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1
Moustakidis, Serafeim, Athanasios Anagnostis, Apostolos Chondronasios, Patrik Karlsson, and Kostas Hrissagis. "Excitation-invariant pre-processing of thermographic data." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 232, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18770888.
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There is a large number of industries that make extensive use of composite materials in their respective sectors. This rise in composites’ use has necessitated the development of new non-destructive inspection techniques that focus on manufacturing quality assurance, as well as in-service damage testing. Active infrared thermography is now a popular nondestructive testing method for detecting defects in composite structures. Non-uniform emissivity, uneven heating of the test surface, and variation in thermal properties of the test material are some of the crucial factors in experimental thermography. These unwanted thermal effects are typically coped with the application of a number of well-established thermographic techniques including pulse phase thermography and thermographic signal reconstruction. This article addresses this problem of the induced uneven heating at the pre-processing phase prior to the application of the thermographic processing techniques. To accomplish this, a number of excitation invariant pre-processing techniques were developed and tested in this article addressing the unwanted effect of non-uniform excitation in the collected thermographic data. Various fitting approaches were validated in light of modeling the non-uniform heating effect, and new normalization approaches were proposed following a time-dependent framework. The proposed pre-processing techniques were validated on a testing composite sample with pre-determined defects. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed processing algorithms in terms of removing the unwanted heat distribution effect along with the signal-to-noise ratio of the produced infrared images.
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Pietrzak, K., A. Gładki, K. Frydman, D. Wójcik-Grzybek, A. Strojny-Nędza, and T. Wejrzanowski. "Copper-Carbon Nanoforms Composites – Processing, Microstructure and Thermal Properties." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 1307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0198.
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AbstractThe main current of publication is focused around the issues and problems associated with the formation of composite materials with Cu matrix and reinforcing phases in the various carbon nanoforms. The core of the research has been focused on thermal conductivity of these composites types. This parameter globally reflects the state of the structure, quality of raw materials and the technology used during the formation of composite materials. Vanishingly low affinity of copper for carbon, multilayered forms of graphene, the existence of critical values of graphene volume in the composite are not conducive to the classic procedures of composites designing. As a result, the expected, significant increase in thermal conductivity of composites is not greater than for pure copper matrix. Present paper especially includes: (i) data of obtaining procedure of copper/graphene mixtures, (ii) data of sintering process, (iii) the results of structure investigations and of thermal properties. Structural analysis revealed the homogenous distribution of graphene in copper matrix, the thermal analysis indicate the existence of carbon phase critical concentration, where improvement of thermal diffusivity to pure copper can occur.
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Lobanov, Dmitriy, and Elena Strungar. "Mathematical data processing according to digital image correlation method for polymer composites." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 14, no. 54 (September 23, 2020): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.54.04.
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The paper analyses the numerical algorithms for experimental data processing using a contactless video system Vic-3D, designed for three-dimension analysis of displacement and strain fields, and digital image correlation method. The authors considered methodological issues of conducting an experiment using a video system. They suggested recommendations on the choice of parameters of calculation of correlation, the size of subset and step during the analysis of non-homogeneous displacement and strain fields in polymer composite materials through laminated fiberglass composite. The efficient parameters of mathematical data processing are identified according to digital image correlation method on the basis of building fields for one frame on the surface of laminated fiberglass reinforced plastic at various subset values and at fixed step value. The paper shows the impact of step value on the strain fields detail degree. The authors have identified the relation of the chosen parameters of experimental data processing using digital image correlation method with the scaled levels of consideration of composite materials strain processes. To evaluate the strains at various scale levels, the paper uses supplementary video system instruments: “virtual extensometer”, “rectangular area” and “line”. The authors obtained a longitudinal strain profile that allows evaluating the location of strain peak areas on the composite object surface.
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Palumbo, D., and U. Galietti. "Damage Investigation in Composite Materials by Means of New Thermal Data Processing Procedures." Strain 52, no. 4 (March 10, 2016): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/str.12179.
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Nanda, Bishnu Prasad, and Alok Satapathy. "Processing and thermal characteristics of human hair fiber-reinforced polymer composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 28, no. 4 (September 9, 2019): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119872399.
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Human hair is a biofiber having an exceptional chemical composition, higher strength in tension, and slow decomposition rate. In the present work, composites are fabricated by simple hand layup technique with epoxy matrix and different proportions of hair fiber (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). Physical, mechanical, microstructural, and thermal characterization of the composite samples has been done by following the proper ASTM standards. A theoretical model has been developed to predict the effective thermal conductivity of the composite. Based on this model, a mathematical correlation between the effective thermal conductivity of the composite and the fiber content is developed. The results obtained from this correlation are in good agreement with the experimental data. This study explores the possibility of fabricating a class of epoxy composites with higher mechanical strength, superior insulation capability, improved glass transition temperature, and a low thermal expansion coefficient.
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Mustafa, Faten A., and Oguz Bayat. "Knowledge technologies based on fabrication process composite materials and remote sensing applications." Advanced Composites Letters 29 (January 1, 2020): 2633366X1989598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633366x19895989.
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The aim of this work concentrates on utilizing powerful MATLAB programming (software version R2016a) to evaluate the impact of environmental variations of water case in the Mosul Dam reservoir and observed its receding impact on human life activities based on composite image processing applications. Furthermore, composite materials of different temporal remote sensing data increase powerfully the estimation of environmental variables of relevance to human health. Thus, temporal remote sensing data trends to enhance the efficiency of detecting receding water resources effect of human life impacts over different years. Two steps were implemented, which focuses on the estimation of changes in the water surface of the lake over 31 years. Preprocessing step concentrates on composite data materials from different Landsats to be more suitable for next step by utilizing color composite image processing and postprocessing step implemented the coastline detection of the reservoir and recognition of the quality of clear water in the lake due to the variation of water spectral reflectivity by hybrid classification method. The performance of this study is based on statistics measurements on the surface area of water level and overall accuracy, which indicated that hybrid classification method improves the capacity of integrating two classification methods, which gained highly identification water lake classes regarding its quality and more. The obtained results achieved the desired purpose of this study to investigate the high power application through implementing composite different image processing techniques with temporal satellite data to conversance the amount of water level changes in Mosul Dam reservoir and its impact on storage quantity over years.
