Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Composés polluants'
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Taralunga, Mihaela. "Oxydation catalytique de composés aromatiques chlorés représentatifs de polluants organiques persistants (POP)." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2295.
Full textThe subject of this thesis regards the environmental protection and atmospheric depollution, more particularly the elimination by catalytic way of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) whose most famous representatives are the dioxins and furans. Model molecules such as chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene and benzofuran were used during this study. Among catalysts tested Pt/Faujasite prove to be active and selective catalysts at low temperature (T ~ 300- 350°C) for the catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzenes, only or in mixture with the benzofuran. This activity comes partly from the zeolite which is able to oxidize the chlorinated aromatic compounds. The addition of platinum increases the activity of zeolite but leads to the formation of the polychlorinated undesirable compounds. Nevertheless, the production of these by-products can be limited or removed while working in the presence of benzofuran
Marie-Rose, Stéphane Charlery. "Utilisation des zéolithes comme filtre catalytique des polluants organiques persistants." Poitiers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POIT2331.
Full textThis study deals with the catalytic oxidation of 1-methylnaphtalene (1. MN) a modele molecule of polycyclics aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) over USHY faujasite zeolite doped or not with platinium. The aim of this study was the use of the USHY zeolite as catalytic filter for the destruction of persistant organic pollutants (POPs) fromm incineration processes. In a first time we evaluated the potential of the USHY zeolite for the destruction of 1-MN alone into carbon dioxide and water, then in the presence of 1. 2-dichlorobenzene, a precursor of dioxin and finally in the presence of a complex mixture of HCI, NO, SO2 and NH3
Sawka, Corinne. "Contamination des logements français en composés organiques semi-volatils en phase particulaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B033/document.
Full textSemi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) refer to a broad spectrum of molecules from different chemical families that have numerous properties. They can be used as pesticides, plasticizers, flame retardants, surfactants, lubricants, etc. Consequently, they are introduced in numerous applications in buildings or used daily by the entire population. Once emitted through evaporation or abrasion in the indoor environment or introduced from the outdoors, their chemical or biological degradation is limited, and they persist indoors. This persistence also explains why some SVOCs that were banned a few years ago are still detected in the air and dust inside buildings. In indoor environments, SVOCs are divided between the gas phase, airborne particles, and dust settled on floors and surfaces. SVOCs are of concern due to their established or suspected health effects and their widespread exposure through different environmental media and pathways. The objective of the thesis was to study the concentrations of 66 SVOCs on airborne particles (PM10) and 48 SVOCs in settled dust in two samples of dwellings randomly selected across France. PM10 were sampled during the nationwide housing survey carried out by the French Observatory of indoor air quality in 2003-2005. The dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags during a nationwide survey carried out in French dwellings where at least one child aged 6 months to 6 years lived (2008-2009). The SVOCs to be analyzed had prior been selected using a ranking method based on their toxicity and indoor concentrations. The data analysis focused in particular on the identification of French specificities in terms of detected molecules and measured concentrations. It highlighted some determinants of exposure, e.g., influence of particle size, type of dust collected, dust bioaccessibility, which are not always considered and limit the comparability of results. The measured concentrations were also used to assess the health ranking implemented prior to this work and to confirm its relevance. The concentrations measured both in the air and in settled dust were compared to study the similarities in terms of concentrations and SVOC mixtures. Finally, the exposure doses to SVOCs were calculated for both a child and an adult to assess the respective contributions of inhalation and ingestion to these compounds in particulate phase in dwellings
Matta, Roger. "Oxydation chimique in situ de polluants organiques : application aux nitro-aromatiques et aux organochlorés." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11010.
Full textThis memory deals with the chemical oxidation of organic pollutants within the general framework of soil remediation. The chemical oxidation of three organic pollutants belonging to two different families (organochlorines and nitroaromatics) by: hydrogen peroxide (Fenton’s reaction and modified Fenton), persulfate (activated or not) and permanganate were studied. The oxidation of PCP, TCE and TNT by hydrogen peroxide and iron containing minerals (heterogeneous Fenton) proved to be applicable tat pH 7 and the activity of iron oxides (in particular magnetite) is preserved when incorporated into mineral assemblages with silicates or clay. These results indicate that the presence of the soil endogenous iron could be exploited for ISCO treatment process. The yields of oxidation with a pH close to neutrality increase in the presence of iron chelating agents like EDTA and CMCD. Persulfate was able to oxidize the PCP and the TCE without any chemical activation whereas it did not show any effect on the transformation of TNT. The iron minerals (goethite and magnetite) did not show any reactivity with respect to persulfate. However, the effectiveness of oxidation was increased by the activation of persulfate with EDTA iron chelates. Permanganate was able to oxidize PCP with a higher rate than that of TCE. However the effectiveness of the oxidation of TNT is much lower. A degradation pathway of PCP was proposed for the first time. The results obtained in column confirmed those obtained in batch and showed the feasibility of chemical oxidation under conditions similar to those found at field. For further research concerning the application of ISCO, pemanganate is the oxidant of choice for the organochlorine compounds and heterogeneous Fenton for the nitroaromatics
Farines, Vincent. "Mise en oeuvre d'un procédé d'ozonation catalytique pour l'élimination des polluants organiques de l'eau." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT032G.
Full textTogbe, Casimir. "Etude cinétique de l'oxydation de constituants de biocarburants et composés modèles : formation de polluants." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585394.
