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1
Zakharova, Mariya A. "Interpretation von Tiernamen als Teile von zusammengesetzten Adjektiven." Neophilology, no. 20 (2019): 466–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2019-5-20-466-475.
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This research is based on the modern theory of interpretation. We describe the relationships between both parts of compound adjectives with the animal names. We study the formation of secondary meanings of these animal names, depending on the semantic structure of the adjective. We discover 5 types of structures with an animal name as a first part. The second part contains either the feature of animal or somatic-derived adjective or simply animal name-enhanced trait. This part can have both primary and secondary value. So, the purpose of the research is the analysis of the possibility of forming the secondary meanings of these compound adjectives. Since the adjective denotes not an object but a feature, the research contains several examples of its use in texting. There are also some examples of the language usage of the exploratory adjectives, because the context may affect the peculiarities of meaning of adjectives.
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SPENCER, ANDREW. "What's in a compound?" Journal of Linguistics 47, no. 2 (2011): 481–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226710000411.
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The Oxford Handbook of Compoundingsurveys a variety of theoretical and descriptive issues, presenting overviews of compounding in a number of frameworks and sketches of compounding in a number of languages. Much of the book deals with Germanic noun–noun compounding. I take up some of the theoretical questions raised surrounding such constructions, in particular, the notion of attributive modification in noun-headed compounds. I focus on two issues. The first is the semantic relation between the head noun and its nominal modifier. Several authors repeat the argument that there is a small(-ish) fixed number of general semantic relations in noun–noun compounds (‘Lees's solution’), but I argue that the correct way to look at such compounds is what I call ‘Downing's solution’, in which we assume that the relation is specified pragmatically, and hence could be any relation at all. The second issue is the way that adjectives modify nouns inside compounds. Although there are languages in which compounded adjectives modify just as they do in phrases (Chukchee, Arleplog Swedish), in general the adjective has a classifier role and not that of a compositional attributive modifier. Thus, even if an English (or German) adjective–noun compound looks compositional, it isn't.
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Ali, Akbar, Muhammad Yasir Khan, and Bilal Khan. "Compounding in Pashto: An Analysis of Compound and Compound- Complex Adjectives." Global Language Review II, no. I (2017): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2017(ii-i).08.
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Compounding as the word formation process is common across languages. Pashto language uses it as a productive morphological process. The paper aims at the structural description of compound and compound-complex adjectives in the language. For this purpose the data were collected through discourse centered method, Pashto newspapers and Pashto programmes on T.V and radio. The data is analyzed using Plag’s (2003) work on word formation in English as theoretical framework. The analysis proves that the grammatical categories exploited in order to derive non-simple adjectives are that of noun, verb and adjective. Further, it also reveals the fact that compound-complex adjectives are derived through synthetic compounding. It also denote the fact that in cases where compound-complex words are formed, the suffixed is invariably attached to the element on the right.
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Berg, Thomas. "How nominal compounds are modified by two adjectives." Folia Linguistica 48, no. 1 (2014): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.001.
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Abstract Basing itself on a corpus of one thousand complex NPs, this study investigates the relationships that two attributive adjectives contract with the constituents of nominal compounds of varying size in English (e.g. new basic safety standards). Essentially, there are four logically possible relationships: (i) both adjectives modify the nominal head, (ii) both adjectives modify the nominal modifier, (iii) the first adjective modifies the head and the second adjective the modifier and (iv) the first adjective modifies the modifier and the second adjective the head (crossed modification). While options (i) and (iii) are strongly represented in the data, crossed modification is not at all present. Across all compound sizes, at least three factors shape the empirical patterns: a functional factor whereby major heads are more easily singled out than minor heads, which in turn are more available than modifiers; a structural factor whereby more deeply embedded constituents are less available than more independent constituents; and a proximity effect which encourages the modification of the first noun by the second adjective. There may be an additional saturation effect which discourages the modification of one noun by two adjectives. On the face of it, the non-occurrence of crossed modification may be connected to the well-known ban on crossing association lines. However, despite its descriptive adequacy, this principle is unconvincing. Instead, a functional explanation is proposed which centres on the possibility of working out modification relationships. Initial steps are taken towards developing a model of when (and why) the no-crossing constraint is inviolable, violable or non-existent
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Drieghe, Denis, Lei Cui, Guoli Yan, Xuejun Bai, Hui Chi, and Simon P. Liversedge. "The morphosyntactic structure of compound words influences parafoveal processing in Chinese reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307426.
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In an eye movement experiment employing the boundary paradigm, we compared parafoveal preview benefit during the reading of Chinese sentences. The target word was a two-character compound that had either a noun–noun or an adjective–noun structure each sharing an identical noun as the second character. The boundary was located between the two characters of the compound word. Prior to the eyes crossing the boundary, the preview of the second character was presented either normally or was replaced by a pseudocharacter. Previously, Juhasz, Inhoff, and Rayner observed that inserting a space into a normally unspaced compound in English significantly disrupted processing and that this disruption was larger for adjective–noun compounds than for noun–noun compounds. This finding supports the hypothesis that, at least in English, for adjective–noun compounds, the noun is more important for lexical identification than the adjective, while for noun–noun compounds, both constituents are similar in importance for lexical identification. Our results indicate a similar division of the importance of compounds in reading in Chinese as the pseudocharacter preview was more disruptive for the adjective–noun compounds than for the noun–noun compounds. These findings also indicate that parafoveal processing can be influenced by the morphosyntactic structure of the currently fixated character.
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Adikayon, Leonilla Yolanda Kintan. "Compound words on the Jakarta post newspaper and Việtnam news newspaper". Journal of Applied Studies in Language 4, № 2 (2020): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2107.
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A newspaper has become the major news source around the world, either the printed or online newspaper. A newspaper provides many kinds of news and from different perspectives. Words in the newspaper play a significant role to deliver the information to the readers. The morpho-semantic study is needed to find out the uncommon words and their meaning in the newspaper. News in The Jakarta Post newspaper and Việt Nam News newspaper were analyzed, applying Hamawand’s (2001) compound categorization. Endocentric compound and exocentric compound by O’Grady et al (2016) are also being used in this study. The data were taken in a purposive sampling technique by observing eight news in the business column by The Jakarta Post and nine news in the economy column by Việt Nam News, taken from August 28, 2020, until September 4, 2020. Both newspapers contain distinctive compound words related to the economy that is still rarely known by people. From the total seventeen news, only a noun compound and adjective compound are found in the news, while the verb compound does not appear at all. The total of compound words found in the news is 25; there are 18 noun compounds and 7 adjective compounds found in the news. There are 16 endocentric compounds and 9 exocentric compounds found. The result shows that noun compounds and endocentric compounds appear more often than adjective compounds and exocentric compounds.
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Satyawati, Made Sri. "Grammatical Analysis of Balinese Adjectives." International Journal of Linguistics 7, no. 3 (2015): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i3.7706.
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This study aims at describing the types of Balinese adjectives, constructions of adjective phrases, and syntactic functions of adjectives. Data was obtained from Balinese speakers living in the island of Bali using Balinese in their daily life. The form of Balinese adjectives is divided into monomorphemic and polymorphemic adjectives, and polymorphemic adjectives can be classified into adjectives with affixes, compound adjectives, and reduplicated adjectives. Meanwhile, adjective phrases in Balines can be constructed by adjectives + adverbs and adjectives + unique morphemes. Adjectives can be also as the base of derived verbs of intransitive, transitive, passive, and resultative passive. Syntactic functions of Balinese adjectives are as modifier of NP, as predicates of intransitive constructions, and used in comparative constructions as well. Balinese adjectives can be also reduplicated with or without affixes. Reduplicated adjectives without affixes are used as the predicate of sentences and have cross reference meaning to subject nouns they modify, in this case the suject nouns have plural meaning. Meanwhile, reduplicated adjectives with affixes <em>se-/-ne</em> do not modify subject nouns but they modify the actions stated by verbs of the sentences. It means combinationn affix <em>se-/-ne</em> has changed adjectives into adverbs of manner. Other uniqueness found in Balinese adjectives is the use of unique morphemes to result in adjective phrases. Balinese has many unique morphemes and each is used for particular adjectives and their uses are not possibly exchanged one to others complementarily.
