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Journal articles on the topic 'Composite clay chemistry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Abd El-Fattah, Ahmed, and Eman Abd ElKader. "Influence of different clays on the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/wood flour hybrid composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 9 (2017): 1215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317723180.

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Wood plastic composites based on recycled high-density polyethylene (r-HDPE)/wood flour with the addition of organically modified clays were prepared by melt mixing and compression molding. The effect of two different types and contents of clays, bentonite and layered double hydroxide – on the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of the wood plastic composites – was examined to identify the most effective clay type for wood plastic composites. It was found that incorporation of 2 wt% modified bentonite (mBNT) clay was the most effective in the composite formulation; it has significantly enhanced the properties of the wood plastic composites. The scanning electron micrographs of the fractured surfaces showed improved interfacial adhesion of the composite components. The tensile strength of wood plastic composites was increased by 9.7% when 2 wt% mBNT clay was incorporated in the composite formulation; however, the tensile strength slightly decreased as the clay content was further increased. The izod impact strength was lowered about 10.5% by 2 wt% mBNT clay. Moreover, the addition of 2 wt% mBNT clay enhanced the water resistance of the wood plastic composites by 27.5% after immersion in water for five days. On the other hand, the modified layered double hydroxide (mLDH) clay did not cause any remarkable improvement in the properties of the wood plastic composites. The tensile strength showed a decreasing trend with an increase in mLDH content. However, both clays did not improve the thermal stability of wood plastic composites. In addition, there are no noticeable changes in the values of melting temperature by increasing the content of clays. The experimental results indicated that the properties of the wood plastic composites were significantly improved when combined with the appropriate clay type and content. However, the interaction between wood flour and the intercalated clay particles as well as the processing conditions will need further study.

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2

SUGAHARA, Yoshiyuki, Tomohide SUGIYAMA, Tetsuji NAGAYAMA, Kazuyuki KURODA, and Chuzo KATO. "Clay-Organic Nano-Composite." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 100, no. 1160 (1992): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.100.413.

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3

Li, Qingde, Xun Gao, Wanli Cheng, Guangping Han, and Jiye Han. "Preparation and performance of high-density polyethylene-based wood–plastic composites reinforced with red pottery clay." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, no. 12 (2017): 853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417693698.

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In this study, by preparing red pottery clay according to unearthed red pottery clay pieces and using red pottery clay to reinforce high-density polyethylene-based wood–plastic composites, the effects of the amount of red pottery clay on the properties of the fabricated wood–plastic composites were investigated. The results indicated that when the amount of red pottery clay increased, flexural strength and impact strength of the composite initially increased and then decreased; flexural modulus increased and tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. The cone calorimeter tests studied the effects of red pottery clay on the flame retardant and smoke suppressant behaviors of high-density polyethylene-based wood–plastic composites. Red pottery clay formed a ceramic structure on the surface and inside high-density polyethylene, thus preventing high-density polyethylene from interacting with oxygen and increasing the amount of available carbon. As a result, the flame retardant properties of wood–plastic composites were improved due to the addition of red pottery clay. A comprehensive evaluation of the properties of high-density polyethylene-based wood–plastic composites reinforced with red pottery clay showed that addition of 5% of red pottery clay resulted in the most optimal mechanical properties: the addition of red pottery clay improved the density of the composite, decreased the shrinkage rate, and enhanced the flame retardant properties.

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4

Jahangiri, Ali Asghar, and Yasser Rostamiyan. "Mechanical properties of nano-silica and nano-clay composites of phenol formaldehyde short carbon fibers." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 10 (2019): 1339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319877225.

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The mechanical properties of phenol formaldehyde (phenolic novolac) and short carbon fiber T300 polymer-based nano-composites-reinforced with nano-silica and nano-clay particles have been studied experimentally. By increasing the weight percentage of the short carbon fiber in the phenol formaldehyde, the strength of the composite increases, but its plastic deformation is severely limited. Also, in the case of composite reinforced with nano-silica particles, the tensile and flexural strength of the composite with the increase in the weight percentage of the nano-silica increase by 1% to 3%, whereas with the nano-clay particles, the tensile and flexural strength of the composite decrease by 1% to 3%. It is composite with 1% weight percentage of the nano-clay particle which has the highest strength in comparison to the other samples. Regardless of the type of corrosive solution, the composite strength decreases significantly over 25 days. However, with an increase in the duration from 25 days to 45 days, a slight change has been observed. The outcomes indicate that the corrosion of PF/CF40% composites and the composite reinforced with silica nanoparticles are higher corrosion rate in acid than in salt solution. In contrast, the nano-clay composite has more corrosion in salt solution. Furthermore, the analysis of the fracture surface of samples done by SEM microscopy shows reduction of the porosity in the case of using nanoparticles.

