Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Composition forestière'
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Denardou-Tisserand, Anaïs. "Changements du stock de bois sur pied des forêts françaises : description, analyse et simulation sur des horizons temporels pluri-décennal (1975 - 2015) et séculaire à partir des données de l'inventaire forestier national et de statistiques anciennes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0009.
Full textContext. After centuries of decrease, the forest area of most developed countries increase, a phenomenon termed “forest transition”. While current increase in growing stock (GS) is greater than that in area, it remains far less studied. These changes are linked to major current issues. It is essential to assess these changes, to decipher their underlying causes, and to quantify them over the longer term in order to locate current forest resources on a broad trajectory and to anticipate their future dynamics. This thesis is dedicated to French metropolitan forests, which exhibit the most intensive changes in the growing stock in Europe, and relies on data from the French NFI program. Objectives. (1) Analyse forest areal, GS and GS density (GSD) changes and their spatio-temporal variations over 40 years (1975-2015). They were related to factors hypothesized to feature forest changes (geographical contexts, ownership and species composition). We screened for changes in the rate of expansion. The relationships between GS changes and some forest attributes (initial GS and GSD, recent forest area increase) were investigated. (2) Uncover the processes of GS changes and to split the GS expansion magnitude across dynamically-homogeneous forest ensembles. The study was based on GS flux estimation (growth, ingrowth, mortality and harvest). (3) Locate the actual GS expansion in a secular perspective. This analysis consisted in reconstructing the GS chronology since 1850. Levels of GS in 1892, 1908 and 1929 (associated to area of ancient statistics) were estimated using a conditional imputation approach for GSD estimation. Then, a holistic growing stock densification model was implemented to inquire the conditions required on densification patterns and magnitude to simulate the reconstituted GS chronology. Results. (1) Over 40 years, GS increases were three times faster than the areal ones, underlining the intensity of forest densification. No sign of saturation was found. Private forests, and mainly broadleaved ones, presented the greatest GS and GSD increases, suggesting the essential role of natural expansion and agricultural land abandonment. Regression models revealed the positive effect of initial GS and of recent areal increases on GS expansion. (2) The analysis of GS expansion processes evidenced the low level of harvests in comparison to forest growth, and the contribution of recent forests to wood resource development. It led to identify 4 synthetic forest ensembles contributing to the expansion and of distinct dynamics, mainly composed of private forests. (3) GS suggested a very low mean GSD at the beginning of the period (25 m3/ha) and a GS increase by almost +300% between 1892 and 2010, underlying the importance of this expansion. A convex growth model was required to simulate historical forest densification, attesting of a significant inertia in wood resource reconstitution after the forest transition, interpreted based on a gradual decrease in harvest rates for which indices were collected, or to a gradual recovery of site fertility. The analysis also suggested a distinct kinetics for GS densification in plantation forests. Conclusions. These researches reveal the magnitude of GS expansion and the importance of its analysis across forest contexts. This ancient expansion does not present any current sign of saturation and constitute a persistent carbon sink which should not decrease in the next decades assuming similar contextual conditions. According to the process analysis of GS expansion, a significant fraction of the GS increases does not constitute readily available additional wood resources. Thus, future harvest intensification policies must be contextualized and evolving in time
Denardou-Tisserand, Anaïs. "Changements du stock de bois sur pied des forêts françaises : description, analyse et simulation sur des horizons temporels pluri-décennal (1975 - 2015) et séculaire à partir des données de l'inventaire forestier national et de statistiques anciennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0009.
