Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Composés oxygénés'
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Dittoo, Aurélia. "Synthèse de composés hétérocycliques oxygénés et aminés." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066747.
Full textAgorrody, Maryse. "Additions radicalaires à des péroxydes et insaturés : accès à des hétérocycles oxygénés." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10662.
Full textTrinh, Thi Kim Hoang. "Prediction of Phase Equilibria Associated with Hydrotreating Process of Biomass by GC-PPC-SAFT Equation of State." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD074/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to develop a predictive tool to compute the vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) associated with hydrotreating operation from biomass for process simulation. The construction of a reliable database of hydrogen and the other hydrotreating gases solubilities have been done. The model used based on the Group Contribution – Polar Perturbed Chain – Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (GC-PPC-SAFT), which is PC-SAFT combined with the group contribution proposed by Tamouza and a polar term developed by Nguyen Huynh. The systematic tests have been perform for mixtures of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones,… A new non-additive contribution has also been proposed based on the reflections on the repulsive interactions and the free volume effect. The model development are validated by Monte Carlo simulations. This non-additive term has been integrated in GC-PPC-SAFT Equation of state and tested for systems containing hydrogen. Group contribution method has been extended to its parameter. Average deviations on Henry’s constant are within the experimental uncertainty (~10%). We also have performed the prediction of the other gases i.e. CO, H₂S, NH₃ solubility using GC-PPC-SAFT. A cross associative parameter has been used for systems containing H₂S and NH₃. The results are quite acceptable and within the experimental uncertainty (~20%)
Biscaya, Semedo Pereira da Graça Inês Sofia. "Influence des composés oxygénés sur les propriétés des catalyseurs de FCC." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT2311.
Full textUne des possibilités pour la production des biocarburants de deuxième génération pourrait consister en l’incorporation de bio-huiles hydrotraitées aux charges traditionnellement dévolues au procédé de Craquage Catalytique (FCC). Un des problèmes associés au co-traitement pourrait être la présence de composés phénoliques. Cette thèse a eu pour objectif l’étude de l’impact de ces composés sur les propriétés des catalyseurs de FCC. Des tests catalytiques effectués avec des molécules modèles (n-heptane et méthylcyclohexane) et des zéolites pures (HY et HZSM-5) ont montré que l’effet des composés phénoliques (phénol et guaiacol) sur l’activité et la stabilité des zéolithes est plus élevé pour les temps de réaction plus longs. La désactivation additionnelle observée est due à l’adsorption simultanée de ces composés et des molécules de coke. L’effet de ces poisons dépend de plusieurs facteurs : la structure de la zéolithe, la température, le type d’hydrocarbure et de molécule oxygénée. La zéolithe HZSM-5 présente une plus faible résistance à l’empoisonnement. Des températures élevées peuvent éviter partiellement les effets néfastes des composés oxygénés. En présence de composés phénoliques, la transformation du n-heptane est plus affectée dans le cas de la zéolithe HY, tandis que pour la HZSM-5, un plus grand impact est observé pour la transformation du méthylcyclohexane. Le diamètre cinétique des molécules oxygénées a un impact plus important sur l’activité de la zéolithe HZSM-5. La sélectivité des deux zéolithes n’est pas modifiée par l’addition d’espèces phénoliques. En présence de composés phénoliques, la désactivation des catalyseurs industriels de FCC est relativement faible, en accord avec ce qui est vérifié pour les zéolithes pures, dans les premières minutes de réaction. Une légère réduction de la conversion du distillat sous vide est observée, mais seulement lorsque l’additif ZSM-5 est ajouté au catalyseur d’équilibre (ECAT)
A produção de bio-combustíveis de segunda geração poderá ser efectuada através do processamento conjunto de bio-óleos hidrotratados e cargas tradicionalmente usadas nas unidades de Cracking Catalítico (FCC). Um aspecto importante deste co-processamento deverá ser a presença de compostos fenólicos. O objectivo desta tese consistiu no estudo do impacto deste tipo de compostos sobre as propriedades dos catalisadores de FCC. Ensaios catalíticos efectuados com hidrocarbonetos modelo (n-heptano e metilciclohexano) e zeólitos puros (HY e HZSM-5) mostraram que o efeito dos compostos fenólicos (fenol e guaiacol) sobre a actividade e estabilidade dos zeólitos é maior para tempos de reacção longos. A desactivação adicional observada resulta da adsorção simultânea destes compostos e das moléculas de coque. O efeito destes venenos depende de diversos factores: estrutura do zeólito, temperatura, tipo de hidrocarboneto e de molécula oxigenada. O zeólito HZSM-5 apresenta menor resistência ao envenenamento. Temperaturas elevadas evitam, parcialmente, os efeitos nefastos dos compostos oxigenados. Com o zeólito HY, o craking do n-heptano é o mais influenciado pela presença dos fenóis, enquanto que no caso do HZSM-5 é o do metilciclohexano. Os compostos fenólicos de menores dimensões têm um maior impacto sobre a actividade do zeólito HZSM-5, ao passo que, para o zeólito HY, o efeito desactivante não depende do diâmetro cinético dos venenos. A selectividade de ambos os zeólitos não é modificada pela adição de fenóis. Na presença de fenóis, a desactivação dos catalisadores industriais de FCC é relativamente baixa, tal como verificado no início da reacção para os zeólitos puros. Observa-se uma ligeira redução na conversão do gasóleo de vácuo, apenas aquando da adição de ZSM-5 ao catalisador de equilíbrio (ECAT)
Messaadia, Lyamine. "Etudes théoriques et expérimentales de la dégradation atmosphérique des composés organiques oxygénés." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS036/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of atmospheric degradation of some Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds by major atmospheric oxidants OH, Cl, and NO3. This work comprises firstly determining the spectra of UV-Visible absorption hydroxycarbonyl compounds (hydroxyacetone (HAC), 4-hydroxy-2-butanone (4HB), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (3HB) and 3-methyl-3-hydoxy-2-butanone (3H3M2B) and secondly measures the kinetics of the reaction of the compound HAC with the atomic chlorine and nitrate radical.Reactions between 4HB and 3H2B with OH radicals and atomic chlorine were also studied.The UV absorption cross-sections of hydroxyacetone, 3-hydroxy 2-butanone, 4-hydroxy 2-butanone and 3-hydroxy 3-methyl 2-butanone have been measured. The experiments have been carried out between 250 and 363 K using a D2 lamp coupled to a monochromator. This work provides the first UV cross-section measurements for 3-hydroxy 2-butanone, 4-hydroxy 2-butanone and 3-hydroxy 3-methyl 2-butanone. The obtained cross-section values are used to calculate the photolysis rates and to estimate the tropospheric lifetimes of the studied compounds. The results suggest that photolysis could be an important removal process for these species in the troposphere. The results of kinetic studies show a slight variation of the rate constants with temperature.We also studied the diketones compounds: 2,4-pentanedione and 2,3-pentanedione. This study focuses on the determination of UV-Visible absorption spectra of diketones compounds and kinetic study of their reaction with OH radicals according to temperature. For both compounds a temperature variation of more than 60% is observed.The theoretical calculations were performed with two different programs: With Gaussian 03 software we performed a geometry optimization minima complex and transition states at B3LYP/6-311G + + level (2d, pd). The high-level composite method CBS-QB3 was used. And with the software ChemRate for kinetic calculations and the determination of rate constants for gas phase reaction according to the studied temperature. Calculations of energy levels show the existence of a reaction step where there is an intermediate complex followed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom
Ferrando, Nicolas. "Potentiels intermoléculaires et algorithmes de monte carlo : application à l'étude des composés oxygénés." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112080/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis work is to propose interaction potentials and numerical methods to predict through Monte Carlo simulations the phase equilibrium and properties of oxygenated systems involved in biomass conversion processes. The AUA4 potential was therefore extended to alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic esters. A special care was paid to the transferability of this force field to allow the predictive simulation of a large number of oxygenated compounds. Various equilibrium properties of pure compounds are correctly predicted (densities, saturation pressures, vaporization enthalpies, critical properties, surface tensions, liquid phase structure). Many mixtures have also been simulated in the bubble point pseudo-ensemble which was extended in this work to polar molecules. The simulation results of complex mixtures such as biofuels have been validated through new experimental data acquisition. Finally, a new methodology for the intramolecular electrostatic energy interaction has been developed in this work to simulate multifunctional oxygenated molecules (polyols, glycol ethers, oxygenated aromatic compounds). The use of this method, which allows to avoid the use of additional empirical parameters, leads to promising results, giving thus future opportunities to predict properties of complex mixtures of industrial interest
Senninger, Thierry. "Role de composés oxygénés en polymérisation de l'éthylène par des complexes du zirconium." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10034.
