Academic literature on the topic 'Compost extracts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Compost extracts"
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Silva, Ana C., Pedro Rocha, Dulce Geraldo, Ana Cunha, Juan Antelo, José P. Pinheiro, Sarah Fiol, and Fátima Bento. "Developing a Compost Quality Index (CQI) Based on the Electrochemical Quantification of Cd (HA) Reactivity." Molecules 28, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031503.
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The present work demonstrates the use of Cd2+ as a reactivity probe of the fulvic acids (FAs), humic acids (HAs) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) compost extracts. Significant differences were observed between the extracts, with the HA extract showing the highest reactivity. Comparing the different composts, the largest reactivity variation was again observed for HA then FA and finally DOM extracts. The Cd2+ binding extent was used to calculate the quality of composts and compared with a reference of uncomposted organic fertiliser (FLW), leading to the definition of an operational scale of compost quality. The parameter equivalent mass of fertiliser (mEF) was used for this scale sorted the seven composts from 0.353 to 1.09 kg FLW, for compost of sewage sludge (CSS) and vermicompost of domestic waste (CVDW), respectively. The significance of this parameter was verified through a correlation analysis between binding extent and the effect of compost application on lettuce crop growth in a field trial. The results demonstrate the potentiality of FA and HA extracts as markers of compost bioactivity and the use of Cd2+ as a reactivity probe.
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AKINTOKUN, A. K., P. O. AKINTOKUN, and A. R. OLOYEDE. "INHIBITION OF Fusarium oxysporum Pathogenic Fungus USING COMPOST EXTRACT FROM Chromolaena odorata (SIAM WEED) AND COW DUNG." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 14, no. 2 (July 30, 2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v14i2.1754.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of composts extract from cow dung and Chromolae-na odorata in controlling Fusarium oxysporum. Three compost samples were prepared in this study from Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) and cow dung. Sample A was prepared from Cow dung and siam weed at ratio 100g: 100g, Sample B was prepared from 200g chopped siam weed and sample C contained 200g cow dung. These three samples were composted in plastic drums perforated for aera-tion and each sample were replicated three times. The content in the drums were regularly turned and monitored for 1, 10, 30 and 60 days. The microbiological analysis of the composts were determined using standard procedures. The inhibitory activities of the sterilised compost extracts on the F. ox-ysporum were determined using agar well diffusion method. The bacterial, coliform and fungal loads ranged from 1.50 – 9.0 × 107 cfu/ml, 0.3 – 6.0× 107 cfu/ml and 0.1 – 2.50 × 107 cfu/ml respectively. Inhibitory activities of the compost extracts on F. oxysporum at different days of composting increased with days of composting. The highest zone of inhibition was recorded by extract from compost pre-pared from C. odorata at 60 days of composting, closely followed by extract from compost prepared from mixture of cow dung and C. odorata at 60 days of composting. No antifungal activity was found in all extracts from the 24h-composts. Highest disease severity was recorded in extract of 24 h and on control. All extract at 60 days of fermentation were healthy The study therefore revealed the potentials of extracts from Chromolaena odorata and cow dung for the inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum of many crops.
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Kakimolo, T., Y. Imai, N. Funamizu, T. Takakuwa, and M. Kunimoto. "Toxicity assessment of the extract of compost as a final product from Bio-Toilet." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.922.
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Bio-Toilet is the name of a dry closet or composting toilet using sawdust as an artificial soil matrix for bioconversion of human excrement into compost. Since feces and urine contain several chemicals such as pharmaceutical residues and endocrine disruptors and they may still remain in compost after biological reaction in the Bio-Toilet, it is required to examine the possibility of soil and/or groundwater pollution by applying compost to a soil system in farmland. In this study, toxicity of Bio-Toilet compost was evaluated by measuring the viability of human neuroblast (NB-1). The bio-assay was applied to the water extract of compost from the Bio-Toilets which are in practical use in Japan. The assay results showed that (1) the extract of feces showed no toxicity, and the extracts of unused sawdust had no or low level toxicity and (2) the extracts of composts had heavier toxicity than unused sawdust. These results implied that some chemicals that have toxicity were generated by biological reactions or accumulated in toilet system. The bio-assay results with fractionated organic matter by its molecular weight showed that the small molecular weight fraction had stronger toxicity than other fractions. The effect of inorganic matter on toxicity was examined by comparing the dose-response relationship of the extracts of compost with positive control with 1M of sodium chloride solution. The comparison showed that sodium concentration in the extract was too low to develop the toxicity and the effect of inorganic matter could be neglected in this study.
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ABOUL-EL-HASSAN, Saad, Saad Aly EMAM, and M. H. GAD EL-MOULA. "Effect of sowing date and some organic extracts on organic production of sweet corn." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 116, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.116.1.1547.
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<p>Field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt, during two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018. This experiment aims to improve the organic production of sweet corn via some organic extracts under different sowing dates. The seeds of sweet corn (Misthi F1 Hybrid) were planted on three different dates on 15 April, 10 May and 5 June in both seasons. Extracts of compost, vermicompost and chicken manure with applying half dose of compost were compared to full dose of compost. Results showed that early sowing had positive effect on growth, yield and ear properties of sweet corn. Applying half dose of compost with adding vermicompost extract gave the highest growth, yield and ear properties of sweet corn without significant differences compared to 50 % compost + chicken manure extract treatment in plant height and leaves number per plant. The treatments of the half dose of compost with adding any organic extracts were superior to the full dose of compost in all studied traits. This study revealed that early planting (April 15) with applying a half dose of compost + vermicompost extract produced the highest yield and quality of sweet corn ears.</p>
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Ozores-Hampton, Monica, Thomas A. Bewick, Peter Stoffella, Daniel J. Cantliffe, and Thomas A. Obreza. "Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Compost Maturity Influence on Weed Seed Germination." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 577e—577. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.577e.
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The influence of compost (derived from MSW and biosolids) maturity on seed germination of several weed species was evaluated. A bioassay was developed by extracting 20 g of compost of different maturities with various volumes of water, then measuring germination percentage of ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) seeds placed on extract-saturated filter paper in a petri dish. A 20 g (dry weight) compost: 50 mL of water generated an extract that produced the widest percentage seed germination variation in response to composts of different maturity. Ivyleaf morningglory, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.), purslane (Potulaca oleracea L.), and corn (Zea mays L) were selected as plant indicators to determine the compost maturity stage with maximum germination inhibition. Compost 8-week-old decreased percent germination, root growth, and germination index (combines germination rate and root growth), and increased mean days to germination (MDG) of each plant indicator. Immature 8 week-old compost extract effect on MDG and germination percent of 15 weed species was evaluated. Extract from 8-week-old compost inhibited germination in most weed species, except yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Compost extracts derided from immature (3-day, 4-, and 8-week-old) compost resulted in delayed and reduced germination percent of important economic weed species.
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Bearce, Bradford C., R. G. Diener, A. R. Collins, and G. Bissonette. "157 SUITABILITY OF A SHREDDED NEWSPAPER, KITCHEN WASTE COMPOST AS A ROOT SUBSTRATE FOR TOMATO SEEDLINGS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 451c—451. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.451c.
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A small, continuous flow compost reactor was employed to produce a compost from a shredded newspaper/kitchen waste mixture. Transit time through the reactor was 4 weeks and the compost was then stockpiled for 5, 7, 8 or 9 weeks prior to evaluation. Cress seed germination was not reduced in graded aqueous compost extracts, however, seedling radicle length was significantly reduced in the nondiluted extract.. Elemental analysis of the compost showed PO4 ond K to be about 20 and 2 times recommended levels and No 5 times the maximum level at 577 mg. liter-1. Electrical conductivity of the compost was 5 dS.m-1 and pH range was 6.2-7.3. Composts were leached with water to E.C.'s of 1-1.5 dS.m-1 before planting tomato seedlings. Dry weights of tomato seedlings grown 5 weeks in the composts were equal to those in a peat vermiculite control, except that dry weights of seedlings in the compost stockpiled for 5 weeks were less than those of control plants. Some residual inhibition of growth may hove remained in the compost for at least 5 weeks after the production dote but by the 7th week, no growth inhibition was apparent.
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Suwandi, Suwandi, Harman Hamidson, and Ahmad Muslim. "Penekanan Penyakit Blas Leher Malai Padi Menggunakan Ekstrak Kompos Jerami Padi." Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 12, no. 3 (August 3, 2016): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14692/jfi.12.3.104.