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Van Goethem, Kristel, and Hendrik De Smet. "How nouns turn into adjectives." Languages in Contrast 14, no. 2 (2014): 251–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.14.2.04goe.
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This study focuses on French, English and Dutch adjectives that arise through debonding from N+N (and N+A) compounds or compound-like sequences (e.g. the adjectival uses of English ‘key’ and French clé “key”). Debonding is a type of degrammaticalization defined by Norde as “a composite change whereby a bound morpheme in a specific linguistic context becomes a free morpheme” (Norde, 2009: 186). We investigate for each of the three languages how the debonding process is impacted by three different factors: (1) the semantics of the noun subject to debonding, (2) the degree of prosodic and morphological cohesion of the sequence, (3) the presence of adjective inflection in the language. It is furthermore argued that in the case of Dutch, an additional process should be taken into account, that is the possibility of clipping of N+A compounds (e.g. stapel “lit. pile; madly in love” < stapelverliefd “lit. pile-in love; madly in love”).
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Kishimoto, Hideki. "On the grammaticalization of Japanese verbal negative marker." Journal of Japanese Linguistics 34, no. 1 (2018): 65–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jjl-2018-0005.
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Abstract In Japanese, the verbal negative marker nai appears in both negated verbs (as a sentential negator) and compound negative adjectives (as an affix). Negative nai used as a sentential negator is a syntactically independent word devoid of adjectival properties despite its adjectival inflection, whereas negative nai appearing in negative adjectives is a derivational affix. On the basis of idiomatic expressions, the present article argues that the lexical word nai ‘null, empty’ has developed into the affix nai while retaining its lexical properties via morphologization. On the other hand, the functional negator nai is argued to have emerged from the same lexical word nai via decategorialization, which induces a shift from a lexical to a functional category. The analysis taking the two uses of nai to trace back to the common source of the lexical negative adjective word nai provides a natural account for why nai has these two totally different uses.
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Antonova, Marina. "The Container Image Schema as the Conceptual Basis of English Adjectives’ Semantics." Journal of Language and Education 6, no. 1 (2020): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2020.9751.
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This paper focuses on the cognitive foundation of the semantics of English adjectives that denote mental and moral characteristics of human beings. Research into these adjectives seems a challenging task because they denote abstract qualities that cannot be perceived through vision, hearing, or touch; and here a question arises: How are abstract qualities interpreted in English encoded through adjectives? To answer it, this study follows the idea of two-level semantics, i.e. word semantics is treated as a two-level phenomenon that comprises the semantic (external) level and the conceptual (deep) one. This study is the first to address adjectival semantics from this perspective. Here a novel approach to revealing the cognitive foundation of adjectives is introduced: given that adjectives originated from old syncretic items and a word cognitive model forms at the moment of word creation, cognitive models underlying adjectives' semantics are unearthed via analysis of their etymological data. Our contribution is two-fold. First, the approach has revealed that the image schema CONTAINER guides semantics of an array of various adjectives independent of their morphemic structure or date of origin. The examples demonstrate that abstract human qualities are interpreted via the following container features: boundary, container substance, size, hardness/softness of a container shell, etc. The semantics of affixed or compound adjectives appear to stem from the integration of concepts represented by an affix and a root or two roots, respectively. Second, the findings show that the value given to every container feature appears to predetermine the evaluation conveyed by an adjective. Container features tend to possess ambivalent value, realizing the positive or negative one due to the interaction with a frame in which the CONTAINER is incorporated, therefore the same polysemantic adjective may develop both positive and negative meanings. To reveal the whole inventory of cognitive models that govern adjectival semantics in English, further research needs to be conducted.
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Sisvinda, Felix Stefani. "ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS USED IN THE JAKARTA POST HEALTH COLUMN ON THIRD WEEK OF APRIL 2020." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 4, no. 4 (2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v4i4.p651-664.
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This study aims to describe the formation and the meaning of compound words that related to COVID-19 pandemics used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020. There are two research question in this study: (1) What are the type of COVID-19 compound words and their lexical categories found in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020, and (2) How does those related COVID-19 compound words create meaning. To answer the research question, the writer uses the theory of morphology and semantics. The findings showed that there are 26 compound words in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on the third week of April 2020. Based on the type of compound words, there are 86.4% compound noun, 11.5% compound adjective, and 3.9% compound verb. The most dominant lexical category is from compound nouns which are Noun+Noun and Adjective + Noun. Based on the meaning of compound words, there are are 80.76% endocentric compounds and 19.24% exocentric compounds.Keywords: Compound words, COVID-19, Morphology, Semantics
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Getz, Robert. "Old English mānwrǣce and godwrǣce, with an emendation of Elene 811b." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 70, no. 1 (2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.70.1.01get.
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The <manweorcum> transmitted in line 811b of the Old English poem Elene by Cynewulf has been generally regarded as representing an otherwise unattested adjective mānweorc composite of mān ‘crime’ and weorc ‘work’. Since weorc is unparalleled and unexpected as a second element in an adjectival compound, an alternative explanation of the manuscript reading is proposed here, scribal alteration of an adjective otherwise attested only in the First Cleopatra Glossary, occurring there in the written form <manwræce>. While this adjective is listed under various headword forms in dictionaries, it is probably to be described as mānwrǣce (Anglian mānwrēce), having the same second element as another adjective in which Old English -wrǣce has often been misunderstood, godwrǣce ‘impious’. The origin of -wrǣce is a Germanic verbal adjective in -i-/-ja- derived from the etymon of Old English wrecan ‘drive’; the original meaning of mānwrǣce may thus have been ‘perpetrating crime’. <manwrecum>, corresponding to the Anglian form that Cynewulf would have used in Elene 811b, would have been susceptible to alteration to <manweorcum> by a copyist unfamiliar with the word, as comparable instances of scribal transposition of elements suggest.
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Budiarta, I. Wayan. "Compound Words In Dawan Language." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 2, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.2.1.45.1-15.
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The purpose of this study is to find out the structure of compound words and the types of compound words in Dawan language. This study belongs to qualitative research as it aimed to describe qualitatively the structure and the types of compound words in Dawan language. The data are taken from language consultants (informants) of Dawan language speaker. In collecting the data, the researcher prepares questionnaire and applied interview method. The result of analysis showed that compound words in Dawan language are structured by combining two different words whether the words in the same category or different category. The structure of compound words are built by combining noun (N) with noun (N), for instance mais-oni ‘sugar’ which is built by the noun mais ‘salt’ and the noun oni ‘sweet’; noun (N) with verb (V), for instnace bife-anaot ‘prostitute’ which is built by the noun bife ‘woman’ and the verb anaot ‘work’; verb (V) with noun (N), for instance poni-haano ‘propose’ which is built by the verb poni ‘hang’ and the noun hauno ‘leaf’; verb (V) with verb (V), for instance fua-tulu ‘worship’ which is built by the verb fua ‘see’ and the verb tulu ‘give’; and noun (N) with adjective (Adj), for instance ume-kbubu ‘kitchen’ which is built by the noun ume ‘house’ and the adjective kbubu ‘circle’. Further analysis on the compound words showed that they can also be classified into noun head word, verb head word, and adjective head word. Keywords: compound words, noun head word, verb head word, adjective head word.
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Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib. "Identifying Adj + N compounds in Modern Standard Arabic." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 70, no. 4 (2017): 545–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2017-0024.