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5

Muthu, Jacob, Janet Priscilla, Akindele Odeshi, and Nalen Kuppen. "Characterisation of coir fibre hybrid composites reinforced with clay particles and glass spheres." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 5 (2017): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317712568.

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Hybrid composite materials were fabricated using an optimum coir fibre with functionalised clay and glass spheres using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding. The coir fibres were treated with 10% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to improve their bonding properties by removing the cellulose and lignin found on the fibre surface. Clay functionalisation was done using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane at different ratios and obtained an optimum ratio of 1 g clay: 2 g silane. Composite specimens were fabricated using epoxy and coir fibre at 7%, 10%, 15% and 20% volume fractions, respectively. Based on the mechanical properties, an optimum volume fraction of 15% coir fibre was selected to fabricate the hybrid composites with functionalised clay and glass spheres reinforcements, respectively. These composite specimens were then characterised to obtain their tensile, flexural and impact properties. From the results, it was realised that hybrid composites containing 4% functionalised clay particles and 8% glass spheres have superior mechanical properties. The reason behind the improved properties might be due to the reinforcing effect of the particles, which improved the load transfer between the fibre and the matrix.

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6

del Pino, Gilberto García, Abderrezak Bezazi, Haithem Boumediri, et al. "Hybrid epoxy composites made from treated curauá fibres and organophilic clay." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 1 (2020): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320945785.

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This work evaluates an epoxy composite reinforced with curauá fibres and/or organophilic clay. Epoxy polymers reinforced with nano-clays are also assessed. Composites are manufactured by cold pressing using fibres in pristine and treated conditions. Three levels of the factors NaOH solution (2.5, 5 and 10%) and immersion time (2, 4 and 10 hours) are investigated. Nano-clays are incorporated at the levels of 2.5, 5 and 10 wt.%. The morphology and crystallinity of the treated fibres are evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Tensile, three-point bending and impact tests are performed to characterise the composites. Tensile strength, flexural strength and impact resistance are increased by 24%, 44% and 47%, respectively, when compared to untreated fibre composites. The highest tensile and flexural strengths are achieved by hybrid composites containing 5 wt.% of nano-clay and 20 wt.% of curauá fibres treated with 5% NaOH for 4 hours. In contrast, the highest tensile modulus is achieved when hybrid composites are made from untreated fibres and 10 wt.% of nanoparticles. The highest impact resistance is obtained by curauá composites, without particles, composed of fibres treated with 5% NaOH for 4 hours. The inclusion of nano-clay leads to reduced impact resistance values.

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7

Zhumagaliyeva, Sh N., R. S. Iminovа, G. Zh Kairalapova, B. M. Kudaybergenova, and Zh A. Abilov. "Sorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Composite Materials Based on Polycarboxylic Acids and Bentonite Clay." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 23, no. 1 (2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj1030.

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The paper shows the study results of sorption capacities of composite gels based on polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids with bentonite clay as the mineral filler concerning heavy metal ions (Pb+2, Cu+2, Ni+2, Zn+2, Fe+2, Cd+2). The binding of metal ions to gels occurs through the formation of electrostatic bonds between the charged surface of bentonite clay and ionogenic functional groups of polymers in the composition, as well as the coordination bonds between metal ions and unshared pairs of oxygen electrons in the functional groups of polymers. The gel swelling degree decreases in metal solutions with increasing metals concentration and the content of BC in the composite. The sorption and desorption of heavy metal ions from the polymer-clay composites from model solutions and samples of industrial wastewater from the Kazakhstani metallurgical plants were evaluated. The adjustment of the pH, the temperature of the medium and the clay content in the composite leads to increasing the degree of sorption and achieving regeneration of the used composite gels in certain media. The data obtained testify to the prospects of using these composites as effective sorbents of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters expanding the range of composite materials for wastewater treatment.

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8

Binitha, N. Narayanan, and Sankaran Sugunan. "Polyaniline/pillared montmorillonite clay composite nanofibers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 107, no. 5 (2007): 3367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.27353.

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9

Huebner, Henry J., and Timothy D. Phillips. "Clay-Based Affinity Probes for Selective Cleanup and Determination of Aflatoxin B1 Using Nanostructured Montmorillonite on Quartz." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 86, no. 3 (2003): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/86.3.534.