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Wang, Bing, Shuncong Zhong, Tung-Lik Lee, Kevin S. Fancey, and Jiawei Mi. "Non-destructive testing and evaluation of composite materials/structures: A state-of-the-art review." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 4 (April 2020): 168781402091376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020913761.
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Composite materials/structures are advancing in product efficiency, cost-effectiveness and the development of superior specific properties. There are increasing demands in their applications to load-carrying structures in aerospace, wind turbines, transportation, medical equipment and so on. Thus, robust and reliable non-destructive testing of composites is essential to reduce safety concerns and maintenance costs. There have been various non-destructive testing methods built upon different principles for quality assurance during the whole lifecycle of a composite product. This article reviews the most established non-destructive testing techniques for detection and evaluation of defects/damage evolution in composites. These include acoustic emission, ultrasonic testing, infrared thermography, terahertz testing, shearography, digital image correlation, as well as X-ray and neutron imaging. For each non-destructive testing technique, we cover a brief historical background, principles, standard practices, equipment and facilities used for composite research. We also compare and discuss their benefits and limitations and further summarise their capabilities and applications to composite structures. Each non-destructive testing technique has its own potential and rarely achieves a full-scale diagnosis of structural integrity. Future development of non-destructive testing techniques for composites will be directed towards intelligent and automated inspection systems with high accuracy and efficient data processing capabilities.
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Frolov, E. M., A. A. Kamenev, and O. O. Trukhlyaev. "ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES TO THE RESEARCH OF MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF POLYMER MATERIALS." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 8(243) (August 28, 2020): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2020-8-243-55-58.
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The article presents the results of analysis of modern approaches to research and improvement of methods of mechanical processing of polymer materials. The article illustrates the fact that scientific works on the mechanical processing of composite materials based on polymers are currently relevant due to the lack of data on the properties of materials that characterize their workability.
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Yan, Li Li, Yun He Zhang, Ke Xin Li, Jing Fang, Qing Wen Wang, and Bo Lin Zhu. "Online Measuring Method of Interlaminar Cracks of Laminated Composite Based on Image Processing Technology." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2405.
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In order to obtain a real-time interlaminar crack fracture behavior of the laminate composites, in this paper we propose a method of extracting and measuring of interlaminar crack of laminated composite materials based on 2D image analysis via the Matlab software. Extracting the main crack image were conducted using the Matlab script including four different algorithms: the binarization, region growing, morphological, and skeleton thinning, and then a main interlaminar crack image with 1 pixel width were obtained. The length of the main crack was calculated through the sum of pixels of the skeletonized object. The calculated result was closed to the measured result, and the difference between the calculated value and measured value was 0.2%, which can prove the accuracy of the method in present work. The proposed method is of high precision, with strong anti-inference ability and experimental data is stable and reliable, which is helpful to study the crack propagation behavior of laminated composite materials.
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Culshaw, B., S. G. Pierce, and W. J. Staszekski. "Condition monitoring in composite materials: An integrated systems approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 212, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651981539398.
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This paper presents the results of a collaborative project, the objective of which was to investigate the potential offered by combining ultrasonic Lamb wave interrogation of composite material structures, insonifying the whole structure, with a single wavefront integrating optical fibre detector. The system, which was designed primarily for condition monitoring rather than defect imaging, proved to be capable of detecting small (centimetre square) delaminations, millimetre-sized holes and impact damages of a few joules, all with insonification wavelengths of the order of 2 cm. Data extraction proved to be extremely important since the damage-detection process relies essentially on analysing scattering signatures rather than attempting to image defects and damage. The system—dubbed SISCO (Structurally Integrated Systems for comprehensive evaluation of COmposites)—indicates that self-monitoring structures can be efficiently designed using controlled insonification and a relatively sparse sensor array, presenting a contrast to the more conventional imaging approach involving far more complex sensing arrays and detection and signal processing algorithms.
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Han, Wen Qin, and Jin Yu Zhou. "Study on Failure Mechanisms of Composite Materials Based on HHT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.30.
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In order to get a deep understanding of composite failure mechanisms, the new advanced signal processing methodologies are established for the analysis of acoustic emission (AE) data obtained from the quasi-static tension test of composite materials. Tensile test were carried out on twill-weave composite specimens, and acoustic emissions were recorded from these tests. AE signals were decomposed into a set of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) components by means of Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) , the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) of each IMF component was performed, it was shown that the frequency distribution of IMF component in time-scale could be directly related to composite materials failure mechanisms.
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Ellison, Andrew, and Hyonny Kim. "Computed tomography informed composite damage state model generation." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 25 (May 6, 2018): 3523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318773464.
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X-ray computed tomography has recently become an increasingly popular non-destructive imaging method in composites research. However, due to the complexity of 3D computed tomography data sets, it can be difficult to accurately and quantitatively assess the damage state of a composite structure without additional post-processing. A new segmentation procedure has been developed that takes a 3D computed tomography data set of an impacted composite laminate and separates internal damage into information about intraply and interlaminar damage within each ply and at each interface. Impacted flat T800/3900-2 unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite panels were scanned and then segmented to create comprehensible maps of internal damage states. Based on the types of data extracted by the developed computed tomography segmentation, techniques to input these datasets into numerical modeling have been developed. Additionally, various damage visualization and interpretation techniques made possible by the computed tomography segmentation have been explored.
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Yang, Lian He, Fan Lei Yan, and Li Chen. "Composite Measurement of Elasticity Coefficients of Brittle Materials and its Programming." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.458.
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This paper points out the difficulties because of the direct measurement of elasticity coefficients of brittle materials, presents the composite measurement method, and describes the data processing procedure. A new method is introduced which is more precise for measuring the elasticity coefficients, and C program is compiled on the basis of the method.
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Lannutti, John J. "FGMs High-Heat-Flux Environments: Cost/Performance Issues." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 1 (January 1995): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940004896x.