Full textContext. After centuries of decrease, the forest area of most developed countries increase, a phenomenon termed “forest transition”. While current increase in growing stock (GS) is greater than that in area, it remains far less studied. These changes are linked to major current issues. It is essential to assess these changes, to decipher their underlying causes, and to quantify them over the longer term in order to locate current forest resources on a broad trajectory and to anticipate their future dynamics. This thesis is dedicated to French metropolitan forests, which exhibit the most intensive changes in the growing stock in Europe, and relies on data from the French NFI program. Objectives. (1) Analyse forest areal, GS and GS density (GSD) changes and their spatio-temporal variations over 40 years (1975-2015). They were related to factors hypothesized to feature forest changes (geographical contexts, ownership and species composition). We screened for changes in the rate of expansion. The relationships between GS changes and some forest attributes (initial GS and GSD, recent forest area increase) were investigated. (2) Uncover the processes of GS changes and to split the GS expansion magnitude across dynamically-homogeneous forest ensembles. The study was based on GS flux estimation (growth, ingrowth, mortality and harvest). (3) Locate the actual GS expansion in a secular perspective. This analysis consisted in reconstructing the GS chronology since 1850. Levels of GS in 1892, 1908 and 1929 (associated to area of ancient statistics) were estimated using a conditional imputation approach for GSD estimation. Then, a holistic growing stock densification model was implemented to inquire the conditions required on densification patterns and magnitude to simulate the reconstituted GS chronology. Results. (1) Over 40 years, GS increases were three times faster than the areal ones, underlining the intensity of forest densification. No sign of saturation was found. Private forests, and mainly broadleaved ones, presented the greatest GS and GSD increases, suggesting the essential role of natural expansion and agricultural land abandonment. Regression models revealed the positive effect of initial GS and of recent areal increases on GS expansion. (2) The analysis of GS expansion processes evidenced the low level of harvests in comparison to forest growth, and the contribution of recent forests to wood resource development. It led to identify 4 synthetic forest ensembles contributing to the expansion and of distinct dynamics, mainly composed of private forests. (3) GS suggested a very low mean GSD at the beginning of the period (25 m3/ha) and a GS increase by almost +300% between 1892 and 2010, underlying the importance of this expansion. A convex growth model was required to simulate historical forest densification, attesting of a significant inertia in wood resource reconstitution after the forest transition, interpreted based on a gradual decrease in harvest rates for which indices were collected, or to a gradual recovery of site fertility. The analysis also suggested a distinct kinetics for GS densification in plantation forests. Conclusions. These researches reveal the magnitude of GS expansion and the importance of its analysis across forest contexts. This ancient expansion does not present any current sign of saturation and constitute a persistent carbon sink which should not decrease in the next decades assuming similar contextual conditions. According to the process analysis of GS expansion, a significant fraction of the GS increases does not constitute readily available additional wood resources. Thus, future harvest intensification policies must be contextualized and evolving in time
Taudière, Adrien. "Déterminants de la structure des communautés fongiques dans les forêts de Corse : rôle des perturbations et de la composition forestière." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE3066/document.
Full textStudy of micro-organisms ecology arose recently despite its intrinsic importance -- both practical and theoretical --, but also despite its overriding role in the niches of macro-organisms. Plant-fungi interactions offer a relevant model to study the ecology of micro-organisms interacting with macro-organisms because of their considerable ecological and economical values in addition to their high taxonomic and ecological diversity. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and network analysis, we explore some drivers of fungal community composition in Corsica, at various scales and through three guilds: ectomycorrhizal, endophytic and saprotrophic fungi. We investigate the effect of disturbance (e.g. fire and treefall), environmental variables (e.g. soil depth), constraints due to the interacting plants (e.g. taxonomy) and dispersion on fungal communities. Some community assembly rules are similar across guilds. For instance, forests in different micro-regions of Corsica harbor dissimilar fungal communities. However relative importance of processes and the scales at which they occur vary across guilds. In Corsican pine forests, fifteen years after fire occurrence, soil fungal diversity is close to the level of diversity in unburnt stand. Despite the absence of effect on diversity, fire induces marked shifts in soil fungal community composition, in particular for soil saprobic fungi. We discuss the implication of this work for ecologists -- both plant and fungal ecologist -- and stakeholders
Barbier, Stéphane. "Influence de la diversité, de la composition et de l'abondance des essences forestières sur la diversité floristique des forêts tempérées." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00238532.
Full textNous avons développé des modèles statistiques pour tester ces indicateurs sur la richesse de groupes écologiques de la flore. Nous les avons comparés avec des modèles basés sur la composition et l'abondance des essences, dans les forêts de plaine du centre de la France (Bassin Parisien). Les caractéristiques stationnelles ont été soit fixées, soit prises en compte dans les modèles. Il apparaît que la richesse en essences n'est pas un bon indicateur de diversité floristique, et que la pureté de l'essence principale a des effets positifs ou nuls sur la richesse floristique ; ces réponses positives s'expliquent probablement par la structure des peuplements étudiés qui sont principalement des chênaies et chênaies charmaies, dans lesquelles la diminution de la pureté de l'essence principale (souvent le chêne) correspond souvent à une augmentation des essences de taillis dans le sous-étage (comme le charme). Ces essences de taillis ont des effets négatifs ou nuls (voire positifs pour les herbacées forestières).