Full textDavid, Maude. "Adaptation bactérienne aux composés chlorés." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795137.
Full textLegay, Cécile. "Ozonation catalytique des polluants organiques pour le traitement de l'eau." Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT100G.
Full textPengloan, Gaëlle. "Etude cinétique de l'oxydation de composés aromatiques : application à la formation de polluants dans les moteurs automobiles." Orléans, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ORLE2077.
Full textGarnier, Jérémie. "Sources et dynamique du chrome dans les sols ultramafiques de Niquelandia, Brésil." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112334.
Full textChromium availability and mobility were studied on four soils developed on the complex ultramafic of Niquelândia (Goias state, Brazil), using laboratories and in situ experiments. Total chromium content is particularly high, and its partitioning evolves according to landscape position and depth. Chromium is mainly associated to well crystallized iron oxides, forming the soil matrix. However, extractable chromium is important, and mainly under the toxic form (CrVI). It reached 1,000 mg kg-1 (more than 10 % of total chromium), those contents are ten times higher than those observed in New Caledonia. Results indicate that Cr (VI) in solution is released from the fine fraction composed by iron-oxides, which consequently control the Cr(VI) availability and mobility. Isotopic exchange kinetics of chromate has confirmed the exchange between the bearing phases and solution. They also highlighted a rapid exchange between the Cr-bearing phases and the solution, and the important Cr(VI) buffer capacity of these soils. They also suggest that the chromate is slightly absorbed on iron-oxides. The chromate concentrations in soil solutions are important, higher than the usual hazardous contents. The chromate labibily is very heterogeneous with the locality at a centimetric and metric scale. The soil solution and surface water study on the catchment area has highlighted an important Cr(VI) mobility at soil and complex scale, suggesting an impact on organisms of the complex and surrounding ecosystems. Moreover, the soil solutions analysis show the low nutrients content, the imbalance Ca:Mg and the metals (Cr, Ni) availability, often considered responsible to the low fertility of those soils and the specificity of ultramafic ecosystems. Finally, results suggest that the Cr(VI) availability of those results from their anionic exchange capacity and not from their capacity to oxidize Cr (III)
Dales, Matthieu. "Développement d'allylétains et d'hydrures d'étains originaux et non polluants : applications en synthèse organique." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12690.
Full textThe reactivity of green organotions have been studied. In a first part, synthesis of allyl- and crotylstannane from C2 symmetrical stannylene has been done. These reagents where shown to tranfer allyl/crotyl groups onto carbonyl compounds under mild condtions. Il a second part, formation of monoorganotin hydrides from Lappert's stannylene has been achieved. These reagents are obtained by selective reduction of halogenoorganotins with NaBH4 or (MeO)3SiH. They have shown great reactivité for dehalogenation and reduction reactions
Gueuné, Hervé. "Développement de bioessais à l'aide de bactéries génétiquement modifiées pour la détection de polluants environnementaux." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2070.
Full textThe European decision n°2455/2001/EC published in 2001 a list of 33 priority substances to be detected in water. We addressed the problem of the detection with innovative biological methods for two substances, the tributyltin (TBT) a biocide broadly used in antifouling paint and now banned for many countries and the herbicide atrazine. The bacterium E. Coli TBT3, which was made by random mutagenesis, is sensitive to organotins but its induction mechanism remained unknown. A comprehensive molecular study of this bacterium led to a plausible mechanism of TBT response, thanks to the localization of a promoter and a new transcriptional regulator YgaV involved in the induction of bioluminescence. An innovative device was made to distinguish prohibited paints containing TBT from those without TBT. A simple alternative bioassay is now proposed to the conventional analyses. In a second step, a new bacterium, whose bioluminescence was activated by atrazine, was also developed by using the biodegradation system of atrazine from an environmental bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ADP. This new bioluminescent bacteria will allow a simple and rapid way to detect atrazine both in water and in soil
Auvray, Isabelle. "Biodégradabilité - stabilité des matières organiques des sédiments de rivières : caractérisation et dynamique des fractions extractibles et des nutriments et polluants associés." Nancy 1, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2007_0135_AUVRAY.pdf.
Full textRiver sediments of Moselle catchment area (Moselle, Madon and Fensch) have been studied to improve the knowledge about this compartment of major interest for environmental questions (drinking water, transfer of pollutants and nutriments. . . ). The studies were focused on organic matter which represents a major reactive pool. The characterization of 15 sediments by measurements of abiotic parameters (physical, chemical and physico-chemical) allows proposing a first typology related to human activities. Some sedimentation sites were defined, accumulating fine particles rich in organic matter and associated to anthropic modifications of the river bed (dam, channel, pollution). By studying the organic matter biodegradation, criteria of bioavailability could be defined on one hand, and evolution of extractable fraction of organic matter based on their physico-chemical properties (water soluble, lipidic, acid soluble, alkaline soluble) was assessed on the other hand in two selected sediments, polluted and unpolluted. Depending on the type of sediment and the conditions of incubation (aerobic vs. Anaerobic), models of evolution of the organic fractions are observed either qualitatively and quantitatively. Specific or not microbial communities were numbered from field and laboratory experiments in relation with the presence of two model substrates: cellulose and phenanthrene
Cosseron, Anne-Flore. "Evaluation et traitement des polluants émis par un moteur thermique fonctionnant avec des biocarburants." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00860233.
Full textBuco, Stéphanie. "Métrologie de la contamination des sols par les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30098.