Full textPelardy, Florian. "Impact de composés oxygénés modèles sur l'hydrosulfuration sélective des essences issues du FCC." Poitiers, 2010. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/0848dec9-0b4d-44fe-ab1b-0e8619e468e3.
Full textIn order to reduce the amount of sulfur in commercialized gasoline, one of the most relevant processes is the selective HDS of FCC gasoline. Moreover, the gas recycling and the addition of new effluent resulting from biomass conversion will lead to the presence of oxygenated compounds in the refinery. The transformation of a model feed (2-methylthiophene : 2MT and 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene : 23DMB2N) has been studied alone or in mixture with model oxygenated compounds such as CO or H2O in presence of Mo/Al2O3 catalyst promoted or not by cobalt or nickel. A mutual inhibiting effect between the 2MT and the 23DMB2N has been found with the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst. A decrease of the HDS/Hydrogenation catalyst selectivity, the key parameter for a gasoline hydrotreatment, is observed with the increase of the HDS rate. The presence of oxygenated compounds (CO and H2O) inhibits the transformation of the sulfided and the olefinic compounds on the CoMo/Al2O3 catalyst. However, the CO impact is higher than the H2O one. In addition, no effect is observed with the NiMo/Al2O3 and Mo/Al2O3 catalysts. A negative impact is also observed when CO and H2O are added simultaneously. This effect corresponds to the inhibition induced by the CO which is not converted in CO2, following the water gas shift reaction. Finally, oxygenated compounds have no influence on the HDS/Hydrogenation catalysts selectivity. Theses experimental results have been confirmed by ab initio calculation and by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model
Labrosse, Jean-Robert. "Nouvelle méthodologie d'accès à des hétérocycles oxygénés via les complexes du palladium(0)." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10156.
Full textScarfogliero, Michaël. "Étude en atmosphère simulée de la chimie troposphérique nocturne de composés organiques volatils oxygénés." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0010.
Full textThe tropospheric oxidation of the volatile organic compounds (VOC) constitutes an important contribution to the formation of photooxydants. It is necessary to acquire a good comprehension of the concerned chemical processes in order to correctly evaluate the environmental impact of the VOC. This work thus concerns the study under simulated conditions of the tropospheric reactivity with the nitrate radical (NO3) of oxygenated VOC pertaining to a homologous series of aliphatic vinyl ethers (methyl, éthyl, propyl and butyl vinyl ethers), and to a series of three esters (allyl and vinyl, isopropenyl acetates). In addition, the 2,3,2 méthylbutènol (MBO) has been studied too. For all these compounds, kinetic studies (in order to measure the rate constant of NO3 oxidation of the studied products) were performed according to the relative rate method, and for some compounds according to the absolute method. Mechanistic studies (in order to identify and quantify the reaction products, and to elucidate the chemical mechanism) were also performed. A revaluation of the rate constant of NO3 oxidation of propene, which was measured according to the absolute method, was also performed. The experiments were carried out in the LISA atmospheric simulation chamber, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The lifetimes of the studied compounds with respect to NO3 were calculated, and were compared to those with respect to OH radical and to ozone. The results show that NO3 can be a major sink for the most reactive VOC, like the vinyl ethers. In addition, the contributions of our results to the rules of reactivity of the VOC were discussed
Lepifre, Franck. "Elaboration et évaluation des propriétés biologiques de différents systèmes hétérocycliques oxygénés et azotés." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE2038.
Full textCharton, Isabelle. "Hétérocycles oxygénés et analogues soufres : synthèse et activité biologique en tant que ligands mélatoninergiques." Orléans, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ORLE2035.
Full textBouzidi, Hichem. "Réactivité de composés organiques volatils oxygénés multifonctionnels : évaluation de l’importance de la voie de photolyse." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10139/document.
Full textThe objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the kinetics and mechanisms of the photolysis of multifunctional Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (OVOCs), species that can be formed in situ in the atmosphere as the result of atmospheric transformation of VOCs. The photolysis of two α-diketones (2,3-pentanedione (PTD) and 2,3-hexanedione (HEX)) and two hydroxyketones (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone (3H3M2B) and 4-hydroxy-2-butanone (4H2B)) has been investigated using complementary atmospheric simulation chambers. Relatively short tropospheric lifetimes of about 2.5 h are obtained for PTD and HEX, confirming the dominant role of photolysis in the fate of dicarbonyl species, with a significant global quantum yield of about 20%. The photolysis of 2,3-pentanedione (PTD) has been investigated for the first time as a function of pressure in a static reactor equipped with cw-CRDS. The effect of pressure on the quantum yield is rather limited and shows a decreasing trend. Our results showed that the photolysis pathway is the major degradation channel for 3H3M2B with a tropospheric lifetime of about a few days and less important in the fate of 4H2B. Reaction mechanisms have been developed for the photolysis of these species based on end-products and HO2● radical (only for PTD) observations. The data obtained suggest that the reactivity of such OVOCs may be very sensitive to their chemical structure. Our results allowed discussing the photolysis impact of such compounds in the atmosphere
Slassi, Abdelmalik. "Synthèse stéréosélective et énantiosélective d'hétérocycles oxygénés disubstitués : application à la synthèse de produits naturels." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10192.
Full textMing, Loh Kong. "Etude de la compétition d'adsorption entre les composés oxygénés et les hydrocarbures sur les tamis moléculaires." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10308.
Full textRobin, Dorothée. "Réactions unimoléculaires des cations ou cations radicaux hétérocycliques et oxygénés en phase gazeuse." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112306.
Full textNguyen, Huynh Dong. "Modélisation thermodynamique de mélanges symétriques et asymétriques de composés polaires oxygénés et/ou aromatiques par GC-SAFT." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA132003.
