a lysophosphatidic acid intermediate. This study is the first one to report a significant endocannabinoid synthesis by human leukocytes, and to show that this biosynthesis is independent from the classical 2-AG biosynthetic pathway. We also aimed to characterize the impact of 2-AG and PG-Gs on human leukocyte functions. We showed that in the presence of IL-5, a cytokine involved in the eosinophilic inflammation found in asthma, 2-AG induces eosinophil migration. This requires the activation of the CB2 receptor, as well as 2-AG hydrolysis into AA to produce 15-lipoxygenase metabolites. This underscores that 2-AG hydrolysis by eosinophils allows for the synthesis of mediators that have pro-inflammatory effects, and that blocking this hydrolysis in vivo may be beneficial. We also studied the biological effects of PGE2-G and found that it inhibits several effector functions of human neutrophils. This inhibitory effect requires PGE2-G hydrolysis into PGE2 by neutrophils, and the activation of the EP2 receptor on their surface. Our work will allow a better understanding of how endocannabinoid hydrolysis should be blocked in humans, and of the biological effects that will result from this inhibition. The goal is to develop new treatments against chronic inflammatory diseases, which will enhance the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of endocannabinoids while limiting their deleterious effects.
Chronic inflammatory diseases are an important health burden worldwide. The currently available treatments alleviate pain and inflammation, but their numerous adverse effects make their long term use difficult. Therefore, the scientific community is studying the anti-inflammatory potential of mediators such as endocannabinoids. Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids that activate the cannabinoid receptors, namely CB1 and CB2. In doing so, they regulate various physiological functions and cognitive processes functions such as appetite, adipogenesis and nociception. The two best-characterized endocannabinoids, 2-AG and AEA, also exert effects on immune cell functions, leading to the modulation of immunity and inflammation. They do so by activating the CB2 receptor, which is expressed in the periphery, notably on immune cells. Notably, it was shown that mice lacking the CB2 receptor display an exacerbated inflammatory phenotype, suggesting that CB2 activation by endocannabinoids is anti-inflammatory. However, the biological effects of endocannabinoids are far more complex, given that they can be metabolized into a wide variety of bioactive lipids. The main degradation pathway for 2-AG and AEA is their hydrolysis into arachidonic acid (AA), a fatty acid that acts a precursor for the biosynthesis of several pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2. They can also be directly metabolized by eicosanoid-biosynthetic enzymes, which generates mediators such as glyceryl-prostaglandins (PG-Gs). Therefore, endocannabinoids can generate an intriguing profile of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, depending on the balance between their catabolic pathways and receptor activation. Therapeutic strategies aiming at blocking endocannabinoid hydrolysis to amplify their anti-inflammatory effects have been extensively studied. However, most of these studies were conducted in animals. Endocannabinoid metabolism by human leukocytes, as well as the effects of their metabolites on human leukocytes functions, are poorly defined. Although the data obtained from animal models is promising, these mechanisms must be characterized in humans before they can be manipulated to treat inflammatory diseases. Our first aim was to characterize endocannabinoid biosynthetic and hydrolytic pathways in human leukocytes. We documented the expression of several 2-AG hydrolases in human neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages. The data we obtained underscored that each cell type expresses several 2-AG hydrolases, and that the selective inhibitors that are currently available only partially block 2-AG degradation by leukocytes. Our results also show that human leukocytes are experts at hydrolyzing 2-AG, a finding that allowed us to establish a novel 2-AG biosynthetic pathway in human leukocytes. In the presence of 2-AG hydrolysis inhibitors, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes stimulated with AA produced 2-AG in amounts ~ 1000 times greater than those previously reported. They also converted other polyunsaturated fatty acids into their glycerol-containing endocannabinoid counterparts. We showed that this endocannabinoid biosynthetic pathway depends on fatty acid reacylation into membrane phospholipids, and that their subsequent metabolism into endocannabinoid likely requires the production of a lysophosphatidic acid intermediate. This study is the first one to report a significant endocannabinoid synthesis by human leukocytes, and to show that this biosynthesis is independent from the classical 2-AG biosynthetic pathway. We also aimed to characterize the impact of 2-AG and PG-Gs on human leukocyte functions. We showed that in the presence of IL-5, a cytokine involved in the eosinophilic inflammation found in asthma, 2-AG induces eosinophil migration. This requires the activation of the CB2 receptor, as well as 2-AG hydrolysis into AA to produce 15-lipoxygenase metabolites. This underscores that 2-AG hydrolysis by eosinophils allows for the synthesis of mediators that have pro-inflammatory effects, and that blocking this hydrolysis in vivo may be beneficial. We also studied the biological effects of PGE2-G and found that it inhibits several effector functions of human neutrophils. This inhibitory effect requires PGE2-G hydrolysis into PGE2 by neutrophils, and the activation of the EP2 receptor on their surface. Our work will allow a better understanding of how endocannabinoid hydrolysis should be blocked in humans, and of the biological effects that will result from this inhibition. The goal is to develop new treatments against chronic inflammatory diseases, which will enhance the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of endocannabinoids while limiting their deleterious effects.
Reid, Alexandra. "Protection de composés bioactifs hydrosolubles et liposolubles par encapsulation dans une émulsion multiple." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27011/27011.pdf.
Full textLemée, Frédéric. "Composés polyioniques contraints bioactifs libres et supportés : accès à de nouveaux matériaux antibactériens." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0047/document.
Full textDevelopment of new materials with antibacterial properties is a major concern in medical and environmental world. It’s for that reason that, Merrifield and Wang commercial polymers were modified by grafting polycationic calixarenic sub-units inspired by laboratory work and designed to interact with negatively charged bacterial surface. Those calixarenes were modified on the lower part, in a controlled manner, by the incorporation of a functional spacer group leading to a targeted grafting of the polymer. We have, at first, evaluated several kinds of functionalities introduced on the calixarene, giving us the opportunity to graft them on the polymeric support. Like this, a reductive amination was chosen to anchor the Wang-benzaldehyde resin, whereas a pyridinium anchoring point was pointed out as a very good candidate for the grafting of calixarenes. The validation of this pyridinium anchoring point was checked by incorporation of a fluorescent probe (pyrene) and characterized by solid state fluorescence, by infrared spectroscopy, those two lasts analysis were applied for all the other grafted polymers grafted after that. Through a capture-release study in aqueous media of two carboxylic antibiotics (quinolone and ß–lactame kind), the pyridinium polymer model, without calixarène, showed his interest faced to Cholestyramine (Questran®) or Amberlite IRA-400, as an anion exchange resin and leading to depoluting/decontamination applications. Before antibacterial studies of thoses new materials, we wanted to find a way to quantify the material capacity to catch/hold bacteria. Capillary electrophoresis, rapid and sensitive analytical method, appeared as a perfect solution. Using E. coli model, synthesized polycationic resins were evaluated as sequestering agent in aqueous media. Results obtained prove the efficiency of some of them; capture was finally confirmed by confocal fluorescent microscopy. The number of bacteria fixed by material surface could be visually evaluated
Balde, Mamadou. "Etude physico-chimique et valorisation de composés bioactifs de Parinari macrophylla Sabine (Chrysobalanaceae)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF013/document.
Full textType 2 diabetes is often associated with oxidative stress that can lead to several metabolic complications. In Senegal, in addition to drug treatment, medicinal plants are still widely used in the treatment of this pathology. The aim of this work was to contribute to the enhancement of Senegalese biodiversity and more particularly to improve the phytochemical properties of Parinari macrophylla Sabine, traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes. For this, the total antiradical activity and at the molecular level of leaves and bark has been determined by the TEAC, ORAC and HPLC - ABTS-+ online methods. In addition, a phytochemical screening (precipitation reactions, CCM) was carried out and revealed several chemical groups of compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, anthracenes, saponosides, cardiotonic heterosides and alkaloids. For the identification of active compounds, NMR and the molecular network approach (UHPLC-MS), identified chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, procyanidin B2 and other procyanidins. The in vitro study carried out on a RINm5F cellular model showed a low anti-radical activity of plant extracts against HX-XO-induced stress. However, the compounds identified in this study are known for their antioxidant and inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes responsible for glucose metabolism. This could justify the use of this plant in the treatment of type 2 diabetes by Senegalese traditional therapists
Mousavi, Mahta. "Isolement de métabolites secondaires & caractérisation de composés bioactifs issus de matrices végétales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0269.
Full textThis study is divided into two parts, the first one is devoted to the implementation of a methodology to isolate secondary metabolites. The second describes the phytochemical properties of powders of vegetal material according to their particle size. In the first part, which is dedicated to the isolation of secondary metabolites by semi-preparative HPLC, setting up the isolation process for hederacoside C and α-hederin was performed using extracts of aerial parts of ivy (Hedera helix L.). The generalization of this isolation process applied to the extracts of aerial parts of st. john's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) lead to successful isolation the hyperoside, which is one of the characteristic flavonoids of st. john's wort. The purpose of this second part is to validate the process of grinding and sieving plant material: CDS « Comminution and to control Diffraction Sieving » under industrial scale to product different granulometric classes of powders. For this purpose, the results of phytochemical analyses of granulometric classes of nine plants from the Lorraine Region obtained by CDS using an industrial pilot are compared with those obtained under laboratory scale. Selected plants are fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), white willow (Salix alba L.), st. john's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), nettle (Urtica dioica L.), goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea L.), pilosella (Hieracium Pilosella Vaill.), dog rose (Rosa canina L.), devil's claw (Harpagophytum DC.) and ivy (Hedera helix L.). The evaluation of the antioxidant activity, as well as the analyses carried out by LC-MS, indicate that the production of powders under laboratory scale is generalizable to industrial scale. In addition, for the first time, the application of the CDS process under laboratory scale for four fruits: cherry (Prunus avium L.), peach (Prunus persica L.), damson (Prunus domestica subsp. Insititia L.) and mirabelle (Prunus domestica. subsp. Syriaca) from Lorraine Region shows that CDS is a new dry extraction method to enhance bioactive compound concentrations in particular granulometric classes
Sautrey, Guillaume. "Composés macrocycliques bioactifs : synthèse et étude de leurs interactions avec des membranes biologiques modèles." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10101/document.
Full textThis work begins with utilization of the calix[4]arene macrocycle as organizing platform of anti-infectious molecules shaped as prodrug. The concept has been explored using antibacterial (nalidixic acid) and antiviral (aciclovir, ganciclovir) molecules, chosen as models. The calixarene - anti-infectious conjugates synthesized have amphiphilic structure and are insoluble in aqueous media. Their interfacial behavior was studied via the air-water interface, considered as mimic of biological hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces, using Langmuir monolayers technique. Our results indicate that calixarene-based prodrugs spread at the air-water interface are able to release anti-infectious molecules into the subphase. The original methodology employed for interfacial reactivity studies could be applied to further calixarene-based prodrugs. A second project concerns the trifluoroacetate salt of tetra-p-(guanidinoethyl)-calix[4]arene (CX1). CX1 is antibacterial, active against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with low eukaryotic cell toxicity. The aim of our work was to get more insight in the mechanism of action of CX1, involving bacterial wall disruption, by a physico-chemical approach. The Langmuir monolayers technique was employed in order to study interactions between CX1 and phospholipid monolayers spread at the air-water interface, used as models of bacterial membranes. Our results led us to propose a particular reorganization mode of bacterial membranes upon interactions with CX1. This proposal gives more understanding in the mechanism of biological activity of CX1, and could be helpful in developing new antibacterial calixarene derivatives
Monge, Aurélien. "Création et utilisation de chimiothèques optimisées pour la recherche in silico de nouveaux composés bioactifs." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122995.
Full textIdéalement la préparation des composés destinés au criblage devrait se faire grâce à un logiciel dédié à cette problématique. Il n'existe cependant aucun logiciel qui soit complètement adapté. Nous avons donc entrepris le développement d'un logiciel de ce type : ScreeningAssistant.
Ce logiciel s'appuie sur un système de gestion de bases de données et permet de créer et de maintenir à jour des chimiothèques de plusieurs millions de molécules uniques provenant de fournisseurs différents. Il permet également de filtrer les structures, en éliminant les molécules potentiellement problématiques ou avec des probabilités d'activités faibles, et de sélectionner un ensemble de composés divers.
Ce logiciel a été utilisé pour l'analyse d'une base de 5 millions de références provenant de 38 fournisseurs de produits chimiques. La proportion de composés uniques, originaux, « drug-like », « lead-like », et divers ont été comparés. La diversité a été étudiée en utilisant des notions différentes, et un score de diversité globale, prenant en compte la diversité suivant les différents critères, a été proposé.
Différentes applications de sélection de composés pour le criblage sont présentées. Ces applications utilisent le programme ScreeningAssistant et d'autres algorithmes développés pour résoudre certains problèmes particuliers.
Ho, Cuong. "Études des anti-oxydants-antimicrobiens provenant de fruits et légumes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27670.
Full textCette étude suggère également que l'activité anti-oxydante d'une substance, déterminée par un ou plusieurs essais, ne donne pas une image complète de son efficacité contre les diverses espèces de radicaux oxygénés; et elle montre que la détermination du spectre de l'activité anti-radicalaire serait nécessaire. L'activité antimicrobienne des extraits de plantes sélectionnés a été évaluée en détail par turbidimétrie en milieu liquide et par diffusion en milieu solide (gel). L'activité antimicrobienne a été exprimée dans la première méthode par l'inhibition de la croissance (GI), par la concentration minimale inhibitrice (MIC) et par une nouvelle expression, dénommée index antimicrobien (AMI). Dans la seconde méthode, l'activité a été exprimée en zone d'inhibition. L'AMI prend en compte les trois phases de croissance des bactéries. Bien que les méthodes turbidimétriques soient fiables dans l'évaluation de l'activité antimicrobienne des substances, la nouvelle expression (AMI) semble être plus significative car, elle comprend l'information sur l'interaction entre la substance et le micro-organisme et sa vitesse de croissance en présence de cette substance. De plus, l'AMI démarque l'activité des échantillons, même ceux qui sont très actifs. Le spectre d'activité antimicrobienne des extraits de plantes sélectionnés a été également étudié. Seulement quelques extraits ont montré un spectre d'activité antimicrobienne assez large. En effet, seul l'extrait de feuille de bétel a un large spectre d'activité contre les bactéries, les levures et les champignons, suivis des extraits de grenade et de fruits d'argousier qui semblent être efficaces contre les bactéries et les levures. L'extrait de cassis est effectivement une substance antibactérienne. Finalement, différentes stratégies pour améliorer l'activité antimicrobienne d'extraits anti-oxydants-antimicrobiens sélectionnés ont été explorées. Trois approches, incluant l'extraction par solvants sélectifs, le mélange binaire des extraits et l'addition de composés végétaux, ont été étudiées. L'activité anti-oxydante-antimicrobienne et le profil phytochimique ont été analysés. Le résultat montre que l'eau chaude peut être utilisée comme solvant pour l'extraction d'agents anti-oxydants-antimicrobiens d'origine végétale, bien qu'un solvant polaire extrait en préférence les substances phénoliques et modestement les substances non polaires comme les terpénoïdes. Toutefois, compte tenu du rendement et de l'activité des extraits, l'eau semble être appropriée, et elle peut être considérée comme un solvant efficace pour les fruits qui sont riches en substances phénoliques. Néanmoins, d'autres solvants sélectifs doivent être considérés pour l'extraction des substances actives non-polaires issues de matière première végétale comme les feuilles. Certaines augmentations de l'activité antimicrobienne sont possibles par le mélange de deux extraits de plantes ou par l'addition de composés végétaux. On a aussi observé que la composition des mélanges peut être importante, car les interactions synergiques ou antagonistes se retrouvent dans certaines proportions. Le mélange des extraits de grenade et cassis d'une part et le mélange des extraits de thé vert et pomme de cajou d'autre part ont montré une amélioration d'activité. L'ajout de glyoxal de méthyle et mono-caprine a également produit une augmentation de l'activité des extraits de plantes. L'addition de glyoxal de méthyle à 25 % (p/p) a amélioré l'activité des extraits de grenade et de cassis. Dans l'ensemble, ce travail a exploré le potentiel des extraits des sous-produits de fruits et de légumes comme agent anti-oxydant-antimicrobien. Les extraits de plantes montrant des potentiels anti-oxydants et antimicrobiens regroupent: olive, canneberge, noni, feuille de bétel, cassis, grenade, citronnelle, épinard, raisin vert (vin), cassis (résidu), aubergine, ramboutan, prune indienne, feuille de canneberge, feuille de romarin, feuille de vigne (sauvage), thé vert, mangoustan et feuille de framboise. Cependant, de cette liste, seuls quelques extraits (feuille de bétel, grenade, résidus de cassis) présentent un large spectre d'activité anti-oxydante et antimicrobienne. En outre, cette étude a introduit de nouvelles expressions pour l'activité anti-oxydante (ARP) et antimicrobienne (AMI) des mélanges complexes tels que les extraits de plantes. Ces expressions peuvent être utiles pour le criblage de matériels d'origine végétale dans la recherche de ces activités. Un autre enseignement de cette étude est que l'amélioration de l'activité antimicrobienne des extraits de plantes ne peut pas être possible simplement par le mélange d'extraits, en raison des interactions potentielles entre les composants des extraits. La connaissance de la composition phytochimique est essentielle pour comprendre de telles interactions, dans la sélection des mélanges et pour déterminer les approches possibles pour améliorer l'activité antimicrobienne.
