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Journal articles on the topic 'Compound microscopes'
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1
Uluç, Kutluay, Gregory C. Kujoth, and Mustafa K. Başkaya. "Operating microscopes: past, present, and future." Neurosurgical Focus 27, no. 3 (2009): E4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.6.focus09120.
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The operating microscope is a fixture of modern surgical facilities, and it is a critically important factor in the success of many of the most complex and difficult surgical interventions used in medicine today. The rise of this key surgical tool reflects advances in understanding the principles of optics and vision that have occurred over centuries. The development of reading spectacles in the late 13th century led to the construction of early compound microscopes in the 16th and 17th centuries by Lippershey, Janssen, Galileo, Hooke, and others. Perhaps surprisingly, Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes of this era offered improved performance over his contemporaries' designs. The intervening years saw improvements that reduced the spherical and chromatic aberrations present in compound microscopes. By the late 19th century, Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe ushered the compound microscope into the beginnings of the modern era of commercial design and production. The introduction of the microscope into the operating room by Nylén in 1921 initiated a revolution in surgical practice that gained momentum throughout the 1950s with multiple refinements, the introduction of the Zeiss OPMI series, and Kurze's application of the microscope to neurosurgery in 1957. Many of the refinements of the last 50 years have greatly improved the handling and practical operation of the surgical microscope, considerations which are equally important to its optical performance. Today's sophisticated operating microscopes allow for advanced real-time angiographic and tumor imaging. In this paper the authors discuss what might be found in the operating rooms of tomorrow.
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Jones, D., and J. Reid. "A Comparison of Photomicrographs Imaged Through a Late 18th C. Thomas Ribright, Cuff-Type, Brass Microscope and a Modern Olympus Optical Microscope." Microscopy Today 14, no. 2 (2006): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500055358.
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In 1967, Bradbury published a detailed study of the optical properties of early, compound microscopes using modern photo micrographic techniques. This was followed by Bracegirdle's studies on the performance of 17th and 18th C. microscopes and later by Jones's comparative study of a Victorian microscope with an 18th C. Cuff-type microscope, signed ‘ Dollond ’. On the suggestion of the late Dr. S. Bradbury (personal communication), the present study on the assessment of a Ribright microscope includes photomicrographs of specimens in slides similar to the ones he used, i.e. a blow-fly proboscis and diatoms.
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ENGELHARDT, Eliasz. "Marcello Malpighi: the nervous system under a microscope." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 79, no. 4 (2021): 346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2020-0309.
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ABSTRACT The longstanding study of gross anatomy experienced a considerable improvement with the advent of the microscope in the early 17th century. The representative personality of this new era certainly was Marcello Malpighi, seen as “founder of microscopic anatomy”. He studied, with a rudimentary compound microscope, numerous tissues and organs of several classes of animals, as well as plants. He described, for the first time, the microscopic structure of the nervous system, identifying in the gray matter of its various levels minute elements he took as “glands”. It should be reminded that the concept of “cell” (and “nerve cell”) was unknown at his time. Many researchers followed, performing microscopic studies, but without better results, and Malpighi’s view was maintained until the beginning of the 19th century, when new histological processing and staining techniques appeared, as well as improved microscopes.
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Flores, Daniela P., and Timothy C. Marzullo. "The construction of high-magnification homemade lenses for a simple microscope: an easy “DIY” tool for biological and interdisciplinary education." Advances in Physiology Education 45, no. 1 (2021): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00127.2020.
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The rise of microscopy in the seventeenth century allowed scientists to discover a new world of microorganisms and achieve great physiological advances. One of the first microscopes of the epoch was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope, a deceptively simple device that contains a single ball lens housed in a metal plate allowing the observation of samples at up to ×250 magnification. Such magnification was much greater than that achieved by rudimentary compound microscopes of the era, allowing for the discovery of microscopic, single-celled life, an achievement that marked the study of biology up to the nineteenth century. Since Leeuwenhoek’s design uses a single ball lens, it is possible to fabricate variations for educational activities in physics and biology university and high school classrooms. A fundamental problem, however, with home-built microscopes is that it is difficult to work with glass. We developed a simple protocol to make ball lenses of glass and gelatin with high magnification that can be done in a university/high school classroom, and we designed an optimized support for focusing and taking photographs with a smartphone. The protocol details a simple, easily accessible, low-cost, and effective tool for the observation of microscopic samples, possible to perform anywhere without the need for a laboratory or complex tools. Our protocol has been implemented in classrooms in Chile to a favorable reception.
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Hinsch, Jan. "Mating Cameras To Microscopes." Microscopy Today 7, no. 4 (1999): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500064245.
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The compound microscope forms images in two stages. The objective (first stage) projects a real image of the specimen into the intermediate image plane (IIP) of the microscope at a ratio of magnification (M). The resolution in the IIP is typically between 40 and 100 line pairs permillimeter (Ip/mm). Since the resolution of the human eye is of the order of 5 Ip/mm, additional virtual magnification (V) by the eyepiece (second stage) is necessary to match the resolution of the eye to that of the microscope. The total microscope magnification (VTOTAL) is the product of W x V. The designation VTOTAL is used because the eye views a virtual image in the microscope.
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Simons, Hugh, Sonja Rosenlund Ahl, Henning Friis Poulsen, and Carsten Detlefs. "Simulating and optimizing compound refractive lens-based X-ray microscopes." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 24, no. 2 (2017): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751602049x.