Full textThe main goal of this study is an as predictive as possible modeling of liquid-vapor and/or liquid-liquid phase equilibria of mixtures containing more or less complex polar compounds of interest for petroleum industry. The model used is based on a SAFT equation of state combined with a group contribution method proposed by Tamouza (GC-SAFT). GC-SAFT has been extended here to polar compounds (Theory of Twu and Gubbins extended to chain molecules by the 'segment approach' of Jog and Chapman). Pure prediction (kij=lij=0) systematic tests of the model have been performed on a large number of mixtures of aromatics, alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones and various hydrocarbons. A new group contribution has also been proposed in order to evaluate the kij binary interaction parameter in the case of mixtures containing some specific small molecules as CO2, CH4, C2H6, H2S, N2, CO, CH4O and O2. This method is based on the London theory of dispersive intermolecular forces and uses only pure species parameters. Polar GC-SAFT has been also tested on systems containing multi-functional compounds as diesters, aromatic esters, aromatiques ethers and alkyl phenols. More than 650 mixtures have been considered. Average deviations on bubble pressure are about 5% which can be considered quite acceptable for a predictive method
Magneron, Isabelle. "Cinétiques et mécanismes de photooxydation atmosphérique de composés oxygénés : aldéhydes insaturés, hydroxyaldéhyde, diol, hydroxycétone et alcool aromatique." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2043.
Full textCavalie, Thibaut. "Observations millimétriques et submillimétriques des composés oxygénés dans les atmosphères planétaires : préparation aux missions Hershel et ALMA." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13626/document.
Full textThe planetary atmospheres can be characterized by observations carried out in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength ranges. In a near future, the Herschel Space Observatory as well as the ALMA interferometer will increase our knowledge of the planet atmospheres. One of the main goals of this thesis work consists in developping an analysis tool for millimeter and submillimeter observations, which will be carried out with Herschel and ALMA. The model we have developped takes into account the spherical geometry of the planets and the properties of the telescopes. First, we have studied the origin of oxygen compounds in the atmospheres of the giant planets. We have validated our radiative transfer model from this study. We present the analysis of observations of carbon monoxide in the atmospheres of Saturn and Uranus, which have been carried out with the IRAM and JCMT telescopes, in order to constrain the origin of this compound. We improve existing upper limits and prove the existence of an external source of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere of Saturn from the first observation of this compound at submillimeter wavelengths. We also analyse recent observations from the Odin space telescope of water vapor in the stratosphere of Jupiter to constrain its external source. We confirm that the observed water is probably mostly due to the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy~9 with the planet. Then, we have used our model in order to study the thermal structure as well as the dynamics of the atmosphere of Mars from carbon monoxide observations. These observations are compared to predictions of a general circulation model to check the consistency of the predictions. They also provide new observational constraints to general circulation models. Finally, we have used our model to study the atmospheres of the giant planets in the frame of the Herschel garanteed time key-program ``Water and related chemistry in the Solar System''. We have also determined the upgrades to implement in our model to analyse ALMA observational data
Lemaire, Philippe. "Nouvelles voies d'accès à des hétérocycles oxygénés ou azotés : application à la synthèse de molécules biologiquement actives." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10162.
Full textDetournay, Anaïs. "Etude de COV oxygénés et biogéniques en milieu rural : du développement métrologique à l’évaluation de l’impact sur la chimie atmosphérique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10139/document.
Full textVolatile Organic Compounds (VOC) constitutes a heterogeneous compounds class, which play a significant part in atmospheric chemistry, impacting climate, environment and health. Recent studies have suggested the implication of biogenic and oxygenated VOCs in the formation processes of secondary species, such as ozone or Secondary Organic Aerosols. Little is known about those compounds, well represented in remote areas; mostly toward their ambient levels and diurnal and seasonal evolutions. This thesis’ objectives are to improve the current knowledge about their behavior in remote areas, for a better understanding of their part in atmospheric chemistry. The method adopted consisted in metrological development and field campaigns, to constitute a representative data base. Measurement methods were optimized and/or developed for the measure of: 54 NMHCs from C2 to C10, using préconcentration/thermodesorption coupled with GC/FID on-line analysis; 21 carbonyl compounds from C1 to C6, by chemical derivatization and chemical desorption coupled with HPLC/UV analysis; and 5 aromatic compounds, 6 aldehydes from C6 to C11, 6 monoterpenes and 6 alkanes from C9 to C16; by preconcentration coupled with thermodesorption and GC/FID-MS analysis. Those methods were used during two measurement campaigns, in March and June 2009, at the remote site of Peyrusse-Vieille (Gers, France). They permitted to collect an important database, whose analysis allowed determining the target compounds’ ambient levels, temporal variations, and the parameters inducing these observations. A thorough analysis then underlined the part transport mechanisms and importance of biogenic species in remote areas
Dubernet, Mathieu. "Synthèse d'hétérocycles azotés et oxygénés comme inhibiteurs de chymase humaine et, à visée antidiabétique." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR3803.
Full textHuman Chymase has recently been discovered. Though under physiopathological conditions it seems to be involved in tissue remodeling process, its roles remain to be precised. Orally active inhibitors would be of help to further determine chymase's roles. On the basis of Suntory laboratories work, 3-arylsulfonyl-1-phenylpyrrolidin-2,4-diones, piperazin-2,5-diones, 1,3-benzoxazin-4-ones and 1-arylsulfonyl-3,5-dialkylimidazolidin-2,4-diones have been synthesized. Synthesis of 3-arylsulfonylaminopyrrolidin-2,4-diones has also been investigated. Next, inhibition of Protein-Tyrosine-Phosphatase-1-B, phosphatase involved in type 2 diabetes physiopathology has been examined. Bisfuran-2-yl maleimides had previously been described in our laboratory as potent PTP1-B inhibitors. Consequently bis(furanyl)-2,5-dihydro-1-alkyl-1H-pyrrol-2,5-diones symetric or not and their vinylogues were prepared. In both subjetcs no significant pharmacological activities were measured
Albert, Vincent. "Synthèse de métabolites secondaires d'importance biomédicinale : synthèse totale de terpénoïdes linéaires et polycycliques et construction d'hétérocycles oxygénés asymétriquement substitués." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28255.