Les sous-produits de végétaux peuvent être une source potentielle d'antioxydant-antimicrobiens pour une application dans la conservation des aliments, comme alternative aux agents synthétiques, mais beaucoup de travaux sont encore nécessaires pour atteindre ce but, ce qui nécessiterait une approche systémique.
There is a growing interest in the development of strategies to use agricultural and industrial residues as a source of high value-added, including bioactive products. The residues of fruits and vegetables may be a potential source of bioactive compounds. The major objective of this work is to conduct studies to pave the way for the development of antioxidant-antimicrobials from plant by-products for use in food preservation, as alternative to synthetic chemicals. The starting point was the identification of extracts of fruit and vegetable extracts exhibiting high antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The selected extracts were then characterized for their spectrum of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Finally, simple ways of enhancing the antimicrobial activity of the selected extracts were examined. Aqueous extracts of about 160 fruit and vegetable by-products were evaluated for their potential as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The growth inhibiting activity of all the 160 extracts were tested against Escherichia coli, and Bacillus Subtilis; and the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The pH of the extract, type of tissue (fruit, leaf and root) and physiological type of fruits (climacteric) had impact on the bioactive properties. There was some relationship between antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the plant extracts. The proposed antioxidant-antimicrobial index may be useful in the selection of plant sources of bio-actives. Consideration of rate of radical quenching (time factor) to define actual efficacy (capacity) of antioxidant system was found to be a better and reliable way of expressing the real antioxidant power. The new expression, antiradical power - ARP, generated from DPPH assay may be more useful in identifying the antioxidant activity of biological samples. Some samples exhibited high ARP value such as rambutan, cranberry leaf, blueberry leaf, grape leaf (wild), raspberry leaf, betel leaf, avocado, pomegranate and custard apple. Leaf extracts possess, in general, higher ARP than fruits, and root extracts possess low ARP. In addition, this study also suggests that average carbon oxidation number of complex mixtures such as plant extracts may portend their antioxidant power, in spite of the disparity between leaf and fruit materials. In chapter 4, plant extracts selected from the original 160 were investigated for their spectrum of anti-radical activity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), DPPH free radical assay (DPPH), ferric reducing power assay (FRAP), redox potential measurement, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, nitric oxide and iron chelating activities. Their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were also determined. Betel leaf, blueberry fruit and black currant and cranberry leaf showed high radical scavenging activity (TEAC assay); apple, sorrel, red grape and dandelion root were effective against SOA; cranberry leaf, blueberry leaf, black currant and Rosemary against hydroxyl radical; rainbow chard, parsnip, broccoli and orange against H2O2; and potato, banana, sorrel, sea buckthorn leaf against nitric oxide. Blueberry leaf and fruit, pomegranate, black currant and betel leaf showed high ferric ion reducing power. The extracts showing high iron binding capacity were: sea buckthorn leaf, radish, parsnip, betel leaf and mangosteen. Betel leaf extract exhibited high activities, including iron binding and scavenging of various radicals except nitric oxide, where the activity was moderate. TEAC, DPPH and FRAP assays provide essentially the same response with respect to the antioxidant activity of plant extracts, suggesting that any one of them would be adequate to evaluate their anti-radical capacity. This study also suggests that antioxidant activity of a substance, determined by one or more related assays, does not give the complete picture of its effectiveness against various species of oxygen radicals; and emphasizes that determination of the spectrum of the anti-radical activity would be necessary. In chapter 5, the antimicrobial activity of selected plant extracts was evaluated in detail by turbidimetric methods in liquid medium, and by well-diffusion method in gel medium. The antimicrobial activity was expressed in the former by growth inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration - MIC and by a new expression, the antimicrobial index – AMI; and in the latter, expressed by zone of inhibition. AMI takes into account all the three growth phases of the bacteria. Although the turbidimetric methods were in good agreement in the assessment of the activity of the substances, the new expression, AMI, appears to be more meaningful since it carries the information regarding interaction between the substance and the microorganism and the growth rate in the presence of that substance. In addition, AMI demarcates the activity of samples, even those found to be highly active. Furthermore, the spectrum of antimicrobial activity of selected plant extracts was also examined. Only a few extracts showed some broad spectrum in their activities. In effect, only betel leaf extract showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeasts and fungi; whereas pomegranate and sea buckthorn fruit extracts appear to be effective against both bacteria and yeasts. Black currant extract is effectively an antibacterial substance. In chapter 6, various ways of enhancing the antimicrobial activity of selected antioxidant-antimicrobial extracts were explored. Three approaches, including selective solvent extraction, binary blending of extracts and addition of plant compounds were investigated. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and the profile of phytochemical classes were analyzed. The results showed that hot water could be used for solvent extraction of antioxidant-antimicrobials from plant materials, albeit a polar solvent that extracts phenolic substances preferably and only modestly non-polar substances such as terpenoids. However, considering the yield of the extracts and the activity, water appeared to be an effective solvent solvent for fruit sources that are rich in phenolic substances. Other selective solvents must be considered for extraction of active non-polar substances for plant sources such as leaves. Some enhancement in antimicrobial activity was possible by either mixing plant extracts or by the addition of plant compounds. It was also observed that the composition of blends or mixtures might be important, since synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurred at certain proportions. Pomegranate and black currant extract blends and green tea and cashew apple extract blends showed enhancement in activity. The addition of methyl glyoxal and mono-caprin also showed enhancement in the activity of plant extracts. Methyl glyoxal at 25 % (w/w) addition improved the activity of pomegranate and black currant extracts. Overall, this work explored the potential of extracts of fruit and vegetable by-products as anti-oxidant-antimicrobials. Some plant extracts having potential as antioxidant-antimicrobial agents. They include: olive, cranberry, noni, betel leaf, black currant, pomegranate, lemon grass, spinach, green grape (wine), black currant (residue), egg plant, rambutan, Indian plum, cranberry leaf, rosemary leaf, grape leaf (wild), green tea, mangosteen and raspberry leaf. However, the list is reduced to a few (betel leaf, pomegranate, black currant residue), should broad antioxidant and antimicrobial activities are taken into account. In addition, this study introduces new expressions for antioxidant (ARP) and antimicrobial (AMI) activities of complex mixtures such as plant extracts, and they can be useful in the screening of plant materials for these activities. The knowledge of the phytochemical composition is essential to understand such interactions, in the selection of mixtures and to determine possible approaches to enhance the antimicrobial activity. Plant by-product can be a potential source of antioxidant-antimicrobial for use in food preservation, as alternative to synthetic agents, but much work is needed to realize this goal, and that would require a systemic approach.
Noël, Alba. "Obtention de composés azotés bioactifs d'origine naturelle : étude de biotransformation par des bactéries associées aux lichens." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S127/document.
Full textNew advances in anti-cancer therapeutic are today more than necessary. It is also well establish that amongst bioactive natural compounds, nitrogen compounds are widely represented and that, in all therapeutic classes. Thus, these works are focused on obtaining bioactive nitrogen compounds from natural sources targeting cytotoxic products. This work is divided in three parts. First of all, we chose to study bacterial strains associated with lichen. Indeed, lichens are a complex symbiotic network of great interest for the discovery of new bacterial strains. Especially for strains with a great biotechnological potential particularly in the production of compounds of interest. At first, culture conditions of an Actinobacteria, Nocardia sp, isolated from a lichen, Collema auriforme, were optimised in order to produce cytotoxic compounds. Secondly, the study of the secondary metabolites patterns of this strain allows the isolation of 13 nitrogen compounds, including 2 brominated diketopiperazines which are newly described, along with purine and pyrimidine derivatives. Finally, a targeting work of bioactive compounds was realised by establishing molecular networking and multivariate analysis of mass spectrometry data, highlighting molecules potentially responsible for activity. The second part of this work bring some answers about the nature of the relationship between bacteria and lichen, by observing effect of some lichen compounds on bacterial growth and metabolism as well as studying the biotransformation potential of three lichen-associated bacteria (a Firmicutes, an beta-proteobacteria and an Actinobacteria). All selected strains showed ability for the biotransformation of tested lichen compounds (usnic acid and methyl-beta-orcinolcarboxylate). Finally, the third part of this work describes a new method for obtaining bioactive nitrogen compounds by a synthetic way. Thus, a novel synthesis method of bgugaine, coniine and tylophorine was studied and led to N-Boc-2-heptylpyrrolidine, showing the possibility to synthesize pyrrolidine alkaloids and to consider the synthesis of selected targets
Nirma, Charlotte. "Les mutualismes insectes sociaux / micro-organismes : une source d'inspiration pour la recherche de nouveaux composés bioactifs." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0005.
Full textIn this work, we searched for original antimicrobial compounds drawing inspiration from social insects and entomogenous microbes mutualistic associations self-defence mechanisms. Microorganisms (130) were collected from termites and nest pieces. The putative functional role of these microbes is to protect their hosts against their natural pathogens; extracts from these microorganisms have therefore been evaluated for their antifungal, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Antimicrobial and/or cytotoxic original compounds (14) have been isolated and characterized by bioguided fractionation of active extracts. In particular, protoaflatoxin, a key compound to rethink the biosynthesis of the aflatoxins, has been isolated. Another extract yielded discophorin, which proved to be strongly antifungal, associated in the extract with a series of antibacterial ilicicolinic acids. This fungus exhibits a broad activity spectrum and is presumably involved in the defence of its host organism. Finally, several Pseudallescheria boydii strains were isolated from different termites. At least two of them produce the antifungal agent tyroscherin, a fact that could explain a possible prevalence of this association. This work has demonstrated that the processes of the living can inspire future drug discovery
Ibrahim, Sanusi. "Etude d'une méthode de synthèse simultanée pour l'accès à plusieurs phosphonates apparentés : application dans le domaine des phosphonates bioactifs." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20160.
Full textAkkouch, Adil. "Incorporation de fibronectine et d'albumine de sérum bovin à un biopolymère composé de polypyrrole et de poly (L-acide lactique) pour promouvoir la régénération tissulaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19947.
Full textRiva-Grenouillat, Nathalie. "Synthèse d'analogues bioactifs de facteurs de nodulation des légumineuses." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112237.
Full textThe process of nitrogen fixation by leguminous plants is initiated by the exchange of signal compounds: flavonoids secreted by the plant and nodulation factors (Nod factors) secreted by the bacterium. Nod factors consist in a short chitin oligosaccharidic backbone (typically tetra or pentameric) that is N-acylated at the non-reducing end by a fatty acid. Ln order to understand the role of the structural elements of the bacterial molecule (the nodulation factor) that are involved in the nodulation induction, we have prepared analogs able to trigger the organogenesis in the plant. The focus is on the symbiotic relationship between alfalfa or vetch and their specific rhizobia. The tetrameric backbone was produced by the appropriate E. Coli recombinant cells. The first type of analogs are lipo-chitooligosaccharides in which the fatty-acid is fixed on the sugar via an amine. The sulfated compounds were tested on alfalfa and proved to be still active in nodulation induction, suggesting that there is no cleavage of the fatty-acid during the recognition process. However a decrease of activity seems to prove the influence of the amide group in the recognition process. In a second time, we considered the synthesis of various analogs with modified lipid chains by a method using multi-component reactions such as Passerini and Ugi reactions. Preliminary experiments with glucosamine derivatives are very promising and extrapolation to the tetrameric compounds are in progress
Modjinou, Tina. "Valorisation de la biomasse pour l'élaboration de matériaux bioactifs sous irradiation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1152/document.
Full textThe valorization of phenolic and terpene derivatives of biomass is perfectly in line with the current challenge of our societies that drives traditional chemistry to evolve towards a sustainable chemistry. Because of their unsaturated nature, terpenes are particularly interesting for synthesizing new materials by thiol-ene chemistry. At the same time, the phenolic derivatives can easily be modified to unsaturated synthons capable of reacting in these same reactions. Thus, a wide range of materials based on linalool and eugenol has been developed under UV irradiation. An approach by photochemistry has been selected since it fits perfectly within the framework of a chemistry more respectful of the environment. The beneficial effect of the oxygenated functions of linalol and phenolic functions of eugenol on antibacterial activity was demonstrated against two bacterial strains mainly responsible for the development of nosocomial diseases: S. aureus and E. coli. The incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles, carvacrol or tannic acid during the crosslinking reaction makes it possible to improve the antimicrobial properties significantly. The association with semi-crystalline biobased and biodegradable polyesters presents an interesting alternative to optimize the thermomechanical performance of the obtained materials.A second type of materials has been synthesized by photocrosslinking epoxidized phenolic derivatives such as resorcinol or eugenol. The photoinitiated cationic polymerization by opening of the ring enables the synthesis of materials whose mechanical properties are higher than the materials obtained by thiol-ene reaction and on the other hand to get rid of the thiol-based crosslinking agent. The synthesis of various monoepoxidized eugenol derivatives offers the advantage of being able to modulate the composition of the obtained materials which may contain phenol functions and / or unsaturations. The phenol groups are essential to the antibacterial activity and lead to the antioxidant properties. The possibility of introducing unsaturations allows a post-functionalization of the surface of the materials.Thus, a wide range of crosslinked, biosourced and bioactive materials whose properties vary from elastomer to thermosetting have been synthesized under irradiation
Grigoraş, Cristina-Gabriela. "Valorisation des fruits et des sous-produits de l'industrie de transformation des fruits par extraction des composés bioactifs." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772304.