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Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the selective cleanup and determination of aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) from contaminated media. Composite adsorbents were formulated from calcium montmorillonite clay, which possesses a high affinity and enthalpy of adsorption for AfB1. Nanostructuring techniques were used to construct various formulations of the clay-based composite media. In AfB1 adsorption studies with prototypical affinity columns, these composites offered narrowly defined, reproducible capacity ranges. Composite recoveries of AfB1 from spiked grains exhibited linear trends that correlated well with the range of spike levels. Composite columns provided lower recoveries of AfB1 from naturally contaminated corn than did immunoaffinity columns; however, recoveries were consistent and purified extracts were free of inter-fering compounds, as determined by liquid chro-matography with fluorescence detection.

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10

Liu, Pengfei, Mingyong Du, Peta Clode, Jishan Liu, and Yee-Kwong Leong. "Rod–plate interactions in sepiolite–LAPONITE® gels: microstructure, surface chemistry and rheology." Soft Matter 17, no. 9 (2021): 2614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm02112a.

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11

Chen, Mei, Ning-Jian Ao, Yuan-Yen Liao, Ying Chen, and Hui-Ling Zhou. "Thermooxidative degradation of natural rubber/clay composite." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100, no. 5 (2006): 3809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.23808.

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12

Trindade, Ana C., Miguel Carreto, Geir Helgesen, et al. "Photonic composite materials from cellulose nanorods and clay nanolayers." European Physical Journal Special Topics 229, no. 17-18 (2020): 2741–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000015-y.

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AbstractCellulose nano crystals (CNCs) are promising materials for energy efficient buildings related to the control of reflectivity and heat absorption/reflection of light. In this sense it is important to improve CNCs films fire retardant properties, which can be achieved by adding clays. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanolayers obtained from Sodium Fluorohectorite (NaFh) synthetic clay are both known to form liquid crystalline phases in aqueous suspensions. CNCs form cholesteric phases, which structure is preserved after water evaporation, while dry NaFh nanolayers aligned films collapse. In this initial work, it is shown that CNCs are compatible with NaFh clay. We demonstrate that the liquid crystalline phase of CNCs in water is not destroyed by the presence of NaFh nanolayers. The NaFh nanolayers act as planar anchoring surfaces to the cellulose nanorods and, after evaporation of the water coloured films are obtained. The precursor solutions and the photonic films were investigated by Describe several techniques.

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13

Li, Jing, Yuan Ma, Jiayun Yang, Yaya Li, Yigang dai, and Junhe Yang. "Facile Fabrication of Nanoclay Reinforced Waterborne Organic Coatings for Corrosion Protection." Polymers and Polymer Composites 25, no. 8 (2017): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111702500805.

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The reinforcement effect of nanoclay on the corrosion protection properties of waterborne thin organic coatings was studied. The coating matrix was a commercial formulation for galvalume steel substrates. Two kinds of clays (laponite RDS and optigel WH) were employed as the barrier reinforcement in the composite coatings. Both kinds of the clays were exfoliated into monolayers of silicate with disordered structures at a filler content of 2 wt.%. Facile exfoliation and effective dispersion of clay was achieved with the assistance of a titanate coupling agent. The corrosion protection properties of the composite coatings were significantly improved with the addition of 3 wt.% laponite RDS or 2 wt.% optigel WH. The addition of an excessive amount of clay decreased the anticorrosion properties of the composite coatings. The fabrication methods of nanoclay-reinforced thin organic coatings involved only physical blending and latex mixing at ambient temperature, which can be easily scaled-up for mass production.

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14

Cheng, Qiangqiang, Jixiong Zhang, Nan Zhou, Yu Guo, and Shining Pan. "Experimental Study on Unconfined Compression Strength of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Composite Cemented Clay." Crystals 10, no. 4 (2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040247.

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The effects of three main factors, including polypropylene fiber content, composite cement content and curing time on the unconfined compressive strength of fiber-reinforced cemented clay were studied through a series of unconfined compressive strength tests. The experimental results show that the incorporation of fibers can increase the compressive strength and residual strength of cement-reinforced clay as well as the corresponding axial strain when the stress peak is reached compared with cement-reinforced clay. The compressive strength of fiber-reinforced cement clay decreases first, then increases with small-composite cement at curing time 14 d and 28 d. However, fiber-reinforced cement clay’s strength increases with the increase of fiber content for heavy-composite cement. The compressive strength of fiber-composite cement-reinforced marine clay increases with the increase of curing time and composite cement content. The growth rate increases with the increase of curing time. The failure mode of composite cement-reinforced clay is brittle failure, while the failure mode of fiber-reinforced cemented clay is plastic failure.