Full textThe Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are proven to be major pollutants because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. These compounds raised up many "on-site" or laboratory methods developments. The in situ methods are used for a rapid screening of contaminated soils and can be completed by laboratory analyses to give more accuracy. The aim of this study was to develop new methods with the minimization of the "on-site" and laboratory methods drawbacks which are respectively low accuracy, cost and analysis time. It appears from our laboratory study that the Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cpp-GC/MS) is an efficient alternative method for the PAHs determination. We obtained similar results compared to classical methods, with short operating time and without solvent consumption. The in situ methodology is based on a "on-site" extractor, developed during this work and UV spectrophotometric measurements (Pastel-UV). This methodology has proved to be a fast, quantitative and qualitative screening of contaminated soils by PAHs. The results show that our "on-site" extractor is more efficient than the usual "hand shaking" methods. A correlation was established between laboratory and "on-site" results to near to real PAHs concentration
Cathalifaud, Geneviève. "Elimination de la matière organique lors de la coagulation-floculation par Al(III) en présence de charbon actif." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2312.
Full textFournier, Agnès. "Transfert de Polluants Organiques Persistants (POP) vers l’œuf de poule : influence des caracteristiques des polluants et du statut physiologique de l’animal." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL031N/document.
Full textLaying hens are likely to be exposed to a wide range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) potentially present in their environment. In the context of securing poultry farming systems regarding POPs, our research has focused on identifying and grading factors likely to influence the transfer of ingested POPs to eggs. These factors are related to the nature of the ingested matrix (soil or feed), to the characteristics of the animal (laying rate, fatness) and to the properties of the molecule (lipophilicity, sensitivity to metabolism). Different scientific approaches have been implemented: in vivo experimentation and mathematical modeling. In the frame of in vivo experiments we have assessed the relative bioavailability of PCBs from one naturally contaminated soil. In addition, we have calculated parameters of the kinetics of transfer to eggs of molecules that had never been studied in laying hens, such as emerging molecules (for example a brominated flame retardant, HBCD), or PAHs. Our results point out the dominant impact of the molecule metabolism on the shape of its kinetics and on its rate of transfer to eggs.The developed dynamic mathematical model makes it possible to pilot variations with time of the size of the lipid compartments in the animal and of the frequency of laying. It was used to assess the influence of these animal characteristics on the transfer of POPs to eggs. Laying rate proportionally influences the contamination level of eggs and of animal tissues at steady state. Body fat dilutes absorbed POPs in absence of laying and significantly influences the rate of decontamination of tissues during depuration subsequent to an exposure period
Huguet, Mélissa. "Réactivité d'un oxyde de manganèse naturel vis-à-vis de composés pharmaceutiques." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2290/document.
Full textThe reactivity of a natural manganese oxide towards four pharmaceutical compounds was studied. Whereas carbamazepine does not interact with the oxide, paracetamol is eliminated for residence time of a few minutes during column experiment and converted into benzoquinone (BZQ) for pH < 6. The oxidation rate decreases with increasing pH. MOPS buffer inhibits the reactivity because of competition mechanism. Dissolved manganese has no effect but organic matter reduces BZQ formation probably through cross coupling reactions. Diclofenac is eliminated in the same conditions with similar effect of pH and MOPS. Identification of by-products shows decarboxylation of diclofenac. ATR-FTIR analysis shows adsorption of triclosan without oxidation. Sorption capacities were obtained in column and closed reactors. Manganese oxides can then participate to the degradation of these molecules in the environment and water treatment
Gherdaoui, Chems Eddine. "Traitement par voie radiative des composés aromatiques organochlorés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R080.
Full textPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) refer to a family of high molecular weight organochlorine compounds formed from two benzene rings substituted with chlorine atoms. Their physicochemical properties have led to the use of these products mainly as dielectric fluids in electrical transformers. Because of their toxicity, the production and use of PCBs has been banned since 1987.The aim of this thesis is to develop a clean inactivation process by UV-Visible light driven photodegradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds of the PCB family. The study aims to achieve an overall PCB concentration of less than 50 milligrams per kilogram of transformer oil, while maintaining the chemical and physical properties of the oil after processing. To this end, we have developed a methodology for the identification of PCBs and the monitoring of the evaluation of their respective contents through analytical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
Beyram, Trifi. "Traitement des polluants organiques persistants par décharges à barrières diélectriques (DBD) et par décharges glissantes (Glidarc)." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066712.
Full textThis work reports on using plasma process that produces in situ highly oxidizing species able to degrade organic compounds to study the treatment of organic pollutants. By this way, we studied the degradation of some organic pollutant by gliding arc plasma (Glidarc) and by dielectrics barriers discharges (DBD). The first part was dedicated to the degradation of mercaptans by Glidarc with an optimization of different experimental parameters to finish with and application of this process to the decontamination of an industrial effluent rich in mercaptans. A second part was devoted to the study of the degradation of methyl red by Glidarc firstly then by DBD. After optimization of various experimental parameters, a comparison between the two techniques was performed. The third part presented the results obtained from the treatment of triphenylphosphine sulfide present in an organic phase on top of a water phase by Glidarc. A final section was devoted to the modeling of the degradation of methyl red by a new considered horizontal Glidarc reactor. Results show the efficiency of plasma process, DBD and Glidarc, for the treatment and degradation of organic pollutants. So plasma can be considered as an alternative technique compared to other conventional and usual remediation techniques as it has the advantage of being environmentally friendly, economical and efficient
Mas, Denis. "Dégradation photocatalytique dans des suspensions aqueuses de TiO2 de polluants aliphatiques et aromatiques chlorés ou azotés : produits intermédiaires, voies de dégradation, effets de l'ajout d'ozone." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10070.