Full textCes travaux concernent la synthèse totale de produit naturels d’importance biologique qui ont pu être effectués par le développement et l’application de méthodologies pour la construction d’hétérocycles oxygénés et azotés. Premièrement, nos travaux sur la synthèse de métabolites secondaires appartenant à la famille des furanoterpénoïdes linéaires sont décrits. La première synthèse du furospongolide, un inhibiteur d’origine marine de HIF-1, a été accomplie en 8 étapes linéaires à partir de l’acétate de géranyle. Les étapes clés impliquées sont une réaction de couplage croisé sp³-sp³ de Schlosser ainsi qu’une alkynylation de Sonogashira du β-bromobuténolide. La première synthèse du furanosesterterpène antimicrobien 22-déoxyvariabilin ainsi que la détermination de sa configuration absolue sont également décrites. Les étapes clés consistent en l’emploi de réactions de couplages sp³-sp³ séquentielles de Schlosser ainsi que l’application de notre méthode pour l’installation du fragment (Z)-γ-ylidène-buténolide. Nos efforts sur les produits naturels apparentés variabilin et déhydrofurodentin soulignent le besoin de développer de nouvelles stratégies synthétiques. Par la suite, deux synthèses divergentes de plusieurs dérivés de l’anhydride maléique isolés du champignon Antrodia camphorata sont démontrées. La première synthèse de l’antrocinnamomin D ainsi qu’une nouvelle synthèse des antrodins A et B ont été accomplies efficacement en 6-8 étapes. Les étapes clés incluent un couplage croisé sp²-sp³ catalysé au fer de Fürstner-Kochi et l’oxyfonctionnalisation d’un 2-silyloxyfurane. De plus, une synthèse biomimétique simple et efficace des anhydrides maléiques et des maléimides d’Antrodia est présentée. L’étape clé consiste en une condensation de type Perkin effectuée dans des conditions exceptionnellement douces. Par ailleurs, le γ-hydroxy-β-sulfanylbuténolide naturel cépanolide ainsi qu’une série d’analogues ont été synthétisés régiosélectivement par la combinaison d’une oxyfonctionnalisation d’un 2-silyloxyfurane et d’une addition thia-Michael/élimination en tandem. Finalement, une synthèse énantiosélective efficace de l’antrocin, provenant également d’Antrodia camphorata, est décrite. Notre stratégie synthétique impliquait l’utilisation du sclaréolide comme synthon chiral de départ et une fonctionnalisation C-H à distance par une réaction de Barton. De plus, nos progrès récents envers la synthèse des amomaxins A et B sont représentés. Les transformations clés incluent la déconstruction séquentielle du sclaréolide par l’emploi d’une fragmentation de Grob et la fabrication du carbocycle à 9 membres par métathèse de fermeture de cycle.
This work concerns the total synthesis of natural products of biological importance which were achieved by the development and application of methodologies for the construction of oxygen and nitrogen containing heterocycles. First, our work on the synthesis of structurally similar metabolites of the linear furanoterpenoids family is described. The first synthesis of the marine HIF-1 inhibitor furospongolide has been achieved in 8 linear steps from geranyl acetate. The key steps involved were a Schlosser sp³-sp³ cross-coupling reaction and a Sonogashira alkynylation of β-bromobutenolide. The first synthesis of the antimicrobial furanosesterterpene 22-deoxyvariabilin and the determination of its absolute configuration are also described. Its assembly was carried out using sequential sp³-sp³ Schlosser cross-coupling reactions and our methodology for the installation of the (Z)-γ-ylidenebutenolide moiety. Our efforts towards the synthesis of the closely related natural products, namely variabilin and dehydrofurodentin, underline the need for the development of new synthetic strategies. Then, the divergent synthesis of many related maleic anhydride derivatives isolated from the rare fungus Antrodia camphorata are outlined. The first synthesis of antrocinnamomin D and a new synthesis of antrodins A and B have been achieved in 6-8 steps and high overall efficiency. Key steps include a Fürstner-Kochi iron-catalyzed sp²-sp³ cross-coupling and a 2-silyloxyfuran oxyfunctionalization. Moreover, a simple and efficient biomimetic synthesis of Antrodia maleimides and maleic anhydrides is described. The key step is a Perkin-type condensation performed under exceptionally mild conditions. Additionally, the naturally occurring γ-hydroxy-β-sulfanylbutenolide cepanolide and a range of new analogues were synthesized in a concise, regiospecific manner through the combined use of 2-silyloxyfuran oxyfunctionalization and tandem thio-Michael addition/elimination. Finally, an efficient enantioselective synthesis of antrocin, another Antrodia camphorata metabolite, is described. Our synthetic strategy involved the use of sclareolide as a chiral synthon in conjunction with a remote C-H functionnalization using the Barton reaction. Furthermore, our recent progress towards the total synthesis of the amomaxins A and B is represented. Key transformations include the controlled deconstruction of sclareolide employing a Grob fragmentation strategy and a ring-closing metathesis to form the 9-membered carbocycle.
Amalric, Laurence. "Dégradation photocatalytique avec TiO2, en solution aqueuse, de polluants aromatiques oxygénés : intermédiaires, espèces actives, corrélations structure-dégradabilité." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10282.
Full textBouvet, Sébastien. "Vers l'introduction douce de groupes fluorés émergents oxygénés et soufrés." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV007/document.
Full textThe manuscript deals the development of new fluorinating reagents and their reactivity in various reactions.In the first part, we were interested in developing new fluoride sources from ionic liquids with imidazolium as the cationic part, and associated to the fluoride as anion. Two ionic liquids, [bmim][F] and [bdmim][F], were obtained. They were then tested in monofluoration and fluorodesulfurization reactions.The second chapter concerns the development of new trifluoromethoxylation reagents.We began by synthetizing new carbene precursors with an OCF3 group. We then evaluated their reactivities in different processes. A second part was centered on a FAR compound and its reactivity in aromatic acylation reactions.Finally, the last chapter describes the behavior of SF6 in electrochemistry reduction with different conditions, the aim being to have a new source of SF5 radical. After a first part concerning analytical studies of the sulfur hexafluoride, the aforementioned compound was engaged an electrosynthetic process to trap intermediate species coming from its reduction
Bethmont, Valérie. "Utilisation de composés poly(oxygénés) du type macrocycle ou hémisépulcrand en hydrométallurgie nucléaire : étude de l'effet du diluant : approche supramoléculaire." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10016.
Full textCauquil, Marie-José. "Capteurs électrochimiques à détection ampérométrique pour le dosage de composés oxygénés monocarbonés oxydables en phase liquide ou en phase vapeur." Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30080.
Full textPouvesle, Nicolas. "Etude des mécanismes d'oxydation par le radical OH de COV oxygénés (acide acétique, acétaldéhyde, glycolaldéhyde et hydroxyacétone) aux basses températures de la haute troposphère." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2060.
Full textThévenet, Régis. "Etudes des cinétiques et mécanismes de dégradation atmosphérique de composés organiques volatils oxygénés : aldéhydes, cétones et esters, émissions automobiles et solvants." Orléans, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ORLE2060.
Full textBonduelle, Colin. "Hétérocycles oxygénés : Synthèse, Réactivité et Application à la préparation de polymères Biodégradables." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00390646.
Full textL'utilisation des lactones est parfois limitée à cause de leur faible polymérisabilité. Cette dernière est contournée par l'utilisation de systèmes catalytiques très réactifs souvent à base de métaux qui ne sont pas toujours compatibles avec une application en biologie (pharmacologie, environnement)2. Une approche pour pallier ce problème consiste à activer ‘chimiquement' ces monomères pour en tirer un avantage dans le processus de polymérisation. Le L-lacOCA est ainsi un analogue du L-lactide qui possède une fonction O-carboxyanhydride (OCA). Ce monomère est beaucoup plus réactif que la dilactone cyclique équivalente : il polymérise de façon contrôlée et vivante dans des conditions catalytiques plus douces3.
Ce travail commence par une étude théorique de la ROP du L-lacOCA et du L-lactide catalysée par la 4-diméthylaminopyridine (DMAP) et en présence d'un alcool. Le mécanisme de la polymérisation ainsi révélé consiste en une activation basique de l'amorceur par la DMAP. Pour ce catalyseur, il y a mise en évidence pour la première fois d'un mode d'action bifonctionnel inusuel qui met en jeu une liaison hydrogène de faible énergie4.