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This article focuses exclusively on the application of functionally gradient materials (FGMs) as structural components in high-heat-flux environments. Preliminary data suggest that FGMs can equal or surpass the properties of fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) in these applications at a fraction of the material costs. An optimistic value of $1 per foot for 100-μm-diameter Saphikon alumina fiber yields a per-pound cost of $48,000. In contrast, a costly alumina powder used for FGMs might be in the range of .$20 per pound. While many counter-arguments can be advanced, this price differential cannot be easily overcome.One relative difficulty with FGMs is their inherent compositional flexibility which, ironically, is normally considered an advantage. Determination of the optimum material combination for a given application should precede any effort directed toward determining the “best” processing route. This combination will then specify the processing technique. This would “short circuit” the expensive learning curve historically associated with FRCs.“Processing for processing's sake” is no longer a viable option in today's composite research market. Without necessary advances in the predictive modeling of structure, composition (and, concurrently, cost) and behavior, FGMs may remain an “on-the-horizon” advanced composite.
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Khadykina, E. A., and Z. A. Meretukov. "Composite Material Based on Plant Raw Materials." Materials Science Forum 974 (December 2019): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.974.406.
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Modern global trends show the preferred low-rise construction, even in large cities. Lightweight concrete is the most common material for low-rise construction. Existing lightweight concrete with the wood residues addition have several disadvantages due to the properties of the aggregate. In the southern regions of Russia, walnut grows in large quantities. Only a small part of the shell is processed, the rest is buried in the ground or burned. The proposed aggregate from crushed walnut shell has several advantages compared to the traditional natural organic fillers: low water demand and decay, high strength. The nutshell in the composition has sugars, which are the cement poisons, there are no data in the literature on the crushed shell technical characteristics. Thus, it is required to determine the crushed shell technical characteristics, to choose a processing method reducing the water-soluble sugars amount in the shell, to select the lightweight concrete composition, ensuring its optimal characteristics. The new kind of lightweight concrete will have characteristics different from existing analogues.
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Górny, Gabriela, Ludosław Stobierski, Paweł Rutkowski, and Marian Rączka. "Effect of Processing Conditions on Microstructure of SiC-TiB2 Composite." Solid State Phenomena 197 (February 2013): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.197.250.
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The objective of the study as described in this paper is to analyse the effect of processing conditions as: volumetric content of TiB2 powders and the time of milling them on the parameters of microstructure of particulate composite with a SiC matrix and 10 or 20 vol.% of the TiB2 as dispersed phase. From the initial research conducted by the authors, as well as from the data contained in the reference literature, it is known that the SiC-TiB2 composite is a potential material to be applied in the manufacture of cutting tool inserts. To manufacture composites, SiC powders (Starck, UF-15) and TiB2 powders (Momentive, HCT-30) were used; they were milled for 15 or 30 h in a vibrating-rotating mill with silicon carbide balls as grinding media. The SiC-TiB2 composite was manufactured using a hot pressing method under the following conditions: temperature: 2120 oC; pressure: 25 MPa; and sintering time: 30 min. Under the stereological analysis of SiC-TiB2 some selected microstructural parameters were measured, i.e.: volume fraction of TiB2, average size of TiB2 particles, mean diameter of particles (D), shape factor of TiB2 particles, α, as well as NA and NV parameters that determine the quantity of TiB2 particles contained in the composite. Computer-aided analysis of microstructure of the SiC-TiB2 composites and analysis of results of measurements of mechanical properties of these composites prove their the microstructure and properties depend on the volumetric content of TiB2 dispersed phase, and this dependence is significant.
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Začal, Jaroslav, Petr Dostál, Michal Šustr, and David Dobrocký. "Acoustic Emission During Tensile Testing of Composite Materials." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 4 (2017): 1309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765041309.
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This paper deals with possibilities of acoustic emission method utilization as an online surveillance tool for improvement of identification of structural damage onset in composite materials. With employment of AE method we are able to localize the degraded areas in stressed components and subsequently estimate the extent of degradation. In experimental part the piezoelectric sensor was employed for continuous record of emission signals, continuous processing and analysis of measured data and monitoring of stressed material feedback on applied mechanical load in real time. Partial results from distinctive areas of conducted research were implemented in this method, especially detection of emission signals and analysis of recorded signals in both frequency and temporal zones. Samples were reinforcement of 6 layers aramide-carbon weave 0/90° of specific mass 180 g/m2. In total 7 samples were tested in monoaxial tension on universal testing apparatus ZDM 5/51 with acoustic emission measurement recording in course of testing.
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Kaumenova, Gulnar, Manapkhan Zhumabek, Arlan Abilmagzhanov, Yermek Aubakirov, Larissa Komashko, Svetlana Tungatarova, and Tolkyn Baizhumanova. "Synthesis of new composite materials for processing of methane into important petrochemical products." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 2 (June 29, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/cb1036.
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The aim of this research was to develop the technology of new composite material synthesis for the processing of natural gas methane into olefins. The effects of technological parameters (temperature, volumetric rate, reaction mixture composition) on methane’s oxidative conversion into important petrochemical products has been studied. The paper presents data on methods developed for synthesis and physicochemical characteristics of catalysts. The technological parameters of the process conducted by means of integrated automated laboratory setup were optimized. It has been established that 10% K-30% Mn-10% Nb/50% glycine catalyst prepared by the solution combustion synthesis (SHS) method in solution was active for olefin formation at oxidative transformation of mixture 41.8% CH4+16.2% O2+42% Ar at a volumetric velocity of 3500 h-1. It was determined that at T=800°С, yields of C2H6 and C2H4 were 3.3 and 14.3%, respectively.
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Lee, Sujin, Chae Young Lee, Jang-Hoon Ha, Jongman Lee, In-Hyuck Song, and Se-Hun Kwon. "Effect of Processing Conditions on the Properties of Reticulated Porous Diatomite–Kaolin Composites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 7297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207297.
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Porous ceramics have been extensively investigated because of their high-temperature and chemical stabilities, which are far superior to those of porous polymers and porous metals, despite their mechanical instability. Among various kinds of porous ceramic, reticulated porous ceramics have attracted considerable attention because of their extremely high porosity, which is generally higher than 90% and can maximize the advantages of this class of materials. However, to the best of our knowledge, sufficient data are not available on the preparation of low-cost, abundant, and natural material-based reticulated porous ceramics. Therefore, we obtained and characterized reticulated porous diatomite–kaolin composites prepared under various processing conditions, such as solid loading, average particle size, and pore density. The experimental data were used to investigate whether the densities and compressive strengths of the reticulated porous diatomite–kaolin composite can be tailored, and to assess the potential of these materials in different application fields.