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Blast is the most important disease of rice and may cause significant losses in the reclaimed tidal swamp of South Sumatra. Water extracts of fermented composts prepared from straws of the vigorous rice plant were tested in pot experiment for their ability to control blast. Rice variety Ciherang was grown on mixture of field soil and 1% diseased rice straw (v/v) collected from a tidal swamp rice field. Incidence of panicle blast was reduced by 71−87% in response to application of compost extract. The compost extract did not affect seed germination and plant height, instead, it increased the yield. The rice straw from healthy and vigorous plants is potential as a source for blast disease control.
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Das, MBB, BD Acharya, M. Saquib, and MK Chettri. "Effect of aqueous extract and compost of invasive weed Ageratina adenophora on seed germination and seedling growth of some crops and weeds." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 4, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v4i2.39843.
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A study was conducted to investigate the effects of invasive weed Ageratina adenophora on the seed germination and seedling growth of Triticum aestivum, Brassica campestris and on weeds Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Galinsoga parviflora and Cyperus rotundus. The aqueous extracts of Ageratina plant’s part root, stem and leaf; and compost extract of Ageratina on different concentrations (control, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10%) were used to determine its effect on the seed germination, shoot and root length of Triticum aestivum, Brassica campestris and some common weed seeds under laboratory condition. The compost of A. adenophora at different doses viz. 0, 10, 20, 40 and 50g compost/kg soil was also applied to study the effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of B. campestris and T. aestivum and some weed seeds. The aqueous and compost extracts of Ageratina caused significant reduction in the seed germination and seedling length (shoot and root) which increased progressively on increasing the concentration of invasive plant's extract. The stem and leaf extracts of A. adenophora have more inhibitory effect on the germination percentage of winter crops as compared to root extract on the test crop seeds under study. In the compost of A. adenophora, the weeds showed more reduction in comparison to the crop plants B. campestris and T. aestivum.
J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2018, 4(2): 11-20
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Rani, Icha Deska, Dermiyati Dermiyati, Radix Suharjo, Ainin Niswati, and Darwin Hasibaran Pangaribuan. "Soil Organisms Activities in Red Onion Cultivation with Application of Plant Extract Suspension and Compost." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 27, no. 2 (May 16, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2022.v27i2.89-98.
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Agro-industrial waste such as banana weevil, pineapple rhizome, and empty fruit bunches of oil palm has not been utilized properly, even though the waste can be processed into liquid organic fertilizer after extracting the beneficial microorganisms contained in it. This research aimed to observe and study soil organisms’ activity after applying plant extract suspensions and compost types. The research was conducted at the Integrated Field Laboratory and Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The treatments were designed in a 3 × 3 factorial design in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. The first factor was the plant suspension extracts derived from banana weevil, pineapple rhizome, and oil palm empty fruit bunches, while the second factor was the compost in the form of solid compost and liquid compost. The results showed the activity of soil organisms in the form of respiration, soil microbial carbon biomass, soil microbial population, and mesofauna population, which was applied to a suspension of plant extracts from pineapple rhizome, given the highest yield. Furthermore, the bacterial phosphate dissolution index and the diversity of soil mesofauna applied to liquid compost were higher than those of solid compost or without compost. There was no interaction between the application of plant extract suspension and the compost types on the soil organism’s activity.
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Al-Dahmani, Jaber H., Pervaiz A. Abbasi, Sally A. Miller, and Harry A. J. Hoitink. "Suppression of Bacterial Spot of Tomato with Foliar Sprays of Compost Extracts Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions." Plant Disease 87, no. 8 (August 2003): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.8.913.
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The efficacy of foliar sprays with compost water extracts (compost extracts) in reducing the severity of bacterial spot of tomato caused by Xanthomonas vesicatoria was investigated. Extracts prepared from composted cow manure, composted pine bark, an organic farm compost, or composted yard waste, applied as foliar sprays on tomato transplants, resulted in a moderate but statistically significant reduction in the severity of bacterial spot. The population of X. vesicatoria in infected leaves was reduced significantly by extracts prepared from composted cow manure. Efficacy of the water extracts was not affected by oxygen concentrations in the suspension during extraction, compost maturity, or sterilization by filtration or autoclaving. The degree of control provided by foliar sprays with the most effective compost extracts did not differ from that obtained with the plant activator acibenzolar-S-methyl. In the field in two growing seasons, foliar sprays with compost water extracts did not reduce the severity of foliar diseases, including bacterial spot. During the 1997 season, when the severity of bacterial spot in the field was high, foliar sprays with compost water extracts significantly reduced the incidence of bacterial spot on tomato fruit. Amending plot soil with several rates of composted yard waste did not lead to additional control of fruit disease over those only sprayed with extracts. Foliar sprays with a mixture of chlorothalonil and copper hydroxide or with acibenzolar-S-methyl reduced the severity of bacterial spot as well as incidence of spot on fruit.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compost extracts"
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Al-Dahmani, Jaber Hamdan. "Biological control of Xanthomonas bacterial spot of tomato with compost amended mixes and compost water extracts /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488195154356951.
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Zhang, Weizheng. "Disease suppression and systemic-acquired-resistance-induced in plants by compost-amended potting mixes, compost water extracts and no-tillage soil /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487943610784806.
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Murray, William Kraft. "Efficacy of compost amendments and extracts in the control of foliar disease in organic tomato production." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4433.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 70 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-70).
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Tollefson, Stacy Joy. "Compost Water Extracts And Suppression Of Root Rot (F. Solani F. Sp. Pisi) In Pea: Factors Of Suppression And A Potential New Mechanism." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338972.
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One of the motivating reasons for the development of hydroponics was avoidance of root pathogens. Hydroponics involves growing crops in relatively sterile media, isolated from the underlying soil which may have disease pressure. However, even when hydroponics is coupled with controlled environments such as high tunnels and climate-controlled greenhouses, soil-borne pathogens can enter the growing area and proliferate due to optimal environmental conditions for pathogen growth. Control of root pathogens is difficult and usually achieved through synthetic fungicides since few biocontrol options are available. Compost water extracts (CWE) have recently been gaining the attention of greenhouse growers because they may be a low-cost, environmentally friendly approach to control root disease. CWE are mixtures of compost and water incubated for a defined period of time, either with or without aeration, and with or without additives intended to increase microbial populations, which in turn suppress disease. Much anecdotal, but very little scientific, evidence exists describing CWE effect on suppressing soil-borne pathogens. The present study 1) examined the effect of an aerated CWE on disease suppression at the laboratory scale and in container studies using different soilless substrates, 2) investigated a phenotypic change at the root level caused by CWE that may be associated with disease suppression, and 3) isolated some factors in the production of CWE that affect the ability of a CWE to suppress disease. The common model pathogen-host system of Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi and pea was used to examine CWE-induced disease suppression, with information then being translatable to similar patho-systems involved in greenhouse crop production. In the first study, laboratory-based root growth and infection assays resulted in 100% suppression of F. solani when roots were drenched in CWE. These protected seedlings were then taken to a greenhouse and transplanted into fine coconut coir, watered with hydroponic nutrient solution, and grown for five weeks. At the end of the experiment, 23% of the shoots of the pathogen-inoculated, CWE-drenched seedlings remained healthy while only 2% of the inoculated seedlings without CWE drench remained healthy. All of the roots of the inoculated seedlings developed lesions, even those drenched in CWE. However, 29% of the CWE drenched roots were able to recover from disease, growing white healthy roots past the lesion, while only 2% recovered naturally. A shorter-term container study was conducted in the laboratory to determine the effects of CWE-induced suppression when peas were grown in different substrates and to determine if the hydroponic nutrient solution had an effect on the suppression. Peas were grown in sterilized fine and coarse coconut coir fiber and sand irrigated with water, with a second set of fine coir irrigated with hydroponic nutrient solution. Pea seeds with 20-25mm radicles were inoculated with pathogen and sown directly into CWE-drenched substrate and grown for three weeks. At the end of the experiment, 80%, 60%, 90%, and 50% of the shoots of the inoculated, CWE-drenched seedlings remained healthy when grown in fine coir, coarse coir, sand, and fine coir irrigated with hydroponic nutrient solution, respectively. Nearly 100% of the roots grown in coconut coir substrates again developed necrotic lesions but 83%, 87%, 100%, and 87% grew healthy roots beyond the disease region. The hydroponic nutrient solution had a negative effect on suppression, with a reduction of at least 30 percentage points. Sand demonstrated a