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Abstract The study aims to identify Adj+N compounds in Modern Standard Arabic by applying the cross-linguistic criteria for compoundhood discussed in the relevant literature. The analysis reveals that the most reliable cross-linguistic criteria to distinguish between phrases and compounds in MSA are adjacency, referentiality, compositionality and the presence of inflection. Another language-specific criterion, i.e. adjacency and the order of elements, which has asserted its validity, has been suggested to distinguish between the two types of construct. I have also shown that all cases of Adj+N compounding in MSA are bahuvrihis, since they denote a person in possession of the entity denoted by the compound. Similar to Fassi Fehri (“Arabic modifying adjectives and DP structures” 1999), I argue that the output of Adj+N compounding behaves more like a noun than an adjective. I propose that Adj+N compounds have a silent N head, i.e. ‘one/person’, which determines the syntactic category of such constructions in Modern Standard Arabic (cf. Günther [“The rich, the poor, the obvious: Arguing for an ellipsis analysis of ‘adjectives used as nouns’”, to appear) for a similar analysis of nominalized adjectives in English).
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Vydrin, V. "Where corpus methods hit their limits: The case of separable adjectives in Bambara." Rhema, no. 4, 2018 (2018): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2953-2018-4-34-49.
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Separable adjectives represent a morphosyntactic subcategory of the part of speech of adjectives in Bambara (< Manding < Mande < Niger-Congo, Mali, West Africa). A separable adjective is a compound lexeme consisting of a noun root designating most often a body part, a qualitative verb root and a connector -la- ~ -lan- or -ma- ~ -man-. When used predicatively, the final component of a separable adjective (the qualitative verb root) is split from the rest of the form by the auxiliary word ka or man. Separable adjectives express mainly human qualities (moral or physical), and their semantics are very often idiomatic. The productivity of this subclass is limited. In order to establish an inventory of the separable adjectives, two approaches have been followed: elicitation and a search in the Bambara Reference Corpus (which included roughly 4,110,000 words at the time of this study). The potentially imaginable number of lexemes of this type equals 570 (15 noun roots × 19 qualitative verb roots × 2 connectors). Elicitation provided 75 separable adjectives, and the corpus study, 25, 3 of which are absent from the elicitated list. This experiment proves that in studies of derivative morphology, when a linguist needs to fill out a matrix, elicitation cannot simply be replaced by a corpus study. On the other hand, the corpus data provides invaluable supplementary data that cannot be obtained through elicitation
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Payne, Avis Kuwahara. "25. The Unmarked Plural Noun Following Compound Adjective Phrases." Publication of the American Dialect Society 78, no. 1 (1994): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/-78-1-182.
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Beshaj, Lediana. "Figurative Transformation of Free Compound Words into Adjectival Phraseological Units in the Albanian and English Language to be Acquired from the Students." European Journal of Language and Literature 2, no. 1 (2015): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v2i1.p70-77.
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One of the crucial features of phraseology is figurative meanings the words get. In this paper it is aimed to see the figurative transformation of similies and metaphors considered as free compound words into adjectival phraseological units in the Albanian and English language. The examples are extracted from the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Albanian language” compiled by J. Thomai, from the English-Albanian Phraseological Dictionary of I. Stefanllari, as well as from the lexical file departament of the Albanian language. A special focus is given to the meaning that these phraseological units have and how can they be acquired by the students, in order to have a native like fluency of the foreign language. Phraseological units are very hard to be acquired by the students as their meaning is different ( not all the time though) from the words that this phraseological unit is compounded of. In the English language the adjective is one of the most important part of speech that describes, identifies, modifies, or quantifies something (a noun or a pronoun). Thus, adjective are used frequently in all types of discourses and styles. The area where the adjectival phraseological units are commonly used is literature and that is where the figurative meaning is definitely appreciated and emphasied to make it more attractive to the reader and to make one’s writings colorful. Hopefully, these adjectival phraseological units will help and will be used by anyone who wishes to write aristically.
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Буторин, Сергей Сергеевич. "PREDICATIVE QUALITATIVENESS CATEGORY IN KET: LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSING IT." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 3(29) (December 14, 2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-3-32-43.
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В статье рассматриваются основные разновидности семантической категории качественности, в частности, субкатегория предикативной качественности и языковые способы ее выражения с позиций функциональной грамматики. Показано, что в кетском языке выделяются три типа предикативной качественности: адъективно-предикативная, субстантивно-предикативная и глагольно-предикативная. Адъективно-предикативная качественность выражается адъективными предикатами (как правило, прилагательными); субстантивно-предикативная — предикатами-существительными, которые являются ядром составного именного сказуемого и определяются прилагательными; глагольно-предикативная — предикатами, представленными спрягаемыми глагольными формами. Определен основной инвентарь языковых средств, образующих качественные предикаты: непроизводные качественные прилагательные; производные относительные прилагательные, оформленные словообразовательным суффиксом =ту; каритивные прилагательные; неглагольные субстантивные предикаты, выражающие субстантивно-предикативную качественность; причастия или инфинитивы; субстантивированные комплексные модификаторы; сложнопроизводные прилагательные, оформленные суффиксом производных прилагательных =ту. В статье проанализированы неглагольные средства выражения предикативной качественности, т. е. предикаты, имеющие в качестве главного компонента слово, которое не принадлежит классу полнозначных глаголов, вне зависимости от того, содержится ли в составе сказуемого глагол-связка. Выявлены две ведущие стратегии кодирования качественных предикатов: личная стратегия, которая заключается в оформлении ядра неглагольного предиката показателями согласования с подлежащим по категориям лица, числа и класса (рода), и неличная стратегия, предполагающая использование суффикса =сʹ (ед. ч.) ~ =сʹ=ин (множ. ч.), допускающего согласование с подлежащим только по категории числа. Показано, что имеются некоторые случаи альтернативного кодирования неглагольных качественных предикатов посредством либо личной, либо неличной стратегии кодирования. Приводятся аргументы, подтверждающие, что грамматическая категория степеней сравнения у кетских качественных прилагательных отсутствует. Компаратив и суперлатив выражаются синтаксическими конструкциями, образованными на базе адъективных качественных предикатов. The paper deals with the basic types of qualitativeness category particularly predicative qualitativeness and the language means of expressing it from the standpoint of functional grammar approach. It is shown that three types of predicative qualitativeness are identified in Ket. These are adjective-predicative, substantive-predicative and verbal-predicative ones. Adjective-predicative qualitativeness is expressed by adjective predicates, substantive-predicative qualitativeness — by compound nominal predicates and verbal-predicative qualitativeness — by predicates including finite conjugated verb forms. The basic inventory of language means forming predicative qualitative predicates is identified. The inventory includes underived qualitative adjectives, derived relative adjectives formed by means of the derivative suffix =ту, caritive adjectives, nonverbal substantive predicates denoting substantive-predicative qualitativeness; participles or infinitives; substativized complex modifiers; compound adjectives derived by means of the suffix =ту forming adjectives. The paper analyzes non-verbal means of denoting predicative qualitativeness, i.e. the predicates having as a head a word which doesn’t belong to the class of autosemantic verbs irrespective of the fact whether there is a verbal copula in the predicate structure. Two principal strategies of coding qualitative predicates have been identified including a person and number coding strategy which involves marking the non-verbal predicate by the affixes showing agreement with the subject of the qualitative construction in the categories of person, number and class (gender) and non-personal coding strategy implying the use of the suffix =сʹ (singular) — =сʹ=ин (plural) which allows for agreement with the subject only in the category of number. It is shown that there are cases of alternative coding of non-verbal qualitative predicates using either a person and number coding strategy or a non-personal strategy. The evidence that the grammatical category of degrees of comparison is not found in Ket qualitative adjectives is provided. The comparative and superlative notions are expressed by the syntactic constructions formed on the basis of adjectival qualitative predicates.