La deuxième partie du manuscrit décrit le développement de la ROP du L-lacOCA avec un systême catalytique alternatif écocompatible : la catalyse enzymatique. Jusqu'à maintenant, les enzymes réalisent difficilement la ROP du lactide. Avec deux lipases, la Novozyme 435 et la lipase PS, il a été possible d'obtenir du polylactide de haut poids moléculaire à partir du monomère activé. Dans le cas de la Novozyme 435, la polymérisation est contrôlée et possède un caractère vivant.
Dans une dernière partie, nous avons essayé d'étendre le principe d'activation du motif OCA à d'autres monomères. Nous avons étudié la ROP des β-OCAs, les O-carboxyanhydrides à 6 chaînons qui pourraient donner accès aux polymères naturels comme le PHB. Trois monomères de ce type, le PivOCA, le MepOCA et le ButOCA ont été synthétisés. L'étude de leurs réactivités a mis en avant un problème de sélectivité entre les deux carbonyls du motif OCA lors d'une attaque nucléophile. A cause de réactions secondaires, les essais de ROP ont montré qu'il était difficile d'accéder proprement à des polyesters.
Références
1. Biopolymers, Wiley VCH, 2003, Vol. 3a-3b-4.
2. O. Dechy-Cabaret, B. Martin-Vaca, D. Bourissou, Chem. Rev., 2004 (104) 6147.
3. O. Thillaye du Boullay, E. Marchal, B. Martin-Vaca, F. P. Cossio and D. Bourissou., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006 (128) 16442.
4. C. Bonduelle, B. Martin-Vaca, F.P. Cossio, D. Bourissou, Chem. Eur. J., 2008 , 14, 5304.
Tougani, Rajaallah Amina. "Acylation d'énolates lithiens d'esters et d'organozinciques allyliques : obtention de composés carbonyles fonctionnels et utilisation de ces derniers à la synthèse d'hétérocycles oxygénés à cinq chainons." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066522.
Full textPinheiro, Ana. "Influence des composés oxygénés issus de la biomasse lignocellulosique et de leurs produits d'hydrodéoxygénation sur les cinétiques des réactions d'hydrotraitement de gazoles." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356682.
Full textTout d'abord, le travail de thèse a consisté à hydrotraiter un gazole additivé avec différents composés oxygénés modèles. L'influence de l'eau, du CO et du CO2 a aussi été étudiée ce qui a permis de distinguer l'impact des composés oxygénés de celui de leurs produits de réaction.
Par la suite, une approche complémentaire a aussi été proposée en utilisant cette fois-ci les fractions d'une huile de pyrolyse mélangées avec le gazole. La mise au point d'une méthode de fractionnement par nanofiltration a été nécessaire et a permis, entre autres, de caractériser de manière plus détaillée cette huile. L'hydrotraitement d'un gazole additivé avec une des fractions obtenues a finalement permis de valider les résultats de la première approche.
Hajbi, Youssef. "Application de la réaction de Diels-Alder à demande électronique inverse à la synthèse de nouveaux composés oxygénés et azotés à visée thérapeutique." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151105.
Full textPour ce faire, des 3-méthylsulfanyl-1,2,4-triazines ont été mis à réagir avec différents nucléophiles permettant l'introduction d'alcynes convenablement substitués. La réactivité de ces alcynes selon une réaction de Diels-Alder à demande électronique inverse a été explorée. L'activation par micro-ondes de la réaction de cycloaddition s'est avérée très efficace. Des dihydrofuro[2,3-b]pyridines diversement substituées en position 2, 3, 4, et/ou 6 et des dihydropyrano[2,3-b]pyridines substituées en position 3, 4, 5 et/ou 7 ont été synthétisées avec de bons rendements.
Decottignies, Virginie. "Incinération de composés organiques volatils oxygénés : étude expérimentale et modélisation cinétique de l'oxydation de la méthyl éthyl cétone, de l'acétate d'éthyle et du butan-2-ol dans des flammes de méthane." Artois, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ARTO0404.
Full textThibault, Charles. "Utilisation de la chimie ''click'' Diels-Alder pour la construction d'hétérocycles oxygénés bioactifs; synthèse d'anhydrides maléiques, de cadiolides, de furo[2,3-b]chromones et découverte inusitée du réarrangement des 3-acyl-2-alkoxyfuranes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35274.
Full textThis work concerns the use of Diels-Alder ''click'' chemistry for the construction of biologically active oxygen containing heterocycles. First of all, aversatile pathway to substituted maleic anhydrides is illustrated by the synthesis of the nanomolar FTase inhibitor chaetomellic anhydride A(2.31a), a germination promoter(1.26), and a novel bis-anhydride (1.27) cross-linking reagent for cell or tissue fixation. Starting from commercial or easily prepared alkynes, these targets were assembled in two steps by click-unclick oxazole-alkyne cycloaddition-cycloreversion and furan oxyfunctionalization. Secondly, a concise, modular and efficient synthesis of cadiolides A, B, and Dis reported. Prominent steps include : (i) one-pot assembly of a key β-aryl--benzoylbutenolide building block by regiocontrolled "click-unclick"oxazole-ynone Diels-Alder cycloaddition-cycloreversion and ensuing 2-alkoxyfuran hydrolysis, and (ii) a protecting group-free vinylogous Knoevenagel condensation enabling rapid access to cadiolides A, B and D from a common precursor. Then, the unexpected discovery of the ring-degenerate rearrangement of 3-acyl-2-alkoxyfurans to 2-substituted 3-carboalkoxyfurans is described. This transformation, once optimized, enabled the rearrangement of 13 different substrates. The scaffolding power of this chemistry is demonstrated by the first synthesis of pumiloxide aldehyde, a rare labdane furfural isolated from Turreanthus africanus, a cameroonian medicinal treeused to treat intestinal worms. Finally, the synthesis of furo[2,3-b]chromones by a Diels-Alder retro Diels-Alder / oxa-Michael addition-elimination tandem is discussed. This new methodology gives access to 5 different 3-substituted furo[2,3-b]chromones. The remarkable service ability of this transformation is highlighted by the first synthesis of bothriofuran A, a natural product isolated from Bothriocline laxa. Even though many research groups demonstrateinterest in the synthesis of suchcompounds, our work represents the first exemple of a natural furo[2,3-b]chromone synthesis.
Miet, Killian. "Etude expérimentale de la dégradation hétérogène des Composés Aromatiques Polycycliques (CAP) d'intérêt troposphérique." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00424794.
Full textKalalian, Carmen. "Réactivité atmosphérique des composés organiques volatils oxygénés biogéniques (aldéhydes et alcools insaturés). Etudes cinétiques de la réaction entre les radicaux peroxyles et le radical nitrate." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS023/document.