natural ability to suppress F. solani. Only 23% of inoculated seedlings had dead or dying shoots by the end of the experiment (compared to 77-80% in coir substrates) and although all but one of the roots developed lesions, all were able to recover on their own with CWE. CWE further increased shoot health and also prevented 57% of the roots from developing lesions. In a second study, two different CWE were used to examine the effect on root border cell dispersion and dynamics in pea, maize, cotton, and cucumber and its relation to disease suppression. Dispersal of border cells after immersion of roots into water or CWE was measured by direct observation over time using a compound microscope and stereoscope. Pictures were taken and the number of border cells released into suspension were enumerated by counting the total number of cells in aliquots taken from the suspension. Border cells formed a mass surrounding root tips within seconds after exposure to water, and most cells dispersed into suspension spontaneously. In CWE, >90% of the border cell population instead remained appressed to the root surface, even after vigorous agitation. This altered border cell phenomena was consistent for pea, maize, and cotton and for both CWE tested. For most cucumber roots (n=86/95), inhibition of border cell dispersal in both CWE was similar to that observed in pea, maize, and cotton. However, some individual cucumber roots (8±5%) exhibited a distinct phenotype. For example, border cells of one root immersed into CWE remained tightly adhered to the root tip even after 30 minutes while border cells of another root immersed at the same time in the same sample of CWE expanded significantly within 5 minutes and continued to expand over time. In a previous study, sheath development over time in growth pouches also was distinct in cucumber compared with pea, with detachment of the sheaths over time, and root infection was reduced by only 38% in cucumber compared with 100% protection in pea (Curlango-Rivera et al. 2013). Further research is needed to evaluate whether this difference in retention of border cell sheaths plays a role in the observed difference in inhibition of root infection. In the third study, a series of investigations were conducted to isolate different factors that contribute to the suppression ability of a CWE by changing incrementally changing some aspect of the CWE production process. The basic aerated CWE recipe (with molasses, kelp, humic acid, rock phosphate, and silica) provided 100% protection of pea from root disease while the non-aerated basic recipe CWE provided 72% protection. Aerated CWE made of only compost and water resulted in 58% protection. It was found that molasses did not contribute to the suppression ability of the ACWE, while kelp contributed strongly. When soluble kelp was added by itself to the compost and water, the CWE provided 80% suppression. However, when all additives were included except molasses and kelp, suppression remained high (93%) indicating that humic acids, rock phosphate, and/or silica were also major contributors toward the suppression effect. Optimal fermentation time for ACWE was 24 hr to achieve 100% suppression, with increased time resulting in inconsistent suppression results. Optimal fermentation time for NCWE was 3 days or 8 days. These studies are important contributions to understanding the differences that might be expected in CWE suppression when growing in different substrates, some of the factors in the production of CWE that affects the ability of a CWE to suppress disease, and the phenotypic effect CWE has on the root zone of plants and the possible relationship between that effect and disease suppression.
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Farley, David Brian. "An investigation of the effects of aqueous extracts from green waste compost on plant growth and plant pathogens." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414030.
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Schlüter, Mônia de Almeida. "Avaliação de extratos vegetais no controle da lagarta-da-soja (anticarsia gemmatalis) hübner, 1818 (lepidoptera: noctuidae) sob diferentes pressões populacionais a campo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4957.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorAiming the discovering of new products with less impact to the environment, there were made experiments aiming to evaluate the efficiency on control, as well as the feeding inibit result on soya caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis).with different vegetation stratum in different commercial soya tillings in Uruguaiana and Santa Maria (RS), from january to March, 2005 under low, medium and high population pressure. There were evaluate nim oil at 5%, watered stratum of cinamomum at 1/6 (p/v), distilled of Timbó 1/1 (v/v), distilled of araticum 1/1 (v/v) standart treatment (permetrina), dosage of 0,05 L ha-1 and testifying treatment (water). In all the treatments adherent spreading at 0,1% was used. The doses were applied at tilling, of soya plants and there was noticed that the concentrations experienced had some insecticide activity on Anticasia gemmatalis causing high mortality. The mortality changes with the use of the different stratum grub state of the insect, population pressure and weather conditions of the place. There was noticed that the leaf eat away by caterpillars under the effect of stratum tested was little when compared with, those of tistiled treatment, even when made on high population pressure.
Objetivando a descoberta de novos produtos que sejam menos impactantes ao meio ambiente, foram conduzidos experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de controle de Anticarsia gemmatalis e nível de dano, em diferentes lavouras comerciais de soja, nos municípios de Uruguaiana e Santa Maria (RS), no período de janeiro a março de 2005 sob pressão populacional baixa, média e alta. Foram avaliados o óleo de nim a 5%, extrato aquoso de cinamomo 1/6 (p/v), destilado de timbó 1/1 (v/v), destilado de araticum 1/1 (v/v), tratamento padrão (permetrina), na dose de 0,05L ha-1 e tratamento testemunha (água). Em todos os tratamentos utilizou-se espalhante adesivo 0,1%. As doses foram aplicadas a campo, sobre as plantas de soja, e verificou-se que as concentrações testadas exerceram acentuada atividade inseticida sobre A. gemmatalis, provocando elevada mortalidade, porém, esta variou de acordo com o extrato testado, estádio larval do inseto, pressão populacional e condições meteorológicas do local. Verificou-se que o consumo foliar por lagartas submetidas à ação dos extratos testados foi reduzido, quando comparados àquelas do tratamento testemunha, mesmo quando realizado sob pressão populacional alta.
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Pereira, Ana Filipa Campos. "Potenciais alimentos funcionais com base em extratos de vinho de uva ou de videira." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4509.
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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências FarmacêuticasA mudança de hábitos e costumes da sociedade que tem vindo a acontecer, principalmente nos últimos anos, conduziu a uma alteração dos padrões de alimentação e a um maior sedentarismo, o que resultou numa preocupação generalizada, por parte dos cidadãos, em tentar minorar problemas de saúde decorrentes deste estilo de vida. Como resposta a esta situação, a indústria alimentar reforçou a sua política de investigação, surgindo um novo tipo de alimentos, denominados alimentos funcionais. O interesse por parte dos consumidores por estes alimentos tem vindo a crescer, pois para além da função nutricional básica que possuem, apresentam benefícios para a saúde humana, tornando-se portanto um mercado bastante promissor. No nosso país existe já uma variedade de alimentos funcionais, como ovos enriquecidos com ácidos gordos ómega-3, tomate rico em licopeno, leite ou iogurtes com cálcio adicionado, entre outros. Portugal é um importante produtor de vinho, com as exportações a aumentar, o que demonstra o dinamismo do setor. O vinho e a vinha têm, na sua constituição, compostos fortemente antioxidantes e com um amplo espetro de propriedades biológicas passíveis de serem extraídas. Os componentes fenólicos são um exemplo de compostos bioativos de grande relevância, apresentando uma variedade de propriedades fisiológicas, tais como antioxidante, cardioprotetora, anticarcinogénica, antiinflamatória, antienvelhecimento, antimicrobiana. Por conseguinte, o interesse por parte da indústria alimentar por estas propriedades tem vindo a aumentar, assim como o dos consumidores, que cada vez são mais exigentes. Desta forma, pretende-se, para além de realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre alimentos funcionais no geral, conhecer a composição dos constituintes extraídos do vinho de uva ou da videira, que possam ser incorporados em alimentos já existentes, de forma a trazer benefícios para a saúde e bem-estar do individuo. De acordo com isto e com o desafio final deste trabalho, propôs-se um alimento funcional, mais concretamente, uma massa enriquecida com antioxidantes extraídos do vinho de uva ou da videira, assim como toda a conjuntura associada à extração e à quantificação dos compostos fenólicos dos extratos, o processo de desenvolvimento da massa e a avaliação da sua composição. The changing habits and mores of society that has been happening, especially in recent years led to a change in the eating patterns and to a more sedentary way of life, which resulted in a widespread concern from the citizens who try to minimize the health problems caused by this lifestyle. In response to this situation, the food industry reinforced its research policy and a new type of food emerged, the so-called functional food. The consumers show an increasing interest for this kind of food because, apart from its basic nutritional function, it brings benefits to human health, thus becoming a very promising market. In our country there are already a variety of functional foods as eggs fortified with omega-3, tomato rich with lycopene, milk or yoghurt with calcium added, among others. Portugal is an important wine-producing country; the exports are increasing, hence demonstrating the sector’s dynamism. The wine and the vine have in their constitution strong antioxidant compounds and a broad spectrum of biological properties that can be extracted. The phenolic compounds are examples of highly relevant bioactive compounds, showing a variety of physiological properties, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the interest from both the food industry and the consumers - who are more and more demanding - is increasing. Overall, this dissertation aims not only at performing a bibliographic revision on functional food as a whole, but also at getting to know the composition of the compounds extracted from the grape wine or the vine which may be added into existing food, so to bring benefits for the individuals’ health and well-being. According to this purpose and to the ultimate challenge of this dissertation, a functional food is suggested, a pasta enriched with antioxidants extracted from grape wine or vine, as well as the whole circumstances associated with the extraction and the quantification of the phenolic compounds of the extracts, the process to develop the pasta and the evaluation of its composition.