Il existe de meilleurs indicateurs de biodiversité que la pureté et la richesse, en particulier l'identité de l'essence principale et l'abondance des essences classées par groupes. Le premier est un indicateur pratique ; il nous montre par exemple que les peuplements de résineux sont moins riches en espèces sciaphiles ; les peuplements de frênes sont plus riches pour de nombreux groupes d'espèces vasculaires ; les peuplements de chênes pédonculés sont plus riches que ceux de chênes sessiles pour de nombreux groupes d'espèces. L'abondance des groupes d'essences (chênes, pionnières, essences de demi-ombre, autres essences feuillues, résineuses dryades et résineuses post-pionnières) est le meilleur descripteur de la richesse pour plusieurs groupes écologiques. Cependant, c'est un modèle multivarié qui n'est pas facile à utiliser en tant que tel comme indicateur.
Nous avons étudié l'effet essence à l'échelle de l'arbre pour s'affranchir des biais stationnels ; les variations de l'eau du sol entre couples d'essences (pin–chêne ; hêtre–chêne) sont faibles, l'éclairement est parfois différent entre essences (surtout à proximité du tronc), mais il y a peu de différences floristiques entre essences à cette échelle (sauf pour les bryophytes). L'effet de la structure des peuplements semble plus important à considérer que les caractéristiques propres à chaque arbre individuel. La composition en essences est une variable synthétique qui nous renseigne en partie sur de nombreux facteurs de diversité végétale auxquels elle est liée : des caractéristiques stationnelles, sylviculturales, de structure du peuplement et historiques. Ces facteurs sont inhérents à la composition en essences dans les forêts existantes. Si la sylviculture changeait (choix d'essences par station et fréquence et intensité des perturbations), les relations entre composition en essences et diversité floristique changeraient probablement aussi ; nos indicateurs devraient alors être testés de nouveau.
Duquesnay, Anne. "Changements de la composition foliaire et de la productivité des hêtraies dans le quart nord-est de la France entre 1970 et 1995." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10286.
Full textChaba, Bachir. "Comportement comparé de jeunes plants de 3 provenances algériennes de pin d’Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill. ) cultivés en conditions hydriques limitantes et non limitantes : croissance et développement, composition glucidique et macrominérale." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10034.
Full textNakhoul, Joseph. "Dynamique et facteurs influençant la régénération naturelle de Pinus pinea L. au Mont Liban." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0105.
Full textPinus pinea L. is a species of great ecological and economic importance in the Mediterranean region and particularly in Lebanon. Our study aims to produce a first classification of pine forests according to their floristic composition and site factors in Mount Lebanon region, to analyze natural regeneration of pine and to specify stands dynamics. Based on field study (50 plots), we showed that most of pine forests of Mount Lebanon were dense (849 stems.ha-1) and old (81 years) with a high basal area (49 m2.ha-1). Pine regeneration was particularly limited with a preferential installation of oaks (Q. calliprinos mainly and Q. infectoria secondarily) in the understory. Based on a field study also, we found a very significant effect of soil disturbances, in particular soil scarification, that have favored seedlings emergence and early survival, even if final mortality was very high. Laboratory experiment showed a negative effect of litter as well as an autotoxic effect of aqueous extract of green needles on seed germination and seedling growth. These studies allow us to conclude that pine is certainly not a "climacic" species in the trajectories of succession as it has been affirmed in previous phytosociological studies. Indeed, regeneration blocking factors are strong and we have underlined in particular the unfavorable role played by the litter. The pine stands naturally change towards oak formations. The renewal of old pine stands in Mount Lebanon region therefore requires an active management
Lescure, Jean-Paul. "La reconstitution du couvert végétal après agriculture sur brulis chez les Wayapi du Haut Oyapock (Guyane française)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066120.
Full textBélisle, Marc. "Influence de la composition et de la configuration du paysage sur le mouvement des oiseaux forestiers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0018/NQ54000.pdf.