Full textGuilloteau, Angélique. "Etude multiphasique de polluants organiques aromatiques : répartition des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans les suies et formation d’aérosols dans l'ozonolyse du catéchol." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE2065.
Full textKnoth, de Zarruk Katrin. "Transferts réactifs et mobilité de la matière organique dissoute dans les sols." Avignon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AVIG0605.
Full textDOM is present in all soils, waters and organic wastes and can be important in binding and co-transporting metals and organic polluants, there fore endangering the quality of potable waters. Dom is higly variable over space and time, which complicates its characterization. A new approach to DOM, a bottom-up approach is presented that concentrates on the molecular composition of DOM. By the means of a thorough literature research, the importance of simple individual compounds in environmental processes is demonstrated. Dialysis of DOM from different sources revealed a great variability of DOM samples in respect of molecular composition and size. Eighty, 70, 50 and 40% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was found in the fractions with low molecular weight in vinasse, leaf compost, soil and chicken manure, respectively. More than 40% of the TOC in vinasse and leaf compost belonged to the fraction with a molecular weight <500 Da, revealing the abundance of small weight in vinasse, suggesting a potential co-transport of copper by low molecular weight compounds. In order to enable us to better estimate the true co-transport of copper by low molecular weight compounds, column experiments were conducted to determine sorption and biodegradation dynamics for a set of selected compounds (glucose, glucosamine, glucuronic acid, alanine, citric acid, acetic acid, caffeic acid, dextran). Results showed that functional group content plays a major role in compound mobility. Even seemingly similar molecules that only differ in one functional group are sorbed and biodegraded in very different manners. Afters combining metal-complexing with sorption and biodegradation parameters, acetic acid was found to be the compound with the highest co-transport potential
Fontmorin, Jean-Marie. "Couplage entre un procédé électrochimique et un traitement biologique pour la dégradation de composés organiques persistants." Rennes, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENCR0014.
Full textThis PhD work deals with the coupling of an electrochemical process with a biological treatment for the degradation of persistent organic compounds. The electrochemical process used as a pretreatment is based on a home-made electrochemical flow cell with a graphite felt as a working electrode. During the pretreatment step, 96% of the chlorinated herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was degraded, and a mineralization rate of 34% was obtained. The BOD5/COD was increased from 0,04 to 0,25 meaning that the biodegradability of the solution was significantly improved. The subsequent biological treatment carried out with activated sludge confirmed the efficiency of the electrochemical pretreatment. Indeed, kinetics of mineralization were increased, even though the persistence of some by-products was noticed. The elimination of a 2,4-D commercial solution (U46D®) was also studied. The first results were reproducible, but the relevance of the coupling system should be qualified because of the higher biodegradability of the commercial solution. The last part of this work was dedicated to the electrocatalytic reduction of halogenated organic compounds. Catalytic properties of several cobalt and nickel complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry in organic solvents, but also in water or hydro-alcoholic media. The nickel-based complex was first used in homogeneous catalysis and then in heterogeneous catalysis after it was entrapped in Nafion® films for the dechlorination of dichloropropane, used as a target compound
Lalanne, Franck. "Etude des potentialités du lavage biologique pour le traitement d'un mélange complexe de composés organiques volatils." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3018.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the potential of a semi-industrial pilot bioscrubber for the treatment of a complex mixture of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Its originality lies in the complexity of the treated mixture, which contains eleven pollutants of various chemical nature (esters, ketones, alcohol, aromatic and chlorinated compounds). Initially, the pilot unit was equipped with a packed column. The tests showed that, in terms of elimination of the compounds, there is an improvement of the abatement of poorly soluble componunds when they are mixed with hydrophilic compounds. In terms of microflore adaptation, it was shown that the elimination of VOC's by micro-organisms would be induced by the accumulation of these compounds in the aqueous phase. Attaining of a value threshold (70-80 mg/l water) would be necessary to start the biological breakdown of these compounds. In the stationary state, the compounds transferred in the aqueous phase are eliminated by the microflore. The scrubbing liquid is consequently regenerated before its return at the head of column and the percentage of abatement is thus comparable to the percentage of elimination of the compounds. Moreover, the disturbance generated by the increase of the pollutant load is transitory, because a new stationary state emerged. Nevertheless, it was possible to approximate the operational limits of the system: the liquid/gas mass transfer of the hydrophobic compounds and the clogging of the column after twenty weeks of use. To overcome these problems, the packed column was replaced by a spraying column. The results showed that the percentages of elimination were the same. The use of the spraying column freed the system from the clogging. However, the operational limit of the pilot unit remains the liquid/gas mass transfer of the hydrophobic compounds. To optimize this transfer, a second dispersed liquid phase was used. Preliminary tests were carried out on an absorption assembly. An improvement of the transfer in the liquid phase for the aromatic compounds was shown. The transposition on the semi-industrial pilot demonstrated a clear improvement of the percentages of abatement of these compounds
Pelletier, Maud. "Expositions agrégées aux composés organiques semi-volatils dans l'habitat et risques sanitaires associés." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B028/document.