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Martinez, Fabio Andres Castillo. "Produção de bacteriocina por Bifidobacterium lactis a partir de leite desnatado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9135/tde-16012014-134005/.
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Existe um número muito limitado de estudos referentes à produção de componentes antimicrobianos ou bacteriocinas produzidas por espécies de bifidobactérias. Nesse âmbito, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de bifidobacteriocina em leite desnatado (LD). Para tanto, o estudo foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa constituiu na preparação dos meios de cultura Man, Rogosa e Sharpe (MRS), Bifidus Selective Medium (BSM) e LD suplementado com 1% (p/v) de Tween 80 (T80), Inulina (I) ou Extrato de levedura (YE). Nesta etapa, os processos fermentativos foram conduzidos em shaker, nas condições: 50 rpm/37ºC/48h. Foram realizadas análises de pH, concentração de açúcares e ácidos, crescimento celular e determinação da atividade da bifidobacteriocina pelo método de difusão em ágar contra L. monocytogenes. Na segunda etapa, e baseado nos resultados obtidos, foi desenhado um delineamento composto central (CCD) construído a partir dos seguintes parâmetros: temperatura (34, 37, 40 °C) e concentração de YE (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 g/L). Na terceira etapa do trabalho, foram realizados os cultivos em biorreator de 2 L, contendo 10% de leite desnatado, nas seguintes condições: 200 rpm, 36°C, 2,0 g/L de YE, 48h de incubação em anaerobiose. Obteve-se em LD suplementado com YE (1%), combinado ao método de difusão em placa modificado (prévia refrigeração das placas por 12h), contra L. monocytogenes (2130 AU/mL), com uma fase exponencial de 24h, µm de 0,604/h. A otimização feita através do CCD permitiu atingir níveis de atividade de 3.000 AU/mL a 3.100 AU/mL (ensaios 7, 11 e 14, blocos 3 e 1) contra L. monocytogenes, em condições ótimas de crescimento de YE: 2,0 g/L1 e T°C: 36°C. A análise de regressão mostrou ser estatisticamente significativa a relação entre as variáveis: \"concentração de \"YE e temperatura\". Os resultados indicaram que o leite desnatado é um meio adequado para produção de bifidobacteriocina.There are few publications that have been reported about bacteriocin production by Bifidobacterium species. Therefore, the aim of this work was measure bacteriocin production in skim milk by B. lactis. Consequently, this work was divided in three stages. First, MRS, BSM and LD medium were tested with additives (Tween 80 (T80), Inuline (I) or Yeast extract (YE)) for bacteriocin production and cellular growth. Fermentation processes were conducted in shaker under specific conditions: 50 rpm/37ºC/48h. pH; sugars; acids; biomass, and bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes, L. plantarum, E. coli, L. sakei e S. aureus strains were analyzed . In the second stage, based on the obtained results, a central composite design (CCD) was created using the parameters: temperature (34, 37, 40 ºC), and concentration of YE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/L). After, the activity was measured by two methods of plates pre-diffusion (cooling and addition of Tween 20). Third step consisted of 2 L bioreactor cultivations containing 10% skim milk diluted in 1.5 L of water (6.5 pH), under 200 rpm, 36 ºC, 2.0 g/L of YE, 48h, under anaerobic condition. Finally, the cultures supplemented with LD and YE (1%) with a modified plate diffusion method (cooling plates for 12 h) showed bacteriocin activity against L. monocytogenes (2130 AU/mL) with an exponential phase of 24 h, µm of 0.604/h. The optimization performed using CCD resulted in a higher level of activity 3000 AU/mL to 3100 AU/mL mL (Run 7, 11 and 14, blocks 3 and 1) against L. monocytogenes, also with ideal growth conditions of YE: 2,0 g/L1 and T °C: 36 °C. The pH value varied between 6.4 and 4.0. Concentration of produced acid lactic varied from 3.03 to 4.72 g/L and biomass concentration from 3.4 to 11.1 Lg UFC/mL. Regression analysis was significant to the variables: YE concentration and temperature. Results indicated that skim milk is a proper medium for \"Bifidobacteriocin\" production.
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BASTOS, Renan Gomes. "Caracterização fitoquímica e avaliação das atividades biológicas dos extratos obtidos das folhas de Eugenia florida DC. (Myrtaceae)." Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 2016. https://bdtd.unifal-mg.edu.br:8443/handle/tede/946.
Full textAbstract:
As plantas medicinais correspondem às mais antigas estratégias empregadas pelo homem no tratamento de enfermidades de todos os tipos. Devido à grande diversidade vegetal com potencial terapêutico, ao histórico e à cultura do povo brasileiro, plantas com potencial antioxidante, antidiabético, antimicrobiano e leishmanicida têm sido alvo de estudo por uma gama de pesquisadores. Com base nessas informações, a espécie vegetal Eugenia florida DC. é uma candidata promissora para tais estudos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar e/ou determinar os compostos químicos presentes no extrato hidroetanólico 70% (v/v) e nos macerados em metanol, acetato de etila, acetona e hexano das folhas da espécie em questão, bem como a avaliação das atividades antirradicalar, antimicrobiana, leishmanicida e antidiabética destes extratos. Inicialmente, fez-se uma triagem fitoquímica preliminar, por meio de cromatografia em camada delgada nos extratos secos, que permitiram a detecção de compostos como flavonoides, taninos, ácidos fenólicos, saponinas e triterpenos. Posteriormente, os extratos foram analisados em espectrômetro de massas, no modo negativo, o que possibilitou a identificação de alguns constituintes químicos da classe dos fenóis, dos terpenoides e das saponinas, baseando-se na massa molecular e nos padrões de fragmentação de algumas das moléculas. As análises químicas quantitativas demonstraram que os extratos hidroetanólico (EB) e o macerado em acetato de etila (M-EtOAc) foram os que apresentaram os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos, enquanto que EB e o macerado em metanol (M-MeOH) foram os que demonstraram conter a maior quantidade de flavonoides e taninos. Na determinação da atividade antirradicalar, o valor de CE50 para EB apresentou-se bem próximo ao obtido com o padrão de quercetina, indicando uma excelente atividade. Os macerados apresentaram atividade antirradicalar bem menor. Nas análises de atividade antimicrobiana, o M-MeOH foi o que se mostrou mais ativo contra as leveduras testadas, mas todos eles foram pouco efetivos para as bactérias usadas. Nenhum dos extratos foi efetivo para inibir o crescimento das formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis utilizadas no teste. Na avaliação dos parâmetros bioquímicos de ratos diabéticos tratados com EB, observaram-se diminuições significativas nos níveis séricos de glicose, frutosamina e triglicerídeos, bem como o aumento dos níveis de colesterol HDL. A administração do EB não apresentou efeitos sobre a função renal, na atividade de AST e ALT e nos demais parâmetros do perfil lipídico. Porém, ocorreu melhora nos danos hepáticos e renais nos animais diabéticos tratados, através da redução do malondialdeído (MDA). Dessa forma, concluiu-se que a espécie E. florida DC. apresenta um potencial biológico interessante, devido, principalmente, aos seus metabólitos secundários bioativos, que demonstraram promissora atividade sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos em modelos de ratos diabéticos.The medicinal plants correspond to the earliest strategies employed by man in the treatment of diseases of all types. Due to the great plant diversity with therapeutic potential, the history and culture of the Brazilian people, plants with potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and leishmanicidal have been the study by a range of researchers. Based on this information, the plant species Eugenia florida DC. is a promising candidate for such studies. Thus, this study aimed to identify and/or determine the chemical compounds present in hydroethanolic extract 70% (v/v) and macerated in methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone and hexane of species leaves in question, and evaluating the antiradical, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and leishmanicidal activities. Initially, there was a preliminary phytochemical screening by means of thin layer chromatography in dry extracts, which allowed the detection of compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, terpenoids and saponins. Subsequently, the extracts were analyzed in a mass spectrometer in negative mode, which allowed the identification of some chemical constituents of phenolics, terpenoids and saponins, based on the molecular weight and fragmentation mechanisms of some of the molecules. Quantitative chemical analysis showed that hydroethanolic extracts (EB) and macerated in ethyl acetate (M-EtOAc) were those with the highest levels of phenolic compounds, while EB and macerated in methanol (M-MeOH) were the demonstrated that contain the greater amount of flavonoids and tannins. In determining the antiradical activity, the EC50 value for EB presented very close to that obtained with standard quercetin, indicating an excellent activity. The macerated showed much lower antiradical activity. In the analysis of antimicrobial activity, the M-MeOH was more active against the yeast tested, but they were ineffective for bacteria used. None of the extracts was effective to inhibit the growth of promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis used in the test. In evaluating the biochemical parameters of diabetic rats treated with EB, there were significant decreases in serum glucose, fructosamine and triglyceride levels and increasing HDL cholesterol levels. EB's administration has had no effect on renal function, in AST and ALT activity and other parameters of lipid profile. However, there was an upgrade in liver and kidney damage in diabetic animals treated through reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA). Thus, it was concluded that the species E. florida DC. presents an interesting biological potential, mainly due to its bioactive secondary metabolites, which have demonstrated promising activity on biochemical parameters in models of diabetic rats.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
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Forlin, Flavio João. "Maturação de aguardente de cana composta com extrato de madeira de carvalho em embalagens de polietileno tereftalato (PET)." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255531.