Full textRoufik, Samira. "Étude des interactions β-Lactoglobuline bovine : peptides bioactifs et digestibilité in vitro des complexes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18110.
Full textBovine β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) contains numerous peptide sequences with biological activities, which have a high potential as nutraceutical ingredients. However, studies have demonstrated that some of these peptides, which are active during in vitro tests, loose their activity in animal models following oral ingestion, suggesting their enzymatic degradation during gastrointestinal transit. The aim of this work was to study β-Lg:bioactive peptide interactions and to investigate the in vitro digestibility of the resulting complexes. Firstly, it was shown that pepsic and chymotryptic digestions of some bioactive peptides varied according to the peptide chain length, the nature of the peptide and the presence of other peptides in the reaction medium. Using an ultrafiltration method, it was demonstrated that peptides β-Lg f102-105, f142-148 and f69-83 bind to β-Lg A in significant amounts corresponding to 1.5, 1.1 and 0.7 moles of peptides per mole of protein respectively. These results were validated by front-face fluorescence spectroscopy, which also provided evidences that the binding of the three peptides to β-Lg A modified the polarity of tryptophan environment in the protein structure. In addition, binding isotherms obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the binding of the antihypertensive peptide β-Lg f142-148 to β-Lg A followed a sequential three-site binding model with constants of associations of 2 X 103, 1 X 103 and 0.4 X 103 M-1 for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd binding sites respectively. The enthalpy of binding was exothermic for the 1st and 2nd binding sites and endothermic for the 3rd binding site. Lastly, the in vitro digestibility of the protein and the complexes with pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatin showed that the complexes were hydrolyzed more slowly than the native protein by chymotrypsin or pepsin/chymotrypsin. The overall results support the hypothesis that the binding of bioactive peptides to β-Lg A could improve their resistance to proteolysis, and thus could contribute to maintain their structural integrity and bioactivity during gastrointestinal transit.
Derrien, Maëlle. "Bioraffinage de sous-produits de l'épinard (Spinacia oleracea L. ) : comparaison de méthodes vertes pour l'extraction de composés phytochimiques bioactifs." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28166.
Full textIndustrial vegetable by-products contain high levels of valuable phytochemicals that can be used as a rich source of biomolecules. Phytochemical compounds from fruits and vegetables exhibit several benefits on human and animal health, as reported in the literature. However, the extraction of these natural molecules is still carried out using petrochemical harmful solvents, from non-renewables fossil sources exhibiting environmental, and health toxicity. Spinach is a leafy vegetable highly concentrated in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, lutein and chlorophyll. The latter two exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-genotoxic effects. The main objective of this project was to develop an extraction process technology for the recovery of two highly valuables biomolecules, lutein and chlorophyll, using spinach by-products and respecting the main principles of green chemistry. This work focused on the development and optimization of 3 ecological extraction and separation processes of these phytochemicals, using conventional green extraction methods with green solvents (water and ethanol, NaOH) and innovative technologies, supercritical CO₂. The extraction efficiency has been compared to the total extraction of lutein and chlorophyll obtained with petrochemical solvents. Solubility prediction of the studied molecules in the supercritical solvent was also carried out in order to decrease the experimental tests number and validate the results. Finally, a technical-economic analysis was performed in order to evaluate the feasibility of an industrial scal-up of the most promising developed process. A green extraction method, using ethanol and water as extraction solvents was developed in order to extract these plant compounds from spinach by-products. The optimal extraction parameters predicted were 93% ethanol concentration, for 4.3 h at 43°C and a solvent to raw material ratio of 1/66. These parameters gave a recovery of 96% of chlorophyll and 70% of lutein, along with an extraction yield of 1.4%. However, this process was not efficient for the separation of the two compounds and furthermore, used high amount of extraction solvents. A saponification in an aqueous medium was carried out to hydroxylate the ester bond of the aliphatic chain of chlorophyll. Through this process, using the Derringer’s desirability function, the optimal conditions for separation were 16 h of saponification, at 60°C and with 3.9% of sodium hydroxide. The process can be streamlined in a commercial extraction process for these compounds. However, the saponification step resulted in a significant degradation of lutein (only 27% of lutein was recovered, with an extraction yield of 0.63%). Using supercritical fluid extraction along with ethanol as modifier, the optimal extraction parameters allowed the recovery of 70% of the lutein and 50% of the chlorophyll, with a yield of almost 3% without major drawback. The supercritical fluid extraction is therefore a valuable method for extracting lutein and chlorophyll while complying to all green chemistry tenet. The addition of modifier for the extraction of these phytochemicals was needed, known to increase the capital and production cost of SC-CO2 process. Thus, process design and economic analysis of the process was studied to conclude about the viability and the feasibility of the eventual SC-CO2 proposed process for the replacement of conventional one for the recovery of spinach extracts rich in lutein and chlorophyll. The results exhibited a total cost of investment (TCI) of 5,555,000 USD, along with a fixed cost of investment (FCI) of 4,721,240 USD. The yearly production cost was estimated at 1,800,000 USD. The optimization of the optimum extraction conditions requires a critical analysis. The objective of this project was also to develop a predictive approach based on the Hansen solubility theory to ascertain and optimize the solubility of solutes, in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The predictive approach was then considered an efficient tool regarding the solubility of solutes in SC-CO2 and can be used to estimate the condition for solutes-SC-CO2 optimum miscibility in a wide range of pressure. Finally, we showed that processes developed in this project respected all the green chemistry principles applied to the extraction of phytochemicals and thus meet the objective of the project. The best results are obtained with supercritical fluid extraction. However, this technology necessitates high investment which can limit the profitability of the technique. We thus recommend to adopt a process using a saponification step for the separation of lutein and chlorophyll.
Lefebvre, Thibault. "Production d'extraits non colorés de plantes enrichis en composés bioactifs. Investigation des techniques d’extraction modernes (US, MO, SFE, PLE)." Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3062.
Full textIn the field of cosmetics, many raw materials are used and natural extracts from plants represent a large part of them. Plant extracts can have different activities: antioxidants, anti-aging ... However, their color mainly due to pigments can be an obstacle to their use because they can have stability problems. Their degradation results in a change of color which may be incompatible with their formulation.The objective of the thesis is to find selective conditions in order to extract compounds of interest without pigments (mainly chlorophylls).Initially, a study of the stability of chlorophylls allowed identification of extraction and storage conditions in order to identify and quantify native chlorophylls and their degradation products according to the different operating approaches. This made it possible to identify extraction and storage conditions limiting their degradation. Secondly, modeling was carried out, mainly by supercritical chromatography, to determine selective extraction conditions, with supercritical fluids, of antioxidant molecules (carnosic and rosmarinic acids) on the one hand and chlorophyll pigments on the other hand from rosemary, without the need for numerous extraction experiments. Finally, a sequential supercritical CO2 extraction using conditions determined by the previous model was developed. An online extraction/chromatography system was developed to support this development through extraction kinetics studies. This extraction allowed the realization of four fractions respectively rich in carotenoids, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and chlorophylls
Kasangana, Pierre Betu, and Pierre Betu Kasangana. "Recherche des molécules bioactives antidiabétiques dans les extraits d'écorces de racines de Myrianthus arboreus." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30249.
Full textMyrianthus arboreus est une essence de la forêt tropicale d’Afrique dont les tissus contiennent des molécules bioactives intéressantes. Les données ethnopharmacologiques africaines attribuent à l’extrait aqueux d’écorces de racines de M. arboreus des effets thérapeutiques notamment antidiabétique. Le but de cette thèse était de valider ce potentiel à travers trois séries des bioessais cellulaires in vitro, d’identifier les principes actifs et d’élucider les mécanismes d’actions par lesquels la plante exerce son activité sur le diabète. Une étude préliminaire sur les différents extraits et fractions obtenus à partir de solvants de force de polarité croissante (dichlorométhane, éthanol, méthanol, eau) a été menée et a démontré un excellent potentiel antioxydant de l’extrait éthanolique et de sa fraction acétate d’éthyle comparable à celui de l’Oligopin®, un extrait commercial riche en proanthocyanidines. Ces résultats ont corrélé avec les teneurs en acides hydroxicimiques et en proanthocyanidines, deux classes de polyphénols présentes dans l’extrait et la fraction acétate d’éthyle. Ensuite, les résultats des bioessais cellulaires indiquent qu’aucun extrait ou fraction n’a été capable de stimuler le transport de glucose dans les cellules musculaires C2C12. A l’inverse, l’extrait éthanolique, sa fraction hexanique et sa fraction enrichie en alcaloïdes se sont démarqués par leur effet sur le contrôle de l’homéostasie hépatique du glucose. Parallèlement, la fraction acétate d’éthyle a uniquement démontré un profil plus prometteur en diminuant la production de glucose dans le foie. Plus précisément, ces extraits et fractions ont significativement inhibé l’activité du glucose-6-phostaptase (G6Pase) via la stimulation des voies insulino-dépendante (Akt) et – indépendante (AMPK), à l’exception de la fraction EAc qui n’active que l’AMPK. Ce dernier mécanisme est semblable à celui de la metformine, l’hypoglycémiant oral le plus utilisé dans le monde. D’autre part, les extraits et fractions bioactifs ont également augmenté l’activité de la glycogène synthétase (GS) suite à la phosphorylation de la glycogène synthase kinase-3. Le sous-fractionnement de la fraction hexanique guidé par les deux bioessais a conduit à l’isolation de sept composés majeurs, dont quatre nouveaux triterpènes pentacycliques ayant un fragment férulate. L’acide 3β-O-trans-féruloyl-2α, 19α- dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oïque (H1), l’acide 2α-acetoxy-3-β-0-trans-féruloryl-19α-hydroxyl- 12-en-28-oïque (H3) et l’acide ursolique (H5) sont responsables, en grande partie, de l’activité antidiabétique de la fraction hexanique. Ils ont démontré le même mécanisme d’action que l’extrait éthanolique en diminuant l’activité de la G6Pase et en augmentant celle de la GS ainsi qu’en activant les voies de signalisation impliquées. Le H3 s’est démarqué par son effet le plus puissant et comparable à celui de l’extrait éthanolique et sa fraction hexanique dans toutes les expériences. D’autre part, le sous-fractionnement de la fraction acétate d’éthyle guidé par les même bioessais a permis d’isoler cinq composés phénoliques, dont deux regioisomères Cglycosyl flavone à savoir isoorientine et orientine, ainsi que trois composés phénoliques très connus tels que l’acide chlorogénique, l’acide protocatéchique et l’aldéhyde protocatéchique. Dans tous les bioessais, isoorientine s’est démarqué avec ses effets remarquables en diminuant l’activité de la G6Pase, et augmentant celle de la GS, comparable à la fraction acétate d’éthyle. En conclusion, les résultats de cette thèse soutiennent le potentiel antidiabétique de M. arboreus rapporté dans la médecine traditionnelle africaine. Cette activité implique essentiellement le contrôle de l’homéostasie de glucose au niveau du foie à travers les voies de signalisation médiées par l’Akt, l’AMPK et la GSK-3. Les composés actifs tels que les dérivés féruliques de triterpène (H1 et H3) ainsi que le C-glycoside du flavones l’isoorientine (E1), avec un potentiel anti-diabétique prometteur pourront servir comme nouveaux candidats thérapeutiques des préparations traditionnelles ou pour des fins thérapeutiques ultérieures. Ces molécules bioactives vont représenter les marqueurs importants pour toute homologation future de cet extrait naturel de l’ethnopharmacologie congolaise.
Myrianthus arboreus is a tree of the tropical rainforest of Africa the tissues of which contain promising bioactive compounds. African ethnopharmacological data attribute to the aqueous extract of M. arboreus root bark therapeutic effects including antidiabetic. The aim of this thesis was to validate this potential through three series of cell-bioassays, to identify the principle responsible for this activity and to elucidate the mechanisms of actions by which this plant extract exerts its antidiabetic activity. A preliminary study on different extracts and fractions performed with solvent of increasing polarity (dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol and water) has revealed an excellent antioxidant potential of ethanol extract and of its ethyl acetate fraction comparable to that of Oligopin®, a commercial extract rich in proanthocyanidins. This result was well correlated with the levels of hydroxycinnamic acids and proanthocyanins, two classes of polyphenols present in the extract and its antioxidant fraction. In addition, the results of cell bioassays indicate that no extract or fraction was able to stimulate glucose transport in C2C12 muscle cells. In contrast, the ethanolic extract, its hexane and the alkaloid-enriched fractions stood out by their effect on the control of hepatic glucose homeostasis. Similarly, the ethyl acetate fraction only demonstrated a more promising profile by decreasing glucose production in the liver. Specifically, these extracts and fractions significantly inhibited glucose-6-phostaptase (G6Pase) activity via insulindependent (Akt) and -independent (AMPK) pathway stimulation, except for the ethyl acetate ethanolic fraction which only activated AMPK. The latter mechanism is similar to that of metformin, the most widely used oral hypoglycemic drug in the world. On the other hand, bioactive extracts and fractions also increased the activity of glycogen synthase (GS) through the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Sub-fractionation of the hexane fraction guided by the two bioassays resulted in the isolation of seven major compounds, including new pentacyclic triterpenes having a ferulate fragment. 3β-O-trans-feruloyl-2α, 19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (H1), 2α-acetoxy-3- β-O-trans-feruloryl-19α-hydroxyl-acid 12-en-28- oic acid (H3) and ursolic acid (H5) which are responsible, to a large extent, for the antidiabetic activity of the hexane fraction. The active constituents exhibit the same mechanism of action as the EtOH extract by decreasing the activity of G6Pase, increasing that of GS and activating signaling pathways involved. The H3 stood out for its most powerful effect which was determined to be comparable to that of the ethanolic extract and to its Hexane fraction in all experiments. On the other hand, bioassay-guided fractionation of ethyl acetate fraction led to the isolation of five phenolic compounds, including two regioisomers C-glycosyl flavons namely isoorientin and orientin, along with three well-known phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and protoctehuic aldehyde. In all experiments, isoorientin (E1) stood out with its most powerful effects, by decreasing the activity of G6Pase and increasing the GS. Altogether, the results of the present thesis support the antidiabetic potential of M. arboreus reported by African folk medicine, which involves control of glucose homeostasis in the liver via Akt, AMPK and GSK-3 phosphorylation. The bioactive molecules ferulic derivatives of triterpenes (H1 and H3), and C-glycosyl flavone E1 determined in studied extracts and fractions were determined to have a promising anti-diabetic activity, can be used as new therapeutic candidates for traditional preparations or for future therapeutic purposes. These molecules can also be used as markers for future authentifications of the natural products based on Myrianthus arboreus root bark extracts.