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15

Huang, Biao, Mingxian Liu, and Changren Zhou. "Chitosan composite hydrogels reinforced with natural clay nanotubes." Carbohydrate Polymers 175 (November 2017): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.039.

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16

Alam, Manawwer, Eram Sharmin, Naser M. Alandis, and Naushad Ahmad. "Effect of organoclay on structure, morphology, thermal behavior and coating performance of Jatropha oil based polyesteramide." e-Polymers 17, no. 6 (2017): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2017-0096.

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AbstractJatropha oil (JO) is an inedible oil mainly used in biodiesel. We have attempted to prepare a JO-based polyesteramide/clay composite using a one-pot, two-step reaction, for application as a protective coating. The aim of the work is to utilize JO for its value-added application by preparing a JO polyesteramide/clay composite, to investigate the potential of the prepared composite as a protective coating, and also to study the effect of loaded clay on the structure, morphology, thermal stability and coating properties of the composite. The formation of composites was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) studies. The coating properties were studied by standard physico-mechanical and corrosion resistance tests in corrosive media (3.5 wt% HCl, 3.5 wt% NaCl and tap water). The thermal stability was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses. The coatings showed good physico-mechanical and corrosion resistance performance and can be safely used up to 275°C. The approach paves way towards an alternate value addition to a non-edible oil.

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17

Wang, Shaohui, Zonglin Peng, Yong Zhang, and Yinxi Zhang. "Structure and Properties of BR Nanocomposites Reinforced with Organoclay." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 4 (2005): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300404.

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Butadiene rubber (BR)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by direct melt mixing of BR and clay modified with different primary and quaternary ammonium salts. BR/pristine clay composite and BR/organoclay nanocomposites were analysed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The vulcanization characteristics and the mechanical properties of the BR/pristine clay and BR/organoclay composites were investigated. The results showed that the interlayer distance of the organoclays was expanded, which indicated that intercalated BR/organoclay nanocomposites had been prepared. Organoclay effectively accelerated the vulcanization of BR, which was attributed to the intercalatant used to modify the clay. The tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength of BR/organoclay nanocomposites are much higher than those of gum BR vulcanizate and BR/pristine clay composites. The organoclay modified with dimethyl dihydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride (DDAC) gave the best reinforcement effect in BR of all the organoclays.

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18

Olukotun, S. F., S. T. Gbenu, K. O. Oyedotun, et al. "Fabrication and Characterization of Clay-Polyethylene Composite Opted for Shielding of Ionizing Radiation." Crystals 11, no. 9 (2021): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091068.

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This study fabricated and characterized a self-sustaining hydrogenous content clay-polyethylene composite opted for ionizing radiation shielding. Composites designated A–G were fabricated each containing 0–30 wt% of recycled low density polyethylene (LDPE), respectively. To know the effects of the incorporated LDPE on the morphology, microstructural, compressive strength, thermal property and displacement effect on the vital elements were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), universal mechanical testing machine, differential thermal analysis (DTA), Rutherford backscattering (RBS) technique and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), respectively. The bulk densities of the clay composites ranged between 1.341 and 2.030 g/cm3. The samples’ XRD analysis revealed similar patterns, with a sharp and prominent peak at angle 2θ equals ~26.11°, which matched with card number 16-0606 of the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) that represents Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide (Al2Si2O5(OH)4), a basic formula for Kaolin clay. The compressive strength ranged between 2.52 and 5.53 MPa. The ratio of Si to Al in each composite is about 1:1. The dehydroxylation temperature for samples ranged between 443.23 °C and 555.23 °C.

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19

Ray, Sudip, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Montmorillonite Clay-Polyacrylate Hybrid Material and its Effect on the Properties of Engage-Clay Hybrid Composite." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 5 (2001): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547656.

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Abstract Clay-Polyacrylate hybrid material was prepared from Montmorillonite (M) clay and polytrimethylol propane triacrylate (PA) using intercalation polymerization process. Characterization of the composite was done by x-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) techniques. The results show the successful intercalation of PA in the M moiety. The MPA hybrid material was then blended with a polyolefin elastomer, Engage. Tensile and dynamic mechanical properties were measured on the polymer-filler composite and the results showed interaction between the treated clay and the base polymer. There was a significant improvement in modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break of the base polymer as compared to the composite prepared with the untreated clay.

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20

Nikolic, Marija, Natasa Djordjevic, Jelena Rogan та Jasna Djonlagic. "Influence of clay organic modifier on morphology and performance of poly(ε-caprolactone)/clay nanocomposites". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 80, № 4 (2015): 529–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc140924119n.