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Abu Bakar, Zamri, Normaly Kamal Ismail, Nurhilyana Anuar, and Aminatul Solehah Idris. "Detection of Adjective Compound Word in Malay Language using Enhanced Syntactic Rules." Journal of Computing Research and Innovation 6, no. 2 (2021): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jcrinn.v6i2.206.
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Compound word is defined as combination two or more words and it will produce a new meaning. Generally, compound word is existed in many languages such as English, Mandarin, Arabic and others. Although, there are discussion of existing methods to detect compound word yet some limitations on detecting Malay compound word. Thus, this study is done to improve accuracy towards adjective compound words. Training data is used in this study was Malay story books. Digitization data of Malay story book is used in this study. Then, the pre-processing method involved tokenization, stemming, bi-gram and part-of-speech (POS) tagging has been applied to produce the candidate compound word. Applying the enhanced syntactic rules shown the precision result is 70.3% through this study. Thus, this study will contribute to the academic research in improvise the issues on searching and document summarization application.
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Jónsdóttir, Margrét. "Orðið kýrskýr: Merking og myndun." Orð og tunga 20 (June 1, 2018): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.20.6.
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The Icelandic adjective, kýrskýr, (kýr ‘cow’, skýr ‘clear, sharp, intelligent’) merits atten-tion for a number of reasons. According to sources, the oldest written examples are from the latt er part of the 20th century. However, the word could be older. This article undertakes the task of writing the history of this adjective, considering its meaning and formation. The following issues are dealt with:a. Normally, the adjective kýrskýr has the meaning ‘(very)clear, sharp, intelligent’, referring to persons or matters. Furthermore, examples show that the adjective is most commonly used in the construction e-ð er kýrskýrt ‘sth is (very) clear’.b. The adjective kýrskýr is also known in the meaning of ‘stupid’, referring to per-sons only. As a matter of fact, this seems to be the older meaning.c. The formation of kýrskýr is not clear and it could be argued that there is a relationship between the word formation and the meaning of the word. In the sense of ‘stupid’, kýrskýr is a compound word of the type N+A. On the other hand, the forma-tion of kýrskýr in the meaning ‘(very) clear, sharp, intelligent’ is not clear. It could be considered a compound word, having undergone a metaphorical extension. Or, it could be argued that kýr- is a prefi xoid with the head skýr. In that case, the question of the function of the rhyme, kýr and skýr, arises.
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Oja, Vilja. "Finnic adjectives for ‘tall’." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 3, no. 1 (2012): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2012.3.1.12.
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In Finnic languages, the height of a tall person is described by the adjectives pitkä, korkea, suuri, iso and tobie, or their dialectal variants. The first three occur through out the whole language group, carrying several meanings and serving to characterize many different objects, but in a general case their meanings do not coincide. The Finnic iso and the Karelian tobie are synonyms of the adjective suuri. An analysis of their semantic relations and areal distribution has revealed that their areas in the sense of ‘tall’ (of a person) differ considerably from their general areas. The use of the adjectives korkea and suuri seems to be influenced by Indo-European contacts. The word tobie may be a Russian loanword in which a semantic change has taken place. As all of the words mentioned are multifunctional, the simple adjectives are often specified by being used in a compound construction where the final component has the stem kasvu- ‘stature’. This is especially appropriate in the case of the words meaning ‘big’ and referring to either height or adulthood. Such phrases or compounds are more frequent in the eastern part of the Finnic area, but they also occur in Estonian dialects. An analogous form of expression is used in Russian.
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Juhasz, Barbara J., Alexander Pollatsek, Jukka Hyönä, Denis Drieghe, and Keith Rayner. "Parafoveal processing within and between words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 7 (2009): 1356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802400010.
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Parafoveal preview was examined within and between words in two eye movement experiments. In Experiment 1, unspaced and spaced English compound words were used (e.g., basketball, tennis ball). Prior to fixating the second lexeme, either a correct or a partial parafoveal preview (e.g., ball or badk) was provided using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975). There was a larger effect of parafoveal preview on unspaced compound words than on spaced compound words. However, the parafoveal preview effect on spaced compound words was larger than would be predicted on the basis of prior research. Experiment 2 examined whether this large effect was due to spaced compounds forming a larger linguistic unit by pairing spaced compounds with nonlexicalized adjective–noun pairs. There were no significant interactions between item type and parafoveal preview, suggesting that it is the syntactic predictability of the noun that is driving the large preview effect.
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Putri, Dina Amrianti Andika, and Agustina Agustina. "PROSES PEMBENTUKAN ADJEKTIVA DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU DI KECAMATAN NANGGALO KOTA PADANG." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 3 (2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81037480.
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This study aims to describe the process of adjective formation in the Minangkabau language in Nanggalo Subdistrict, Padang City. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data of this study are the adjectives used by the people in Nanggalo Subdistrict, Padang City. The methods and techniques of data collection are carried out through two stages simultaneously, namely the smak method and proficient methods with detailed description techniques. The technique of analyzing data is done by identifying and classifying data based on groups, namely the process of forming adjectives. Based on the results of research and discussion, conclusions can be drawn as follows. The process of forming Minangkabau language adjectives in Nanggalo Subdistrict, Padang City is as follows: (1) affixed namely (a) prefix, (b) confix, and (c) combination of affixes, (2) duplicated namely (a) repeating all (dwilinga) and (b) confix R + infix, reset all + an, (3) compound namely (a) coordinative and (b) sub-coordinative, and (4) combined prefixes namely (a) A + R and (b) R + A.Keywords: Adjectives, Word-forming, Minangkabau Language
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Méndez Dosuna, Julián V. ""El significado del adjetivo ἔναυλος en Sófocles, Filoctetes 158 y en Eurípides, Fenicias 1573"". Fortunatae. Revista Canaria de Filología, Cultura y Humanidades Clásicas, № 32 (2020): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.fortunat.2020.32.29.
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The adjective ἔναυλος, -ον is a hypostatic compound based on the phrase ἐν αὐλῇ. InSophocles’ Philoctetes, it refers to the interior of the cavern where the protagonist lives (αὐλή ‘dwelling’).In Euripides’ Phoenician Women, Eteocles and Polinices are compared in a simile to two lions fighting. The adjective ἐναύλους has been previously interpreted as meaning ‘being in a den cave’ or, alternatively, ‘quarrelling over a den / cave’. A different meaning is here proposed: the lions fight pent up (αὐλή ‘pen, fold’) in the space between the two armies
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Pijarnsarid, Sukontip, and Prommintra Kongkaew. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT WORDS USED IN A SCHOOL TEXTBOOK, TEAM UP ENGLISH 3, USED FOR GRADE 9 STUDENTS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 3 (2017): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i3.2017.1761.
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The purpose of this study were to study the content words used in a school textbook, Team Up in English 3, used for Grade 9 students and to study the frequency of content words used in a school textbook, Team Up in English 3, used for Grade 9 students. The study found that nouns is used with the highest frequency (79), followed by verb (58), adjective (46), and adverb (24).With the nouns analyzed, it was found that the Modifiers + N used with the highest frequency (92.40%), the compound nouns were ranked in second (7.59 %). Considering the verbs used in the text, it was found that transitive verbs were most commonly used (77.58%), followed by intransitive verbs (12.06%), linking verbs (10.34%). As regards the adjectives used in the text, there were 46 adjectives in total, 30 adjectives were used as attributive (65.21 %) and 16 adjectives were used as predicative (34.78%). As for the adverbs, it was found that adverbs of times were used with the highest frequency (37.5 % ), followed by the adverbs of purpose and degree (33.33%) , the adverbs of frequency (12.5 %) , the adverbs of place ( 8.33% ) and the adverbs of manner ( 8.33 % ).