Full textIn housing, people are exposed to an increasing number of chemicals, including semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). SVOCs are present on surfaces, in the gas phase, airborne particles and settled dust. Humans are exposed through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Many of these compounds have suspected toxic effects on human health. The objective of this thesis is to assess, by a risk assessment approach, the public health risk posed by the exposure to SVOCs frequently detected in French dwellings. At first, indoor exposures were estimated for 32 compounds from contamination data and human parameters such as body weight, inhalation rate, time spent in dwellings etc. Ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact exposure pathways were aggregated for the indoor SVOCs of greatest concern and for several age groups from birth to age 30. In a second step, human health risks were modeled from these exposures and from available toxicity data. Each SVOC was considered separately and also in mixtures, based on the assumption of dose additivity. This work provided exposures distributions representative of the French population and identified the dominant media and exposure routes for each compound as well as the most at risk SVOCs for a certain portion of the French population
Badol, Caroline. "Caractérisation des composés organiques volatils dans une atmosphère urbaine sous influence industrielle : de l'identification à la contribution des sources." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Badol.pdf.
Full textHurtado, Gimeno Céline. "Destruction de polluants organiques réfractaires par des méthodes associant la sonochimie avec la photochimie et l'ozonation." Chambéry, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CHAMS016.
Full textWastewaters of painting and coating plants are difficult effluent to treat. Numerous organic compound families,like azo dyes, surfactants, biocides, biding agents. . . Could constitute these waters. Due to these multiple compounds and heavy metals that they could contain they can only incinerated. Actually the problem is to find a technique which allows the reuse of the water of these effluents in the production cicrcuit. Solution could come from advanced oxidative processes. These methods are based on generation of very reactive species like hydroxyl radical which conduct to a rapid and none selective oxidation of the organic matter. In these methods, we can cite Fenton reactions, photoassisted or not, photocatalysed, H2O2/UV conbined treatments, ozonation. . . Our study has been focused on the elimination of three families of compounds which are present in the industrial effluents : azo dyes, thiazolinated bioacides, perfluorated surfactants. As esclusive use of ultrasound, or ultrasound combined to other processes, have shown their potential to eliminate some aromatic compounds in aqueous solution, the work has been oirentated on a comparative study of the efficiency of sonochemical, ultraviolet and ozonation methods applied alone or in combination. Comprehension of degradation mechanisms and products identification have completed these sonochemical studies combined or not with ultraviolet irridiation. The results obtained have shown the ultrasonic frequency incidence on the reaction rate and the necessary of ultrasound to eliminate completely refractory compounds. Combination of tested techniques allows to increase degradation yields
Cavalheiro, Joana. "Développement de techniques de séparation et de détection pour l’analyse des polluants organiques et organométalliques dans des échantillons environnementaux." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3019/document.
Full textThe ambitious Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60) set up a list of 33 priority substances, with Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for each substance, and their concentration in aquatic environments should not go beyond the EQS. Additionally, it requires specific analytical method performances: the limit of quantification must be at least as low as 30 % of the EQS and the uncertainty of the method at the EQS level must be inferior to 50 %, for k=2. Therefore, the current analytical challenge is to measure low concentrations of these pollutants in sometimes difficult matrices. This can be achieved by improving the extraction technique used to obtain a more concentrated and cleaner sample extract. In this context, 3 analytical methods were developed to determine musk, alkylphenols and organometallic compounds in environmental matrices. Recent extraction and pre-concentration techniques were applied and later the occurrence of these compounds in the local WWTPs and in the receiving water bodies where they are discharged was evaluated. Additionally, updated French background concentrations were established for organometallic compounds
Agbekodo, Koffi Marcus. "Elimination par nanofiltration des composés organiques d'une eau de surface prétraitée : caractérisation du carbone organique dissous avant et après nanofiltration." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2252.
Full textRassinoux-Trouvé, Adeline. "Ajustement de l'hydrophobicité de silices mésoporeuses organisées pour l'adsorption sélective de polluants organiques en présence d'eau." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT2321.
Full textActivated carbons and hydrophobic microporous zeolites are usually used for the removal of organic pollutants in wastewater. An extended BET surface and a relevant pore volume both confer high sorption capacities to organised silica materials. Moreover, these solids exhibite a low water-adsorbent interaction at low P/P0 giving them an hydrophobic character. However, the presence of silanol groups limits the adsorption of organic molecules in aqueous phase. In order to significantly increase the mesoporous silica hydrophobicity, various modifications during synthesis (phenyl groups incorporation) or post-synthesis (grafting of trimethylsilyl, aminopropyl and mecaptopropyl groups) were considered. The grafting of trimethylsilyl groups and phenyl groups incorporation can therefore considerably reduce the hydrophilicity of these solids by reducing the number of silanol groups. In the case of gas adsorption, hydrophobicity proved to be a positive key factor. In aqueous phase, the non-polar organic pollutants adsorption also requires hydrophobic silica. For polar molecules, the grafting of polar groups (amino or sulfonic) increases the pollutant adsorption capacities
Le, Thuaut Philippe. "Fonctionnalisation de supports textiles pour l'élaboration de filtres adsorbeurs de polluants organiques." Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10011.
Full textFrançois, Stéphanie. "Etude du comportement atmosphérique des hydroperoxydes et des composés carbonylés : développement instrumental et études de terrain." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11015.
Full textHeymes, Frédéric. "Traitement d'air chargé en COV [composés organiques volatils] hydrophobes par un procédé hybride : Absorption-pervaporation." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20032.
Full textLe, Person Annaïg. "Pesticides et composés aromatiques : étude des cinétiques et mécanismes de leur dégradation en atmosphère simulée." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2050.