Full textBiogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) account for 90% of VOC emissions in the atmosphere. These VOCs can be removed from the atmosphere by reaction with photo-oxidants (OH, NO3, Cl and O3) as well as by photolysis. All these processes are governed by a chain mechanism whose carriers are mainly free radicals such as peroxy radicals RO2. Hence the importance of characterizing the reactivity of these species that play a key role in the atmospheric degradation of VOCs. In this context, this thesis focuses on the determination of the temperature dependent kinetic data as well as the mechanism of the ozonolysis reaction and the UV absorption spectra along the photolysis of six unsaturated oxygenated VOCs (trans- 2-pentenal, trans-2-hexenal, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, 1-penten-3-ol, cis-2-penten-1-ol and trans-3-hexen-1-ol). Likewise, the temperature dependent kinetic parameters of the reaction of three peroxy radicals (CH3OCH2O2, CH3C(O)CH2O2 et (CH3)2C(OH)CH2O2) with nitrate radicals were also determined. Three experimental setups coupled to treatment methods were used to extract these data: an atmospheric simulation chamber coupled to both a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a gas chromatography connected to a mass spectrometry (GC/MS), a device for measuring UV-Visible spectra and a laser photolysis coupled with UV-visible spectrometry and laser diode spectroscopy. The kinetic parameters were used to estimate the atmospheric lifetimes of the studied species. While the mechanistic data were used to establish their ozonolysis mechanisms. All the collected data enrich kinetic, mechanistic and spectroscopic databases, improving atmospheric models specially those involving VOCs
Michel, Elodie. "Etude au laboratoire de réactions ion-molécule pour la détection de composés organiques volatils oxygénés (COVO) dans l'atmosphère par spectrométrie de masse à ionisation chimique (SMIC)." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE2041.
Full textKouchnir, Yasmine. "Etude expérimentale et théorique de l'incorporation de Composés Organiques Volatils oxygénés dans une gouttelette d'eau. Impact de la reformulation des carburants automobiles sur la chimie atmosphérique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13187.
Full textOxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) have been suggested as fuel additives. These compounds can be taken up by clouds and therefore be eliminated from the atmosphere by precipitation. We studied several compounds such as possible fuel additives (dimethyl malonate, dimethyl succinate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethanol) and degradation products of oxygenated compounds in the atmosphere (acetone, 2,3-butanedione, 2- butanone). In order to better define their atmospheric fate, we have measured their uptake rates by water droplets using the droplet train technique coupled to a mass spectrometer which allowed us to determine several characteristic parameters of these compounds such as Henry's law constant (H) and mass accommodation coefficient (a). We have been able to distinguish two different behaviors towards water droplets, directly related to their Henry's law constant H. The uptake kinetics of species with a high H value is mostly limited by the mass accommodation coefficient a. Those with a lower H value will rapidly saturate the liquid phase. All the measured uptake kinetics were found to be independent of the aqueous phase composition (pure water, NaOH solutions). The uptake coefficients values show a slight negative temperature dependence for all components. In both cases, a values have been determined for all compounds which allowed us to study more theoretically their incorporation process using the nucleation theory. A direct relation is observed between the structure relationship and the minimum number of water molecules N* necessary for the successful incorporation of the molecule. The enthalpy and entropy of the critical cluster formation have been calculated for most compounds. In order to gain more informations on the nature and the strength of the interactions existing between the specie and water molecules in the cluster, quantum mechanical calculations are being made
Peybernès, Nathalie. "Etude de l'adsorption de composés organiques volatils oxygénés sur des surfaces de glace entre 193 et 223 k. : application à la chimie des nuages de la haute troposphère." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13046.
Full textThe Upper Troposphere (UT) defines a region of the atmosphere characterised by its low temperatures and where cirrus clouds cover a substantial portion (~25 %) of the earth's surface. The atmospheric pollutants can be adsorbed on ice crystals in cirrus clouds and eventually react on ice surfaces. The goal of this thesis was to estimate both experimentally and theoretically the influence of ice particles in cirrus clouds on oxidation cycles of the organic volatile compounds in the Upper Troposphere. This study was within the framework of the European project cut-ice (chemistry of the Upper Troposphere : laboratory studies of heterogeneous process on ice). First, a vertical coated wall flow tube (CWFT) has been constructed, tested and validated to study the gas-ice interactions of atmospheric interest. Afterwards, the adsorption on ice surfaces of acetone, of 2,3-butanedione, of ethanol and of acetic acid has been studied between 193 and 223 k. Adsorption isotherms obtained in this experimental work permit us to obtain the monolayer capacity of the studied compound on ice surfaces and the corresponding enthalpy. To complete the experimental approach, the dynamics and the structure of ethanol molecules on the ice surface was investigated by molecular dynamics. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with those determined experimentally, notably with regard to the monolayer capacity and the energy of adsorption. This theoretical study also permitted to better understand the behaviour of ethanol molecule in the neighbourhood of the surface of the ice. Finally, this work allowed us to estimate the partitioning of those pollutants between gaseous and solid (particles of ice) phases at equilibrium in the clouds of the Upper Troposphere
Sood, Kanika. "Combustion des nouveaux biocarburants : étude de la formation des Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques Oxygénés (HAPOs) et les petites particules de suie (<10 nm)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR088.pdf.
Full textBiofuels and other biomass-derived chemicals are now considered as a vital part of sustainable energy portfolio, where they promise to contribute to our society’s energy security. Despite the undeniable interest presented by these biofuels, their combustion processes are likely to enhance the formation of OPAHs (Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) which may eventually contribute to the formation of soot, and may as well profoundly modify its properties. The work carried out in this thesis focused on the identification and quantification of the oxygenated aromatics formed during the combustion of a lignin-based biofuel in flame conditions. Laminar premixed flames of anisole (surrogate model compound for biomass) and hydrocarbon fuel blends (iso-octane and methane) have been investigated using Advanced Gas Chromatography. In this context, we implemented a sample enrichment technique (sample pre-concentration trap) with a set of in situ and ex situ chromatographic analysis (1D GC-MS, 1D GC-SPT-FID and 2D GC-MS) which enabled us to identify a large panel of different oxygenated (~100) aromatics. These results were then used to analyze the fuel decomposition pathways that lead to the formation of OPAHs. Together with identification, this thesis provides a detailed quantitative experimental database in terms of the evolution of the mole fraction with respect to the flame height for several oxygenated and associated non-oxygenated aromatics. Other biofuels like 2,5-DMF and ethanol were also studied and experimental results showed that the different molecular structures of biofuels lead to significant differences in the formation of intermediate species and pollutants. This work also highlights crucial information concerning the amount and the size of soot particles formed in such flames using LII and SMPS. Preliminary results from soot measurements indicate that the soot particle size in these flames is very small (<10 nm)
Abboud, Johnny. "Impact des suies issues de biocarburants sur le filtre à particules." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS015/document.
Full textThe aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of oxygenated compounds concentration and structure on sooting tendencies of surrogate Diesel and Biodiesel, and to investigate the properties and the oxidative reactivity of soot obtained by their combustion using an atmospheric axi-symmetric co-flow non-premixed flame burner. Results evidenced that ester functions contained in Biodiesel surrogates reduce soot production. This decrease was more pronounced when the concentration of the oxygenated additive investigated was higher. However, it has been determined that YSI decreases when the aliphatic carbon chain of the ester additive is longer. On the other hand, physico-chemical characterizations of the generated model soot revealed that oxygen and soluble organic fraction (SOF) content decreases when the amount of methyl ester based additives increases in the reference fuel. Moreover, the behavior towards oxidation indicated that the Biodiesel-derived soot was less reactive than the Diesel-derived one. Finally, it was noticed from the results obtained from laser granulometry and TPOs that the particle size distribution and the reactivity of model soot collected from the burner are in the same range of size and of maximum oxidation temperature as soot derived from a Diesel engine functioning under specific conditions and with different type of fuel blending
Ringuet, Johany. "Dérivés oxygénés et nitrés des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (OHAP/NHAP) en phase particulaire : granulométrie et devenir dans l’atmosphère (formation/dégradation)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14504/document.