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Hendri, Hendri. "Students� Ability To Use Descriptive Adjective In Sentence." Anterior Jurnal 14, no. 1 (2014): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/anterior.v14i1.227.
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This thesis deals with the use of the descriptive adjective in sentences. The objectives of this research are to find out the students? ability to use a descriptive adjective in sentences and describe the student's difficulties in using a descriptive adjective in sentences. The technique used in this research was descriptive quantitative. This research took the second year (XI) of MAN Tanjung Morawa. There are three classes for XI students that consist of 102 students in which class XI IPA1 = 30 students, XI IPA2 = 36 students, and XI IPS = 36 students. Since the researcher took 20%, so only 20 students were taken as the sample. The findings of this research concluded that for 20 students, there were 9 students or 45% were categorized as able. For 20 students, there were 11 students or 55% were categorized as unable. The result of the validity of the test is 0.67. It means that the test is "high to validity". The value of standard reliability above, then the result of the reliability of the test is 0.80. It means that the test is �good�. The test item number 7 was the most difficult one in which only 2 students were able in using descriptive adjective correctly. The test item number 7 related to the Compound Adjective.
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Hovhannisian, Anahit. "Semantic and Structural Characteristics of Impersonal Sentences with Introductory “it”." Armenian Folia Anglistika 2, no. 1-2 (2) (2006): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2006.2.1-2.012.
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The article aims to reveal the nature of sentences with introductory it where the predicative is expressed by an adjective (it is…). The introductory it is followed by a compound nominal predicate with a predicative expressed by an adjective while the conjunction that introduces an object clause. The semantic aspect of these constructions is of certain interest, but it is also important to see through what English patterns it is expressed. Unlike the sentence It is a house, where the grammatical subject it preserves its deictic meaning, the pronoun it in the abovementioned sentences is fully abstracted and specified by the object clause. The adjective following the construction it is… acts as an epithet which expresses the person’s opinion and evaluation of the given action and reality. The nature of the grammatical noun – logical noun and subject – predicate correlations is also specified.
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Quansheng, Qiao. "UN EMPLOI PARTICULIER DE LA PARTICULE ZHE DANS LE PARLER DE HONGTONG (SHANXI)." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 17, no. 2 (1988): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000304.
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The Hongtong district is located in the Southern part of the Shanxi province. This paper analyzes the different uses of the aspectual particle zhe in the Hongtong dialect, especially those which are different from Contemporary Standard Chinese.The aspectual particle zhe can follow a "Verb + Object" compound in which the object is a noun, an NP, a VP or a "Subject + predicate" construction. A resultative or directional complement can also be inserted between a verb/adjective and the particle zhe. Finally, the verb/adjective preceding zhe can be reduplicated.All these structures were already attested in the vernacular language of the Tang and Song periods.
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Schlechtweg, Marcel. "The naming potential of compounds and phrases: An empirical study on German adjective-noun constructions." Word Structure 11, no. 3 (2018): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0133.
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Using data from two empirical studies, the present article investigates whether German adjective-noun compounds are inherently more appropriate to function as naming units or kind terms than the corresponding phrases. In the first experiment, it was tested whether subjects prefer a non-lexicalized compound (e.g., Kurzcouch, short_couch) or the respective non-lexicalized phrasal counterpart (e.g., kurze Couch, short couch) in order to express a novel complex lexical concept (e.g., It is a very specific couch that is 1.30 meters short because it is designed only for children up to this size.). In the second test, subjects rated on a scale how well the compounds and phrases expressed the newly created concepts. The findings of the two studies support the idea that compounds are better naming candidates than phrases. It is claimed that the effect derives from the specific formal nature of compounds and has consequences for the processing and mental representation of the two construction types.
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Aziz, Zulfadli Abdul, Bukhari Daud, and Muhammad Wiwin. "Forming new words: Compounds in Devayan." Studies in English Language and Education 6, no. 1 (2019): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v6i1.12990.
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As a part of word formation in the morphological process, compounding generally covers the types of words to be combined. This present study seeks the morphological process in forming words through compounding in the Devayan language spoken in Simeulue, Aceh, Indonesia. This study is also to analyze the meaning that occurs from the result of the compounding process. In collecting the data, this research uses the elicitation technique which is constructed by Bowern (2015). The informants of this research are the native Devayan who live in La’ayon, Angkeo, Naibos and Maudil, Teupah Barat sub-district, Simeulue. The research finds that the compounding process in Devayan consists of compounding of two nouns, compounding of noun and verb, compounding of noun and adjective, compounding of verb and adjective, compounding of verb and noun, and compounding of adjective and noun and compounding of two verbs. The result of the process produces some meanings, namely about (1) the product, (2) specific use, (3) time, and (4) condition. This study indicates that Devayan uses various compound words with different morphological processes. It is hoped that this study is beneficial for its natives as documentation and non-native as a reference to compounding formation in the language.
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Melnyk, Yuliia. "NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND VERBS AS COMPONENTS OF GERMAN COMPOUND WORDS: РECULIARITIES OF SEMANTICS AND COMBINATION". Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, № 831-832 (2021): 198–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.198-218.
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In the article semantic features of nouns, adjectives, and verbs as components of German determinative compound words with the models “noun + noun”, “adjective + noun”, “verb + noun” are investigated using three functional styles (belletristic, publicistic and scientific). Their lexico-semantic subclasses (34 subclasses of nouns, 14 of adjectives and 19 of verbs) were singled out and taken for the further analysis of combination of components in compound words. Using traditional methods (analysis by direct components, transformation analysis, modelling method and analysis of components or sems), as well as quantitative (chi-square criterion and coefficient K) some features of compatibility have been analyzed and its main characteristics have been identified. In this respect, the compatibility ratio of the registered models to the theoretically expected ones has been elucidated. Its intensity has been proved to be determined by the coefficient K and shows the strength of the connection between the components, as well as the number of stable connections. It was established that the model "noun + noun" is characterized by the broadest combinatory range (0.8), thus demonstrating the high activity and popularity of compound nouns of this type in the most lexico-semantic subclasses. Stable connections between components are fixed in all of the models under study, however their quantity and intensity differ. Thus, most stable connections are in a model "noun + noun" (14% of total number of the fixed models), the most powerful connection (K = 0.27) in LSS of nouns “Plants” + LSS of nouns “Plants” and LSS of adjectives “Belonging” + LSS of nouns “State, its attributes”. The research has also proved that semantic identity or congruence of components, when units of the same LSS are combined in one model or consistency is observed between them.
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Blanco, Xavier. "Regroupements sémantiques dans un dictionnaire d’adverbes composés en espagnol." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 24, no. 2 (2001): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.24.2.03bla.
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Summary At first, we present semantic grups compiled in the Spanish compound adverbs dictionary. We propose four types of semantic groups : variants, series of (para)synonyms, open adverbs and adverbs organised by lexical functions. Then, we discuss the possibility of using compound adverbs to caracterise semantic classes of verbs in Spanish. Finally, we study some properties of the structures formed by a verb and adverb related or the relationship with structures formed by a predicative noun and adjective.
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Afanaseva, Evdokia N. "Development of Semantics of Colour Terms ÿrÿŋ and маŋаn in the Yakut Language as Evidence of Language Contacts". NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 18, № 1 (2020): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2020-18-1-45-56.