Full textKumaran, Satish. "Immobilisation d'enzymes pour la réalisation de biocapteurs : analyse par injection en flux continu (FIA) : applications au dosage de composés polluants." Lyon 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836242.
Full textPaolacci, Hélène. "Capteurs chimiques à transduction optique de polluants atmosphériques à base de matériaux nanoporeux : application au formaldéhyde et autres composés carbonylés." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112317.
Full textFormaldehyde, a well-identified indoor pollutant, was recently classified as carcinogenic. New regulations for the air quality are expected, therefore there is a need for low-cost sensors, sensitive and selective with a fast response time for the detection of formaldehyde at ppb level. In the present work, we had developed a chemical sensor based on nanoporous matrices doped with fluoral-p and optical methods of detection. The nanoporous matrices, elaborated via the sol-gel process, display nanopores whose cavity is tailored for the trapping of the targeted pollutant. They provide a first selectivity with the discrimination of the pollutants by their size. A second selectivity is obtained with a molecular probe, fluoral-p, which reacts specifically with formaldehyde leading to the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (ddl). The kinetics of formation of ddl was studied as function of many parameters such as the concentration of fluoral-p in the matrix, the pollutant content in gas mixture, the flow rate, the relative humidity of the gas mixtures and interference with other carbonylated compounds. The present chemical sensor can detect, via absorbance measurements, 2 ppb of formaldehyde within 30 min over a 0 to 60% relative humidity range. Moreover, to detect the total carbonylated compounds, we also explored the potentiality of a chemical sensor using, as a probe molecule, the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine which forms with these compounds the corresponding hydrazones derivatives. A patent was deposited for these two sensors. We have also developed a semi-miniaturized prototype for demonstration, using a flow cell, a miniaturized spectrophotometer, a light source and a laptop. Sensitive, selective, quick and low cost sensors for formaldehyde are needed, since this has been classified as a carcinogenic compound for human. An answer to these constrains is a chemical sensor using different strategies. First, we chose nanoporous matrix, elaborated by sol-gel process, which will act as sponges and discriminate pollutants by their size. Second, we doped these matrix with a molecular probe, fluoral-p, which will react specifically with formaldehyde to form 1,6-diacétyl-2,5-dihydrolutidine (ddl). Then, the pollutant can be detected via the absorbance or the fluorescence of ddl. Thus sensor's sensitivity, selectivity and response time are optimized. To determine sensor's working field, different parameters has been studied: the concentration of fluoral-p in matrix, the pollutant content in gaseous flux, the effect of the flow and humidity rate of the flux and gaseous interferents. Thus, the sensor detects 2 ppb of formaldehyde within 30 minutes without any interferent's problem and works from 0 to 60% of relative humidity. In other hand, to detect the whole carbonyl compounds, we developed a sensor using, as a probe molecule, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, which forms with these compounds, the corresponding hydrazones derivatives. A patent was taken out for these two sensors. We have also developed a semi-miniaturized prototype for demonstration, using a flow cuvette, a miniaturized spectrophotometer, a light source and a laptop
Amalric, Laurence. "Dégradation photocatalytique avec TiO2, en solution aqueuse, de polluants aromatiques oxygénés : intermédiaires, espèces actives, corrélations structure-dégradabilité." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10282.
Full textDurand, Cédric. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des produits de l'assainissement pluvial : origine et devenir des métaux traces et des polluants organiques." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2287.
Full textThe objective of this multidisciplinary work was to characterise the mineral and organic matters in the sediments from storm water drainage systems. Several physical chemical techniques were used to study the mineral fraction of sediments from retention ponds and street sweeping. This study concerned major elements and trace metals. The results show that the sediments are often polluted, with concentrations higher than the reference values for polluted soils. The study of organic matter shows that the lipid fractions are mainly composed of hydrocarbons and PAHs at high concentrations. Humic acids and humine were studied by global techniques and by thermochimiolysis with different alkyl agents. The TMAH technique shows that the studied humic substances contain biopolymers from plant and bacterial origins, as well as ligneous fibres. The use of TEAA allows to show that the released compounds are partly trapped in the humic macromolecular net and are released as soon as this one is altered. The last part of the work was devoted to trace metal mobility in the different organic fractions and using the BCR sequential extraction scheme. The mobility sequence of trace metals appears to be : Cr £ Ni < Pb £ Cu < Zn £ Cd. These results could be used as a basis for recommendations to local governments in order to improve the management of sediments from storm water drainage systems
Fontaine, Hervé. "Les Composés Organiques Volatils dans les gaz d'échappement des automobiles : établissement de profils d'émission représentatifs des différentes conditions de conduite." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1271.
Full textThe aim of these works was to determine reliable and representative data on the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), more exactly on C1 to C24 hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds, emitted in the exhaust gases of non catalyst diesel, non catalyst and catalyst petrol passenger cars running in France. In order to do so, some experimental methodologies for the determination of VOC emission factors (EF, mg/km) using simulated driving conditions (dynamometer chassis, standard driving cycles and CVS system) were developed, evaluated and applied on 15 vehicles. So, EF about 200 compounds were measured, giving relatively complete VOC emission profiles in exhaust gases. The influence of vehicle, engine thermal state driving cycle and journey average sped on the VOC emissions was studied. The engendered effects on the EF by these parameters were shown for each VOC chemical family. Concerning emission profiles, some parameters appeared more influential, leading to define representative emission profiles of specific driving conditions for each vehicle category. The determined data were compared with COPERT program ones in the case of VOC emission inventory for Lille city, showing the great sensibility of the results to the considered profiles. The assessment of 2 potential impacts of VOC emissions in car exhausts, cancer risk associated with toxic VOC and tropospheric ozone local formation, were carried out from our data considering respectively the US-EPA risk factors and the Maximun Incremental Reactivity scale
Sauvage, Stéphane. "Origine et comportement des composés hydrocarbonés non méthaniques (HCMN) en zone rurale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10098/document.