Full textMartin-Dupont, Fabienne. "Valorisation chimique d'un co-produit de la filière bois : Approche théorique des capacités fixatrices en métaux lourds par les écorces forestières." Compiègne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003COMP1475.
Full textLequy, Emeline. "Dépôts atmosphériques particulaires sur les écosystèmes forestiers de la moitié Nord de la France : influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0277/document.
Full textQuantifying the little-known inputs of atmospheric particulate deposition (APD) is critically important for a sustainable management of forest ecosystems. Indeed, harvesting and subsequent nutrient losses are going to increase so as to meet the demand in renewable energy, including fuel-wood. This work aims at filling this gap by (i) describing the deposition rate, mineralogical and chemical compositions of APD and (ii) evaluating the influence of APD nutrient inputs on forest biogeochemical cycles. To do so, 4 beech stands in North French forests were equipped for a 4-week sampling. After a metrological development, samplers out of and below canopy were used for a 2-year sampling, as well as methods to separate APD from atmospheric dissolved deposition. These methods were conceived to separate the organic and mineral fractions of APD according to the conceptual model designed in this work. My results validated this model and indicated (i) a quite constant deposition rate of 19±3 kg.ha-1.year-1 of hardly soluble minerals over the North of France, made of various minerals suggesting heterogeneous sources of particles, (ii) nutrient inputs inferior to those of atmospheric dissolved deposition and soil weathering, but improving ecosystem fertility, (iii) an interception effect of the canopy, and (iv) the dissolution of mineral particles in the atmosphere which enriched atmospheric dissolved deposition in nutrients. Extending and optimizing the sampling would allow confirming and clarifying these results, especially concerning high atmospheric load periods and APD below canopy
Bedel, Léa. "Approche isotopique pour tracer la dynamique des éléments dans deux écosystèmes forestiers du plateau lorrain, développés sur des sols polycycliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0074/document.
Full textTwo forest ecosystems in Lorraine, France (Clermont-en-Argonne CA and Azerailles AZ) developed on polycyclic soils have a complex functioning due to the presence of two different materials within the soil profile, leading to an abrupt disruption in soil texture. Indeed, they have low exchangeable Ca and Mg stocks in the silty soil upper layers (with a greater poverty in CA than in AZ), and very large stocks in deep clayey layers. These differences in upper soil fertility between the studied sites can be partly explained by a weaker aggregation in CA than in AZ (with aggregates poor in organic matter and clays). The CA soil then holds less nutrients than AZ one, despite higher atmospheric inputs and more rapid mineralization of litter. The richness of the deep soil layers in both sites, cannot be explained by the two conventional inputs i.e. atmospheric deposition and mineral weathering, A third un-expected source was identify using Sr, Ca and Mg isotopes, i.e. a mineralized groundwater table, which allows the CEC recharging of the deep clay layers by simple ion exchange when its invades the subsoil during the winter period. Trees have developed an uptake strategy into these Ca and Mg rich clay layer, to overcome the relative poverty of the upper soil layers. However the consequence of the Mg limititation of the soil upper layers in CA is visible through the increase in the internal Mg-translocation before leaf senescence
Avon, Catherine. "Influences de la composition et de la structure actuelles de la mosaïque paysagère sur la diversité de la flore en forêt." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769927.
Full textRiofrio, Dillon Gabriela. "Évolution de l'acidité et de la disponiblité en azote des sols forestiers français au cours du 20ème siècle : une approche spatio-temporelle et multi-échelle basée sur le caractère bio-indicateur de la flore." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0042/document.