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Cano, Roberto J., Tan H. Hou, Erik S. Weiser, and Terry L. St Clair. "Polyimide Composites from ‘Salt-Like’ Solution Precursors." High Performance Polymers 13, no. 4 (December 2001): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/13/4/302.
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Four NASA Langley-developed polyimide matrix resins, LaRC™-IA, LaRC™-IAX, LaRC™-8515 and LaRC™-PETI-5, were produced via a ‘salt-like’ process developed by Unitika Ltd. The salt-like solutions (65% solids in NMP) were prepregged onto Hexcel IM7 carbon fibre using the NASA LaRC™ multipurpose tape machine. Process parameters were determined and composite panels fabricated. The temperature dependent volatile depletion rates, the thermal crystallization behaviour and the resin rheology were characterized. Composite moulding cycles were developed which consistently yielded well consolidated, void-free laminated parts. Composite mechanical properties such as the short beam shear strength; the longitudinal and transverse flexural strength and flexural modulus; the longitudinal compression strength and modulus; and the open hole compression strength and compression after impact strength were measured at room temperature and elevated temperatures. The processing characteristics and the composite mechanical properties of the four intermediate modulus carbon fibre/polyimide matrix composites were compared to existing data on the same polyimide resin systems and IM7 carbon fibre manufactured via poly(amide acid) solutions (30–35% solids in NMP). This work studies the effects of varying the synthetic route on the processing and mechanical properties of the polyimide composites.
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Nishihara, T., and K. Yamamura. "Local Manufacture of MMC Using FSW." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3733.
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Friction stir welding (FSW) has been generating interest in association with friction stir processing (FSP), a new technique that employs FSW tooling. FSP is being investigated as a thermo-mechanical processing tool to transform a heterogeneous microstructure into a more homogenous microstructure.However, very little data is available on the use of FSW for processing composite materials. In this study, a novel method of local manufacture of metal matrix composites (MMCs) using FSW is proposed and its application to friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is described. Trials investigating local manufacture of aluminum oxide particulate reinforced 6063 Al by friction stirring were carried out on a modified milling machine. The results are discussed in terms of weldability and residual microstructure.
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Oromiehie, Ebrahim, Ulf Garbe, and B. Gangadhara Prusty. "Porosity analysis of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer laminates manufactured using automated fibre placement." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 9 (September 23, 2019): 1217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319875491.
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Automated fibre placement-based manufacturing technology is increasingly being used in several engineering applications. Manufacture of carbon fibre-reinforced plastic’s small/large structures have been made possible due to its remarkable capabilities like productivity and accuracy. Nevertheless, making high-quality composite laminate using automated fibre placement relies on the proper selection of critical processing variables to avoid internal flaws during the fibre placement process. Consequently, a reliable non-destructive inspection technique is required for quality assurance and structural integrity of fabricated laminates. Neutron radiography/tomography offers unique imaging capabilities over a wide range of applications including fibre-reinforced polymer composites. The application of this technique towards tomographic reconstruction of automated fibre placement-made thermoplastic composites is presented in this paper. It is shown that the porosity analysis using neutron imaging technique provides reliable information. Additionally, using such technique valuable data regarding the size and the location of the voids in the laminate can be acquired and informed. This will assist the composite structural analysts and designers to select the appropriate processing parameters towards a defect free automated fibre placement part manufacture.
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Hron, Robin, Martin Kadlec, and Roman Růžek. "Effect of the Test Procedure and Thermoplastic Composite Resin Type on the Curved Beam Strength." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020352.
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The application of thermoplastic composites (TPCs) in aircraft construction is growing. This paper presents a study of the effect of an applied methodology (standards) on out-of-plane interlaminar strength characterization. Additionally, the mechanical behaviour of three carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites was compared using the curved beam strength test. Data evaluated using different standards gave statistically significantly different results. The study also showed that the relatively new polyaryletherketone (PAEK) composite had significantly better performance than the older and commonly used polyphenylensulfid (PPS) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Furthermore, considering the lower processing temperature of PAEK than PEEK, the former material has good potential to be used in serial aerospace production.
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Wooh, S. C., and I. M. Daniel. "Enhancement Techniques for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation of Composite Materials." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 112, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903304.
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Conventional ultrasonic C-scanning sometimes produces distorted and degraded images due to a variety of reasons, including surface roughness, beam dispersion, extraneous noise and imperfect fidelity of the total acquisition system. Enhancement techniques, using computer data acquisition and processing, can be used to enhance and restore the image. Enhancement techniques described include contrast stretching and median filtering, histogram equalization, thresholding, dynamic thresholding, thresholding depending on boundary characteristics, one-dimensional segmentation and intensity scans with hidden line removal. These enhancement techniques were applied and illustrated for five different types of damage in graphite/epoxy composite materials: (1) Embedded film patch in quasi-isotropic laminate; (2) impact damage in quasi-isotropic laminate; (3) matrix cracking due to static loading of crossply laminate; (4) fatigue damage in crossply laminate; and (5) thermally induced cracks in a thick crossply laminate. There is no single technique that is optimum in all cases. A suitable combination of techniques must be selected for optimum image quality.
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Кашапова, Irina Kashapova, Ильинский, Aleksandr Ilinskiy, Степанова, Kseniya Stepanova, Протасеня, and Tatyana Pratasenia. "Composite Material Mechanical Properties Evaluation Using a Dynamic Indentation Method." NDT World 19, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23500.
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Introduction. Dynamic indentation method is considered promising in testing mechanical properties of composite materials. Today, composite materials are widely used in the aviation and aerospace industries. That’s why, testing of mechanical properties of composite materials is so vital.
Method. To register the current velocity of the indenter penetration into the tested composite material, use is made of a device that enables a contactless measurement of the indenter penetration velocity after the indenter strikes the tested product.
The data obtained is digitized and sent to a PC for further processing.
Results. The experiment produced "contact force – penetration depth" diagrams for three test zones in the prepared samples. The analysis showed that the non-uniformity of mechanical properties in the rod’s butt end and side surface is stipulated by pores and microcracks, and this is confirmed by computer tomography. It is shown that dilaminations, microcracks and local non-uniformity zones in the structure tell on the elasticity modulus measurements.
Conclusions. The dynamic indentation method allows one to test composites at the micro- and macrostructural level, as well as compute their integral mechanical properties.