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Two series of poly(e-caprolactone) nanocomposites with different organo-modified clays (1 to 8 wt%) were prepared by the solution casting method. Organoclays with polar (Cloisite?C30B) and nonpolar (Cloisite?C15A) organic modifier and with different miscibility with poly(e-caprolactone) matrix, were chosen. Exfoliated and/or intercalated nanocomposite?s structures were obtained by using high dilution and an ultrasonic treatment for the composite preparation. The effect of the surface modification and clay content on the morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites was studied. Scanning electron microscopy excluded the formation of microcomposite. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the tendency toward exfoliated structure is higher for the Cloisite?C30B, which had better miscibility with poly(e-caprolactone) matrix. Differences in spherulites? sizes and morphology between two series of the nanocomposites were observed by the optical microscopy performed on as-casted films. Enthalpies of fusion and degrees of crystallinity were higher for nanocomposites than for neat poly(e-caprolactone) and increase with the clay loading in both series, as a consequence of the clay nucleating effect. Decreased thermal stability of nanocomposites was ascribed to thermal instability of organic modifiers of the clays. The Halpin-Tsai model was used to compare the theoretically predicted values of the Young?s modulus with experimentally obtained ones in tensile tests.

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21

Ismail, M. R., M. A. M. Ali, A. A. El-Milligy, and M. S. Afifi. "Studies on sand/clay unsaturated polyester composite materials." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 72, no. 8 (1999): 1031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990523)72:8<1031::aid-app7>3.0.co;2-1.

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22

Benali, Samira, Sophie Peeterbroeck, Jérôme Larrieu, et al. "Study of Interlayer Spacing Collapse During Polymer/Clay Nanocomposite Melt Intercalation." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (2008): 1707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18234.

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The influence of the chemical structure of alkylammonium organo-modifying montmorillonite clays on the ability to form nanocomposites by melt blending, depending on the processing temperature and the organoclay thermal treatment, has been investigated. On one side chlorinated polyethylene/Cloisite®30B (nano)composite has been prepared by melt intercalation at 175 °C and its wide angle X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that the peak characteristic of the interlayer spacing of the organoclay was shifted to lower d-spacing, indicating a collapse of the organoclay structure. On the other side, (nano)composites based on ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/Cloisite®30B have been prepared by melt intercalation at 140 °C. At this temperature, exfoliation was observed with the as-received organoclay while the same organo-modified clay, simply dried at 180 °C for 2 hours, induced again the formation of a composite with a collapsed structure. The effect of the Cloisite®30B thermal treatment on the morphology and mechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate–based (nano)composites was investigated using wide angle X-ray diffraction and tensile tests. In order to shed some light on the origin of this clay interlayer collapse, organoclay modified with various ammonium cations bearing long alkyl chains with different amounts of unsaturations were studied using wide angle X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after thermal treatment at 180 °C for 2 hours. Isothermal thermogravimetric analysis of all organoclays was also investigated. The layers collapse effect is discussed depending upon the level of unsatured hydrocarbon present in the organic surfactant.

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23

Kudaibergenova, B. M., Sh N. Zhumagalieva, M. K. Beisebekov, Zh A. Abilov, and M. I. Chaudkhari. "Composite supports based on bentonite clay and polysaccharides." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 81, no. 6 (2008): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427208060232.

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24

Teofilovic, Vesna, Jelena Pavlicevic, Oskar Bera, et al. "Preparation and thermal properties of chitosan/bentonite composite beads." Chemical Industry 68, no. 6 (2014): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind130905088t.

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Due to their biodegradable and nontoxic nature, biopolymer composites are often used as remarkable adsorbents in treatment of wastewater. In this study chitosan/bentonite composite beads were obtained by addition of clay into the polymer using solution process. Before the composite preparation, bentonite was modified with surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The morphology of beads was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal properties of the composite beads were studied by simultaneous thermogravimetry coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (SDT) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TG results showed that the complex decomposition mechanism of the composites depends on the preparation procedure. It was observed that the concentration of NaOH used for composites precipitation affects the final structure of beads. The influence of preparation procedure on the glass transition temperature Tg of chitosan/bentonite samples was not found (Tg values for all samples were about 144 ?C).

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25

Serwicka, Ewa M. "Titania-Clay Mineral Composites for Environmental Catalysis and Photocatalysis." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (2021): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091087.