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Orientador: Roberto Herminio MorettiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A elaboração de extrato por maceração de madeira de carvalho triturada com destilado alcoólico simples de cana-de-açúcar (DASCA) para maturação de aguardente de cana mostra vantagens de processo e econômicas por racionalizar a utilização e otimizar a extração de compostos da madeira, reduzir o tempo de maturação da bebida, prescindindo da utilização de tonéis de carvalho. A utilização de embalagens de PET mostra viabilidade para o acondicionamento e/ou maturação de destilados em substituição aos tonéis de madeira tradicionalmente utilizados, por suas características de integridade estrutural, permeabilidade seletiva e inocuidade com a bebida. Foram obtidos 13 extratos por macerações contínuas em batelada a partir de mesma quantidade de madeira de carvalho triturada, nas formas tostada e não tostada, com DASCA de teor alcoólico de 55% em volume, a 20°C. O extrato de ca da maceração foi estudado quanto ao extrato seco, compostos fenólicos totais, pH, acidez volátil, fixa e total e cor. A unificação dos extratos integrais das 5 primeiras macerações originaram um extrato resultante do qual foram obtidas as dosagens de 20, 40 e 60mL utilizadas na maturação de aguardente de cana em embalagens de PET de 0,250, 2 e 20L e vidro de 4,7L, durante 4, 8 e 12 meses. Aguardente de cana sem extrato foi maturada paralelamente em barris de carvalho de 200L, durante 4, 8, 12, 36 e 48 meses. A maturação da bebida foi acompanhada com o estudo de perda de massa, teor alcoólico real, pH, acidez volátil, fixa e total, compostos fenólicos totais, cor, álcoois superiores (isoamílico, isobutílico e n-propílico), aldeídos e ésteres totais em cada período de maturação correspondente. As aguardentes de cana maturadas em embalagens de PET, vidro e barris de carvalho, em cada período de maturação, incluindo o tempo zero, foram submetidas ao teste de aceitação com 81 consumidores, avaliando-se os atributos cor, aroma, sabor e impressão global, utilizando escala hedônica não estruturada de 9cm. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas e sensorial de aceitabilidade foram tratados com análise de variância e comparação de médias pelos testes de Duncan (p£0,05) e Tukey (p£0,10), respectivamente. O atributo impressão global da análise de aceitação foi complementarmente analisado pelo método Mapa de Preferência Interno (MDPREF). O extrato resultante originado da mistura dos extratos integrais das cinco primeiras macerações (acumulando 41 dias de maceração), no contexto de 13 macerações (acumulando 346 dias de maceração), resultou na extração de 74,5% de extrato seco, 67,5% de compostos fenólicos totais, 83,9% de acidez fixa e 67,7% de acidez total. A maturação da aguardente de cana pela incorporação de 20, 40 e 60mL deste extrato/L de aguardente de cana alterou significativamente (p£0,05) o perfil físico-químico e sensorial da bebida, agregando cor e compostos fenólicos totais, reduzindo o pH, incrementando a acidez total, volátil e fixa e a composição orgânica de aldeídos e ésteres totais e de álcoois superiores isoamílico, isobutílico e n-propílico. O período de maturação de 12 meses em embalagens de PET de 0,250, 2 e 20L alterou o perfil físico-químico da aguardente de cana, diminuindo a acidez volátil e total e de aldeídos totais, incrementando a acidez fixa e o teor de ésteres totais. O aumento de volume das embalagens de PET refletiu em menores perdas de massa e maiores incrementos de ésteres totais. A aguardente de cana maturada 12 meses em embalagens de PET e vidro com a incorporação de extrato de carvalho mostrou similar aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, em relação à bebida maturada em barris de carvalho, entre 12 até 48 meses. A incorporação na aguardente de cana de dosagens de extrato de 20, 40 e 60mL/L determinou incrementos significativos (p£0,10) de aceitabilidade da bebida maturada em embalagens de PET e vidro, independentemente do tempo de maturação. O atributo cor, originado pela incorporação de distintas dosagens de extrato à aguardente de cana, foi o de melhor aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, seguido pelo aroma, impressão global e sabor
Abstract: The elaboration of extract through maceration of brazilian sugar-cane spirit (BSCS) with oak wood grinded for brazilian sugar-cane spirit maturation shows advantages of process as well as economic ones, such as rationalization of the utilization, optimization of wood compounds extraction, reduction of the maturation time of the drink, renouncing the utilization of oak wood barrels. The utilization of PET packages shows its viability for storage and/or maturation of distilled beverages in substitution to the traditionally used wood structures for its structural integrity characteristics, selective permeability and innocuousness with the content. It was obtained 13 oak extracts by sequential units macerations using fixed quantity of toasted and not toasted grinded wood with BSCS 50°GL/20°C. Each extract was studied with the dry extract, total phenolic compounds, fixed, volatile and total acidity and colour. The unification of the integral units extracts from the five initial macerations produced the resultant extract for which were obtained the 20, 40, 60mL dosages for BSCS maturation in 0.250, 2, and 20L PET packages and in 4,7L glass packages during 4, 8 and 12 months. This study went along with the maturation of BSCS in 200L oak barrels during 4, 8, 12, 36 and 48 months. The maturation process of BSCS was physical-chemically accompanied by the study of mass losses, real alcoholic level, fixed, volatile and total acidity, total phenolic compounds, colour, superior alcohols (isoamilic, isobutilic, and n-propilic), total esters and aldehydes, in each specific times, included at zero time. An acceptance test also took place involving 81 BSCS consumers through their manifestation concerning the attributes colour, aroma, flavour and global impression using a nonstructured 9cm hedonic scale. The physical-chemical and acceptance tests results were statistically treated with variance analysis and Duncan (p=0.05) and Tukey (p=0.10) tests for average comparisons, respectively. The global impression attribute of the acceptance test was supplementary treated by Multidimensional Preference Analysis (MDPREF) method. The resultant extract obtained of the mixture of the five initial units macerations (totalizing 41 days of maceration) in context of thirteen units macerations (totalizing 346 days of maceration) resulted in 74.5% dry extract, 67.5% total phenolic compounds, 83.9% fixed acidity and 67.7% total acidity extraction. The incorporation of 20, 40, and 60mL of this extract per liter for BSCS maturation were significant effect (p£0.05) on physical-chemical profile of the beverage, associating to it colour and total phenolic compounds, reducing pH, adding volatile and fixed total acidity, the organic composition of superior alcohols, total esters and aldehydes. At 12 months BSCS maturation time in 0.250, 2 and 20L PET packages altered the physical-chemical profile of the beverage, decreasing the total and volatile acidity and total aldehydes and increasing the fixed acidity and total esters. The volume increase in PET packages reflected smaller indexes of mass losses and larger increments of total esters. The BSCS matured in PET and glass packages with the incorporation of oak extract during 12 months showed similar acceptability by consumers, in relation to the BSCS matured in oak barrels, during 12 to 48 months. The incorporation of the 20, 40, and 60mL oak extract dosage per liter for BSCS maturation determined significant increments (p=0.10) of acceptance of the BSCS matured in PET and glass packages independently of maturation time. The colour attribute originated by the distinct dosages of extract was the better acceptance by the consumers, followed by aroma, global impression and flavour
Doutorado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
Books on the topic "Compost extracts"
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Derek, Chadwick, Marsh Joan, Sathāban Wičhai Čhulāphō̜n (Bangkok, Thailand), and Symposium on Bioactive Compounds from Plants (1990 : Bangkok, Thailand), eds. Bioactive compounds from plants. Chichester [England]: John Wiley & Sons, 1990.