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The article deals with the semantics of the terms ӱrӱŋ and maŋan denoting white colour in the Yakut language. The aim of the article is to study the development of the words. The research material is based on lexicographical sources and the text of the epic poem – Olonkho. The novelty of this work is the comparative analysis of the Yakut colour terms with the South Siberian and Manchu-Tungus languages and establishment of their relationships. Two words having different origin and nature reflect different stages of language development and its historical connections. The term ӱrӱŋ dates back to ancient Eastern Turkic languages and has a sacred nature associated with early beliefs. The lexeme has a fixed distribution and retains the semantic structure. The adjective ӱrӱŋ has a great word-formation and phraseological potential; it is a component of complex words, pair-words and phraseological units. As in the Old Turkic language, the word performs the function of a noun. In the text, it acts as a permanent epithet to the word kӱn ‘sun’. Compared to the word ӱrӱŋ the term maŋan is an innovation, borrowed from the Mongolian language in connection with horse-breeding culture. Another loanword chaɤān is rarely used. Not only the adjective, but also the verb manxaix was borrowed from Mongolian into Yakut. In the adjective there was a semantic shift; in the Yakut language the meaning ‘white’ is updated, and the meaning ‘with an asterisk on the forehead’ fades into the background. In combination with other adjectives and nouns, the word maŋan forms compound color names that express different shades of white, as well as its saturation and brightness. The word maŋan has considerably expanded the area of use, replacing in some cases the function of the adjective ӱrӱŋ. In the epic text, the word serves as a permanent epithet of the word xallaan ‘heaven’. The word maŋan connects the Yakut language not only with the Mongolian and Manchu- Tungus languages, but also with the South Siberian languages, Khakass and Tuvan. In the system of colour terms, the word maŋan can be one of the common elements of the Siberian languages.
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Sudaryat, Yayat. "PEMARKAH PERTARAFAN DALAM BAHASA SUNDA." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 2 (2013): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2013.12203.
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Sundanese. It uses the descriptive method. The data were This research aims to describe the qualitative marker in collected with bibliographic study, intuitive technique, and elicitation technique. The sources of data are the spoken and written Sundanese and its variation. The data are analyzed with distributional method and immediate constituent analysis. The result shows that there are 32 the qualitative markers in Sundanese: two affixes and thirty qualitative adverbs. The result of this study consists of four qualitative markers. They are form, distribution, function, and meaning. The form of the qualitative marker consists of four word forms: the simple words, derivative words, reduplication words, and compound words. The distribution of the qualitative marker in adjective phrases consists of four word positions: pre-adjective, postadjective, pre-post-adjective, and mobile position. The function of the qualitative marker consists of two kinds of functions: the inflective function and attributive function. The meaning of the qualitative marker consists of two quality degree. The first is quality degree which divides at positive, intensive, elative, excessive, augmentative, and extenuative. The second is a comparison degree which divides at equative, comparative, and superlative.
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Bücking, Sebastian. "How do phrasal and lexical modification differ? Contrasting adjective-noun combinations in German." Word Structure 2, no. 2 (2009): 184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750124509000403.
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In contrasting newly coined lexical and phrasal adjective-noun combinations as e.g. Blautee (‘blue_tea’) versus blauer Tee (‘blue tea’), the present paper argues in favour of a different semantic make-up of phrasal versus lexical modification in German. Whereas the former triggers direct modification along the lines of ordinary predicate modification, the latter involves a mediating free variable to be instantiated at the conceptual level. The analysis accounts for interpretational differences between phrasal and lexical adjectival modification in the cases of incompatible attribution and negation. Furthermore, the proposal made here supports the assumption of a particular naming function of lexical units. Additional evidence will be drawn from the observation that non-predicative adjectives and comparatives are ruled out in adjective-noun compounds and that adjectives projected word-internally contribute atemporal properties. Finally, it is shown that despite the particular naming function of lexical units a straightforward identification of lexical adjective-noun structures with kind-referring expressions is too strong a conclusion.
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Słapek, Daniel. "L'uso dell'articolo determinativo davanti ai singenionimi affettivi preceduti da un possessivo: un quadro statistico." Romanische Forschungen 133, no. 2 (2021): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3196/003581221832836666.
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Among the most complex rules of Italian grammar are those relating to the use of the definite article with possessive adjectives followed by kinship names: in this case, the article is not employed, but its omission is subject to various structural, syntactical, and semantic restrictions concerning the noun / phrase in question. Grammar books usually highlight the use of the article with plural nouns or with the possessive form loro, but they are much less careful about other features of the kinship noun / phrase in which possessives are involved (compound nouns, nouns followed by prepositional complements, etc.). Furthermore, they disagree with regard to the syntax of affective names, in which case the use of the article is often considered optional. With this study, then, I intend to analyze the use of the definite article with possessive adjectives followed by the affective kinship names mamma and papà (therefore, nouns without suffixes) in the largest corpus of written Italian, Italian Web 2016 of the Sketch Engine system. The results of this research are interesting because, statistically, the use of the article depends on the possessive adjective used in the text (mio, tuo, suo, etc.) and, therefore, on the degree of the speaker's emotional involvement.
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Rakic, Stanimir. "On metaphorical designation of humans, animals, plants and things in Serbian and English language." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 60 (2004): 147–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0460147r.
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In this paper I examine compound names of plants, animals, human beings and other things in which at least one nominal component designates a part of the body or clothes, or some basic elements of houshold in Serbian and English. The object of my analysis are complex derivatives of the type (adjective noun) + suffix in Serbian and componds of the type noun's + noun, noun + noun and adjective + noun in English. I try to show that there is a difference in metaphorical designation of human beings and other living creatures and things by such compound nouns. My thesis is that the metathorical designation of human beings by such compounds is based on the symbolic meaning of some words and expressions while the designation of other things and beings relies on noticed similarity. In Serbian language such designation is provided by comples derivatives praznoglavac 'empty-headed person', tupoglavac 'dullard' debolokoiac 'callos person', golobradac 'young, inexperienced person' zutokljunac 'tledling' (fig), in English chicken liver, beetle brain birdbrain, bonehead, butterfingers, bigwig, blackleg, blue blood bluestocking, eat's paw, deadhead,fat-guts,fathead, goldbrick (kol) hardhat, hardhead, greenhorn, redcoat (ist), redneck (sl), thickhead, etc. Polisemous compounds like eat's paw lend support for this thesis because their designation of human beings is based on symbolic meaning of some words or expressions. I hypothesize that the direction and extend of the possible metaphorization of names may be accounted for by the following hierarchy (11) people - animals - plants - meterial things. Such hierarchy is well supported by the observations of Lakoff (1987) and Taylor (1995) about the role of human body in early experience and perception ofthe reality. Different restrictions which may be imposed in the hierarchy (11) should be the matter of further study, some of which have been noted on this paper. The compounds of this type denoting people have metaphorically meaning conected with some pejorative uses. These compounds refer to some psychological or characteral features, and show that for the classification of people such features are much more important than physical properties. While the animals and plants are classified according to some charecteristics of their body parts, people are usually classified according to psychollogical characteristics or their social functions. I have also noted a difference in structure between compounds designation animals and those designating plants and other things. The designation of animals relies more on metonymy, and that of plants and other things on metaphor based on comparision of noticed similarities. In the compounds designating animals, the nominal component relatively seldom refers to the parts of plants or other things. I guess that the cause may be the fact that the anatomy of plants is very different from the anatomy of animals. As a consequence the structure adjective + noun is much more characteristic of the compounds designating animals in English than the structure noun's + noun, and the same holds, although in a lesser degree for the compounds designating humans. It is also noticeable that in English compounds whose second component a part of body or clothes the first component rarely designates animals. On the other hand the compounds (9), in which the nominal head refers to some superordinate species, the first component often designates animal species, but usually of a very different kind. These data seem to lend support for Goldvarg & Gluksberg's thesis (1998) that metaforical interpretation is favoured if the nominal constituents denote quite different entities.
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GÜNTHER, CHRISTINE, SVEN KOTOWSKI, and INGO PLAG. "Phrasal compounds can have adjectival heads: evidence from English." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 1 (2018): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000229.