Myrianthus arboreus is a tree of the tropical rainforest of Africa the tissues of which contain promising bioactive compounds. African ethnopharmacological data attribute to the aqueous extract of M. arboreus root bark therapeutic effects including antidiabetic. The aim of this thesis was to validate this potential through three series of cell-bioassays, to identify the principle responsible for this activity and to elucidate the mechanisms of actions by which this plant extract exerts its antidiabetic activity. A preliminary study on different extracts and fractions performed with solvent of increasing polarity (dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol and water) has revealed an excellent antioxidant potential of ethanol extract and of its ethyl acetate fraction comparable to that of Oligopin®, a commercial extract rich in proanthocyanidins. This result was well correlated with the levels of hydroxycinnamic acids and proanthocyanins, two classes of polyphenols present in the extract and its antioxidant fraction. In addition, the results of cell bioassays indicate that no extract or fraction was able to stimulate glucose transport in C2C12 muscle cells. In contrast, the ethanolic extract, its hexane and the alkaloid-enriched fractions stood out by their effect on the control of hepatic glucose homeostasis. Similarly, the ethyl acetate fraction only demonstrated a more promising profile by decreasing glucose production in the liver. Specifically, these extracts and fractions significantly inhibited glucose-6-phostaptase (G6Pase) activity via insulindependent (Akt) and -independent (AMPK) pathway stimulation, except for the ethyl acetate ethanolic fraction which only activated AMPK. The latter mechanism is similar to that of metformin, the most widely used oral hypoglycemic drug in the world. On the other hand, bioactive extracts and fractions also increased the activity of glycogen synthase (GS) through the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3. Sub-fractionation of the hexane fraction guided by the two bioassays resulted in the isolation of seven major compounds, including new pentacyclic triterpenes having a ferulate fragment. 3β-O-trans-feruloyl-2α, 19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (H1), 2α-acetoxy-3- β-O-trans-feruloryl-19α-hydroxyl-acid 12-en-28- oic acid (H3) and ursolic acid (H5) which are responsible, to a large extent, for the antidiabetic activity of the hexane fraction. The active constituents exhibit the same mechanism of action as the EtOH extract by decreasing the activity of G6Pase, increasing that of GS and activating signaling pathways involved. The H3 stood out for its most powerful effect which was determined to be comparable to that of the ethanolic extract and to its Hexane fraction in all experiments. On the other hand, bioassay-guided fractionation of ethyl acetate fraction led to the isolation of five phenolic compounds, including two regioisomers C-glycosyl flavons namely isoorientin and orientin, along with three well-known phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and protoctehuic aldehyde. In all experiments, isoorientin (E1) stood out with its most powerful effects, by decreasing the activity of G6Pase and increasing the GS. Altogether, the results of the present thesis support the antidiabetic potential of M. arboreus reported by African folk medicine, which involves control of glucose homeostasis in the liver via Akt, AMPK and GSK-3 phosphorylation. The bioactive molecules ferulic derivatives of triterpenes (H1 and H3), and C-glycosyl flavone E1 determined in studied extracts and fractions were determined to have a promising anti-diabetic activity, can be used as new therapeutic candidates for traditional preparations or for future therapeutic purposes. These molecules can also be used as markers for future authentifications of the natural products based on Myrianthus arboreus root bark extracts.
Darveau, Patrick. "Étude des propriétés des dendrimères pour le transport de molécules bioactives." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29955.
Full textEach year, billions of dollars are invested in research to treat different illnesses using bioactive molecules. Nowadays, most drugs are synthesized by men; they usually comply with the Lipinski rule of 5 which analyses their physicochemical properties and their potential reach the biological target. However, there are still numerous extremely active compounds, but they do not act in accordance to the Lipinski’s rule. Many of those compounds are limited by their low hydrophilicity which reduces their physiological solubility. In the literature, many strategies have been published on ways to enhance this property. For example, a poorly water-soluble drug may be grafted onto a macromolecule such as a polymer, a polysaccharide or a peptide. Considering our laboratory area of expertise, we used the PEOT dendrimer -- a monodisperse hyperbranched polymer -- as carrier to enhance the physicochemical properties of the aminosteroid AH-38, a bioactive compound over multiple cancer cell lines. To graft the AH-38 onto the PEOT, a linker molecule must be used. In our preliminary research, we wanted to choose a structure that could link reversibly the bioactive aminosteroid to be released at the therapeutic target. In the linker’s structure, a hydrophilic functional group should be present, it would be ideal to completely functionalize the dendrimer’s terminis. Also, the linker should be able to graft onto the dendrimère using the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition without any copper catalyst. Many attempts were made to synthesize a linker with following these criteria, but they all failed. Consequently, we opted for a linker that does not have a hydrophilic functional group and uses a copper catalyst to graft onto the dendrimer. In this master’s report, nanomedecine’s advantages, the entire thinking process and experiments that were performed in order to obtain the target’s molecules are presented.
Thomas, Minty. "Fabrication d'extraits bioactifs bénéfiques pour la santé et riches en glucoraphanine à partir de rejets industriels de Brassica oleracea (brocoli) en utilisant la technologie verte." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35438.
Full textLe brocoli est une excellente source de composés nutraceutiques ayant de nombreux effets sur la santé tels que les propriétés anticancéreuses, anti-diabétiques, antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes. Les glucosinolates, les polyphénols, les vitamines, les minéraux et les fibres alimentaires sont les principales molécules présentes dans le brocoli. La production annuelle mondiale de brocoli est de 21 millions de tonnes. On estime que 35 à 40% des cultures horticoles sont perdues en raison de pratiques agricoles inadéquates, générant d'énormes quantités de déchets agricoles. Ces cultures perdues pourraient être utilisées comme matières premières pour l'extraction et la purification d'ingrédients bioactifs destinés à l'industrie nutraceutique et alimentaire. L'objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une technique économique et respectueuse de l'environnement pour la fabrication d'un extrait riche en glucoraphanine à partir de rejets industriels de brocoli, en fournissant une voie alternative pour sa valorisation. Ce travail se concentre principalement sur l'identification, la caractérisation et la quantification des glucosinolates et des polyphénols présents dans 10 lots rejetés de graines de brocoli et de résidus industriels de brocoli tels que les fleurons, les tiges et le mélange de fleurons et de tiges. De plus, le procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine a été optimisé en utilisant des solvants verts tels que l'éthanol et l'eau. En outre, la glucoraphanine provenant d'extraits de brocoli bruts a été purifiée en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par une Méthodologie de Surface de Réponse, basé sur le Box-Behnken Design (BBD) et l'Analyse des Composants Principaux. Enfin, des expériences pilotes ont été réalisées en utilisant les paramètres optimisés pour vérifier leur adéquation pour une application industrielle. La caractérisation et la quantification simultanées par UPLC MS/MS ont indiqué la présence de 12 glucosinolates (principalement de la glucoraphanine) et de 5 polyphénols dans les sous-produits du brocoli. La teneur en glucosinolates variait de 0,2 à 2% de matière sèche (MS), tandis que les polyphénols étaient inférieurs à 0,02% de MS. L'abondance relative de la glucoraphanine dans les sous-produits du brocoli a fait un matériau de départ prometteur pour la fabrication de compléments alimentaires fonctionnels. De plus, un procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine écologique et à base de solvant a été optimisé pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un extracteur à agitation magnétique unique a maximisé l'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine. Les paramètres d'extraction optimisés étaient de 50% et 70% d'éthanol aqueux extraits pendant 60 et 30 minutes à 60 et 23°C pour les sous-produits de graines et de fleurons, respectivement, en utilisant un rapport matière/solvant de 1:20. Le procédé vert optimisé a donné un rendement de glucoraphanine de 55,5 g/kg MS de graines et de 4,3 g/kg MS de fleurons. Le procédé vert développé dans cette étude a fourni 37 et 81 fois plus d'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine que la technique analytique standard basée sur le méthanol. Enfin, un procédé de purification de la glucoraphanine respectueux de l'environnement et industriellement réalisable a été développé en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par approche de surface de réponse pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un ensemble de 27 essais, 3 niveaux dans le BBD ont été proposés pour les résines cationiques et anioniques en série, pour maximiser les réponses du processus. La purification de la glucoraphanine à partir de l'extrait de graines de brocoli en utilisant une résine cationique a permis une récupération maximale de 94% et une pureté de 14% en utilisant 1:5 du rapport matière/résine pendant 91 min à 80 rpm/min. Dans le cas de la résine anionique, les variables expérimentales de 1:5, 140 min, 160 rpm/min et 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans de l'éthanol à 70% ont donné un rendement de 72% et une pureté de 37%. Alors que pour les rejets industriels de fleurons de brocoli, les paramètres optimisés pour la purification de la glucoraphanine étaient un ratio matière/résine de 1:1.87, un temps de contact de 30 min, une vitesse d'agitation de 80 rpm/min et un solvant d'élution de 100% eau. La purification subséquente de l'extrait cationique en utilisant la résine anionique a été réalisée en utilisant les paramètres expérimentaux optimisés du rapport matière/résine de 1:1.3 pendant 170 min à 140 rpm/min et éluée en utilisant 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans 70% d'éthanol, fournissant une récupération de 78% et pureté de 5%. Enfin, les paramètres du processus d'extraction et de purification optimisés à l'échelle du laboratoire ont été extrapolés à l'échelle pilote pour la fabrication d'extraits en poudre, indiquant que le procédé optimisé était très efficace pour récupérer la glucoraphanine avec une grande pureté même à grande échelle. Par conséquent, la présente étude a mis au point un procédé écologique efficace et industriellement viable pour la fabrication d'extraits de rejets industriels de brocoli. Le processus optimisé a fourni une voie alternative économiquement viable pour la valorisation de la récolte perdue qui nous rapproche de la sécurité alimentaire et la durabilité environnementale.
Le brocoli est une excellente source de composés nutraceutiques ayant de nombreux effets sur la santé tels que les propriétés anticancéreuses, anti-diabétiques, antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes. Les glucosinolates, les polyphénols, les vitamines, les minéraux et les fibres alimentaires sont les principales molécules présentes dans le brocoli. La production annuelle mondiale de brocoli est de 21 millions de tonnes. On estime que 35 à 40% des cultures horticoles sont perdues en raison de pratiques agricoles inadéquates, générant d'énormes quantités de déchets agricoles. Ces cultures perdues pourraient être utilisées comme matières premières pour l'extraction et la purification d'ingrédients bioactifs destinés à l'industrie nutraceutique et alimentaire. L'objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une technique économique et respectueuse de l'environnement pour la fabrication d'un extrait riche en glucoraphanine à partir de rejets industriels de brocoli, en fournissant une voie alternative pour sa valorisation. Ce travail se concentre principalement sur l'identification, la caractérisation et la quantification des glucosinolates et des polyphénols présents dans 10 lots rejetés de graines de brocoli et de résidus industriels de brocoli tels que les fleurons, les tiges et le mélange de fleurons et de tiges. De plus, le procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine a été optimisé en utilisant des solvants verts tels que l'éthanol et l'eau. En outre, la glucoraphanine provenant d'extraits de brocoli bruts a été purifiée en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par une Méthodologie de Surface de Réponse, basé sur le Box-Behnken Design (BBD) et l'Analyse des Composants Principaux. Enfin, des expériences pilotes ont été réalisées en utilisant les paramètres optimisés pour vérifier leur adéquation pour une application industrielle. La caractérisation et la quantification simultanées par UPLC MS/MS ont indiqué la présence de 12 glucosinolates (principalement de la glucoraphanine) et de 5 polyphénols dans les sous-produits du brocoli. La teneur en glucosinolates variait de 0,2 à 2% de matière sèche (MS), tandis que les polyphénols étaient inférieurs à 0,02% de MS. L'abondance relative de la glucoraphanine dans les sous-produits du brocoli a fait un matériau de départ prometteur pour la fabrication de compléments alimentaires fonctionnels. De plus, un procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine écologique et à base de solvant a été optimisé pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un extracteur à agitation magnétique unique a maximisé l'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine. Les paramètres d'extraction optimisés étaient de 50% et 70% d'éthanol aqueux extraits pendant 60 et 30 minutes à 60 et 23°C pour les sous-produits de graines et de fleurons, respectivement, en utilisant un rapport matière/solvant de 1:20. Le procédé vert optimisé a donné un rendement de glucoraphanine de 55,5 g/kg MS de graines et de 4,3 g/kg MS de fleurons. Le procédé vert développé dans cette étude a fourni 37 et 81 fois plus d'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine que la technique analytique standard basée sur le méthanol. Enfin, un procédé de purification de la glucoraphanine respectueux de l'environnement et industriellement réalisable a été développé en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par approche de surface de réponse pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un ensemble de 27 essais, 3 niveaux dans le BBD ont été proposés pour les résines cationiques et anioniques en série, pour maximiser les réponses du processus. La purification de la glucoraphanine à partir de l'extrait de graines de brocoli en utilisant une résine cationique a permis une récupération maximale de 94% et une pureté de 14% en utilisant 1:5 du rapport matière/résine pendant 91 min à 80 rpm/min. Dans le cas de la résine anionique, les variables expérimentales de 1:5, 140 min, 160 rpm/min et 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans de l'éthanol à 70% ont donné un rendement de 72% et une pureté de 37%. Alors que pour les rejets industriels de fleurons de brocoli, les paramètres optimisés pour la purification de la glucoraphanine étaient un ratio matière/résine de 1:1.87, un temps de contact de 30 min, une vitesse d'agitation de 80 rpm/min et un solvant d'élution de 100% eau. La purification subséquente de l'extrait cationique en utilisant la résine anionique a été réalisée en utilisant les paramètres expérimentaux optimisés du rapport matière/résine de 1:1.3 pendant 170 min à 140 rpm/min et éluée en utilisant 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans 70% d'éthanol, fournissant une récupération de 78% et pureté de 5%. Enfin, les paramètres du processus d'extraction et de purification optimisés à l'échelle du laboratoire ont été extrapolés à l'échelle pilote pour la fabrication d'extraits en poudre, indiquant que le procédé optimisé était très efficace pour récupérer la glucoraphanine avec une grande pureté même à grande échelle. Par conséquent, la présente étude a mis au point un procédé écologique efficace et industriellement viable pour la fabrication d'extraits de rejets industriels de brocoli. Le processus optimisé a fourni une voie alternative économiquement viable pour la valorisation de la récolte perdue qui nous rapproche de la sécurité alimentaire et la durabilité environnementale.