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M, Colegate Steven, and Molyneux Russell J, eds. Bioactive natural products: Detection, isolation, andstructural determination. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.
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Connecticut. The Code of 1650: Being a compilation of the earliest laws and orders of the General Court of Connecticut : also, the constitution, or civil compact, entered into and adopted by the towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield in 1638-9 : to which is added some extracts from the laws and judicial proceedings of New-Haven Colony, commonly called blue laws. Storrs, CT: Bibliopola Press, 1999.
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Connecticut. The Code of 1650: Being a compilation of the earliest laws and orders of the General Court of Connecticut : also, the constitution, or civil compact, entered into and adopted by the towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield in 1638-9 : to which is added some extracts from the laws and judicial proceedings of New-Haven Colony, commonly called blue laws. Littleton, Colo: F.B. Rothman, 1998.
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American Institute for Cancer Research. and American Institute for Cancer Research. Conference, eds. Nutrition and cancer prevention: New insights into the role of phytochemicals. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.
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American Anti-Slavery Society. Constitution a Pro-Slavery Compact, or, Extracts from the Madison Papers, Etc. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Madison, James. The Constitution A Pro-Slavery Compact: And Extracts From The Madison Papers, Etc. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Madison, James. The Constitution A Pro-Slavery Compact: And Extracts From The Madison Papers, Etc. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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Wendell. [from old catalog] Phillips and American Anti-Slavery Society. The Constitution a Pro-Slavery Compact, Or, Extracts From the Madison Papers, Etc. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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Wendell. [from old catalog] Phillips and American Anti-Slavery Society. The Constitution a Pro-Slavery Compact, Or, Extracts From the Madison Papers, Etc. Andesite Press, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Compost extracts"
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Weltzien, Heinrich C. "Biocontrol of Foliar Fungal Diseases with Compost Extracts." In Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience, 430–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3168-4_22.
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Vuorinen, Arja A. "Properties of Phosphomonoesterases and β-glucosidase in Compost Extracts." In The Science of Composting, 1389–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5_184.
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Ryckeboer, J., and J. Coosemans. "The Suppression of Penicillium Digitatum by Extracts of GFT-Compost." In The Science of Composting, 1301–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5_164.
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de Nobili, M., M. T. Baca, F. Fornasier, and C. Mondini. "Ninhydrin Reactive Nitrogen of CHCl3 Fumigated and Non Fumigated Compost Extracts as a Parameter to Evaluate Compost stability." In The Science of Composting, 255–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5_25.
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Robins, P. J., and S. A. Austin. "Melt Extract Fibre Reinforced Sprayed Concrete." In Composite Structures 3, 242–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4952-2_18.
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Sun, Ke, and Hong Wang. "A Composite Method to Extract Eye Contour." In Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 112–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11573548_15.
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Bossley, Liz. "The Trading and Price Discovery of Oil Products." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics, 359–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86884-0_19.
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AbstractWhile crude oil is one of the biggest markets in the world the consumer has little interest in the raw material that comes out of the ground. It is the refined products that can be extracted from the crude oil that the end-user wants to know about. This chapter explains which hydrocarbons are mixed up inside a barrel of crude oil and how the refining process separates, treats and upgrades the composite to extract the usable products needed. It looks at whole crude properties and what these mean for handling and transporting the oil. It defines the different types of refinery processes, from primary distillation to reforming right through to cracking and coking. It describes the range of products that result from refining crude oil and the use to which each product is put.
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Cereda, Marco, Davide Cucchi, Alessandro P. Bramanti, Alessandro Cocci, Pietro Ferrari, Francesco Ferrara, Danilo Pirola, Lillo Raia, Nadia Serina, and Marco A. Bianchessi. "A Compact Fully Automated Nucleic Acid Extractor." In Social Innovation in Long-Term Care Through Digitalization, 109–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16855-0_12.
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Chauhan, Ajay, Vikram Singh, and Shiv Kumar. "Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Himalyan Extract Reinforced Epoxy Composite." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 621–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73495-4_42.
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Nishida, Yuichi, Teruo Kimura, and Katsuji Shibata. "Injection Molding of Fiber Reinforced Plastics by Using Extracted Glass Fiber from FRP Waste." In Advances in Composite Materials and Structures, 533–36. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-427-8.533.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Compost extracts"
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Nontasirichayakul, Chanicha, Chutima Wiranidchapong, Worapan Sithithaworn, and Duangratana Shuwisitkul. "Optimization of Formulation Variables Using Central Composite Design to Enhance Andrographolide Release from <i>Andrographis paniculata</i> Extract-Chitosan Solid Dispersion." In 5th International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology 2022. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3xj8r7.
Full textAbstract:
Andrographolide (AGP), a major component of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (AP), has several biological activities. Nevertheless, poorly water solubility and low bioavailability of AGP lead to decrease clinical benefits. Therefore, this study aims to develop of AP extract-chitosan solid dispersion using central composite design (CCD) to enhance AGP release. AP crude extract was obtained by Soxhlet extractor using 85%v/v ethanol as a solvent extraction. Then, AP extract, chitosan, and poloxamer 188 in the concentrations provided by CCD was spray dried. The in-vitro release of AP extract-chitosan spray dried powder was studied by dissolution equipped with enhancer cell in 200 ml of 50%v/v methanol at 37°C and 50 rpm of paddle speed. Samples were withdrawn at 0.25-96 hours and then determined AGP by UV spectrophotometer at 224 nm. The results of CCD indicated that %ethanol and %AGP from concentrated AP extract had significant (P < 0.05) effect on the concentration of AGP released at 5 hours. The optimum formulation composed of %ethanol of 18.25, %AGP in extract of 0.38, and %poloxamer 188 of 0.17 resulted in more AGP concentration at 5 hours than 50 μg/mL. Release kinetic study revealed that %release of the optimal formulation was best fitted to first order kinetic. In powder X-ray diffraction, intensity of AGP characteristic peaks in the optimal formulation decreased by 7.17-25.69 times compared with AGP standard. It was concluded that the optimal formulation of AP extract-chitosan solid dispersion could improve AGP release due to changing crystalline AGP to amorphous state.
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Dan, Yangjie, Fan Xu, and Mingwen Wang. "End-to-End Chinese Dialect Discrimination with Self-Attention." In 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning Techniques and NLP (MLNLP 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111425.
Full textAbstract:
Dialect discrimination has an important practical significance for protecting inheritance of dialects. The traditional dialect discrimination methods pay much attention to the underlying acoustic features, and ignore the meaning of the pronunciation itself, resulting in low performance. This paper systematically explores the validity of the pronunciation features of dialect speech composed of phoneme sequence information for dialect discrimination, and designs an end-to-end dialect discrimination model based on the multi-head self-attention mechanism. Specifically, we first adopt the residual convolution neural network and the multihead self-attention mechanism to effectively extract the phoneme sequence features unique to different dialects to compose the novel phonetic features. Then, we perform dialect discrimination based on the extracted phonetic features using the self-attention mechanism and bi-directional long short-term memory networks. The experimental results on the large-scale benchmark 10-way Chinese dialect corpus released by IFLYTEK 1 show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art alternatives by large margin.
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Santos, Fabricia Ferreira Dos, Lucas Adrial Tavares Santos, Savyo Nunes De Oliveira, Irinaldo Diniz Basílio Júnior, and Valdemir Da Costa Silva. "AVALIAÇÃO DO PERFIL DE QUALIDADE E A ATIVIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA DE EXTRATOS DA PRÓPOLIS VERMELHA COMERCIALIZADOS EM ALAGOAS." In III Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Farmacêuticas On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/conbracif/21.