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The use of titania-based composite materials in the field of heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis has a long and rich history. Hybrid structures combining titania nanoparticles with clay minerals have been extensively investigated for nearly four decades. The attractiveness of clay minerals as components of functional materials stems primarily from their compositional versatility and the possibility of using silicate lamellae as prefabricated building blocks ready to be fitted into the desired nanoconstruction. This review focuses on the evolution over the years of synthetic strategies employed for the manufacturing of titania–clay mineral composites with particular attention to the role of the adopted preparative approach in shaping the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials and enabling, ultimately, tuning of their catalytic and/or photocatalytic performance.

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26

Sikdar, Debashis, Kalpana S. Katti, and Dinesh R. Katti. "Molecular Interactions Alter Clay and Polymer Structure in Polymer Clay Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (2008): 1638–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18228.

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In this work, using photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) we have studied the structural distortion of clay crystal structure in organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) and polymer clay nanocomposites (PCN). To study the effect of organic modifiers on the distortion of crystal structure of clay, we have synthesized OMMTs and PCNs containing same polymer and clay but with three different organic modifiers (12-aminolauric acid, n-dodecylamine, and 1,12-diaminododecane), and conducted the FTIR study on these PCNs. Our previous molecular dynamics (MD) study on these PCNs reveals that significant nonbonded interactions (van der Waals, electrostatic interactions) exist between the different constituents (polymer, organic modifier, and clay) of nanocomposites. Previous work based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on the same set of PCNs shows that crystallinity of polymer in PCNs have changed significantly in comparison to those in pristine polymer; and, the nonbonded interactions between different constituents of PCN are responsible for the change in crystal structure of polymer in PCN. In this work to evaluate the structural distortion of crystal structure of clay in OMMTs and PCNs, the positions of bands corresponding to different modes of vibration of Si—O bonds are determined from the deconvolution of broad Si—O bands in OMMTs and PCNs obtained from FTIR spectra. Intensity and area under the Si—O bands are indicative of orientation of clay crystal structures in OMMTs and PCNs. Significant changes in the Si—O bands are observed from each vibration mode in OMMTs and PCNs containing three different organic modifiers indicating that organic modifiers influence the structural orientation of silica tetrahedra in OMMTs and PCNs. Deconvolution of Si—O bands in OMMTs indicate a band at ∼1200 cm−1 that is orientation-dependent Si—O band. The specific changes in intensity and area under this band for OMMTs with three different organic modifiers further confirm the change in structural orientation of silica tetrahedra of OMMTs by organic modifiers. Thus, from our work it is evident that organic modifiers have significant influence on the structure of polymer and clay in PCNs. It appears that in nanocomposites, in addition to strong interactions at interfaces between constituents, the structure of different phases (clay and polymer) of PCN are also altered, which does not occur in conventional composite materials. Thus, the mechanisms governing composite action in nanocomposites are quite different from that of conventional macro composites.

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27

Khoylou, F. "Radiation-Induced Polymer Impregnated Sawdust-Clay-Cement Composite." Polymers and Polymer Composites 14, no. 8 (2006): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110601400807.

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Aslanzadeh, Samira, and Mohammad Haghighat Kish. "Wavelength Sensitivity in Polypropylene/Clay Composite Photo-Oxidation." Polymers and Polymer Composites 23, no. 2 (2015): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111502300205.

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29

Uğur, Şaziye, Önder Yargi, Abdelhamid Elaissari, and Önder Pekcan. "Oxygen Diffusion into Polymer-Clay Composite Films as a Function of Clay Content and Temperature." Macromolecular Symposia 281, no. 1 (2009): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200950722.

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30

Li, An, and Aiqin Wang. "Synthesis and properties of clay-based superabsorbent composite." European Polymer Journal 41, no. 7 (2005): 1630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.01.028.

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31

Villaluenga, J. P. G., M. Khayet, M. A. López-Manchado, J. L. Valentin, B. Seoane, and J. I. Mengual. "Gas transport properties of polypropylene/clay composite membranes." European Polymer Journal 43, no. 4 (2007): 1132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.01.018.

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32

Foroutan, Rauf, Reza Mohammadi, Adeyemi S. Adeleye, et al. "Efficient arsenic(V) removal from contaminated water using natural clay and clay composite adsorbents." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 29 (2019): 29748–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06070-5.

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33

Olusanya, John, Krishnan Kanny, and Shalini Singh. "Bulk cure study of nanoclay filled epoxy glass fiber reinforced composite material." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 3 (2017): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0086.