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Khalili, Pooria, Thomas Boulanger, and Brina J. Blinzler. "Elastomer Characterization Method for Trapped Rubber Processing." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030686.
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The increasing high-volume demand for polymer matrix composites (PMCs) brings into focus the need for autoclave alternative processing. Trapped rubber processing (TRP) of PMCs is a method capable of achieving high pressures during polymer matrix composite processing by utilizing thermally induced volume change of a nearly incompressible material inside a closed cavity mold. Recent advances in rubber materials and computational technology have made this processing technique more attractive. Elastomers can be doped with nanoparticles to increase thermal conductivity and this can be further tailored for local variations in thermal conductivity for TRP. In addition, recent advances in computer processing allow for simulation of coupled thermomechanical processes for full part modeling. This study presents a method of experimentally characterizing prospective rubber materials. The experiments are designed to characterize the dynamic in situ change in temperature, the dynamic change in volume, and the resulting real-time change in surface pressure. The material characterization is specifically designed to minimize the number and difficulty of experimental tests while fully capturing the rubber behavior for the TRP scenario. The experimental characterization was developed to provide the necessary data for accurate thermomechanical material models of nearly incompressible elastomeric polymers for use in TRP virtual design and optimization.
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Roy, Himanshu, Farshid Pahlevani, Sagar Cholake, Claudia Echeverria, Amborish Banerjee, and Veena Sahajwalla. "Simulation of Marine Bio-Composite Using Empirical Data Combined with Finite Element Technique." Journal of Composites Science 2, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs2030048.
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After development of world-first marine bio-composite from 100% waste materials, the necessity of obtaining a simulation tool to predict the performance of this novel material under different conditions has arisen. This study examines the combination of empirical optimization and finite element simulation method as an economic and time-effective tool to predict the mechanical performance of novel complex bio-composite mixtures at the design phase. Bio-composite panels were manufactured introducing marine bio-fillers as secondary reinforcements in a wood–polypropylene particulate blend, from 100% waste resources. The particulate panels were subject to tensile test for mechanical characterization. Based on these results, some of the necessary parameters for finite element simulation has defined empirically and a finite element model was developed utilizing ANSYS software, performing a simulation series. Post-processing of the simulation results was carried out to predict the deformation behavior of the material during the three-point bending test. To validate this technique of material definition, the simulated static bending test results were verified with factual physical tests, and both techniques were well in accordance with each other. This simulation method demonstrated reliable feedback on the behavior of materials for the development of innovative complex materials. Therefore, the time invested, materials used and experimental procedures can be significantly reduced, having significant economic benefits for research and industrial projects.
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Wang, Zhao Xia, Wen Cai Xu, and De Gao. "Effects of Processing Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Calcium Carbonate-Plastic Composite Packaging Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.369.
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The basic parameters of calcium carbonate-plastic composite packaging materials, such as tensile strength and flexural strength, were obtained by means of mechanical properties test at different temperatures. Through the experimental tests, the best processing temperature was determined at 190°C and the test data were fitted and optimized. Also, the residual of fitting curves was calculated by using the mathematical analysis software of MATLAB. Besides, mathematical models were established between temperatures and target parameters, from which the mechanical properties of materials at any other temperatures can be predicted theoretically. So, it provides a scientific basis for the regulation of processing temperatures.
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Sun, Yue, and Sheng Ling Xiao. "Influence of Resin Content on Composite Materials Railway Sleepers for Physical and Mechanical Properties." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.495.
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It studies the influence of resin content on composite materials railway sleepers for physical and mechanical properties,which is for the preparation of composite materials railway sleepers.It used resol resin setting hot pressure at 2.5Mpa, hot pressing temperature at 170°C, pressing time at 5-6min. The results showed that as the resin content increases, the static bending strength (MOR) first increased and then decreased, the internal bond strength (IB) rised, 2h thickness swelling (2h TS) decreased. Through the analysis of experimental data by using DPS data processing system, resin content had a significant impact on 2h TS.It also affected MOR, IB.But it had little effect on measured density (D), water content (W) and impact strength (IL).
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Shi, Zhongliang, Shijiro Ochiai, Masaki Hojo, Jaechul Lee, Mingyuan Gu, and Hoin Lee. "Joining characteristics of oxidized SiC particles reinforced Al–Mg matrix composite prepared by reaction infiltration processing." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 2 (February 2001): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0060.
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The joining characteristics of oxidized SiC particles with Al–Mg alloy during reaction infiltration processing for fabrication of the composite were studied. From the measurement of weight changes due to the transformation from SiC into SiO2, it became clear that the thickness of SiO2 layer which was formed at the surface of SiC particles increased parabolically with holding time at the given exposing temperatures. The degree of oxidation of the preform made by SiC particles can be controlled by the application of the present oxidation data. The microstructure observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy showed network skeleton via necklike oxidized-joining among the SiC particles and the compressive strength of the perform increased with oxidation temperature. Furthermore, the microstructure of the composite which was fabricated by Al–2 wt% Mg alloy via reaction infiltration processing was examined and the formation of spinel was observed to join the matrix with the particles like a bridge, which is suitable to make the complicate and strong preforms for the near net-shape composites application in electronic packaging.
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Hu, Yu Fei, Jian Zhang, Biao Wang, and Xue Na Zhang. "Impregnation Behavior of Polyamide 6 in Carbon Fibers and the Properties of their Composites." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2134.
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Unidirectional carbon fiber (CF) / Polyamide 6 (PA6) composites were prepared by stacking fabrics method. Due to the effect of the textile structure and rough surface of PA6 fabrics, slipping of carbon fibers (CFs) during the stacking process was prevented and uniformity of impregnation was improved. Meanwhile, the usage of PA6 fabrics resulted in the minimum level of void content of composites, which improved the mechanical properties of composites. Additionally, the void content of materials was associated with the mechanical properties of composites. The flexural strength of composite reached 819.58 MPa when its void content was 3.49%. Moreover, a model based on Darcy’s law was developed to simulate the impregnation behavior of PA6 in CFs which was made by stacking fabrics method. The resin flow was observed by using optical microscopy. The evolution of void content in composites was related to the processing parameters (holding time, processing temperature and processing pressure).The comparison between the experimental and simulated data showed that the model was reliable to describe the impregnation process.