Full textHuman activities have, over the last century, strongly influenced the cycles controlling the levels of acidity and nitrogen availability in nature. Acidifying and eutrophying deposition lead to a change in environmental conditions and particularly to sensitive changes in plant communities' composition.The objective of this Ph.D work is to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of the acidity and nitrogen availability in French forest soils over the 20th century using the bioindicator character of plants, into local and global scales. The use of plants as bioindicator seeks to mitigate the lack of direct measurements of soil conditions and atmospheric deposition, over a wide spatiotemporal extent. First, changes in bioindicated soil pH (indicator of acidity conditions) and C:N (indicator of nitrogen availability status) were computed from approximately 100 000 temporary floristic plots carried out throughout France from 1910 to 2010. They were analyzed using an innovative method of spatiotemporal comparison, where acidic and nonacidic forest areas and coniferous and broadleaved forests were differentiated. Secondly, and always from the bioindicator character of plants, changes in soil conditions between 1972 and 2011 across Villey forest as well as floristic changes they induce related with other environmental changes were analyzed.At the global level, we observed acidification in acidic forest areas (-0.34 pH units on average) and in nonacidic areas (-0.19 pH units on average), respectively, until 1984 and 1997. We demonstrated for the first time (to our knowledge) a cessation of acidification of forest soils and even a decrease in acidity in nonacidic forest areas, as wella as a time lag for acidification between acidic and nonacidic areas. This trend is consistent with the trend of acidifying deposition in France since the early 20th century. Spatially, our results confirm the temporal trends, show a regional geographic pattern of acidification (mainly observed in nonacidic areas), and highlight the high spatial variability of soil pH changes. Concerning the evolution of nitrogen availability conditions, we observed an unexpected decrease in available nitrogen until 1984 and 1997, respectively, in coniferous (+0.79 C:N units on average) and broadleaved forests (+0.74 C:N units on average). A trend to eutrophisation of forest soils was then observed in coniferous and broadleaved forests since 1997 (-0.10 and -0.16 C:N units on average, respectively). This trend is not consistent with the trend of nitrogen atmospheric deposition in France. ”Last and final summary in the thesis.”
Sieffert, André. "La pollution par le SO ₂ et son interaction avec la sécheresse sont-ils des facteurs du dépérissement des forêts ? : étude de la composition protéique des aiguilles de Picea abies L. Karst." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112377.
Full textThis research has been focused on the study of the protein pattern of Picea abies needles d aimed at detecting modifications involved in the forest die back syndrom. Analysis of proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has led to the elaboration of protein maps of ca. 970 spots for three Norway spruce genotypes (clones) and the interclonal protein polymorphism has been studied. Quantitative difference in several proteins has been shown in green needles of damaged spruce trees relative to "healthy" trees from the Vosges (France). Soil dehydration induces quantitative variation of particular proteins as applied to 4-5 year-old trees. These effects were amplified or occurred earlier when drought was applied ta plants grown in air with 0,08 ppm S0₂ , whereas So₂ alone did not alter the protein patterns. Quantitative codifications in some proteins could be observed after 4 to 5 months in response to S0₂ , alone. Our results establish that S0₂ can reduce the resistance capacity of Norway spruce to drought, the synergistic effect between these factors possibly being implicated in forest dieback
Azémar-Lorentz, Stéphanie. "Étude des interactions plante-champignon au niveau des apex des ectomycorhizes formées par Eucalyptus Globulus ssp bicostata et Pisolithus tinctorius : rôle des tanins et du mucilage dans l'établissement de la symbiose." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10310.
Full textRoupsard, Olivier. "Ecophysiologie et diversité génétique de Faidherbia albida (Del. ) A. Chev. (syn. Acacia albida Del. ), un arbre à usages multiples d'Afrique semi-aride : fonctionnement hydrique et efficience d'utilisation de l'eau d'arbres adultes en parc agroforestier et de juvéniles en conditions semi-contrôlées." Phd thesis, Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10279.
Full textBekkaoui, Faouzi. "Microbouturage in vitro et culture de méristèmes de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii) : problèmes liés à l’âge et au milieu de culture." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066383.
Full textMakita-Ngadi, Joseph. "Biodégradation et compostage des écorces de pin (pinus sylvestris) et d'Okoume (Aucoumea Klaineana ou Gaboon)." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10014.
Full textLaganière, Jérôme. "Influence de la composition forestière sur la séquestration du carbone dans les sols du Bouclier boréal." Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4372/1/D2224.pdf.
Full textPaquette, Mathieu. "Effets de la composition forestière initiale et du temps depuis le dernier feu sur la dynamique des combustibles et du comportement du feu dans la pessière à mousse de la ceinture d'argile du Québec." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4589/1/M12166.pdf.
Full textBluteau, Jocelyn. "Les réseaux bayésiens pour identifier la composition arborescente du couvert forestier à partir d'images Landsat TM /." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=885679431&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textWafa, Jalal. "Suivi à moyen terme des impacts écologiques des feux et des coupes forestières sur la communauté zooplanctonique des lacs de l'écozone boréale." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17046.
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