Le brocoli est une excellente source de composés nutraceutiques ayant de nombreux effets sur la santé tels que les propriétés anticancéreuses, anti-diabétiques, antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes. Les glucosinolates, les polyphénols, les vitamines, les minéraux et les fibres alimentaires sont les principales molécules présentes dans le brocoli. La production annuelle mondiale de brocoli est de 21 millions de tonnes. On estime que 35 à 40% des cultures horticoles sont perdues en raison de pratiques agricoles inadéquates, générant d'énormes quantités de déchets agricoles. Ces cultures perdues pourraient être utilisées comme matières premières pour l'extraction et la purification d'ingrédients bioactifs destinés à l'industrie nutraceutique et alimentaire. L'objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une technique économique et respectueuse de l'environnement pour la fabrication d'un extrait riche en glucoraphanine à partir de rejets industriels de brocoli, en fournissant une voie alternative pour sa valorisation. Ce travail se concentre principalement sur l'identification, la caractérisation et la quantification des glucosinolates et des polyphénols présents dans 10 lots rejetés de graines de brocoli et de résidus industriels de brocoli tels que les fleurons, les tiges et le mélange de fleurons et de tiges. De plus, le procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine a été optimisé en utilisant des solvants verts tels que l'éthanol et l'eau. En outre, la glucoraphanine provenant d'extraits de brocoli bruts a été purifiée en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par une Méthodologie de Surface de Réponse, basé sur le Box-Behnken Design (BBD) et l'Analyse des Composants Principaux. Enfin, des expériences pilotes ont été réalisées en utilisant les paramètres optimisés pour vérifier leur adéquation pour une application industrielle. La caractérisation et la quantification simultanées par UPLC MS/MS ont indiqué la présence de 12 glucosinolates (principalement de la glucoraphanine) et de 5 polyphénols dans les sous-produits du brocoli. La teneur en glucosinolates variait de 0,2 à 2% de matière sèche (MS), tandis que les polyphénols étaient inférieurs à 0,02% de MS. L'abondance relative de la glucoraphanine dans les sous-produits du brocoli a fait un IV matériau de départ prometteur pour la fabrication de compléments alimentaires fonctionnels. De plus, un procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine écologique et à base de solvant a été optimisé pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un extracteur à agitation magnétique unique a maximisé l'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine. Les paramètres d'extraction optimisés étaient de 50% et 70% d'éthanol aqueux extraits pendant 60 et 30 minutes à 60 et 23°C pour les sous-produits de graines et de fleurons, respectivement, en utilisant un rapport matière/solvant de 1:20. Le procédé vert optimisé a donné un rendement de glucoraphanine de 55,5 g/kg MS de graines et de 4,3 g/kg MS de fleurons. Le procédé vert développé dans cette étude a fourni 37 et 81 fois plus d'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine que la technique analytique standard basée sur le méthanol. Enfin, un procédé de purification de la glucoraphanine respectueux de l'environnement et industriellement réalisable a été développé en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par approche de surface de réponse pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un ensemble de 27 essais, 3 niveaux dans le BBD ont été proposés pour les résines cationiques et anioniques en série, pour maximiser les réponses du processus. La purification de la glucoraphanine à partir de l'extrait de graines de brocoli en utilisant une résine cationique a permis une récupération maximale de 94% et une pureté de 14% en utilisant 1:5 du rapport matière/résine pendant 91 min à 80 rpm/min. Dans le cas de la résine anionique, les variables expérimentales de 1:5, 140 min, 160 rpm/min et 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans de l'éthanol à 70% ont donné un rendement de 72% et une pureté de 37%. Alors que pour les rejets industriels de fleurons de brocoli, les paramètres optimisés pour la purification de la glucoraphanine étaient un ratio matière/résine de 1:1.87, un temps de contact de 30 min, une vitesse d'agitation de 80 rpm/min et un solvant d'élution de 100% eau. La purification subséquente de l'extrait cationique en utilisant la résine anionique a été réalisée en utilisant les paramètres expérimentaux optimisés du rapport matière/résine de 1:1.3 pendant 170 min à 140 rpm/min et éluée en utilisant 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans 70% d'éthanol, fournissant une récupération de 78% et pureté de 5%. Enfin, les paramètres du processus d'extraction et de purification optimisés à V l'échelle du laboratoire ont été extrapolés à l'échelle pilote pour la fabrication d'extraits en poudre, indiquant que le procédé optimisé était très efficace pour récupérer la glucoraphanine avec une grande pureté même à grande échelle. Par conséquent, la présente étude a mis au point un procédé écologique efficace et industriellement viable pour la fabrication d'extraits de rejets industriels de brocoli. Le processus optimisé a fourni une voie alternative économiquement viable pour la valorisation de la récolte perdue qui nous rapproche de la sécurité alimentaire et la durabilité environnementale.
Le brocoli est une excellente source de composés nutraceutiques ayant de nombreux effets sur la santé tels que les propriétés anticancéreuses, anti-diabétiques, antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes. Les glucosinolates, les polyphénols, les vitamines, les minéraux et les fibres alimentaires sont les principales molécules présentes dans le brocoli. La production annuelle mondiale de brocoli est de 21 millions de tonnes. On estime que 35 à 40% des cultures horticoles sont perdues en raison de pratiques agricoles inadéquates, générant d'énormes quantités de déchets agricoles. Ces cultures perdues pourraient être utilisées comme matières premières pour l'extraction et la purification d'ingrédients bioactifs destinés à l'industrie nutraceutique et alimentaire. L'objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une technique économique et respectueuse de l'environnement pour la fabrication d'un extrait riche en glucoraphanine à partir de rejets industriels de brocoli, en fournissant une voie alternative pour sa valorisation. Ce travail se concentre principalement sur l'identification, la caractérisation et la quantification des glucosinolates et des polyphénols présents dans 10 lots rejetés de graines de brocoli et de résidus industriels de brocoli tels que les fleurons, les tiges et le mélange de fleurons et de tiges. De plus, le procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine a été optimisé en utilisant des solvants verts tels que l'éthanol et l'eau. En outre, la glucoraphanine provenant d'extraits de brocoli bruts a été purifiée en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par une Méthodologie de Surface de Réponse, basé sur le Box-Behnken Design (BBD) et l'Analyse des Composants Principaux. Enfin, des expériences pilotes ont été réalisées en utilisant les paramètres optimisés pour vérifier leur adéquation pour une application industrielle. La caractérisation et la quantification simultanées par UPLC MS/MS ont indiqué la présence de 12 glucosinolates (principalement de la glucoraphanine) et de 5 polyphénols dans les sous-produits du brocoli. La teneur en glucosinolates variait de 0,2 à 2% de matière sèche (MS), tandis que les polyphénols étaient inférieurs à 0,02% de MS. L'abondance relative de la glucoraphanine dans les sous-produits du brocoli a fait un matériau de départ prometteur pour la fabrication de compléments alimentaires fonctionnels. De plus, un procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine écologique et à base de solvant a été optimisé pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un extracteur à agitation magnétique unique a maximisé l'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine. Les paramètres d'extraction optimisés étaient de 50% et 70% d'éthanol aqueux extraits pendant 60 et 30 minutes à 60 et 23°C pour les sous-produits de graines et de fleurons, respectivement, en utilisant un rapport matière/solvant de 1:20. Le procédé vert optimisé a donné un rendement de glucoraphanine de 55,5 g/kg MS de graines et de 4,3 g/kg MS de fleurons. Le procédé vert développé dans cette étude a fourni 37 et 81 fois plus d'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine que la technique analytique standard basée sur le méthanol. Enfin, un procédé de purification de la glucoraphanine respectueux de l'environnement et industriellement réalisable a été développé en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par approche de surface de réponse pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un ensemble de 27 essais, 3 niveaux dans le BBD ont été proposés pour les résines cationiques et anioniques en série, pour maximiser les réponses du processus. La purification de la glucoraphanine à partir de l'extrait de graines de brocoli en utilisant une résine cationique a permis une récupération maximale de 94% et une pureté de 14% en utilisant 1:5 du rapport matière/résine pendant 91 min à 80 rpm/min. Dans le cas de la résine anionique, les variables expérimentales de 1:5, 140 min, 160 rpm/min et 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans de l'éthanol à 70% ont donné un rendement de 72% et une pureté de 37%. Alors que pour les rejets industriels de fleurons de brocoli, les paramètres optimisés pour la purification de la glucoraphanine étaient un ratio matière/résine de 1:1.87, un temps de contact de 30 min, une vitesse d'agitation de 80 rpm/min et un solvant d'élution de 100% eau. La purification subséquente de l'extrait cationique en utilisant la résine anionique a été réalisée en utilisant les paramètres expérimentaux optimisés du rapport matière/résine de 1:1.3 pendant 170 min à 140 rpm/min et éluée en utilisant 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans 70% d'éthanol, fournissant une récupération de 78% et pureté de 5%. Enfin, les paramètres du processus d'extraction et de purification optimisés à l'échelle du laboratoire ont été extrapolés à l'échelle pilote pour la fabrication d'extraits en poudre, indiquant que le procédé optimisé était très efficace pour récupérer la glucoraphanine avec une grande pureté même à grande échelle. Par conséquent, la présente étude a mis au point un procédé écologique efficace et industriellement viable pour la fabrication d'extraits de rejets industriels de brocoli. Le processus optimisé a fourni une voie alternative économiquement viable pour la valorisation de la récolte perdue qui nous rapproche de la sécurité alimentaire et la durabilité environnementale.
Le brocoli est une excellente source de composés nutraceutiques ayant de nombreux effets sur la santé tels que les propriétés anticancéreuses, anti-diabétiques, antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes. Les glucosinolates, les polyphénols, les vitamines, les minéraux et les fibres alimentaires sont les principales molécules présentes dans le brocoli. La production annuelle mondiale de brocoli est de 21 millions de tonnes. On estime que 35 à 40% des cultures horticoles sont perdues en raison de pratiques agricoles inadéquates, générant d'énormes quantités de déchets agricoles. Ces cultures perdues pourraient être utilisées comme matières premières pour l'extraction et la purification d'ingrédients bioactifs destinés à l'industrie nutraceutique et alimentaire. L'objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une technique économique et respectueuse de l'environnement pour la fabrication d'un extrait riche en glucoraphanine à partir de rejets industriels de brocoli, en fournissant une voie alternative pour sa valorisation. Ce travail se concentre principalement sur l'identification, la caractérisation et la quantification des glucosinolates et des polyphénols présents dans 10 lots rejetés de graines de brocoli et de résidus industriels de brocoli tels que les fleurons, les tiges et le mélange de fleurons et de tiges. De plus, le procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine a été optimisé en utilisant des solvants verts tels que l'éthanol et l'eau. En outre, la glucoraphanine provenant d'extraits de brocoli bruts a été purifiée en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par une Méthodologie de Surface de Réponse, basé sur le Box-Behnken Design (BBD) et l'Analyse des Composants Principaux. Enfin, des expériences pilotes ont été réalisées en utilisant les paramètres optimisés pour vérifier leur adéquation pour une application industrielle. La caractérisation et la quantification simultanées par UPLC MS/MS ont indiqué la présence de 12 glucosinolates (principalement de la glucoraphanine) et de 5 polyphénols dans les sous-produits du brocoli. La teneur en glucosinolates variait de 0,2 à 2% de matière sèche (MS), tandis que les polyphénols étaient inférieurs à 0,02% de MS. L'abondance relative de la glucoraphanine dans les sous-produits du brocoli a fait un matériau de départ prometteur pour la fabrication de compléments alimentaires fonctionnels. De plus, un procédé d'extraction de la glucoraphanine écologique et à base de solvant a été optimisé pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un extracteur à agitation magnétique unique a maximisé l'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine. Les paramètres d'extraction optimisés étaient de 50% et 70% d'éthanol aqueux extraits pendant 60 et 30 minutes à 60 et 23°C pour les sous-produits de graines et de fleurons, respectivement, en utilisant un rapport matière/solvant de 1:20. Le procédé vert optimisé a donné un rendement de glucoraphanine de 55,5 g/kg MS de graines et de 4,3 g/kg MS de fleurons. Le procédé vert développé dans cette étude a fourni 37 et 81 fois plus d'extractibilité de la glucoraphanine que la technique analytique standard basée sur le méthanol. Enfin, un procédé de purification de la glucoraphanine respectueux de l'environnement et industriellement réalisable a été développé en utilisant des résines échangeuses d'ions par approche de surface de réponse pour les sous-produits de graines de brocoli et de fleurons. Un ensemble de 27 essais, 3 niveaux dans le BBD ont été proposés pour les résines cationiques et anioniques en série, pour maximiser les réponses du processus. La purification de la glucoraphanine à partir de l'extrait de graines de brocoli en utilisant une résine cationique a permis une récupération maximale de 94% et une pureté de 14% en utilisant 1:5 du rapport matière/résine pendant 91 min à 80 rpm/min. Dans le cas de la résine anionique, les variables expérimentales de 1:5, 140 min, 160 rpm/min et 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans de l'éthanol à 70% ont donné un rendement de 72% et une pureté de 37%. Alors que pour les rejets industriels de fleurons de brocoli, les paramètres optimisés pour la purification de la glucoraphanine étaient un ratio matière/résine de 1:1.87, un temps de contact de 30 min, une vitesse d'agitation de 80 rpm/min et un solvant d'élution de 100% eau. La purification subséquente de l'extrait cationique en utilisant la résine anionique a été réalisée en utilisant les paramètres expérimentaux optimisés du rapport matière/résine de 1:1.3 pendant 170 min à 140 rpm/min et éluée en utilisant 7% d'hydroxyde d'ammonium dans 70% d'éthanol, fournissant une récupération de 78% et pureté de 5%. Enfin, les paramètres du processus d'extraction et de purification optimisés à l'échelle du laboratoire ont été extrapolés à l'échelle pilote pour la fabrication d'extraits en poudre, indiquant que le procédé optimisé était très efficace pour récupérer la glucoraphanine avec une grande pureté même à grande échelle. Par conséquent, la présente étude a mis au point un procédé écologique efficace et industriellement viable pour la fabrication d'extraits de rejets industriels de brocoli. Le processus optimisé a fourni une voie alternative économiquement viable pour la valorisation de la récolte perdue qui nous rapproche de la sécurité alimentaire et la durabilité environnementale.
Broccoli is an excellent source of nutraceutical compounds with many health effects such as anticancerous, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-microbial properties. Glucosinolates, polyphenols, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers are the most important molecules present in broccoli. The global annual production of broccoli is 21 million tons. It is estimated that 35-40% of the horticultural crops are lost due to inadequate agricultural practices, generating huge quantities of agro-waste. These lost crops, could be used as raw materials for the extraction and purification of bioactive ingredients for the nutraceutical and food industry. The main objective of this project was to develop an economical and environmental friendly technique for the fabrication of an extract rich in glucoraphanin from broccoli industrial discards, providing an alternative route for its valorization. This work predominantly focuses on the identification, characterization and quantification of glucosinolates and polyphenols present in 10 rejected lots of broccoli seeds and broccoli industrial residues such as florets, stalks and the mixture of florets and stalks. Additionally, the glucoraphanin extraction process was optimized using green solvents such as ethanol and water. Further, the glucoraphanin from crude broccoli extracts were purified using ion exchange resins by Response Surface Methodology, based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and Principle component analysis. Finally, pilot experiments were performed using the optimized parameters to verify their industrial applicability. The simultaneous characterization and quantification by UPLC MS/MS indicated the presence of 12 glucosinolates (predominantly glucoraphanin) and 5 polyphenols in broccoli by-products. The glucosinolates content varied from 0.2 to 2% dry weight (DW), whereas, the polyphenols were less than 0.02% DW. The relative abundance of glucoraphanin in broccoli by-products makes it a promising starting material for the fabrication of functional food supplements. Further, an eco-friendly, solvent based glucoraphanin extraction process was optimized for broccoli seeds and florets by-products. A single batch magnetically stirred extractor was found to maximize glucoraphanin extractability. The optimized extraction parameters were 50% and 70% aqueous ethanol extracted for 60 and 30 minutes at 60 and 23°C for seeds and florets by-products, respectively, using a feed to solvent ratio of 1:20. The optimized green process provided a glucoraphanin yield of 55.5 g/Kg DW seeds and 4.3 g/kg DW florets by-products. The green process developed in this study provided 37 and 81 times more glucoraphanin extractability than the standardized methanol based analytical technique. Finally, an environmental friendly and industrially feasible glucoraphanin purification process was developed using ion exchange resins by response surface approach for broccoli seeds and florets by-products. A 27 run, 3 level BBD, were proposed for cationic and anionic resins in series, to maximize the process responses. Glucoraphanin purification from broccoli seeds extract using cationic resin provided a maximal recovery of 94% and purity of 14% using 1:5 of feed to resin ratio for 30 min, at 80 rpm agitation speed and eluting solvent concentration of 100% water. For anionic resin, the experimental variables of 1:5, 140 min, 160 rpm and 7% ammonium hydroxide in 70% ethanol provided a process efficiency of 72% and a purity of 37%. Whereas, for broccoli florets industrial discards, the optimized process parameters for the purification of glucoraphanin were a feed to resin ratio of 1:1.87, contact time of 30 min, agitation speed of 80 rpm and eluting solvent of 100% water. Subsequent purification of the cationic extract using the anionic resin was performed using the optimized experimental parameters of feed to resin ratio of 1:1.3 for 170 min at 140 rpm and eluted using 7% ammonium hydroxide in 70% ethanol, providing a recovery of 78% and purity of 5%. Finally, the laboratory scale optimized extraction and purification process parameters was extrapolated onto the pilot scale for the fabrication of powdered extracts, indicated that the optimized process was highly efficient in recovering glucoraphanin with high purity even on large scale operation. Hence, the present study developed an efficient, industrially viable green process, for the fabrication of extracts from broccoli industrial discards. The optimized process provided an economically feasible alternative route for the valorization of the lost crop bringing us closer to food security and environmental sustainability.