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Introdução: A própolis vermelha (PV) é um produto natural de composição química complexa e exclusiva produzida por abelhas Apis mellífera. O crescente uso popular do extrato de própolis vermelha ocorre devido suas propriedades biológicas e tem gerado a comercialização do extrato de maneira irregular. Objetivos: Objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar o perfil de qualidade e a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos da PV comercializados em Alagoas. Material e métodos: Os extratos foram obtidos em estabelecimentos comerciais de Maceió e denominados como: PV (A, B, C, D e E). O controle de qualidade foi realizado quanto aos aspectos organolépticos, teor de sólidos solúveis, fenóis e flavonoides totais. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método DPPH. A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada através da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM). Resultados: Os resultados revelam que os extratos tinham coloração e aroma similar. Apenas o extrato PVE apresentou teor de extrato seco acima de 11% de acordo com o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). O extrato PVB revelou o maior teor de compostos fenólicos com 210,4 ± 2,4 mgEAG. g-1. Já o extrato PVC apresentou maior índice de flavonoides totais com 118,2 ± 4,2 mgEQ; g-1. Quando avaliado a atividade antioxidante destaca-se a PVC com maior capacidade de inibir o radical DPPH (87,8 ± 2,9 %). Os extratos PVC, PVD e PVE, apresentaram menor CIM (15,625 µg/mL) frente a E. coli e S. aureus. Conclusão: Diante do exposto, somente o extrato PVE foi satisfatório de acordo com o MAPA. Os demais extratos foram satisfatórios após ajuste de concentração, demonstrando a necessidade de maior controle de qualidade na comercialização.
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Ferreira, Maria Gabriela, DENISE VON DOLINGER DE BRITO RÖDER, MÁRIO PAULO AMANTE PENATTI, PRISCILA GUERINO VILELA ALVES, and RALCIANE DE PAULA MENEZES. "O QUE HÁ DE NOVO SOBRE A AÇÃO DE PRODUTOS NATURAIS NA INIBIÇÃO DA FORMAÇÃO DE BIOFILME POR ISOLADOS DE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS?" In II Congresso Nacional de Microbiologia Clínica On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/ii-conamic/34.
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Introdução: Staphylococcus aureus é um patógeno oportunista responsável por diversos tipos de infecções, tais como: osteomielite, artrite séptica, endocardite, pneumonia, bacteremia e infecções relacionadas a implantes, impactando nas taxas de morbimortalidade. Além disso, esse microrganismo possui mecanismos de virulência que dificultam a ação dos antimicrobianos, dentre esses mecanismos destaca-se a formação de biofilme, definido como uma comunidade de microrganismos aderidos a uma superfície envoltos por uma matriz extracelular polimérica. Diante disso, estudos que avaliam o potencial anti virulência de compostos naturais tem aumentado ao longo dos anos, com destaque para aquelas substâncias com propriedades terapêuticas já conhecidas. Objetivo: Essa revisão integrativa teve como objetivo elencar os estudos publicados em 2021, que avaliaram a ação de extratos naturais na inibição da formação de biofilme por S. aureus. Material e Métodos: O levantamento bibliográfico foi feito no período de setembro a novembro de 2021, nas bases de dados Pubmed e Portal de Periódicos CAPES utilizando Descritores em Ciências e Saúde: biofilm and extracts, anti biofilm activity of natural extracts, biofilm and S. aureus and natural extracts, biofilm and Gram positive and natural extracts, anti biofilm and Gram positive and natural extracts. Foram selecionados para análise artigos disponíveis na íntegra, publicados entre janeiro e novembro de 2021. Resultados: A busca resultou em 336 artigos, dos quais 11 estavam de acordo com os critérios de inclusão, as plantas utilizadas nos estudos foram: Allium spp., Krameria lappacea, Macrozamia communis, Montrichardia linifera, Zygophyllum coccineum L, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Illicium verum, Punica granatum L, Sapindus mukorossi, Anthriscus cerefolium e Apis mellifera L. Dentre os extratos vegetais utilizados nos estudos, Allium spp (62,5 µg/mL)., Zygophyllum coccineum L. (3,9 μg/mL) e Eucalyptus sideroxylon (50 µg/mL), foram considerados promissores, pois foram capazes de inibir mais de 66,8% da formação de biofilme por S. aureus em baixas concentrações. Conclusão: A partir dos estudos elencados, extratos naturais possuem ação contra o biofilme de S. aureus. Portanto, esta revisão servirá como um ponto de partida para elaboração de novos estudos, para que esses materiais vegetais possam ser utilizados no tratamento de infecções relacionadas à formação de biofilme.
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Oliveira, Wanderley Pereira, Victor Oloruntoba Bankole, and Claudia Regina F. Souza. "Spray dried proliposomes of Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols: a quality by design approach." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7859.
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Harnessing the benefits of rosemary polyphenols is limited by variability in their physicochemical properties. These limitations may be overcome by encapsulation in systems possessing hydro-lipophilic centers thereby accommodating molecules of different polarities. Proliposomes offer a viable option in this regards, being particles which form liposomal suspension in water. Lyophilized extracts of rosemary was encapsulated in hydrogenatedsoyphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol by solvent replacement method. Spray dried proliposomes were obtained with lactose as carrier. Using Central Composite Design, the effects of lipid, extract and carrier concentrations on response variables including bioactive content and retention, moisture content characteristics, recuperation and redispersibility were evaluated by statistical analysis. Keywords: Polyphenols; antioxidant; proliposomes; spray drying
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Schyns, Philippe G., and Heinrich H. Bulthoff. "Extracting transformable parts from object categories." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thvv4.
Full textAbstract:
When people have to extract parts from a new category of objects, where they do not know the shape of the parts, they must extract shape from the raw data. If the parts composing the objects transform from one instance to another, part extraction is difficult because any part could potentially correspond to any other part in the object category. However, our perceptual apparatus rules out many correspondences. We investigated the role of sign of curvature in part extraction in categories of 2D B-spline stimuli. Subjects were exposed to one category of objects composed of a random and a target part whose shape was unknown a priori. In the concave and convex conditions, the target part was transformed, but its signs of curvature remained constant throughout the category, while in the mixed condition, the transformation included a change of sign. Results showed that subjects in the concave and convex groups extracted a single part from the category while subjects in the mixed group extracted two parts: one with a positive and one with a negative sign of curvature.
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Barcellos, William, and Adilson Gonzaga. "Periocular authentication in smartphones applying uLBP descriptor on CNN Feature Maps." In Workshop de Visão Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wvc.2021.18890.
Full textAbstract:
The outputs of CNN layers, called Activations, are composed of Feature Maps, which show textural information that can be extracted by a texture descriptor. Standard CNN feature extraction use Activations as feature vectors for object recognition. The goal of this work is to evaluate a new methodology of CNN feature extraction. In this paper, instead of using the Activations as a feature vector, we use a CNN as a feature extractor, and then we apply a texture descriptor directly on the Feature Maps. Thus, we use the extracted features obtained by the texture descriptor as a feature vector for authentication. To evaluate our proposed method, we use the AlexNet CNN previously trained on the ImageNet database as a feature extractor; then we apply the uniform LBP (uLBP) descriptor on the Feature Maps for texture extraction. We tested our proposed method on the VISOB dataset composed of periocular images taken from 3 different smartphones under 3 different lighting conditions. Our results show that the use of a texture descriptor on CNN Feature Maps achieves better performance than computer vision handcrafted methods or even by standard CNN feature extraction.
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Santos, Leonardo da Silva, GISELLE SILVA DE SOUZA, NOEMIA CRISTINA GAMA DOS SANTOS CARDOZO, and ESMERALDA APARECIDA PORTO LOPES. "LEVANTAMENTO FITOQUÍMICO DE COMPOSTOS BIOATIVOS EM EXTRATO HIDROETANÓLICO DE FOLHAS DE MIMOSA TENUIFLORA (WILLD) POIRET." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Biodiversidade Virtual. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e meio ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/ii-conbiv/7161.
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Introdução: A Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poiret, popularmente conhecida como jurema-preta, é uma espécie que ocorre frequentemente em regiões de secas periódicas, sendo distribuída geograficamente em áreas arbustivas em solos arenosos no bioma Caatinga. Essa espécie vegetal apresenta em seu metabolismo compostos químicos que estão associados à sua atividade biológica, como ação antimicrobiana e antifúngica. Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento do perfil fitoquímico de compostos bioativos em extrato hidroetanólico de folhas de Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poiret. Material e métodos: O extrato foi produzido a partir da trituração de 100g de peso seco de folhas de M. tenuiflora (Willd) Poiret, utilizando-se água destilada e etanol como meio extrator. Em seguida, o extrato foi filtrado e submetido ao banho-maria a 40°C, por um período de 18h, até restar apenas um líquido viscoso. O levantamento fitoquímico dos compostos bioativos foi realizado a partir de reações químicas utilizando a adição de reagentes nos extratos, onde foram avaliados a coloração, formação de espuma e de precipitados. Para a detecção de taninos e fenóis (teste do FeCl3), saponinas (teste de formação de espuma), flavonóides (teste de Schinoda) e eterpenóides (teste de Liberman-Burchard). Resultados: O levantamento fitoquímico dos compostos bioativos em extrato hidroetanólico de folhas de M. tenuiflora indicou a presença de chalconas e auronas, taninos catéquicos, flavanonas, saponinas e esteróides livres. Conclusão: Com isso, conclui-se que o extrato hidroetanólico de folhas de M. tenuiflora possui, em sua composição, a presença de compostos bioativos com potencial biológico que podem lhe conferir, por exemplo, ação antimicrobiana e antifúngica, sendo assim de grande interesse para a área ambiental e agrícola, cabendo novos estudos voltados a aplicação deste para determinação de tais funções.