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Yachmenev, Val G., Linda Kimmel, and Chris Delhom. "Thermal Insulation Properties of Nonwoven Composite Materials Made from Naturally Colored Cottons." International Nonwovens Journal os-11, no. 4 (December 2002): 1558925002OS—01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925002os-01100407.
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Naturally colored cottons do not require chemical dyeing. This offers important processing advantages including less water, chemical and energy consumption. Brown, green, and white (Maxxa) cottons, all from domestic sources, were used to construct needlepunched nonwoven composites. Four different designs representing pure cotton, cotton scrim-reinforced, and Lyocell and Amicor AM-blend constructions were manufactured on laboratory-scale equipment. A Fox 200 Heat Flow Meter was used for measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal transmittance of samples of the nonwoven needlepunched batts. The data show that thermal insulation properties of nonwoven materials made from naturally colored cottons vary significantly, depending on the type of the fibers, design of the nonwoven composites, and the resulting density of the composites.
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Miklaszewski, Andrzej, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk. "Mechanical Alloying and Electrical Current-Assisted Sintering Adopted for In Situ Ti-TiB Metal Matrix Composite Processing." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040653.
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In this work, mechanical alloying and electrical current-assisted sintering was adopted for in situ metal matrix composite material processing. Applied at the initial powder stage, mechanical alloying enables a homogeneous distribution of the starting elements in the proposed precursor powder blends. The accompanying precursor preparation and the structurally confirmed size reduction allow obtainment of a nanoscale range for the objects to be sintered. The nano precursors aggregated in the micro-sized particle objects, subjected to electrical current-assisted sintering, characterize the metal matrix composite sinters with high uniformity, proper densification, and compaction response, as well as maintaining a nanoscale whose occurrence was confirmed by the appearance of the highly dispersed reinforcement phase in the examined Ti-TiB material example. The structural analysis of the sinters confirms the metal matrix composite arrangement and provides an additional quantitive data overview for the comparison of the processing conditions. The mechanical alloying examined in this work and the electrical current-assisted sintering approach allow in situ metal matrix composite structures to create their properties by careful control of the processing steps.
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Long, Lianchun, Yao Huang, and Jinfeng Zhang. "Experimental investigation and numerical simulation on continuous wave laser ablation of multilayer carbon fiber composite." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 231, no. 8 (September 27, 2015): 674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420715608656.
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Laser beam machining is one of the most widely used advanced processing techniques, which can be applied to compound materials. As a large number of photons are absorbed into the composite, the subsequent local heat storage, charring and potential delamination make the study for the effect of laser on complex materials become significant. In this paper, a carbon fiber epoxy composite laminated sheet is irradiated by continuous wave chemical oxygen iodine laser. The peak temperature of front surface, the temperature distribution of rear surface, and the appearance of ablation zone are presented. Further, based on the birth–death elements technique of finite element method, a three-dimensional model for simulating the transient temperature distribution and material removal has been developed under the same condition. The results reveal that the peak temperature of irradiated region ranges from 2800 K to 3100 K, and the center point shows a higher temperature rise rate than the surroundings in the irradiated zone. The measured data and predicted data are in a good consistency, which suggests that the numerical model is appropriate for simulating laser ablation of carbon fiber epoxy composites.
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Urnev, A. S., A. S. Chernyatin, Yu G. Matvienko, and I. A. Razumovskii. "Experimental and numerical sizing of a delamination defect in layered composite materials." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 84, no. 10 (October 26, 2018): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-10-59-66.
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A methodical approach to the estimation of the localization zone and geometric parameters of a delamination defect in layered composite materials is presented on the basis of mathematical processing of the experimental results of deformation measurements obtained with a grid of fiber-optic sensors. The results of methodological developments related to the determination of the optimal topology of the grid of sensors to ensure the detection of defects of a given size with the necessary accuracy and determination of their parameters are presented. We present methods for computational analysis and simulation of the strain-stress state in the defect zone, based on the algorithm used for modeling the problems of strain-stress analysis in the defect zone using 2D finite elements, instead of 3D ones, thus allowing the use a model of lower dimensionality and retain all the features of the stress-strain state. The results of methodological developments related to the determination of the defect parameters from the results of strain measurements using the methodology of solving the inverse problem, based on solving the problem of minimizing the discrepancy between the vector of deformation response and the vector of initial parameters are presented. The technique is implemented as a software consisting of a series of macros for ANSYS and programs for MATLAB. The results of cyclic testing of a sample from a multilayer CM with a delamination type of defect are presented. Estimation of the increment in the defect size upon loading is performed by mathematical processing of data recorded by fiber-optic strain sensors glued on one of the sample surfaces, based on the solution of the inverse problem. Comparison of the results of calculations of geometric parameters of the defects with the measurement data obtained by the method of ultrasonic flaw detection showed good agreement between them.
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Hsiao, Shih-Wei, and Noboru Kikuchi. "Numerical Analysis of Deep Drawing Process for Thermoplastic Composite Laminates." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 119, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812263.
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A numerical analysis including flow, heat transfer and residual stress is developed to simulate the deep drawing process of composite laminates with woven fabric microstructures. The governing equations and material properties of thermoplastic composites at the forming temperature are obtained by the homogenization method based on the assumption of instantaneously rigid solid fibers suspended in a viscous non-Newtonian polymer melt. The processing rheology of the composites is characterized by a power-law constitutive model for this anisotropic, non-isothermal and shear thinning fluid. To simulate the thermoforming and cooling stages of the entire forming process, the three-dimensional finite element method incorporating a fiber orientation model of woven-fabric microstructures is developed. This global-local numerical methodology is capable of predicting macroscopic and microscopic deformation mechanics during the thermoforming process. As an illustration, a comparison between the fiber orientation prediction and experimental data for a deep drawn cup is presented.
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Alsaid, Mazen, Ali Salamekh, Viktor A. Mamontov, and Gyulaga Y. Azizova. "THE RESULTS OF MULTI-LAYERED POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIAL MECHANICAL TESTING COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 63 (June 1, 2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi63.73.