Ghadhab, Souhaila. "Greffage de la fibronectine et d'un antibiotique pour limiter les infections sur une prothèse d'amputation transcutanée intra-osseuse." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69587.
Full textThe overall goal of this study is to functionalize titanium alloys materials (Ti6Al4V ELI) using biomolecules in order to prevent infections on Intraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prosthesis (ITAP). In this context, two strategies have been developed: one to promote attachment of skin cells around the implant and the other to reduce bacterial adhesion at the material-tissue interface. First of all, the Ti6Al4V ELI was modified by fibronectin (Fn), an adhesion glycoprotein found in most extracellular matrices, which promotes cell recognition and adhesion. Fn was adsorbed or grafted onto the surface of Ti6Al4V ELI. Two different linkers were used to graft the Fn, dopamine/glutaric anhydride (TiDopGAg) and phosphonate (TiPhosg). The linking arms lead to terminal carboxylic acid groups on the substrate, allowing covalent grafting with the amine functions of Fn. The success of each modification step was assessed by XPS and contact angle. The quantity of protein and the availability of RGD adhesion sites of the Fn adsorbed or grafted via the two investigated linking arms were evaluated by ELISA. The effect of the Fn-modified surfaces was evaluated on the proliferation and spreading of fibroblast cells and on the attachment strength of the dermal layers. It has been evidenced that Fn grafted via phosphonates has a greater bioactivity and a better biological activity than Fn grafted via dopamine/glutaric anhydride or when adsorbed. The peeling force of the dermal layers was also significantly higher around surfaces grafted with Fn via phosphonates, compared to untreated surfaces. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of appropriate selection of the anchor arm to closely control cellular interactions at the tissue/implant interface. The second part of this study is based on the functionalization of the Ti6Al4V ELI surface by vancomycin (Vanc), a glycopeptide with antibacterial properties. Vanc was covalently grafted via phosphonate (TiPhosgVanc) using a similar methodology to that used to graft Fn. The grafting and stability of the Vanc was confirmed by XPS and contact angle. The Vanc-modified surface reduces the adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria, the bacterium responsible for the majority of skin infections in percutaneous implants, compared to the surface of untreated Ti6Al4V ELI. These results confirm the antibacterial effect of the Ti6Al4V ELI surfaces when covalently functionalized by the Vanc.
Meda, Naamwin-So-Bâwfu Romaric. "Potentiel de valorisation d'extraits bioactifs issus de bourgeons d'érable à sucre et d'érable rouge." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34941.
Full textLes résidus provenant de l’activité de l’industrie forestière canadienne sont estimés chaque année à plus de 20 millions de tonnes de matière sèche. Des extraits réalisés à partir des écorces de troncs retrouvés dans ces résidus et présentant d’intéressantes propriétés biologiques ont été présentés comme une opportunité de valorisation des produits forestiers vers des domaines de plus fortes valeurs ajoutées. Pourtant, les branches des arbres éliminées durant des éclaircies de peuplements forestiers ou pendant les campagnes d’élagage portent également d’autres tissus végétaux dont la composition chimique et les propriétés biologiques peuvent s’avérer distinctes de celles des écorces. Notre hypothèse de recherche est que les érables, espèces d’importance économique majeure et très répandues des forêts canadiennes, dont les bourgeons se retrouvent dans les résidus forestiers, peuvent également servir à la production d’ingrédients actifs pour les secteurs de l’agroalimentaire, des produits cosmétiques et même de la santé (médicaments, phyto-médicaments, nutraceutiques). En effet, du fait de leur caractère indifférencié, ces bourgeons pourraient contenir des métabolites différents de ceux des autres tissus. Notre projet de recherche a donc eu pour principal objectif, l’exploration des domaines potentiels de valorisation de produits naturels issus de bourgeons de l’érable à sucre et de l’érable rouge. Du fait de la quasi inexistence de données dans la littérature, notre étude a consisté essentiellement à acquérir des connaissances sur la composition chimique de cette matière végétale et à évaluer les effets biologiques in vitro d’extraits et / ou de molécules issues de bourgeons d’érable. Pour cela, différentes méthodes d’extractions et différents solvants peu toxiques et respectueux de l’environnement ont été envisagés. Des explorations chimiques par Chromatographie sur Couche Mince (CCM), des dosages colorimétriques et des déterminations d’activité antioxydante ont ensuite été utilisés pour caractériser et évaluer l’extrait le plus prometteur. La détermination de la nature chimique des constituants majeurs de ce dernier ainsi que des essais biologiques ont été conduits afin de mesurer son potentiel de valorisation dans divers domaines. Les rendements en extraits secs, la nature et quantité en certains types de composés ainsi que les résultats de tests chimiques d’activité antioxydante ont montré que l’extrait à l’eau chaude de bourgeons d’érable rouge présentait un réel potentiel de valorisation comme antioxydant naturel. L’identification des composés phénoliques contenus dans cet extrait et leur quantification ont permis de révéler une forte présence de gallo-tannins, mais également d’hétérosides de quercétine et de cyanidine qui ont été décrits pour la première fois dans cette espèce. L’exploration des effets de cet extrait sur les neutrophiles humains comme première approche n’a indiqué aucune toxicité ni modification significative de leur viabilité jusqu'à 100 μg/mL. Cependant pour des plus fortes concentrations, l’extrait a montré une capacité à accélérer la mort programmée de ces cellules majeures de l’inflammation et cette activité serait due à certains gallotanins. Cette propriété biologique mis en évidence pour la première fois ouvre le champ à de nombreuses voies de valorisation notamment dans la résolution du processus inflammatoire où la survie des neutrophiles est incontestablement liée au développement de pathologies chroniques
The residues from the activities of Canadian forest industry are estimated to be more than 20 million tons of dry matter per year. The extractives of trunk barks from these residues have been studied as a way to valorize these non- wood forest products in areas with higher added values based on their interesting biological properties for human health. However, branches of the trees removed during thinning or pruning also carry other plant tissues with chemical composition and biological properties distinct from barks. Our research hypothesis was that maples, the widespread trees with major economic value from Canadian forests, represent a source of important quantities of forest residues containing buds which could be used to produce active ingredients for food industry and healthcare (drugs, phytomedications, and nutraceuticals). Indeed, buds contain important amount of meristems, undifferentiated embryonic tissues that may be rich in some bioactive compounds that are often found only in small quantities in other plant parts. Thus, the main objective of our research project was to explore the potential areas of valorization of natural products derived from sugar and red maple buds No data dealing with the chemical composition of this plant material nor biological effects of extracts and / or molecules derived from maple buds were found in scientific literature. The extracts of maple buds (therefore obtained with not toxic and environment- respectful solvents), were analysed by qualitative approach by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) assays for screening of phytochemicals. The quantitative assays and antioxidant activity assessment were used to characterize and evaluate the best promising extract. The major phytochemicals of the latter were identified, along with the biological tests undertaken in order to measure its potential of valorization in several fields The yields of dry matter, the nature and quantity of some potential bioactive compounds and the results on antioxidant activities evaluation showed that the hot water extract of red maple buds has a real potential for development as natural antioxidant. The identification of the major phenolic compounds contained in this extract and their quantification revealed an important concentration of gallo-tannins, along with quercetin and cyanidin glycosides, determined in this study for the first time in this species. Exploration of the effects of water extract from red maple buds on human neutrophils as a first approach indicated no toxicity nor significant modification of their viability up to 100 μg / mL. However, for higher concentrations, the extract showed an ability to accelerate the programmed death of these major cells of inflammation. Further studies revealed that this activity was due to particular gallotannins. This biological property highlighted for the first time opens the field to several ways of valorization especially for the resolution of inflammatory processes in which neutrophil survival is undoubtedly linked to the development of chronic pathologies.
Le, Lann Klervi. "Etude de la biodiversité des Sargassaceae (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) en milieux tempéré et tropical : écologie, chimiotaxonomie et source de composés bioactifs." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976868.
Full textHarnafi, Hicham. "Etude de l'effet des composés bioactifs du basilic sur le métabolisme lipidique et la péroxydation des lipoprotéines de basse densité." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S016.
Full textLe, Lann Klervi. "Étude de la biodiversité des Sargassaceae (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) en milieux tempéré et tropical : écologie, chimiotaxonomie et source de composés bioactifs." Brest, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976868.
Full textFour Sargassaceae genus presenting high biomass in Brittany and/or in the South Pacificwere chosen as models of this study. The aims of this works were i) to understand the chemical ecology of Sargassaceae in temperate and tropical environment, ii) to characterize specific chemomarkers from certain species and iii) to identify potential bioactive molecules. Then, a pluridisciplinary work was carry out with the study of the chemical ecology of Sargassaceae, in Brittany on one hand, with the study of the spatio-temporal variations of certain defense compounds of Sargassum muticum, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Cystoseira baccata associated with an ecological survey of these species and in the South Pacific on the other hand, with the study of these same defense compounds within Turbinaria sp. And Sargassun sp from various sites. At the same time, two chemotaxonomical studies were led. On the Turbinaria genera to identify one or several chemomarker(s) allowing discriminating T. Ornata and T. Conoides. And on the other hand, on B. Bifurcata to understand the geographical distribution of the existing chemical types within this species. Then, to answer the third objective of this work, three biological activities were looked for first and foremost within the studied species: cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity and neurotoxicity. The results allowed i) to highlight the impact of the environmental conditions on the biological and ecological variables studied to these species in temperate and tropical enviromnents; ii) to identify the acid turbinaric as a chemomarker of T. Conoides and to highlight the existence of ecotypes from B. Bifurcata; iii) to report the anti-phospholipase A2 activity of fatty acids stemming from tropical seaweeds and the antiradical and antioxidant activities of eleganolone isolated from B. Bifurcata
Thibault, Charles. "Utilisation de la chimie ''click'' Diels-Alder pour la construction d'hétérocycles oxygénés bioactifs; synthèse d'anhydrides maléiques, de cadiolides, de furo[2,3-b]chromones et découverte inusitée du réarrangement des 3-acyl-2-alkoxyfuranes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35274.
Full textThis work concerns the use of Diels-Alder ''click'' chemistry for the construction of biologically active oxygen containing heterocycles. First of all, aversatile pathway to substituted maleic anhydrides is illustrated by the synthesis of the nanomolar FTase inhibitor chaetomellic anhydride A(2.31a), a germination promoter(1.26), and a novel bis-anhydride (1.27) cross-linking reagent for cell or tissue fixation. Starting from commercial or easily prepared alkynes, these targets were assembled in two steps by click-unclick oxazole-alkyne cycloaddition-cycloreversion and furan oxyfunctionalization. Secondly, a concise, modular and efficient synthesis of cadiolides A, B, and Dis reported. Prominent steps include : (i) one-pot assembly of a key β-aryl--benzoylbutenolide building block by regiocontrolled "click-unclick"oxazole-ynone Diels-Alder cycloaddition-cycloreversion and ensuing 2-alkoxyfuran hydrolysis, and (ii) a protecting group-free vinylogous Knoevenagel condensation enabling rapid access to cadiolides A, B and D from a common precursor. Then, the unexpected discovery of the ring-degenerate rearrangement of 3-acyl-2-alkoxyfurans to 2-substituted 3-carboalkoxyfurans is described. This transformation, once optimized, enabled the rearrangement of 13 different substrates. The scaffolding power of this chemistry is demonstrated by the first synthesis of pumiloxide aldehyde, a rare labdane furfural isolated from Turreanthus africanus, a cameroonian medicinal treeused to treat intestinal worms. Finally, the synthesis of furo[2,3-b]chromones by a Diels-Alder retro Diels-Alder / oxa-Michael addition-elimination tandem is discussed. This new methodology gives access to 5 different 3-substituted furo[2,3-b]chromones. The remarkable service ability of this transformation is highlighted by the first synthesis of bothriofuran A, a natural product isolated from Bothriocline laxa. Even though many research groups demonstrateinterest in the synthesis of suchcompounds, our work represents the first exemple of a natural furo[2,3-b]chromone synthesis.
Diaz, Rodriguez Sergio Agustin. "Design, development and validation of a multi-step plasma-based strategy for the direct functionalization of L605 cobalt chromium alloy for the grafting of bioactive molecules and its application in cardiovascular devices." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70261.