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Granero, Filipe Oliveira, Celia Cristina Malaguti Figueiredo, Lucas Da Silva Visoná, and Regildo Márcio Gonçalves Da Silva. "DETERMINAÇÃO DO CONTEÚDO DE COMPOSTOS FENÓLICOS DE EXTRATOS DE FRUTOS DE SPONDIAS PURPUREA." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Biológicas On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1246.
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Introdução: A biodiversidade brasileira apresenta diversas espécies vegetais que são fontes de compostos bioativos que promovem a saúde e apresentam benefícios nutricionais. Neste sentido, a seriguela é uma espécie que possui frutos com essas propriedades devido à presença de metabólitos como polifenois e flavonoides que podem prevenir doenças relacionadas aos processos de oxidação e de envelhecimento precoce. Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo de fenóis e flavonoides totais de extratos de frutos de seriguela. Material e métodos: Os frutos de S. purpurea foram coletados e suas polpas foram liofilizadas para obtenção de um pó. Este foi extraído por 24 horas (1:10 (p/v) - etanol 70%) e, após filtração, o processo foi repetido 2 vezes. O extrato resultante foi evaporado em rotaevaporador e posteriormente liofilizado a fim de obter o extrato seco. As amostras obtidas foram diluídas em diferentes concentrações (entre 0,5 e 2,5 mg/mL) para as análises fitoquímicas. Resultados: Na avaliação do conteúdo de fenóis totais do extrato dos frutos de seriguela destaca-se a presença de maior conteúdo na menor concentração (0,5 mg/mL), onde o extrato apresentou 60,07 mg EAG (equivalente de ácido gálico)/g, enquanto, na avaliação do conteúdo de flavonoides totais, o extrato apresentou 15,29 mg ER (equivalente de rutina)/g na mesma concentração. Conclusão: Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi possível observar a presença de compostos fenólicos, fenóis e flavonoides, no extrato dos frutos de S. purpurea. Estes resultados evidenciam a importância da biodiversidade brasileira e demonstram a possibilidade de aplicação da espécie avaliada neste estudo na área de cosméticos, fitoterápicos e fitoprodutos.
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Hastuti, Utami Sri, Yunita Putri Irsadul Ummah, and Henny Nurul Khasanah. "Antifungal activity of Piper aduncum and Peperomia pellucida leaf ethanol extract against Candida albicans." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND MATERIAL ENGINEERING (ICCMME 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4983417.
Full textReports on the topic "Compost extracts"
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Avnimelech, Yoram, Richard C. Stehouwer, and Jon Chorover. Use of Composted Waste Materials for Enhanced Ca Migration and Exchange in Sodic Soils and Acidic Minespoils. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575291.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Restoration of degraded lands and the development of beneficial uses for waste products are important challenges facing our society. In addition there is a need to find useful and environmentally friendly applications for the organic fractions of municipal and other solid waste. Recent studies have shown that composted wastes combined with gypsum or gypsum-containing flue gas desulfurization by-products enhance restoration of sodic soils and acidic minespoils. The mechanism by which this synergistic effect occurs in systems at opposite pH extremes appears to involve enhanced Ca migration and exchange. Our original research objectives were to (1) identify and quantify the active compost components involved in Ca transport, (2) determine the relative affinity of the compost components for Ca and competing metals in the two soil/spoil systems, (3) determine the efficacy of the compost components in Ca transport to subjacent soil and subsequent exchange with native soil cations, and (4) assess the impacts of compost enhanced Ca transport on soil properties and plant growth. Acidic mine spoils: During the course of the project the focus for objective (1) and (2) shifted more towards developing and evaluating methods to appropriately quantify Ca2+ and Al3+ binding to compost derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). It could be shown that calcium complexation by sewage sludge compost derived DOM did not significantly change during the composting process. A method for studying Al3+ binding to DOM was successfully developed and should allow future insight into DOM-Al3+ interactions in general. Laboratory column experiments as well as greenhouse experiments showed that in very acidic mine spoil material mineral dissolution controls solution Al3+ concentration as opposed to exchange with Ca2+. Therefore compost appeared to have no effect on Al3+ and Ca2+ mobility and did not affect subsoil acidity. Sodic alkaline soils: Batch experiments with Na+ saturated cation exchange resins as a model for sodic soils showed that compost home cations exchanged readily with Na+. Unlike filtered compost extracts, unfiltered compost suspensions also significantly increased Ca2+ release from CaCO3. Soil lysimeter experiments demonstrated a clear impact of compost on structural improvement in sodic alkaline soils. Young compost had faster, clearer and longer lasting effects on soil physical and chemical properties than mature compost. Even after 2 growing seasons differences could still be observed. Compost increased Ca2+ concentration in soil solution and solubility of pedogenic CaCO3 that is highly insoluble under alkaline conditions. The solubilized Ca2+ efficiently exchanged Na+ in the compost treated soils and thus greatly improved the soil structure.
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.
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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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McClure, Michael A., Yitzhak Spiegel, David M. Bird, R. Salomon, and R. H. C. Curtis. Functional Analysis of Root-Knot Nematode Surface Coat Proteins to Develop Rational Targets for Plantibodies. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575284.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this research was to provide a better understanding of the interface between root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and their host in order to develop rational targets for plantibodies and other novel methods of nematode control directed against the nematode surface coat (SC). Specific objectives were: 1. To produce additional monoclonal SC antibodies for use in Objectives 2, 3, and 4 and as candidates for development of plantibodies. 2. To determine the production and distribution of SC proteins during the infection process. 3. To use biochemical and immunological methods to perturbate the root-knot nematode SC in order to identify SC components that will serve as targets for rationally designed plantibodies. 4. To develop SC-mutant nematodes as additional tools for defining the role of the SC during infection. The external cuticular layer of nematodes is the epicuticle. In many nematodes, it is covered by a fuzzy material termed "surface coat" (SC). Since the SC is the outermost layer, it may playa role in the interaction between the nematode and its surroundings during all life stages in soil and during pathogenesis. The SC is composed mainly of proteins, carbohydrates (which can be part of glycoproteins), and lipids. SC proteins and glycoproteins have been labeled and extracted from preparasitic second-stage juveniles and adult females of Meloidogyne and specific antibodies have been raised against surface antigens. Antibodies can be used to gain more information about surface function and to isolate genes encoding for surface antigens. Characterization of surface antigens and their roles in different life-stages may be an important step towards the development of alternative control. Nevertheless, the role of the plant- parasitic nematode's surface in plant-nematode interaction is still not understood. Carbohydrates or carbohydrate-recognition domains (CROs) on the nematode surface may interact with CROs or carbohydrate molecules, on root surfaces or exudates, or be active after the nematode has penetrated into the root. Surface antigens undoubtedly play an important role in interactions with microorganisms that adhere to the nematodes. Polyclonal (PC) and monoclonal (MC) antibodies raised against Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and other plant-parasitic nematodes, were used to characterize the surface coat and secreted-excreted products of M. javanica and M. incognita. Some of the MC and PC antibodies raised against M. incognita showed cross-reactivity with the surface coat of M. javanica. Further characterization, in planta, of the epitopes recognized by the antibodies, showed that they were present in the parasitic juvenile stages and that the surface coat is shed during root penetration by the nematode and its migration between root cells. At the molecular level, we have followed two lines of experimentation. The first has been to identify genes encoding surface coat (SC) molecules, and we have isolated and characterized a small family of mucin genes from M. incognita. Our second approach has been to study host genes that respond to the nematode, and in particular, to the SC. Our previous work has identified a large suite of genes expressed in Lycopersicon esculentum giant cells, including the partial cDNA clone DB#131, which encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase. Isolation and predicted translation of the mature cDNA revealed a frame shift mutation in the translated region of nematode sensitive plants. By using primers homologous to conserved region of DB#131 we have identified the orthologues from three (nematode-resistant) Lycopersicon peruvianum strains and found that these plants lacked the mutation.