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Abstract The correlation between cure properties and structure of nanoclay filled composite laminate has not been studied extensively. Most of the cure studies were preferably done using small samples through a calorimetric method. In this study, the effect of varying weight ratio of nanoclay (1–5 wt%) on bulk cure properties of epoxy glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) laminates was studied. Bulk cure of unfilled and clay filled GFRC laminates was determined using the dynamic mechanical analysis-reheat method (DMA-RM). DMA-RM cure properties gave a better coordinate method, with better cure efficiency achieved in clay filled GFRC laminates when compared to unfilled GFRC laminates. The correlation between nanoclay and DMA-RM degree of cure was coordinated with compressive and in-plane shear strength properties. The degree of cure value of 78% by DMA-RM at 1 wt% clay filled GFRC corresponds with the compressive modulus and in-plane shear strength highest values, which are 20% and 14% increase, respectively, also at 1 wt% clay filled GFRC. The structures of the unfilled and clay filled epoxy were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Clay filled epoxy up to 3 wt% showed no distinct diffraction peak, which suggested that nanoclay is randomly dispersed in the matrix.

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34

Wu, Jihuai, Jianming Lin, Meng Zhou, and Congrong Wei. "Synthesis and properties of starch-graft-polyacrylamide/clay superabsorbent composite." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 21, no. 15 (2000): 1032–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3927(20001001)21:15<1032::aid-marc1032>3.0.co;2-n.

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35

Cohen, Ephraim, Tammar Joseph, Frigita Kahana, and Shlomo Magdassi. "Photostabilization of an Entomopathogenic Fungus Using Composite Clay Matrices¶." Photochemistry and Photobiology 77, no. 2 (2007): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0770180poaefu2.0.co2.

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36

Cohen, Ephraim, Tammar Joseph, Frigita Kahana, and Shlomo Magdassi. "Photostabilization of an Entomopathogenic Fungus Using Composite Clay Matrices¶." Photochemistry and Photobiology 77, no. 2 (2003): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2003)077<0180:poaefu>2.0.co;2.

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37

Ali, Abid, Yue Xiao, Lina Song, et al. "Biodegradable polyurethane based clay composite and their anti-biofouling properties." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 625 (September 2021): 126946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126946.

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38

Vezentsev, Alexandr Ivanovich, Dang Minh Thuy, Lidia Fedotovna Goldovskaya-Peristaya, and Nadezhda Alexandrovna Glukhareva. "Adsorption of Methylene Blue on the Composite Sorbent Based on Bentonite-Like Clay and Hydroxyapatite." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 18, no. 4 (2018): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.37050.

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The adsorption of methylene blue from model aqueous solutions on bentonite-like clay, hydroxyapatite, and a composite sorbent has been investigated. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption in the temperature range 298–333 К have been calculated. The process is found to obey Langmuir isotherm equation. It is spontaneous but slightly endothermic. The maximal sorption capacity of the composite sorbent toward methylene blue is 175.4 mg/g at 25 °С that is 1.3 times more than that for bentonite-like clay and 17.8 times more than that for hydroxyapatite. Kinetics of the process is due to the combination of external and internal diffusion and can be described better by the model of pseudo-second order reaction.

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39

Lee, Dong Choo, and Lee Wook Jang. "Characterization of epoxy-clay hybrid composite prepared by emulsion polymerization." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 68, no. 12 (1998): 1997–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980620)68:12<1997::aid-app14>3.0.co;2-p.

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40

Met, ?, and H. Akg�n. "Composite landfill liner design with Ankara clay, Turkey." Environmental Geology 47, no. 6 (2005): 795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1207-9.

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41

Terzic, Anja, Natasa Djordjevic, Miodrag Mitric, Smilja Markovic, Katarina Djordjevic, and Vladimir Pavlovic. "Sintering of fly ash based composites with zeolite and bentonite addition for application in construction materials." Science of Sintering 49, no. 1 (2017): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1701023t.

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Due to pozzolanic characteristics, fly ash is commonly used as a cement replacement in construction composites. Addition of natural clays with sorption ability (i.e. zeolite and bentonite) in to the fly ash based construction materials is of both scientific and industrial interest. Namely, due to the application of sorptive clay minerals, it is possible to immobilize toxic heavy metals from the composite structure. The thermal compatibility of fly ash and zeolite, as well as fly ash and bentonite, within the composite was observed during sintering procedure. The starting components were used in 1:1 ratio and they were applied without additional mechanical treatment. The used compaction pressure for the tablets was 2 t?cm-2. The sintering process was conducted at 1000?C and 1200?C for two hours in the air atmosphere. The mineralogical phase composition of the non-treated and sintered samples was analyzed using X-ray diffraction method. Scanning electron microscopy was applied in the analysis of the microstructure of starting and sintered samples. The thermal behavior was observed via DTA method. The influence of temperature on the properties of fly ash-zeolite and fly ash-bentonite composites was investigated.