Full textCardiovascular diseases represent the leading cause of death in the world. Among them is atherosclerosis that characterizes by the formation of a plaque on the arterial walls that narrows the lumen diameter. This atherosclerotic plaque disrupts the blood flow and can be complicated by thrombosis which can ultimately lead to myocardial infarction. Efficient revascularization is mandatory to treat this disease and a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is performed complemented with the deployment of a stent. Stents are tiny wire mesh that reopens the artery, re-establishing the blood flow whilst supporting the artery avoiding its collapse. Nevertheless, complications after stent implantation exist and in-stent restenosis (ISR) is one of the major concerns. This complication is characterized by the reduction of the lumen diameter, similar to an atherosclerotic plaque, and it is associated to the wound caused on the endothelium by the stent implantation followed by the over-proliferation of smooth muscle cells. One of the first strategies to decrease ISR involved the manufacture of stents using different alloys such as stainless steel, nitinol and cobalt chromium alloys (L605). The latest alloy, L605, has generated significant interest because it allows the fabrication of thinner devices, which have decreased post-implantation clinical complications. Nonetheless, despite the decrease in ISR, when compared to other alloys, the integration of L605 bare metal stents in the host tissue is minimal or inexistent. Thus, enhanced biological properties, such as endothelialisation, low thrombosis activity and anti-inflammatory behaviour represent mandatory requirements for clinical applications. To confer these properties onto metallic devices, polymeric-based coatings, as an intermediate layer to further functionalize with bioactive molecules, are often deposited. Nonetheless, major techniques to deposit these polymeric coatings involve the use of wet-chemistry and do not ensure total resistance during the stent implantation procedure due to lack of cohesion and delamination of the polymeric layer. Thus, a novel approach that foregoes this previously mandatory coating step was developed in this research project. This novel approach involves the use of plasma-based techniques to create functional groups (reactive amine groups, -NH₂), directly onto the metallic surface without modifying the bulk properties, that can be used as anchor points for the further grafting of bioactive molecules of interest. Briefly, this novel approach can be divided in 3 blocks: a) Surface preparation, b) plasma functionalization and c) bioactive molecule grafting. Throughout this research project the optimization of these main blocks was performed aiming for the desired cardiovascular application. Concerning block a), surface preparation, electropolishing, thermal treatments and plasma immersion ion implantations were performed to obtain an oxide layer deformation and corrosion resistant whilst demonstrating the highest direct plasma amination efficiency, for block b). Finally, as regards block c), bioactive molecule grafting, two different linking arms were studied to assess their impact on conformation, and the biological performance of a bioactive peptide derived from the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1 or CD31) due to its pro-endothelialization, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic potential: Glutaric anhydride (GA), as a short chain spacer of 5 carbons, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), as a long chain spacer with antifouling properties. Initially, this strategy was developed on flat samples where using a combination of high-resolution surface characterizations techniques, such as XPS and ToF-SIMS, and corrosion, deformation and biological tests it was confirmed that the optimal surface pre-treatment for L605 was electropolishing, due to its passive oxide layer and that it further allowed to obtain the highest amination efficiency. Furthermore, the best linking arm to immobilize the peptide was PEG, which demonstrated a significantly increase on endothelial cell viability with a faster migration, when compared to the bare metallic substrate. Moreover, peptides immobilized by PEG demonstrated that endothelial cells attached to the surface presented an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory phenotype, when compared to electropolished samples. Thus, this biomimetic surface was selected for an in vivo trial in porcine model to evaluate its potential re-endothelialization and anti-restenotic activity. It was found that by directly attaching a CD31 agonist onto the bare metal stent by this strategy improved re-endothelialization after 7 days when compared to commercial DES, with further, low adhesion of leukocytes and platelets when compared to BMS. Moreover, after 28 days of implantation, Plasma-P8RI did not present a significant decrease on the lumen diameter, which was not the case for BMS that presented in-stent restenosis after this period. Overall, this research project allowed the development and validation of a promising strategy to directly immobilize bioactive molecules onto L605 cobalt chromium cardiovascular devices, providing clear advantages of medical devices currently on the market. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, such plasma-based multi-step strategy has never been previously reported in literature.
Ksouda, Ghada. "Valorisation des plantes tunisiennes pour leur accumulation d’huiles et de composés bioactifs au cours de leur développement : application dans la protection des aliments." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2451.
Full textThe aim of this study is to identify bioactive oils and compounds in seeds from the semi-arid to arid region of "Regueb" in central Tunisia. Several species contained high amounts of oil mainly composed of classic fatty acids. High amounts of petroselinic acid, an unusual fatty acid, have been detected in species of the family Apiaceae, in particular P. major and P. saxifraga. The seeds ofAP. graveolens, An. graveolens, P. saxifraga and L. sativum were rich in oil and functional phenolic compounds. The accumulation of these compounds in growing seeds has been studied for P. major, P. saxifraga and L. sativum. Several seed contained essential oils with antibacterial properties such as those of P. saxifraga, AP. graveolens and C. sativum, which contained anethole, dillapiole and linalool. The essential oil of P. saxifraga seeds (PSEO) was, for the first time, tested in an edible coating based on sodium alginate for the preservation of fresh cheese. An evaluation of its toxicity in the mice allowed the determination of the dose range without any harmful effect. The edible coating of sodium alginate enriched with PSEO has improved the preservation of the fresh Sicilian cheese by preserving pH and color, reducing lipid peroxidation and improving bacterial stability. Sensory analysis showed a strong appreciation of coated cheese in presence of PSEO
Penchev, Petko Ivanov. "Étude des procédés d’extraction et de purification de produits bioactifs à partir de plantes par couplage de techniques séparatives à basses et hautes pressions." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0122/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the extraction of natural bioactive compounds from plants (case study with Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.)) by using different separation techniques at high (supercritical extraction) and atmospheric pressure (Soxhlet extraction, batch extraction, nanofiltration etc.). The influence of main operational parameters (solvent composition and flow rate, particle size of the raw material, pressure, temperature) on the process kinetics is studied experimentally with the aim to determine appropriate operational conditions for better extraction. The experimental results are confronted to a number of mathematical models in order to estimate the applicability of different theoretical concepts to the particular process and to select and apply appropriate models for determination of important parameters, characterizing the mass transfer process and necessary for scale-up and design purposes. Coupling between different separation methods is also considered and a number of integrated process schemes are proposed resulting in better yield of the targeted compounds
Rasamiravaka, Tsiry. "Inhibition du mécanisme de quorum sensing et de la formation de biofilm chez Pseudomonas aerugionsa par des composés bioactifs de Dalbergia trichocarpa (Fabaceae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209303.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
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Houillé, Benjamin. "Valorisation de coproduits de la viticulture, les sarments de vigne, comme source de polyphénols à activité fongicide." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3807.
Full textThis work aims at grape cane valorization as a source of bioactive polyphenols. After purifying E-resveratrol oligomers and obtaining E-resveratrol analogues through semi-synthesis, the antifungal activity of the compounds was evaluated. The 3,5-dimethoxyresveratrol exhibited interesting activity against twelves Candida species. During post-pruned grape cane storage, a strong and temperature dependent increase in E-resveratrol and E-piceatannol was observed and the expression of PAL, C4H, 4CL and STS genes contributed to a de novo biosynthesis of E-resveratrol. Downy mildew infection in vineyard during the growing season modified both the composition and the spatial distribution of stilbenoids in grape canes. UPLC-MS-based targeted metabolomics coupled to multivariate statistical analysis discriminates grape canes according to their genotypic origin and determines metabotypes. The observed biochemical distances between genotypes corresponded to genetic distances. Finally, results highlight the antifungal potential of stilbenoids and several key factors affecting the phytochemical composition of grape canes
Missaoui, Rafik. "Extraction verte et caractérisation des molécules bioactives dans les coproduits de la production d'asperge (Asparagus officinalis L.)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31327.
Full textPlants belonging to the family of Asparagaceae, especially asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) contain a wide range of bioactive molecules such as polyphenols, flavonoids and saponins. These compounds have several health properties: antioxidant, anticancer and cardioprotective effects. In addition to that asparagus production generates a significant amounts of co-products, making it a good choice for the valorisation through the production of bioactive extracts for the functional food market. In this study, carried out with a green biorefinery view, we used only ethanol and water under optimum conditions rather than other solvents sometimes adopted in extraction of bioactive molecules and which may be harmful for human health. Total polyphenol and flavonoid were determined in different segments of the asparagus stem (upper and lower parts), differents varieties of asparagus and co-products of the Guelph Millenium variety. Identification of polyphenols was performed by UPLC-MS/MS and quantification of saponins was performed by a spectrophotometric method. The optimization of the extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids was accomplished by modulating the temperature, the ethanol concentration and the solute/solvent ratio. The polyphenols present in asparagus are especially flavonoids and phenolic acids with a dominance for rutin (92%) .The polyphenols have been found to be more concentrated in the upper part of the asparagus stem (1.15 %) and represent 0.6 % for the basal parts of the stem and 1.4 % for the lower grade asparagus based on dry matter. The optimized extraction parameters are 80 % ethanol at 70 °C for 3 hours with a solute/solvent ratio of 1:40. This study is not limited to protect the environment by removing asparagus co-products from landfills, but adds values to these co-products. Key words : Asparagus, co-products, optimization, polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, UPLC-MS/MS.
Carpentier, Claudia. "Investigations phytochimiques de lichens soumis au stress de la nordicité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27345.
Full textWelsch, Tania. "Synthèses multi-étapes de composés bioactifs : Partie I: Au départ de complexes diéniques de Fer-Tricarbonyle-Partie II: Au départ de biclyclo[3.2.0]heptanones et d'ω-cétoesters acétyléniques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/WELSCH_Tania_2008.pdf.
Full textIn the first part of this work, a stereoselective synthesis of enantiopur multiprotected Kanosamine was achieved. Starting from readily available α-aminodienone (tricarbonyl)iron complex, an aldol reaction is the key reaction. Reduction of the formed ketol, protection of the hydroxyl groups, decomplexation followed by reductive ozonolysis afforded the required multiprotected Kanosamine. In the second part, a new route to hydroazulenic systems was investigated. Aldolisation reaction, the key step, afforded the corresponding ketol with total diastereoselectivity. After the synthesis of the corresponding 1,4-diketone, methanolysis of the latter generated a tricyclic alcohol that is close to the target molecule. Grob Fragmentation should enable the access to enantiopure hydroazulens. In the last part, polyfunctionnalized 2-methyltetralone led to a fused tricyclic allenoate by an intramolecular alkynylogous Mukaiyama aldol type reaction. After five steps, allenoate afforded to Hamigeran B
Hugoni, Ludivine. "Development of fibronectin coatings on polymeric materials : a study of protein-surface interactions." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27319.
Full textAfter the introduction of a medical device into the body, adhesive proteins such as fibronectin (Fn) adsorb to the surface of the material and play a critical role in the mediation of biological responses. To modulate these responses, one strategy consists in developing bioactive coatings at the surface of materials. With the aim of promoting cell interactions, this research project focuses on developing fibronectin coatings on different polymeric materials, which presented suitable properties for blood-contacting applications: fluorocarbonated film (CFx) and surface-modified polyuetherurethanes (PEUs). The CFx film is a nano-coating deposited by plasma treatment on stainless steel substrates developed in order to avoid metal corrosion after long-term blood contact. The PEUs surfaces are modified by oligomer blending: a fluorinated oligomer, reducing platelet adhesion, or an anionic one, promoting cell adhesion, were selected for their ability to modulate cell responses. Firstly, fibronectin was adsorbed or grafted on CFx and characterized under different constraints (plastic deformation, static conditions, and under pseudo-physiological fluid flow). The interaction of fibronectin with the CFx nano-coating enabled to evaluate the stability of the coatings and to validate the relevance of their development. The results revealed greater homogeneity for grafted Fn compared to adsorbed Fn. The influence of Fn adsorption on the surface-modified PEUs towards the response of inflammatory cells and the thrombogenic nature of the surfaces were then investigated. The biological tests indicated that fibronectin played a prominent role in thrombus formation and showed differentiated effect on inflammatory cell activity when coated onto the different polymeric substrates. This research increased our knowledge on the surface interactions between Fn and polymers. The relevance for the development of stable biomolecule coatings at the surface of materials for blood-contacting applications and regarding the role of biomolecule coatings on subsequent cell interactions was shown and focused on the possible influence of the wound healing process and on the final outcomes of implants.
Henaux, Loïc. "Fractionnement d’un hydrolysat de protéines de saumon par électrodialyse avec empilement de membranes d’ultrafiltration afin de concentrer, isoler et identifier des peptides glucorégulateurs." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66671.
Full textType 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a complex multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis. This disease has a genetic basis but is mainly caused by socio-environmental behaviours, such as overeating and a lack of physical activity. Despite dietary measures and medical treatments used to prevent and treat the disease, T2D continues to progress. The identification and production of bioactive peptides from natural sources offer an interesting alternative to synthetic drugs, whose concerns about side effects are constantly increasing. Thus, because of their abundance and richness in bioactive molecules, fish processing co-products offer an almost inexhaustible source of bioactive peptides. Indeed, in previous studies, cod and salmon proteins have been shown to improve cardio-metabolic health in in vivo studies, and to improve muscle glucose uptake, decrease hepatic glucose production, and inflammation. In addition, with a growing number of people to feed, the processing industry is at its height, and waste continues to accumulate. Nevertheless, in order to exert their bioactive effect, it is necessary to release these bioactive peptides from native proteins. Subsequently, one or more separation, using for example electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes, are needed to concentrate these peptides and generate bioactive fractions. Indeed, it was previously demonstrated the effectiveness of electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes to generate bioactive fractions, from complex matrices, able to improve the glucose uptake in vitro, from soy and salmon protein hydrolysates. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to concentrate and identify bioactive peptides, by fractionating a protein hydrolysate from a salmon co-product, by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membranes, and to study the impact of these fractions and peptides on T2D. In the first study, results demonstrated that a triple size selective separation by EDUF allowed to generate peptide fractions with different physicochemical properties (charge and mass). Moreover, it was demonstrated that such a separation allowed to modulate the in vitro response of the fractions for glucose metabolism. Indeed, from a single EDUF separation, cationic peptides with higher molecular weights were concentrated and demonstrated to enhance their glucose uptake capacity. Whereas, cationic peptides with lower molecular weights have decreased the glucose uptake capacity. In addition, analyses by mass spectrometry of the vi fractions allowed to characterize (retention time and charge) 17 cationic peptides and 21 anionic peptides, potentially responsible for the bioactive effect of the fractions. In a second study, a second EDUF fractionation, using as feed solution the final fractions recovered during the previous separation was performed. The selectivity of the process was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Moreover, in vitro study of the bioactivities (glucose uptake, hepatic glucose production and inflammation) effect of these fractions, led to the identification of two very promising fractions, demonstrating a simultaneous effect on all three bioactivities tested. In addition, the tandem mass spectrometry analysis of these fractions allowed the sequence identification of 24 anionic peptides, potentially responsible for these bioactive effects. Finally, in a third study, based on the analysis of the spectra obtained by tandem mass spectrometry, 13 peptides were selected and synthesized, then individually tested for their ability to increase glucose uptake in muscle cells, to reduce glucose production by hepatic cells, and to decrease the inflammatory response of macrophages. Thus, for the first time, four new peptides identified from salmon by-products, demonstrated in vitro glucoregulatory properties.
Castrec, Justine. "Impacts des efflorescences du dinoflagellé toxique Alexandrium minutum sur la reproduction et le développement de l'huître Crassostrea gigas." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0080.
Full textRecent decades have witnessed the intensification and spread of harmful algal blooms (HAB). HAB are known to disrupt coastal ecosystems and to be toxic for marine organisms. These phenomena are also suspected to be responsible for recruitment failures of bivalves. The aim of this PhD was to study the consequences of blooms of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum on the reproduction, development and recruitment of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, a species of major economic importance. A. minutum is known to produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) and bioactive extracellular compounds (BEC). Gametes and early life stages were the most sensitive, particularly to the bioactive extracellular compounds (BEC) produced by A. minutum, which inhibited fertilization and embryogenesis. A. minutum modified the behaviour of veliger larvae, decreased their filtration, growth and settlement. Exposure of adult oysters during gametogenesis affected the development of offspring, reflecting alterations in gamete content and/or vertical transfer of PST. Mode of action of PST and BEC are to further investigate. These oyster exposures, conducted at environmentally relevant concentrations of microalgae, suggest that recurrent blooms of A. minutum during oyster spawning and larval development could have long-term consequences on the structure of wild and cultured populations of C. gigas
Chaumont-Olive, Pauline. "Synthèse et développement de la réactivité des triorganozincates de lithium chiraux en addition nucléophile énantiosélective et application à la synthèse de produits bioactifs." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR069/document.