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The mechanical properties of polymer composite materials used in shipbuilding are examined in this article. The samples from polymer composite materials based on glass fibers and polyester resin were made for this purpose. The manufacturing samples technique from polymer composite materials for mechanical test operation is represented here. The influence of woven roving fabric layers number ratio to the number of glass-fiber mat layers under testing samples for expansion, compression and 3 point bending has been determined by mechanical tests method. As the data processing result obtained in the experiment course it has been determined that the number of woven roving fabric layers increase with polymer composite materials increases the breaking load and tensile ultimate strength and decreases these values under compression and 3 point bending. The results obtained in this article are the basis for identifying polymer composite materials mechanical properties with different reinforcement schemes in case of their application in ship structures such as a material for transport vessels superstructure .
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Ferreira Luz, F., Sandro Campos Amico, A. de Lima Cunha, E. Santos Barbosa, and Antônio Gilson Barbosa de Lima. "Applying Computational Analysis in Studies of Resin Transfer Moulding." Defect and Diffusion Forum 326-328 (April 2012): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.326-328.158.
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Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) as it is most known process in the Resin Injections family, is an extensively studied and used processing method. This process is used to manufacture advanced composite materials made of fibres embedded in a thermoset polymer matrix. Fibre reinforcement in RTM processing of polymer composites is considered as a fibrous porous medium regarding its infiltration by the polymer resin. In this sense, the present work aims the computational analysis of a fluid in a porous media for a RTM composite moulding by using the ANSYS CFX® commercial software. In order to validate the numerical study of the fluid flow in a known RTM system, experiments was carried out in laboratory to characterize the fluid (vegetal oil) flowing into the porous media (0/90 glass fibre woven), were pressure and fibre volume fraction have been fixed. The numerical simulation provides information about volume fraction, pressure and velocity distribution of the phases (resin and air) inside the porous media. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data and its has shown a solid relationship between them.
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Lameiras, Fernando Soares, and Glaucia Danielle Leirose da Silva. "Methodology to control the influence of processing factors during composite stone fabrication." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 68, no. 1 (March 2015): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672015680208.
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Composite stone is made of crushed materials bound by a polymer resin. A design of experimental techniques was used to evaluate the influence of factors (resin type, use of adhesion promoter, compaction pressure, vibration duration, use of a vacuum, and cure program) on the manufacturing of composite stone. The response variable was flexural strength. A 2IV6-2 fractional factorial design with five replications was initially used, which showed that resin type, use of adhesion promoter, and a cure program were factors of significant influence, as well as the interaction between them and the interaction between the resin type and the use of adhesion promoter. The data was re-arranged into a full 23 factorial design with ten replications to calculate the influence of these factors. The lack of influence of the other factors suggests that lower pressures should be used to improve the process by employing the surface response methodology.
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Christian, W. J. R., K. Dvurecenska, K. Amjad, J. Pierce, C. Przybyla, and E. A. Patterson. "Real-time quantification of damage in structural materials during mechanical testing." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 3 (March 2020): 191407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191407.
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A novel methodology is introduced for quantifying the severity of damage created during testing in composite components. The method uses digital image correlation combined with image processing techniques to monitor the rate at which the strain field changes during mechanical tests. The methodology is demonstrated using two distinct experimental datasets, a ceramic matrix composite specimen loaded in tension at high temperature and nine polymer matrix composite specimens containing fibre-waviness defects loaded in bending. The changes in the strain field owing to damage creation are shown to be a more effective indicator that the specimen has reached its proportional limit than using load-extension diagrams. The technique also introduces a new approach to using experimental data for creating maps indicating the spatio-temporal distribution of damage in a component. These maps indicate where damage occurs in a component, and provide information about its morphology and its time of occurrence. This presentation format is both easier and faster to interpret than the raw data which, for some tests, can consist of tens of thousands of images. This methodology has the potential to reduce the time taken to interpret large material test datasets while increasing the amount of knowledge that can be extracted from each test.
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Lin, Hong, Sheng Ling Xiao, and Chen Li. "Optimum Composition Design of Environmental Friendly Wood-Based Composite." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.702.
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Taking the wood residues as raw materials, the composition of an environmentally-friendly wood material were designed and optimized, and the effect of such process parameters as PF amount, hot-pressing time, design density on wood composite's properties was studied. Use DPS data processing system for Partial Least-Squares Regressive to analyze the effect of different process parameters on properties and establish mathematical model, so as to optimize the experimental program and ascertain the best conditions, at the same time to verify it.
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Shtrauss, Vairis. "Digital signal processing for relaxation data conversion." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 351, no. 33-36 (September 2005): 2911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2005.04.087.
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Chern, B. C., T. J. Moon, and J. R. Howell. "Thermal Analysis of In-Situ Curing for Thermoset, Hoop-Wound Structures Using Infrared Heating: Part I—Predictions Assuming Independent Scattering." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822629.
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A curing process for unidirectional thermoset prepreg wound composite structures using infrared (IR) in-situ heating is investigated. In this method, the infrared energy is from all incident angles onto the composite structure to initiate the curing during processing. Due to the parallel geometry of filaments in wound composite structures, the radiative scattering coefficient and phase function within the structure depend strongly on both the wavelength and the angle of incidence of the IR incident radiation onto the fibers. A two-dimensional thermochemical and radiative heat transfer model for in-situ curing of thermoset, hoop-wound structures using IR heating is presented. The thermal transport properties that depend on the process state are also incorporated in the analysis. A nongray, anisotropic absorbing, emitting, and scattering unidirectional fibrous medium within a matrix of nonunity refractive index is considered. The temperatures and degrees of cure within the composite during processing are demonstrated numerically as a function of the configuration of IR heat source, nondimensional power input, mandrel winding speed, and size of wound composite. Comparison between the numerical result and experimental data is presented.
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Barburski, Marcin, Ilya Straumit, and Stepan V. Lomov. "Internal Structure of the Sheared Textile Composite Reinforcement: Analysis Using X-Ray Tomography." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.325.
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X-ray micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) is a non-destructive technique that can provide information on the internal structure of materials. The purpose of micro-CT is to assess the presence of defects as well as characterizing internal structures and potential damage present in the produced part. Simple shear is an interesting deformation mechanism for woven fabric draping. The internal structure change of the carbon fibre twill fabric after shear deformation is chosen as a subject of this paper. Parameters of the mesoscopic internal structure of the woven fabric like cross section, shape, area, and middle line coordinates can be obtained from micro-CT images through image processing procedures. Details of the image data processing for sheared fabric cross sections are discussed. This paper illustrates the possibilities of micro-focus computer tomography in materials research, namely for defining geometrical properties of textile. Image processing is also used for the recognition of fibre direction in the yarns. Described methodology can be applied for determining structure of a fabric, and the results can be used for further micromechanical modelling. Identification of the fibres orientation is important for estimation of the mechanical properties of composites and can be achieved with image processing techniques.