Full textNon-methane hydrocarbons (HCNM) play a key role in atmosphere chemistry as precursors of secondary pollutants formation like ozone or secondary organic aerosols. This works presents the analysis of an important datas et of 46 HCNM measured in three rural sites belonging to the French network (MERA). Statistical tools are used and adapted in order to study the spatial and temporal behaviour ofthese species in rural area. The research approach combined three steps: (1) univariate and bivariate analysis to a spatial and a temporal studies of the concentrations, (2) the used of the source receptor model PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) to identity and apport ion the source of HCNM in rural area, (3) the adaptation of the oriented receptor model CF (Concentration Fields) in order to localise the main areas which influence the studied sites. Five common profiles have been identified for the three sites: "residential heating", "vehicle exhaust"; "fuel evaporation", "biogenic", and "remote sources". The relative contributions are in good accordance with the emissions inventory data and with results of other studies. These contributions allowed distinguishing local and remote influences. The ozone formation contributions of the modelled factors show that biogenic sources trend to significantly increase while anthropogenic sources decrease. That may explain that background levels of ozone do not decrease in Europe despite the anthropogenic emission reduction. Large urban areas (South of Germany and North of Italy) have been identitied as potentially at the origin of anthropogenic NMHC measured on the three French sites
Lamallem, Mohamed. "Mesure de polluants atmosphériques dans la région de Fès (Maroc) : étude de matériaux à base d'or, de cérium et de titane pour une remédiation catalytique des COV." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0222.
Full textAs all the developing countries, Morocco also undergoes the unwanted effects of the atmospheric pollution caused essentially by the industrial activities and the transport. So, to be able to identify and quantify pollutants present in the urban air of Fez city, air sampling and punctual analyses of the ambient air were made. This was realized by using specific cartridges for every type disired pollutant and cartridges of “TENAX” and “DNPH” type. Whose contents where then analyzed by chromatographic techniques. These analyses allowed us to establish a first approach of the nature of pollutants and to estimate their content in the ambient air of the urban zone of Fez. This study allowed in particular to bring to light level of VOCs emitted mainly by transport. In the aim to reduce the emission of these pollutants in the atmosphere, a catalytic solution using materials containing gold would be possible and completely innovative. So, with the aim of combining the physico-chemical and catalytic properties of the gold, cerium and titanium, catalysts on base of these three elements were synthetized by various methods. All these solids so prepared were characterized by various techniques (BET, GTA-DTA, XRD, PER, DR / UV-Vis, H2-TPR et FTIR) to identify the nature active spices. Finally, the efficiency of these catalytic materials was studied in the propene total oxidation reaction. In the term of this study, it was shown that a good interaction between the support (Ce-Ti-O) and gold nanoparticlles under metallic shape was necessary to obtain successful catalysts in the reaction of total oxidation of the propene
Fanmoe, M. "Interactions plasma d'arc glissant/solution aqueuse : application à la décomposition de composés organiques." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES034.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of “gliding arc” arc plasma-interaction in humid air with aqueous solution. The “glidarc” efficiency depends on the chemical and physical parameters of the solution and the target itself (pH, material nature, nature and quantity of the solute), in addition to the geometrical and physical parameters of the experimental set-up. The degradation kinetic generally presents a zero apparent order follow by a pseudo first order. The kinetic constants depend mainly on the target nature. We have worked on three species representing the different pollutants families: 1,1,1-trichoroethane(1. 16x10-2 s-1 Alizarin S ( 6. 90x 10-4 s-1) , sodium dodécyl sulfate (4. 52x10-4 s-1 ). Supposing that the organic species mineralization is essentially due to its oxidation by the HO·. Radical, we have set up a possible reaction mechanism for the mineralization of these three pollutants
Picot, Géraldine. "Caractérisation et modélisation du transport de polluants dans la zone non saturée : application à une friche industrielle." Artois, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ARTO0209.