Full textThe development of new asymetric methodologies have been widely explored during the last twenty years and in particular through organometallic reagents. Although these processes lead to excellent results in terms of enantiodiscrimination, the goal of this thesis was to develop new tools: cheap, chemoselective and allowing the access to the desired compounds with high yields and enantiomeric excesses. In this context, chiral lithium triorganozincates have been studied. Enantioselective nucleophilic 1,2 alkylation and arylation of aldehydes reactions, including (R)-N-(2-iso-butoxybenzyl)-1-phenylethanamine as the chiral ligand, have been optimized toward various aldehydes. The expected secondary chiral alcohols have been obtained with good yields (up to 83%) and high enantiomeric excesses (up to 99%).These processes have been then applied to the asymmetric synthesis of naturals and/or bioactive compounds as Spiromastilactone A, (R)-Neobenodine and (R)-Orphenadrine. Finally, the access to new amino-alcohols have been developed with the ultimate goal to engage those species as the chiral partner when reacting chiral lithium zincates with imines
Durand, Rachel. "Valorisation d'hydrolysat de poisson pour la santé humaine : séparation des composés bioactifs par électrodialyse avec membranes d'ultrafiltration et évaluation de leurs activités biologiques impliquées dans le développement du syndrome métabolique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66672.
Full textFish by-product valorization is an economic and environmental issue. For several years, scientific researches have shown that fish by-products contained active molecules for human health, as polyunsaturated fatty acids and peptides. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the potential use of herring milt hydrolysates for human health, especially by evaluating their potential actions in physiological parameters involved in the metabolic syndrome and the effect of their separation by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane (EDUF) for the production of bioactive fractions. First, we have demonstrated that the supplementation of three different herring milt hydrolysates in a high fat high sucrose diet in mice was able to modulate some physiological functions involved in the metabolic syndrome: improvement of glucose tolerance, increase of the total energy intake and protection against the Lactobacillus disappearance in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the hydrolysates decreased the inflammation induction in macrophages stimulated with LPS at 1ng/ml and 100pg/ml. Secondly, we have evaluated the separation of two herring milt hydrolysates by EDUF: the first one was more complex with a mix of different molecules (lipids, nucleic acids and peptides) while the second one was mainly composed of peptides. A new configuration using four ultrafiltration membranes (two of 50kDa and two of 20kDa) allowed a simultaneous double separation of anionic and cationic compounds. It has been shown that only charged peptides and free amino acids were fractionated in EDUF, while the lipids and nucleic acids didn’t migrate to the recovery fractions. Moreover, the use of membranes with different cut-off allowed a separation of the hydrolysates in different molecular weight ranges. Indeed, the use of 20kDa membranes allowed the concentration of peptides with small molecular weights (<800Da) and free amino acids, while the recovery fractions obtained with the 50kDa membranes were composed oh peptide with higher molecular weights.Thirdly, the potential bioactivities of the recovery fractions and the herring milthydrolysates were evaluated in vitro. Hence, the separation of the first hydrolysate allowed the production of a final fraction increasing the glucose uptake and an antioxidant anionicfraction. While the separation of the second hydrolysate allowed the production of two antiinflammatory cationic fractions as well as the identification of two bioactive peptides sequences. All these results showed that milt herring hydrolysate contained bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and peptides, improving some physiological functions involved in the MetS and may decrease its occurrence. More over, the separation of the hydrolysates by EDUF allowed the production of bioactive fractions and the identification of two new anti-inflammatory peptide sequences. This work demonstrated the existence of a beneficial effect of herring milt hydrolysate and its fractions for the human health, allowing a better valorization of this by-product of the food industry for the health sector.
Gagnon, Marie-Claude. "Synthèse et caractérisation de phospholipides monofluorés et de peptides modèles : développement de nouvelles sondes membranaires." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28188.
Full textThe development of new methodologies to investigate interactions between cell membranes and various bioactive molecules such as peptides, proteins or drugs is of primary importance. These interactions are essential for the activity of those compounds and a better understanding would allow, among others, the development of new drugs, the improvement of their efficiency and the reduction of their toxicity. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a method of choice to study membranes – molecules interactions. Specifically, using membrane probes is common and allows to access new experiments. The main project within this thesis focuses on the synthesis and study of monofluorinated phospholipids for their validation as model membranes probe in solid-state NMR. Fluorine possesses numerous chemical and spectroscopic characteristics of interest for its use to study biomolecule complexes in NMR spectroscopy. This thesis reports the synthesis of three new monofluorinated analogs of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (F-DMPC), having one fluorine atom located on the acyl chain at position 2 of the glycerol, with the goal of mimicking eukaryotic membranes. Property studies of these three new F-DMPCs and of three previously synthesized derivatives are also presented. Overall, the results have shown that the incorporation of a fluorine atom into DMPC perturbs significantly the membrane properties, but that F-DMPC/DMPC mixtures containing 25% F-DMPC or less behave in a similar way to DMPC membranes. To validate this new model, the orientation of two antimicrobial peptides having a known behaviour in the presence of DMPC membranes has been estimated in F-DMPC/DMPC (1/3) membranes. For all F-DMPC, 15N NMR has shown that peptide orientation is not affected by the presence of monofluorinated DMPC. Such mixtures can therefore be used as membrane probes to study interactions between them and various bioactive molecules with solid-state NMR. This thesis also presents the development of a new and flexible synthetic methodology of phosphatidylglycerols. As identical or different acyl chains with various lengths can be incorporated, this methodology will allow access to F-DMPG in order to mimic prokaryotic cell membranes. The second thesis project focuses on the study of new model peptides in order to develop a new tool to evaluate biological membrane thickness. A series of peptides analogues to the antimicrobial synthetic peptide MSI-103, having various lengths and called KIAn, have first been synthesized and studied to investigate the importance of the hydrophobic mismatch in the formation of pores and in the activity of these peptides. This study showed that peptide length is a key factor in their activity: the length must be sufficient to span the hydrophobic thickness of the lipid bilayers. However, the design of KIAn peptides implies that longer peptides are more charged and this factor can also influence the observed tendency. Therefore, this thesis reports our study aimed at verifying the influence of global cationic charge of KIAn peptides on their activity. Two new peptide series of various lengths (14 to 28 amino acids) and of constant global charge (+7), called KIA(7)n and KIXAn, have been synthesized and analyzed with several techniques (circular dichroism, biological tests, fluorescence spectroscopy and 15N NMR). This study confirmed the importance of hydrophobic mismatch and the absence of charge effect in the activity of these peptides. It also validated the use of these peptides as molecular rulers to estimate the hydrophobic thickness of lipid bilayers.
Le, Darz Alexandre. "Activation superélectrophile en milieu superacide : synthèse de nouveaux synthons halofluorés azotés." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2299/document.
Full textExceptional properties of fluorinated compounds led to a considerable development of fluorine chemistry since the 1950's. Nowadays, fluorinated products have a key role in many domains going from medicinal chemistry to agricultural chemistry. As nitrogen atom is ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, the development of new synthetic ways for the preparation of fluorinated nitrogen containing compound is of relevant interest.Previously, the superacid team developed a bromofluorination reaction of unsaturated nitrogen containing compounds in superacidic media HF/SbF5. The reaction was performed by using the NBS as halenium ion donor, activated through polyprotonation, permitting the access to bromofluorinated nitrogen containing compounds difficult to be obtained under classical organic conditions. Nevertheless the resulting bromonium ion isomerizes quickly to produce difluorinated products. Chloronium ions show different reactivities than the bromonium ones; so this study is focused on the reactivity of chloronium ion in dicationic systems generated by the use of superacidic media.The first step of the study was focused on the evaluation of the impact of experimental conditions by reaction products analysis and in situ NMR experiments. Then the influence of substrate structure on the reaction course was investigated. Finally the halosubstitution on the carbon-carbon double bound was studied. This work allowed us to highlight the chlorofluorination reaction mechanism and then to extend this method to bioactive compounds synthesis
Bisi, Hélène. "Green extraction of high added-value compounds from heritage plants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021MONTS085.
Full textOur region is a rich biodiversity reservoir especially when it comes to plants, most of which have not been studied, let alone exploited. If many scientific articles are interested in plants collected in more exotic countries, some species surrounding us are surprisingly neglected. This PhD work thus focused on two forgotten plants with fragrant flowers, abundantly present in the Montpellier region: Elaeagnus × submacrophylla Servett., a horticultural shrub, and Coronilla glauca L., a wild subshrub. The study mainly consisted in the green extraction of natural compounds and the evaluation of their antioxidant potential.The organic compounds of the floral volatiles were first identified by solid phase microextraction of the headspace, hence highlighting two very different profiles: one rather benzenic and the other terpenic. Consecutively to the molecular identification of leaf and flower ethanolic extracts of Elaeagnus by chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, a battery of tests (ABTS, DPPH and ORAC assays) allowed us to highlight an interesting in vitro antioxidant activity, similar to that of BHT, a synthetic molecule commonly used in cosmetics. The amount of total phenolic compounds (Folin-Ciocalteu assay) determined is of the same order of magnitude as those described in the literature for green tea or rosé wine. Complementary in cellulo studies (collaboration with ICGM on murine fibroblasts) on Elaeagnus leaf extracts confirm these results, demonstrating an antioxidant activity close to that of quercetin, the model antioxidant molecule. This work could potentially open the way to the development of a new cosmetic ingredient, for a topical application against skin aging for example
Zaiter, Ali. "Étude de la phytochimie de 12 plantes de la région Lorraine en fonction de la granulométrie de poudres superfines." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0012/document.
Full textThis project focuses on the study of 12 plants coming from Lorraine region. The study aims to improve the exploitation of local flora using a dry extraction process. A milling and a sieving process up to fine particles of plant material is used to concentrate the bioactive compounds in the resulting powders. The powders were classified according to the particle size which were ranging from 20 µm to 500 µm. The phytochemical properties of each particle size fraction are compared to non-sieved plant parts. These activities are linked to secondary metabolites including polyphenols and terpene derivatives, which are characterized and quantified by LC-MS and GC-MS analyses. It was developed in this work a new validation technique of differential separation depending on the particle size of the powders compared with extracts of non-sieved plant parts. The quantification of chemical compound classes was done by UV-Visible methods and their identification was conducted using LC-PDA/MS and GC-MS characterization technics. The evaluations of the antioxidant activity and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity is carried out in vitro according to the particle sizes. This study demonstrates the usefulness of this new differential extraction process of bioactive compounds from vegetal matrices. The Enhancing of the concentration of the active products is observed according to the particle sizes. In silico modeling study of anti-acetylcholinesterase activity is employed to highlight the interactions between the active sites and some anticipated active compounds in the extract
NSENDA, THOMAS. "Syntheses enantio- et diastereoselectives de composes bioactifs." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR13117.
Full textMartínez, Subirà Mariona. "Hull-less and coloured-grain barley as a source of valuable healthy bioactive compounds." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672377.
Full textAunque rara vez se usa en los alimentos, la cebada está recibiendo un interés creciente como un grano saludable, debido a sus propiedades nutricionales. Se estudiaron en campo genotipos de cebada sin cubiertas y de grano coloreado que se diferenciaban en una variedad de compuestos bioactivos valiosos y saludables, en diferentes condiciones ambientales y de temperatura. El estrés por alta temperatura durante el llenado del grano aumentó la concentración de compuestos bioactivos claves en el grano. Se debe considerar la cosecha temprana de granos inmaduros para maximizar la capacidad antioxidante. El 30% más externo de las fracciones perladas parecen la mejor opción para explotar la capacidad antioxidante y la alta composición fenólica, mientras que los granos perlados pueden proporcionar harinas enriquecidas con β-glucanos. Las cubiertas también son un valioso material saludable, especialmente para la alimentación de rumiantes. La cebada desnuda y de grano morado ofrece nuevas vías para satisfacer la creciente demanda de productos saludables, proporcionando un mayor contenido de fibra dietética y compuestos bioactivos, una mayor capacidad antioxidante y un índice glucémico estimado más bajo que las harinas comerciales refinadas e integrales de trigo.
Although rarely used in food, barley is receiving increasing interest as a healthy grain, due to its nutritional properties. Hull-less and coloured-grain barley genotypes differing in an array of valued and healthy bioactive compounds, were studied in the field under different temperature and environmental conditions. High temperature stress throughout grain filling increased concentration of key bioactive compounds in the grain. Early harvesting of non-mature grain should be considered as a way to maximize antioxidant capacity. The 30% outermost of the pearling fractions seem the best option to exploit antioxidant capacity and high phenolic composition, while pearled grains may provide β-glucan-enriched flours. Husks are also a valuable healthy material, particularly for ruminant feed. Hull-less and purple-grain barley offers new avenues to fulfil the increasing demand for healthy products, providing higher content of dietary fibre and bioactive compounds, greater antioxidant capacity and lower estimated glycemic index than commercial refined and whole wheat flours.
López-Gámez, Gloria. "Application of pulsed electric fields as a strategy for enhancing the content and bioaccessibility of carotenoids and phenolic compounds in carrots and their derived products." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671424.
Full textEn la presente Tesis Doctoral se evaluó la aplicación de pulsos eléctricos (PE) como una estrategia para inducir la acumulación de compuestos fenólicos y carotenoides y potenciar su bioaccesibilidad en zanahoria y sus productos derivados (zumos y purés). Se investigó el efecto de PE sobre el contenido fenólico y carotenoide, su bioaccesibilidad y la microestructura de zanahoria y sus derivados. Además, se estudió el efecto de PE sobre los principales atributos de calidad de zanahorias enteras, así como su influencia en la actividad respiratoria y actividades enzimáticas seleccionadas. La aplicación de PE solo mejoró la concentración de carotenoides y fenoles en zanahorias enteras. Los tratamientos también causaron cambios significativos en la actividades enzimática y respiratoria, así como en el color y firmeza. Así mismo, estos tratamientos provocaron modificaciones en la microestructura. Por otro lado, la aplicación de PE potenció la bioaccesibilidad de fenoles y carotenoides en zanahoria entera y purés. La aplicación de PE sobre la zanahoria entera o el producto derivado, la posterior aplicación de un procesado mecánico, térmico o la adición de aceite presentaron un efecto significativo sobre la estructura de la matriz, el contenido y bioaccesibilidad de compuestos fenólicos y carotenoides. Por tanto, el control de dichos factores permite obtener productos derivados de zanahoria con un valor antioxidante incrementado.
This Doctoral Thesis evaluated the application of pulsed electric fields (PEF) as a strategy to induce the accumulation of phenolic compounds and carotenoids as well as the improvement of their bioaccessibility in carrots and their derived products (juices and purees). The effect of PEF on phenolic and carotenoid content, their bioaccessibility and the microstructure of carrots and their derived products was investigated. In addition, the effect of PEF on main quality attributes of whole carrots was studied, as well as their influence on respiratory activity and selected enzyme activities. The application of PEF just improved the concentration of carotenoids and phenols in whole carrots. In addition, the treatments caused significant changes in enzymatic and respiratory activities, as well as color and firmness. Treatments also caused microstructure modifications. On the other hand, the application of PEF improved the bioaccessibility of phenols and carotenoids in whole carrots and purees. The application of PEF to carrot or directly to the derived product, the subsequent application of mechanical and thermal processing or the oil addition had significant effects on the matrix structure, content and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Therefore, the control of these factors allows to obtain carrot derived products with an enhanced antioxidant value.
Sandoval, Sandoval Viviana Paz. "Impact on gene expression and metabolic homeostasis of bioactive compounds-enriched diets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671150.
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