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Phrasal compounds are taken to be word-level structures that combine a lexical head with a phrasal non-head. Several claims have emerged from the pertinent literature: phrasal compounds allegedly only have nominal heads, can host a variety of syntactic structures in non-head position, are determinative, and are instances of expressive morphology. The existence of adjectival phrasal compounds is either explicitly denied in the literature, or considered a marginal phenomenon at best. This article presents data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA; Davies 2008) that show that adjectival phrasal compounds do exist in English. We demonstrate that they are similar to non-phrasal adjectival compounds and to nominal phrasal compounds. At the same time, they crucially differ from nominal compounds in the prototypical semantic relations between head and non-head: adjectival phrasal compounds are mostly similative-intensifying as opposed to determinative. We argue that this property is also found in noun–adjective compounds and follows naturally from the semantics of the head category in question, viz. adjectives as mostly gradable predicates. In turn, the majority of adjectival phrasal compounds in our data feature a strong expressive component, a characteristic they share with other phrasal compounds.
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Gałecki, Zygmunt. "Polski gwarowy przysłówek przyboś, na przyboś i nazwisko Przyboś." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 27, no. 1 (2020): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2020.27.1.4.
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The author proves that the etymology of the surname Przyboś came from the lexicalised adverb przyboś, na przyboś (walk), “to wear shoes on bare feet, with a bare foot, (walk) slightly barefoot”, that came from the adjective przybosy. The surname did not stem from either compound names such as Przybysław, Przybywój or from the verb przybyć, contrary to what has been stated in the historical and etymological dictionary Nazwiska Polaków by Kazimierz Rymut.
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Tolstaya, Svetlana M. "Names of Trees in East Slavic Charms." Вопросы Ономастики 18, no. 2 (2021): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2021.18.2.016.
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The paper deals with the Proto-Slavic two-part personal names reconstructed in the Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages (EDSL), vols. 1–42. Indo-European by their origin, these names retained their use among all Slavs even after the adoption of Christianity and the assimilation of the Christian name set. The author examines the set of lexical units that occur in two-part proto-Slavic anthroponyms, the rules of their design (pure basis, truncated basis, word form) and connection with one another (the presence or absence of a connector). It is shown that the first and second parts of a compound name have different properties: the first element can be represented by verbal, substantive, adjective bases, pronominal bases, adverbs, prepositions / prefixes, while the second — only by verbal, substantive, and adjective bases. Most certainly, EDSL does not claim to incorporate all binominal anthroponyms of this type in the Proto-Slavic language but provides a clear idea on the anthroponymic and wordbuilding patterns of compounds in the Proto-Slavic language, as well as their syntactic and semantic features. These patterns are quite similar to those existing in appellative vocabulary and anthroponymic systems of other Indo-European languages. The lexical and ideographic inventory of the units indirectly refers to the value system underlying the onomastic tradition (cf. the popularity of such concepts as ‘dear,’ ‘friend,’ ‘guest,’ ‘glad,’ ‘peace,’ ‘glory,’ ‘holy,’ ‘love,’ ‘praise,’ etc.).
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Rini, Elizabeth IHAN. "The Contrastive Analysis of Inchoative Aspect of Japanese and Indonesian Language." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207078.
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Compound verb –dasu in Japanese language, adverb mulai (start), and adverb baru (just) in Indonesian language are marks of inchoative aspect. This research aims to describe the difference and similarity of those three marks of inchoative aspect. The method applied in this research is intralingual padan method. As the result of the research, it is proven that compound verb –dasu and adverb baru are focusing on the beginning of an activity or alteration, meanwhile adverb mulai (start) is a sign of the beginning of an event with an exact finished oriented. Compound verb –dasu, adverb mulai (start), and adverb baru can be constructed as activity verb and punctual verb, both volitional and non volitional with animate and inanimate as the subject. Then, the differences are compound verb –dasu shows the beginning of an event that happens suddenly, meanwhile the adverb mulai (start) and baru (just) do not; beside, the adverb mulai (start) can be modified as stative verb, adjective and noun, meanwhile compund verb –dasu can not.
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Sari, Suindah. "STRUKTUR, BENTUK, DAN ISI PERIBAHASA BAHASA KUTAI." LOA: Jurnal Ketatabahasaan dan Kesusastraan 15, no. 1 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/loa.v15i1.1835.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur, bentuk, dan isi peribahasa bahasa Kutai. Masalah penelitian yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini, yaitu (1) struktur peribahasa bahasa Kutai, (2) bentuk peribahasa bahasa Kutai, dan (3) isi peribahasa bahasa Kutai. Untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peribahasa bahasa Kutai berstruktur frasa (frasa nomina, frasa verba, dan frasa adjektiva), klausa (klausa verbal dan klausa adjektival), dan kalimat (kalimat tunggal, kalimat majemuk setara, dan kalimat majemuk bertingkat). Peribahasa bahasa Kutai berdasarkan bentuknya terdiri atas ungkapan, pepatah/bidal, pemeo/semboyan, dan perumpamaan. Berdasarkan isinya, peribahasa bahasa Kutai berisi sifat/tindakan baik, sifat/tindakan buruk, nasihat, peringatan, dan sindiran. Kata kunci: peribahasa, bahasa Kutai, struktur, bentuk, isi AbstractThe purpose of this research is to describe structures, forms, and contents of Kutai proverbs. The research discusses about 1) the structure of Kutai proverbs, (2) forms of Kutai proverbs, and (3) contents of Kutai proverbs. It is qualitative and descriptive as well. The results show that Kutai proverbs contain of phrases (noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjective phrases), clauses (verbal clauses and adjective clauses), and sentences (single sentences, equivalent compound sentences, and multilevel compound sentences). Kutai proverbs based on its form consist of idioms, proverbs, motto, and parables. According to its contents, Kutai proverbs contain good deeds, bad deeds, advises, warnings, and satires. Keywords: proverbs, Kutai language, structure, form, content
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Шуњеварић, Ђорђе В. "СЛОЖЕНИ ПРИДЕВИ У МАРЕТИЋЕВОМ ПРЕВОДУ ХОМЕРОВОГ СПЕВА ИЛИЈАДА". ГОДИШЊАК ЗА СРПСКИ ЈЕЗИК 18, № 1 (2020): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/gsrj.18.2020.07.
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The main concern of this paper is a word-formation and semantic analysis of compound adjectives used by Tomo Maretic in his translation of the 12. to 15. part of Homer’s poem Iliad. The aim of this research is to determine the motivation, formation and frequency of these adjectives as well as to determine the dominant procedure of the translator. The central chapters, rich in events and characters, are expected to be abound in various adjectival compounds as well. 51 example has been excerpted. In order for the analysis to be more precise, all adjectives have been classified in four groups on the basis of the type of the word the first constituent of the compound belongs to. Compound adjectives where the adjectival base occupies the first place are the most numerous, then the ones whose base is nominal, and then those that contain an adverb, while only two adjectives in the first part have number. Connecting vowel -o- is dominant, but the suffixes are also not rarely found (-ø and -an/-ni). For this reason, 90% of the material has been obtained by compound-suffixal formation, and only five adjectives by composition (for example gromoglasan, krvavocrven). With regard to the meaning, most adjectives describe heroes and gods from Iliad. Some compound adjectives obtain lexicalized meaning (for example vetronog), whereas the majority retains the semantics of its constituents. The research of frequency indicates the repetition of the analized examples within Homer’s poem (brzonog has been found 110 times). The analysis has also shown Maretic’s process of connecting an adjectival compound to a certain noun, and in this way repeating them as a syntagm.
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Schlechtweg, Marcel. "The compound-phrase divide and the lexicon: Insights from non-lexicalized adjective-noun combinations in German." Lingua 227 (August 2019): 102699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2019.05.009.
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Maksymchuk, Bohdan, and Iryna Arabska. "THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE IN PRESENT-DAY GERMAN IN THE LIGHT OF THE GRAMMAR THEORY OF THE WORD." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (2021): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-176-184.