Full textPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations are regulated in ambient air because of theirmutagenic and carcinogenic properties. They are largely emitted by combustion processes and may react withmain atmospheric oxidants to form oxygenated (OPAH) and nitrated (NPAH) derivatives, which can be moretoxic than their parent PAHs. In this work, PAH derivatives were studied using the combination of twocomplementary approaches: laboratory reactivity experiments in controlled conditions and field studies, inorder to better understand their source and fate in the atmosphere. Reactivity study of PAHs adsorbed onnatural particles was carried out by exposing ambient particles to atmospheric oxidants (O3, OH and NO2/O3)in appropriate reactors. Large decays of PAH concentrations were observed, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P, which isthe only regulated PAH in Europe), appearing as the most reactive. The formation of OPAHs and NPAHs wasshowed. Nevertheless, quantities of both NPAHs and OPAHs formed were not sufficient to explain the totalamount of PAHs that react, highlighting the formation of other compounds, not detected in this work. PAHdegradation may occur in the atmosphere during the transport of air masses or directly on the filter during thesampling. The study of the major degradation processes was performed during field studies, using two highvolume samplers, one being equipped with an ozone scrubber. Even if, results were not enough to clearlyconclude about the relative importance of both degradation processes, the significant formation of some PAHderivatives on the sampling filter was observed. Then, field campaigns were led on different typologies ofsampling sites around Paris. PAH, OPAH and NPAH concentrations were about ten times higher at traffic sitethan at the suburban one. Moreover, for both OPAHs and PAHs, the major compounds were similar at bothsites, in contrary to the case of NPAHs that appeared different. The traffic site appeared strongly influenced byprimary emissions, whereas high amounts of secondary species were quantified at suburban site. Particle sizedistribution of OPAHs and NPAHs showed their strong association to the finest part of aerosols (Dp < 2.5 μm),highlighting the strong interest of this study considering sanitary impacts. Finally, the study of the particle sizedistribution of primary and/or secondary identified compounds, combined with chemical NPAH and OPAHprofiles, allowed to provide indications about the major origin of PAH derivatives in the atmosphere
Jabraoui, Hicham. "Étude théorique de l'adsorption sélective du phénol par des matériaux zéolithiques pour la purification des biocarburants." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0044/document.
Full textBiofuels from the transformation of second-generation biomass (2G) are expected to replace fossil fuels in the transport sector. However, the biofuels obtained after the co-treatment (bio- oil refining) still contain 0.5 to 7.0 wt% oxygenated compounds, in particular phenolic molecules, which leads to form carcinogenic benzene during combustion in the engine. In this context, a new challenge is to use selective adsorption to remove phenolic compounds from liquid fuels. As a first step in our work, we used DFT calculations to design a suitable porous material in the family of faujasites exchanged with monovalent cations (cation = H+, Li+, Na+, Cs+, Ag+, and Cu+) in order to find a zeolitic formulation with a high affinity for phenol in the presence of water and toluene (biofuel model molecule). We have found that increasing the amount of the protonated and Lewis acid sites in the faujasite structure would be an appropriate mean of selectively purifying second-generation biofuels by removing phenol molecules. The second step is to study the removal of phenol from an isooctane solution over a faujasite containing protons that was considered as a good cation in the first step. Herein, we focused on the effect of the Si/Al ratio on the adsorption and regeneration capacities of the studied zeolites. For this deeper investigation, we have used a powerful combination of two types of modeling techniques: i) density functional theory (DFT) was used to determine the binding energies of phenol with several types of faujasite formulations, ii) the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) was used to find the adsorption capacities of each used protonated zeolite. The obtained results are compared with those measured by various experimental tools (infrared spectroscopy, breakthrough curves and desorption experiments). As results, we have found that phenol was selectively removed from isooctane into HY (Si/Al=2.5) and USY (Si/Al=47) zeolites with a maximal adsorption capacity of 2.2 mmol·g−1, which corresponds to 3−4 phenol molecules per supercage of a faujasite structure. The adsorption equilibrium was reached more rapidly in DAY (Si /Al = ∞) compared to faujasites with a large amount of protonated sites, due to the presence of large pores at the expense of micro porosity as well as a low density of acidic sites. We have also shown that USY zeolites have good regenerative capacity compared to faujasites with high amounts of protonated sites. Indeed, after temperature programmed desorption, there is a low amount of residual phenol in the faujasite containing a small amount of protonated sites, in agreement with our low adsorption energy of phenol computed for this formulation
Mermet, Kenneth. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et réactivité d'espèces biogéniques sur un site de mesure en forêt des Landes : impacts sur la qualité de l'air." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0363.
Full textAt the global scale, forests are the largest emitters of VOCs. Once released into the atmosphere, VOCs will be fastly oxidized to oxygenated compounds. Depending on their volatility and reactivity, these oxidation products may themselves be re-oxidized, remain in the gas phase and/or be transferred to the particulate phase to form secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). This thesis aimed to better characterize biogenic VOC concentrations (BVOCs) and more especially their reactivity with atmospheric oxidants (i.e. the hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3) and the nitrate radical (NO3)), in order to identify the main precursors of SOA formation within a maritime pine forest. The metrological development of a gas chromatographic analyzer has made possible the online and specified measurement of 20 BVOCs including isoprene, α- and β-pinene, 2 and Δ3-carene, α- and γ-terpinene, linalool, camphene, etc. This analyzer and some other instruments for the measurement of trace gases and aerosols were used during the summer of 2017 as part of the LANDEX intensive campaign in one of the largest pine forests in Europe (> 95% Pinus pinaster) located in the southwest of France. A principal component analysis of meteorological data and BVOC measurements showed that BVOC concentrations were mainly dependent on their emissions, the ambient temperature, the solar irradiation and the atmospheric stability. The analysis of the reactivity of the identified VOCs with the main atmospheric oxidants has helped to show the contrast between processes involving OH radical during daytime and ozonolysis at night. Finally, it was determined that the ozonolysis of β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, myrcene, and linalool, and the OH initiated oxidation of isoprene were the main sources of oxidation products, as SOA precursors, within the Landes forest
Gazeau, Stéphanie. "Synthèse de nouvelles chiroporphyrines bridées à distorsion ajustable : étude de la distorsion du macrocycle en fonction de la longueur des brides : application à la catalyse d'époxydation asymétrique du 1,2-dihydronaphtalène et à la coordination de composés oxygénés." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10105.
Full textPonczek, Milena. "Understanding Atmospheric Mineral Dust Photochemistry." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1190.