Full textThe contaminants accumulated in the first meters of the soil can move vertically, due to the successives infiltrations, towards the groundwater leading to its contamination. The main objective of this work deals with the characterization and the modelling of the spatial and temporary evolution of contaminants from the soil’s surface to the groundwater. This is on includes on one hand : the study of the parameter’s influence on the results of the simulation of flows and transport, and on the other hand this applies to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted plant coke. The first part of this work helps us to identify six parameters for flow and five for the transport of contaminant whiches have to be estimated for experimental studies. The characterization of these parameters is made either in laboratory or in situ, and the value of some parameters can be obtained according to various methods. These methods of characterization are applied on Gandola’s experiment (1999) and give different values according to the method which is used. From this point of this work, we can wonder what will be the best way to estimate the parameters and also the impact on the results of the simulation which results from this. So, the second part of this work deals with the influence of parameters and models on the results of the flow and transport’s simulation in an unsaturated zone. A first scenario using the characterizated values gives us the numerical results similar to the laboratory results, whiches the point out ther right reasoning of the parameters’ characterization. After making vary the value of the most important parameters (sort of maillage, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, retention’s curve parameters, coefficent of dispersivity and diffusion), what emerges from all that in this study is that : the speed of the flow is sensitive to the values of the hydraulic conductivity and of porosity ; the evolution of concentration only depends on the values of the coefficients of dispersivity. The simulations are sensitive to the sort of retention’s model that is used (Van Genuchten-Mualem, Haverkamp et al. And Brooks & Corey). At last, each one of these models doesn’t make intervene the same number of parameters, which added to the parameters sensitivity becomes a significant selection criteria. The tested laboratory experiments prove to be interesting to validate and to test modelisation’s hypothesis. The conclusions provided by the second part enable to better apprehend the study of the real case : The waste land of an old plant coke. Which is studied in the last part of this work made three steps, the first witth regard to the collection of avaible informations, then the second step explains in detail the investigation campaign giving informations on the unsaturated zone estimated from 1,5 m to 5 m deep. The synthesis of those two steps enables the realization of a third one which deals with the modelisation of the unsaturated zone of the industrial wasteland. Five main slice are recognized on the site, characterizated and then put together in different scenario (of 5 meters deep) whiches are simulated. All of them are made up of the same contaminated source, of the same flux coming in (at the top) and of a constant and identical hydraulic head in the froundwater. The results of the simulation aver ten years enable us to estimate the portion of the contaminant getting to the groundwater but also to appreciate the importance of taking the unsaturated zone and its composition into account, in a study of the groundwater’s contamination by a polluted source placed on the surface of the soil. What emerges from all that is that the physical and hydrical characterization of the sort of the soil containing the contaminating source produces a difference in the transfer ‘s speed of the contaminants to the grounwater. This variation is more negligible according to the sort of soil constituting the underlying zone. So it is important in such a study to characterize the embankment constituting the first meters, as well as the stratification of the unsaturated zone on this sort of site
Dagois, Robin. "Vers une modélisation du statut de polluants organiques de Technosols sous influences climatiques contrastées." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0333/document.
Full textTechnosols linked with the end of industrial activities depict contrasted properties from those of natural soils and may contain high concentration of organic pollutants (e.g. polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC)). Their neglect led to the apparition of pedogenetic processes particularly under the influence of climate which potentially contribute to the natural attenuation phenomenon. Hence, we suggest a new method to predict the evolution of PACs’ availability over time and under the influence of climate. The first step was to build a transcription model to predict the pedoclimate evolution derived from weather datasets and under the influence of climate location, climate change scenarios (IPCC), soil properties and depth. The effect of pedoclimatic events on the evolution of PAC availability was then tested in controlled conditions and on 11 contrasted industrial soils (coking plant and gas plant). This allowed predicting the frequency and occurrence of major pedoclimatic events (e.g. freeze-thaw, wetting-drying cycles and periods of high temperature) that drive pedogenesis. The consequence of these availability variation on toxicity were then tested using a growth test of Zea mays L. on aged soils, confirming that PAC availability and soil phytotoxicity are linked. The aging results were then incremented into the pedoclimate model to predict the evolution of PAC availability over time. As the current climatic conditions lead to a decrease in PAC availability (natural attenuation), the opposite effect is observed under the warmer climate of 2100. We described this phenomenon as natural amplification which underlines the upcoming threat of climate change on soils
Hanna, Khalil. "Etude de faisabilité de l'utilisation de molécules "cage" dans la dépollution des sols : solubilisation et extraction de polluants organiques par les cyclodextrines." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0070/these.pdf.
Full textSoil matrices contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) abound at the sites of coke-oven gas plants, refineries, and many other major chemical industries. The problem of soil pollution has been widely recognised in recent years. The removal of PAHs from soil using pure water, via soil washing, is quite ineffective due to their low solubility and hydrophobicity. However, addition of cyclodextrin (CD) has been shown to increase the removal efficiency several fold. Herein are investigated the effectiveness of cyclodextrin to solubilise and to remove PAH occurring in industrially contaminated soil. The interactions in the cyclodextrin/pollutant/soil system have been studied “step by step”. The objective was to use a CD solution for soil flushing in column test in lab and to evaluate the influencing parameters that can significantly increase the removal efficiency. The process parameters chosen were CD concentration, ratio of washing solution volume to soil weight, and temperature of washing solution. These parameters were found to have a significant effect on PAH removal from the contaminated soil except the temperature where no significant enhancement in PAH extraction was observed for temperature range from 5 to 35 °C. Column experiments were also carried out to study the kinetics of PAH release from an aged-contaminated soil using three types of CD. The extraction results indicate that removal capacity of HPCD and MCD was higher than that of BCD. With 10% MCD solution, an extraction of about 40% of Phenanthrene on soil was observed, whereas only 0. 2% was removed when water was used as the flushing solution
Marcic, Christophe. "Evaluation du transfert des polluants organostatiques dans le système sol-plante à partir de l'épandage de boue de station d'épuration." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3027.
Full textMercier, Rachel. "Traitement par des champignons filamenteux de sols contaminés par des composés organiques persistants : application aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11082.
Full textCloarec, Olivier. "Développement du couplage ELS/UV pour la détermination de composés spécifiques dans des matrices complexes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11014.
Full textLuchetta, Laurent. "Caractérisation et quantification dans la basse atmosphère de composés organiques volatils biogéniques et anthropiques contribuant à la pollution de l'air." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT015H.
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