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The short form of the adjective in present-day German, which stems from the Indo-European protolanguage and for that matter is found both in the Germanic and Slavic languages, in the German language took its evolutionary path along the way of the rise and establishment of the morphological features and syntactic functions re-forging itself from one of the forms of expression of a qualificator word into a representative nominator of the morphological paradigm. It widened its syntactic functioning on account of the qualitative adverb that due to the reduction of final vowels, i.e. its grammatical markers, coincided by sounding and meaning with the short form of the qualificator words. In German, these processes brought about the appearance of a new part of speech known as Artwort with the categorical meaning of the qualificator attribution. It realizes its grammatical potentialities in the substance-predicate structure of the sentence revealing in this way a bipolar functionality. Proceeding from the lexicon-centric approach to the categorical meaning of the word including the "amorphous” word of the kind of GUT an attempt is being made to describe the specificity of this type of meaning. In the opinion of the authors the categorical meaning of the "amorphous” word”, which determines its morphological paradigm and syntactic behavior, is vested at the level of the mental lexicon of the speaker as awareness and linguistic experience of using this kind of word in communication. In this way the short form of the adjectives comes in possession of all the features of the elementary sign which non-discretely combines the lexical and categorical meaning. The text-centered approach to the identification of the grammatical concept of the elementary sign reduces the word to the root morpheme. The latter attains the categorical status in its usage which is detrimental to the hierarchical construal of language. The syntactically polar bi-functionality of the short form of the adjective as the elementary sign is foregrounded in the system of actual, real and potential predications and, specifically, in the structure of Paul’s "degraded predicates” as well as in the propositions of the sentence deep structure getting explicated by means of logical implicates that represent a bipolar syntactic functionality of qualificator words. The implicit propositions reveal homonymous ties of the short form of the adjective with the first constituents of compound words which in most cases show themselves as units of the phraseological level of language structure.
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Zinina, Yulia Mikhailovna. "Compound nominal predicate in the publicistic style (on the material of the British online news resources)." Филология: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2021): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.2.35082.
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This article examines the compound nominal predicate in the modern English language for determination of its most commonly used structural components &ndash; copulative verbs and copular (nominal) part (copular components) in the publicistic style. A brief review is given on the compound nominal predicate, literary speech style, publicistic speech style, degree of development of the problem. The research material is comprised of the British online news resources &ndash; BBC News and The Guardian. The texts of news articles on various topics were selected for the period from January 2020 to January 2021. The scope of research material contains 60,000 words. Attention is focused on the copulative verbs, such as appear, become, get, go, grow, feel, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound. On the examples from texts, the author demonstrates the application of the listed copulative verbs in line with various copular components in the compound nominal predicate. The obtained results allow concluding that in the publicistic text, the most common copulative verbs in the compound nominal predicate are: become, remain, get, feel; the most common copular component in the compound nominal predicate is the adjective, noun, participle and dependent clause.
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Chernovaty, Leonid. "Rendering English pharmacological terms into Ukrainian: Translation and didactic dimensions." SHS Web of Conferences 105 (2021): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110503001.
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The research into the dependence of translation techniques choice on the term structure in the source language on the material of rendering 603 English single-word terms and terminological collocations (related to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics) into Ukrainian contributed to suggesting the following preliminary conclusions. The choice of translation techniques in rendering single-word terms depends, to a certain degree, on their structure. The share of the dictionary equivalents decreases with the increase in the term complexity, falling from 82% in the case of simple terms and prefixal derivatives to 58% concerning the suffixal, 34% – prefix-suffixal and 9% – compound lexemes. The transcoding share is minimal with prefixal and simple terms, steadily growing with suffixal, prefix-suffixal and compound lexemes. Dictionary equivalents complemented by transcoding may be enough to render simple terms, prefixal derivatives may additionally require contextual substitution or addition in the case of suffixal lexemes. The growth in the terminology complexity results in the expansion of the translation procedures ranges to four or even six techniques in rendering the prefix-suffixal terms. Adjectival, participial and verbal two-word collocations are mostly translated by calquing. The addition of a noun reduces its share, increasing the role of transformations. The correlation of translation techniques depends on the nature of the added element. If it is an adjective, the impact of calquing grows; the addition of a noun contributes to the expansion of transformations.
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Tribulato, Olga. "Greek Compounds of the Type ισóεoς 'Equal to a God', αξιóλoγoς 'Worthy of Note', απειρoμαχας 'Ignorant of War', etc." Mnemosyne 60, № 4 (2007): 527–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852507x169618.
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AbstractIn the majority of Greek compounds the head occurs on the right. Within this system, a number of left-oriented categories are tolerated, chiefly preposition- and verb-first compounds, but also a handful of minor groups. This article aims to provide a more thorough appraisal of a specific subtype of left-oriented compounds: those showing an adjectival head (type ισóεoς, αξιoλoγoς, etc.). It first provides an overview of the various types of left-oriented compounds in Greek (section 2). It then assesses the claim that adjectival left-oriented compounds derive from left-oriented syntactic phrases by supplying a full corpus of such forms, and comparing them to existing syntagms of the type adjective plus noun (section 3). The subsequent sections investigate the autonomous morphological reasons behind the left-headedness of such compounds, which the syntactic model does not adequately explain. Section 4.1 addresses the question of why such compounds could not have been right-oriented. Section 4.2 identifies the morphological features which—as in the case of prepositional compounds—characterise adjectives in left-oriented compounds, and are largely responsible for their placement on the left.
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Ermawati, Fitri, and Mangantar Sitohang. "CODE MIXING IN A NOVEL CELEBRITY WEDDING BY ALIAZALEA." Journal of English Language and Literature (JELL) 4, no. 01 (2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37110/jell.v4i01.67.
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This study is aimed to describe code mixing facts or presence in the novel Celebrity Wedding by AliaZalea. In fact, there are a lot of factors that influence people using code mixing, to mention one or two, can be due to someone’s bilingualism or multilingualism condition. The writers use descriptive and content analysis method to analyze the forms code mixing, the types of phrases and compound of code mixing found in the novel Celebrity Wedding. The (English) data taken from the Novel are phrases, compounds. The writers then identified, collected, sorted and classified all the data, and made the analysis to find and determine the types of the phrases and the forms/types of modifiers present in the novel itself. From the result of analysis/discussion there are more Noun Phrase Types than Verb Phrase Types. There are five Noun Phrases containing premodifiers and four postmodifiers five containing both premodifiers, the dominant modifiers are Adjective followed by Noun the Preposition Phrases.
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Nakagawa, Hiroshi. "Automatic term recognition based on statistics of compound nouns." Terminology 6, no. 2 (2000): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.6.2.05nak.
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The NTCIR1 TMREC group called for participation of the term recognition task which is a part of NTCIR1 held in 1999. As an activity of TMREC, they have provided us with the test collection of the term recognition task. The goal of this task is to automatically recognize and extract terms from the text corpus which consists of 1,870 abstracts gathered from the NACSIS Academic Conference Database. This article describes the term extraction method we have proposed to extract terms consisting of simple and compound nouns and the experimental evaluation of the proposed method with this NTCIR TMREC test collection. The basic idea of scoring a simple noun N of our term extraction method is to count how many nouns are conjoined with N to make compound nouns. Then we extend this score to measure the score of compound nouns because most of technical terms are compound nouns. Our method has a parameter to tune the degree of preference either for longer compound nouns or for shorter compound nouns. As for term candidates, in addition to noun sequences, we may add variations such as patterns of "A no B" that roughly means "B of A" or "A’ś B" and/or "A na B" where "A na" is an adjective. Experimental results of our method are promising, namely recall of 0.83, precision of 0.46 and F-value of 0.59 for exactly matched extracted terms when we take into account top scoring 16,000 extracted terms.