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Minibaev, M. I., M. N. Usacheva, V. S. Dyshenko, and V. A. Goncharov. "A DEVICE AND TOOL FOR MAKING SAMPLE FROM POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS ON A CNC MACHINE (review)." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 4 (2021): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-4-100-109.
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The article discusses devices for fixing sheet metal blanks from PCM: a perforated vacuum table, its design features, advantages and disadvantages. Based on these data, the upper part of the vacuum table was made for cutting samples for Iosipescu tests and dielectric tests. The article describes various types of tools for PCM processing and an experiment on the wear resistance of a diamond-like coated rasp cutter when milling carbon fiber reinforced plastic, carried out by foreign researchers.
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Začal, Jaroslav, Petr Dostál, Jakub Rozlivka, and Martin Brabec. "Analysis of Surface Defects in Composites Using Digital Image Correlation and Acoustic Emission." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 5 (2018): 1217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866051217.
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This work employs the acoustic emission (AE) method for material state monitoring. AE presents a non‑destructive evaluation technique, which could be used for detection of microstructural changes in composite material. Work describes the process of acquisition of AE in tensile loading of carbon composite materials. In course of tensile stress, the composite was monitored with optical method, applying principles of digital image correction (DIC). Optical stereovision method enables calculation of field shift and field of proportional deformation at composite surface. The objective is analysis of damage in carbon composite materials and employ the methodology of AE signal processing for facilitation of early damage diagnostics and prediction of structural failure. For this purpose, the experimental setup was designed to obtain results from 50 nominally identical composite samples in tensile loading test. Force load applied on samples was synchronically recorded along with AE and image data. Experimental data were subsequently analysed in a way enabling the description of typical phenomena in course of every measurement. Results show that observation of AE sources could be employed in facilitation of early damage diagnostics and establishment of failure prognosis. It is about internal changes in composite material.
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Dattoma, Vito, Francesco Panella, Alessandra Pirinu, and Andrea Saponaro. "Advanced NDT Methods and Data Processing on Industrial CFRP Components." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030393.
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In this work, enhanced thermal data processing is developed with experimental procedures, improving visualization algorithm for sub-surface defect detection on industrial composites. These materials are prone to successful infrared nondestructive investigation analyses, since defects are easily characterized by temperature response under thermal pulses with reliable results. Better defect characterization is achieved analyzing data with refined processing and experimental procedures, providing detailed contrasts maps where defects are better distinguished. Thermal data are analyzed for different CFRP specimens with artificial defects and experimental procedures are verified on real structural aeronautical component with internal anomalies due to impact simulation. A better computation method is found to be useful for simultaneous defect detection by means of automatic mapping of absolute contrast, optimized to identify defect boundaries.
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Zhu, Liming, Lihua Lyu, Xuefei Zhang, Ying Wang, Jing Guo, and Xiaoqing Xiong. "Bending Properties of Zigzag-Shaped 3D Woven Spacer Composites: Experiment and FEM Simulation." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071075.
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Conventionally laminated spacer composites are extensively applied in many fields owing to their light weight. However, their impact resistance, interlaminar strength, and integrity are poor. In order to overcome these flaws, the zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were rationally designed. The zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer fabrics with the basalt fiber filaments tows 400 tex (metric count of yarn) used as warp and weft yarns were fabricated on a common loom with low-cost processing. The zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were obtained using the VARTM (vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding) process. The three-point bending deformation and effects of damage in zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites were studied both in experiment and using the finite element method (FEM). The bending properties of zigzag-shaped 3D woven spacer composites with different direction, different numbers of weaving cycle, and different heights were tested in experiments. In FEM simulation, the geometrical model was established to analyze the deformation and damage based on the 3D woven composite structure. Compared with data obtained from the experiments and FEM simulation, the results show good agreement and also prove the validity of the model. Based on the FEM results, the deformation, damage, and propagation of stress obtained from the model are very helpful in analyzing the failure mechanism of zigzag-shaped 3D woven composites. Furthermore, the results can significantly guide the fabrication process of real composite materials.
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Chung, Chi Nghia, and Zoltan Major. "STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF FATIGUE DATA OF COMPONENTS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 3 (February 11, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2016.3.0001.
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A variety of steels, cast iron grades and other metals have long been used for the production of machine components. In recent years, however, new materials such as sintered materials and plastics become increasingly important. Because of the large number of different fibers, matrices, stacking sequences, processing conditions and processes and the variety of resulting material configurations it is not possible to rely on proven fatigue models for conventional materials. Moreover, the development of models, which are valid for all composites are generally extremely difficult. In this work, a possible application of high-performance composites as materials for machine elements are investigated. This study attempts to predict the fatigue behavior and the consequent durability, based on laboratory measurements. Using the statistics program JMP, the aquired data was subjected to a reliability analysis in order to ensure the plausibility, validity and accuracy of the measured values.
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Cosson, Benoît. "Optical measurement of local permeability of flax fiber fabrics before liquid composite molding." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 24 (March 19, 2018): 3289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318764579.
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Tracking the variability of natural fiber-based fabrics properties, such as local areal weight, fiber volume fraction, and therefore permeability, is crucial to optimize the parts processing of the bio-composites. This paper aims at developing a cost-effective and efficient optical method in order to predict the permeability of flax fabrics used in liquid composite molding processes. This method using an LCD monitor as light source and a reflex camera as a measurement device is based on light transmission measurement through fabric thickness. The raw data given by the camera are gray scale maps, transformed into areal weight maps. FEM software based on levelset method is finally used to highlight the influence of the local variability of the fiber volume fraction, and of the related fabrics porosity and permeability on the mold filling time. The proposed method can be directly implemented on the manufacturing line of the composites. It can be used to optimize, part-to-part, the resin consumption by predicting the resin flow through perform. Interestingly, this novel optical method is auto-calibrated and does not depend on picture resolution.