Full textMinerals that absorb light near UV/Vis present in dust aerosols interact with trace gases in the atmosphere and can initiate a new and potentially significant photo-induced heterogeneous chemistry, which is currently poorly documented. This thesis aims to address different issues of mineral dust reactivity towards organic compounds and, therefore, assesses the impact of these interactions on several aspects of atmospheric sciences. We investigated experimentally the physicochemical interaction of mineral aerosols (synthetic and natural), pure or coated with organic/inorganic materials with trace gases from several chemical families (alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids, etc.), under simulated conditions close to the real environment (regarding to humidity, concentration in the gas phase, wavelength and intensity of irradiation, pressure and temperature). In a first approach, we studied the uptake of oxygenated organics onto different dust proxies such as SiO2, TiO2 and Arizona test dust (ATD) evaluating the effects of ambient conditions on the uptake kinetics and product generation. Then, we discussed the chemistry of 5 dicarboxylic acids (C4-C8) on ATD particles upon UV-A irradiation monitoring products in the gas phase as well as those whose stay adsorbed on the particulate phase. Lastly, we investigated the influence of nitrate anions on the uptake of acetone on ATD and SiO2 and in the photochemical product formation of glutaric acid on ATD. Overall, our results clearly show that photochemical processing of dust aerosols should be considered as a source of reactive compounds and as a key process affecting their action as ice nucleation and cloud condensation nuclei
Jabraoui, Albert Hicham. "Étude théorique de l'adsorption sélective du phénol par des matériaux zéolithiques pour la purification des biocarburants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0044.
Full textBiofuels from the transformation of second-generation biomass (2G) are expected to replace fossil fuels in the transport sector. However, the biofuels obtained after the co-treatment (bio- oil refining) still contain 0.5 to 7.0 wt% oxygenated compounds, in particular phenolic molecules, which leads to form carcinogenic benzene during combustion in the engine. In this context, a new challenge is to use selective adsorption to remove phenolic compounds from liquid fuels. As a first step in our work, we used DFT calculations to design a suitable porous material in the family of faujasites exchanged with monovalent cations (cation = H+, Li+, Na+, Cs+, Ag+, and Cu+) in order to find a zeolitic formulation with a high affinity for phenol in the presence of water and toluene (biofuel model molecule). We have found that increasing the amount of the protonated and Lewis acid sites in the faujasite structure would be an appropriate mean of selectively purifying second-generation biofuels by removing phenol molecules. The second step is to study the removal of phenol from an isooctane solution over a faujasite containing protons that was considered as a good cation in the first step. Herein, we focused on the effect of the Si/Al ratio on the adsorption and regeneration capacities of the studied zeolites. For this deeper investigation, we have used a powerful combination of two types of modeling techniques: i) density functional theory (DFT) was used to determine the binding energies of phenol with several types of faujasite formulations, ii) the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) was used to find the adsorption capacities of each used protonated zeolite. The obtained results are compared with those measured by various experimental tools (infrared spectroscopy, breakthrough curves and desorption experiments). As results, we have found that phenol was selectively removed from isooctane into HY (Si/Al=2.5) and USY (Si/Al=47) zeolites with a maximal adsorption capacity of 2.2 mmol·g−1, which corresponds to 3−4 phenol molecules per supercage of a faujasite structure. The adsorption equilibrium was reached more rapidly in DAY (Si /Al = ∞) compared to faujasites with a large amount of protonated sites, due to the presence of large pores at the expense of micro porosity as well as a low density of acidic sites. We have also shown that USY zeolites have good regenerative capacity compared to faujasites with high amounts of protonated sites. Indeed, after temperature programmed desorption, there is a low amount of residual phenol in the faujasite containing a small amount of protonated sites, in agreement with our low adsorption energy of phenol computed for this formulation
Brito-Berger, Ingrid. "Développement de méthodes d'extraction et d'analyse multi-résidus pour le suivi de contaminants organiques polyaromatiques et de métabolites oxygénés dans les sédiments." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR058/document.
Full textIn this work two multiresidual methods for extracting contaminants from sediments were developed. In the first part of this study, a method was developed for extracting simultaneously two groups of oxygenated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), quinones and hydroxylated PAHs (hydroxy-PAHs). A chemometric approach allowed us to determine the influential parameters on microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and a compromise could be found for extracting quantitatively both families of compounds. Two chromatographic analytical methodologies were developed and validated for analysing the extracts: high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorimetric and ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV-FLD) and gas chromatography coupled with an electronic impact mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Using GC-MS, reactions of silylation of hydroxy-PAHs and of acetylation of quinones had to be developed, to decrease detection limits (LOD), particularly for ortho-quinones. Using HPLC-UV-FLD, LODs were lower than using GC-MS, particularly for hydroxy-PAHs detected by FLD, and the analysis was faster, without derivatization; but the detectors were not selective, and identification of analytes was doubtful. Choice was done to favour GC-MS for a more reliable analysis of the two families of compounds extracted from naturally contaminated sediments. In the second part of this thesis work, a new fast and simple extraction methodology was developed and validated, based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), capable of extracting and purifying simultaneously sediment samples. Two families of compounds were simultaneously extracted from sediments, PAHs and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). Many parameters were optimized, as the nature of dispersing agents, the time of grinding, the volume and nature of elution solvent mixtures. In a second step, hydroxy-PAHs were introduced in the analytical process, which led us to add another more selective extraction/purification method to MSPD, based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Indeed polar interfering compounds, trapped by the polar dispersant in the first cartridge containing the blended sediment, had to be eluted to release hydroxy-PAHs, which in turn had to be selectively retained by the polymer, imprinted for phenols, to provide a final eluate free from other polar compounds. It was demonstrated that those MIPs could selectively extract low and high molecular weight hydroxy-PAHs, but appropriate percolating solvents had to be chosen to avoid polymer damages. However, the main difficulty was to desorb hydroxy-PAHs strongly retained by the sediment matrix through hydrogen bonds. It could be achieved for light hydroxy-PAHs, using a mixture of eluting solvents with salting-out effect, but not for heavy hydroxy-PAHs which stayed strongly sorbed on the sediment matrix. Furthermore we needed to use high amounts of imprinted polymer because of the competition for recognition sites between hydroxy-PAHs and phenolic compounds
Shahla, Roya. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation cinétique de l’oxydation de biocarburants : impact sur les émissions de polluants (carbonylés et hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques)." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2043.
Full textThe transport sector is subject to strict regulations aiming at limiting pollutants emissions. Biofuels have received particular attention as alternative fuel or additive to traditional fuels for remedying two issues: the depletion of fossil resources and emissions of certain pollutants. In this work we studied the impact of blending conventional fuels with synthetic or oxygenated biofuels on the emissions of non-regulated pollutants, namely carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on soot. Firstly, the carbonyl compounds emissions were studied using an internal combustion engine. The carbonyls were collected at the exhaust of a diesel engine running with biofuel blends and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Secondly, the impact of blending the conventional fuel with oxygenated biofuels on soot formation and adsorbed PAHs were studied using a flat flame burner under well stabilized conditions. This work was completed by the study of the kinetics of oxidation of three oxygenated additives in a jet-stirred reactor at atmospheric pressure, over the temperature range 530-1280 K and for different equivalence ratios (0.5-4). The concentration profiles of reactants, products and main stable intermediates were obtained by probe sampling and gas analyses including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas phase chromatography. These results were then compared to simulated species concentration profiles obtained using oxidation kinetic models available from the literature