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42

Wu, You-Ping, Qing-Xiu Jia, Ding-Sheng Yu, and Li-Qun Zhang. "Modeling Young’s modulus of rubber–clay nanocomposites using composite theories." Polymer Testing 23, no. 8 (2004): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2004.05.004.

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43

Brown, Karlena, Mary Mendoza, Tamanika Tinsley, et al. "Polyvinyl alcohol-montmorillonite composites for water purification: Analysis of clay mineral cation exchange and composite particle synthesis." Polyhedron 205 (September 2021): 115297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2021.115297.

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44

Cheng, Wei-Min, Xiang-Ming Hu, Yan-Yun Zhao, Ming-Yue Wu, Zun-Xiang Hu, and Xing-Teng Yu. "Preparation and swelling properties of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) composite hydrogels." e-Polymers 17, no. 1 (2017): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0250.

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AbstractIn order to study the effect of composite clays on the mechanical properties, water absorption and salt tolerance of a hydrogel, a poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/bentonite/kaolin composite hydrogel was prepared. Acrylic acid and acrylamide have been used as water absorbent monomers. N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide was used as a crosslinking agent while potassium persulfate was used as an initiator. The water preserving capability, repeated water absorption, salt resistance and the mechanical properties of the composite hydrogel are analyzed and discussed. The results show that a small quantity of bentonite can increase the storage modulus of the composite hydrogel, whereas the excess clay had an unfavorable effect on the mechanical strength of the composite hydrogel. Both bentonite and kaolin significantly improved the water preserving capability, repeated water absorption and salt resistance of the composite hydrogel. Optimum values for the amounts of bentonite and kaolin were found to be 10% and 5%, respectively.

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45

Li, Hailong, Markus Bier, Julian Mars, et al. "Interfacial premelting of ice in nano composite materials." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 7 (2019): 3734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05604h.

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We present a quantitative description of ice premelting in permafrost model systems. Experimental data on the interfacial premelting in ice/clay nano composites was obtained by high energy X-ray diffraction.

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46

Cosnier, Serge, Florence Lambert, and Margarita Stoytcheva. "A Composite Clay Glucose Biosensor Based on an Electrically Connected HRP." Electroanalysis 12, no. 5 (2000): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(20000301)12:5<356::aid-elan356>3.0.co;2-z.

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47

Li, Shouchuan, Chunyu Chen, Zhengdong Zhang, Dong Wang, and Shanshan Lv. "Illustration and application of enhancing effect of arginine on interactions between nano-clays: self-healing hydrogels." Soft Matter 15, no. 2 (2019): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02188k.

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48

Matei, Ecaterina, Maria Rapa, Cristina Ileana Covaliu, et al. "Sodium Alginate-Cellulose-Nano-Clay Composite Adsorbent Applied for Lead Removal from Wastewater." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 3 (2001): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.3.8015.

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A sodium alginate/cellulose/n-clay composite was prepared as potential adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) from wastewater. The results showed that obtained adsorbent used for 4 mg L-1 initial concentration of Pb(II) in wastewater after 90 min adsorption time led to 90% removal efficiency and the adsorption capacity of the prepared composite was 0.11 mg .g-1. The isotherms and kinetics of adsorption revealed that the equilibrium adsorption and kinetics were well-described by the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics, respectively.

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Molu, Zehra Bekçi, Yoldaş Seki, and K. Yurdakoç. "Preparation and characterization of poly(acrylic acid)/pillared clay superabsorbent composite." Polymer Bulletin 64, no. 2 (2009): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0155-7.

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50

Asamoah, R. B., E. Nyankson, E. Annan, et al. "Industrial Applications of Clay Materials from Ghana (A Review)." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 4 (2018): 1719–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340403.

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Clay minerals are phyllosilicate groups naturally found in soils in all parts of the world. They have proven to be among the most essential industrial minerals because of their unique physicochemical properties and versatile applications within a wide range of fields including ceramics, construction, and environmental remediation, biomedical as well as cosmetics. Clay minerals are also primary to the production of other materials such as composite for secondary applications. In Ghana, clay mineral deposits are commonly found in several areas including soil horizons as well as geothermal fields and volcanic deposits, and are formed under certain geological conditions. This review seeks to explore the geographical occurrence and discusses the current uses of various local clay materials in Ghana in order to highlight opportunities for the utilization of these materials for other applications.

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