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A comprehensive optical description of compound refractive lenses (CRLs) in condensing and full-field X-ray microscopy applications is presented. The formalism extends ray-transfer matrix analysis by accounting for X-ray attenuation by the lens material. Closed analytical expressions for critical imaging parameters such as numerical aperture, spatial acceptance (vignetting), chromatic aberration and focal length are provided for both thin- and thick-lens imaging geometries. These expressions show that the numerical aperture will be maximized and chromatic aberration will be minimized at the thick-lens limit. This limit may be satisfied by a range of CRL geometries, suggesting alternative approaches to improving the resolution and efficiency of CRLs and X-ray microscopes.
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Revel, Jean-Paul. "Evolution and Revolution in Microscopy - I." Microscopy Today 00, no. 9 (1992): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500070899.
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Disney, Hill and Baker in their 1928 booh on the Origin and Development of the Microscope, quote the 1829 article on Optics of the London Encyclopedia as saying; “Microscopes, though but toys compared with telescopes, nevertheless deserve to be rendered as perfect as possible; for they yield not to them in the quantity and variety of rational amusement which they are capable of introducing to us (though not of the sublime description of the wonders of the heavens). Compound microscopes, though not so much to be depended upon for the purposes of discovery and philosophical investigation as single lenses, are still the best adapted for recreation”. It is hard to imagine that this was written at about the time when Robert Brown of motion fame, was discovering the celt nucleus (1831), the repository of the genetic code and thus arguably laying the foundations for all of modern biology. The sentence quoted might be taken to suggest that there was no evolutionary connection between hand lenses and compound microscopes, since as late as the 1830s the two still competed.In trying to follow the evolution of microscopes it is trite to state that lenses had to come first. It was known for a long time that objects seen through a glass bulb full of water appeared enlarged, but the water was thought the important factor and it was not until the time of Alhazen (962-1038) that the action of a lens was understood. Roger Bacon (1242-1292) wrote “if one looks at letters and other minute things though the medium of a crystal or glass or other lens put over the letters... he will see the letters much better and they will appear much larger to him... and therefore this instrument is useful to old men and to those having feeble sight” Spectacles seem to have been invented by Salvano d'Aramento degli Arrtati of Florence who died in 1317, the secret process of how to make them being revealed by a contemporary, Alessandro della Spina of Pisa. The use of lenses in visualizing small objects made slow progress at first but eventually led to “macroscopy”, in the form of spectacles and then to microscopy.
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Andrade, D. S., F. D. R. Sousa, and R. Mugnai. "Compound slides: a new technique for examining branchiopod head pores in optical microscopes." Crustaceana 93, no. 8 (2020): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-bja10061.
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Abstract A new technique for the optimization of the taxonomic study of cephalic openings in Branchiopoda is proposed here. The study of the cephalic openings in the various taxa that constitute this clade is of great importance. This is true not only for taxonomic studies, being fundamental for species identification in the Chydoridae, but also for phylogenetic and physiological investigations. For this, currently available protocols include the use of electron microscopic analysis, using the whole specimen, or the use of optical microscopy, by removing the cephalic shield from the specimen and mounting it on slides. This work presents a simple technique for the study of cephalic openings in Branchiopoda, facilitating their study, particularly for those associated with the Chydoridae.
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Yasuda, Hidehiro, Tomohiro Nishitani, Shuhei Ichikawa, Shuhei Hatanaka, Yoshio Honda, and Hiroshi Amano. "Development of Pulsed TEM Equipped with Nitride Semiconductor Photocathode for High-Speed Observation and Material Nanofabrication." Quantum Beam Science 5, no. 1 (2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs5010005.
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The development of pulsed electron sources is applied to electron microscopes or electron beam lithography and is effective in expanding the functions of such devices. The laser photocathode can generate short pulsed electrons with high emittance, and the emittance can be increased by changing the cathode substrate from a metal to compound semiconductor. Among the substrates, nitride-based semiconductors with a negative electron affinity (NEA) have good advantages in terms of vacuum environment and cathode lifetime. In the present study, we report the development of a photocathode electron gun that utilizes photoelectron emission from a NEA-InGaN substrate by pulsed laser excitation, and the purpose is to apply it to material nanofabrication and high-speed observation using a pulsed transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with it.
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Lu, Xue, Chen Duan, Yuan Ning, Xiao Hong Jiang, and Xiao Hui Hou. "Morphology of the immature stages of Dasyhelea silvatica Wang, Zhang & Yu with redescriptions of adults (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)." ZooKeys 961 (August 19, 2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.53882.
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The immatures of the biting midge Dasyhelea silvatica are described and illustrated for the first time and a complete description of the adult male and female are provided using scanning electron and compound microscopes. The specimens were collected from flooded soil near a pond in Guizhou Province, China, and reared in the laboratory.
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Overney, Gregor. "Using a Sony Cyber-Shot Digital Camera for Photomicrography." Microscopy Today 10, no. 6 (2002): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500058442.
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Photomicrography is the combination of photography and compound microscopy. Photographers working with compound microscopes are facing many challenges (for an introduction see [1] and [2]). Digital photography offers great advantages, but also adds additional difficulties. Digital cameras have been used in photomicrography for over a decade now. Today, we have access to many excellent consumer-grade digital cameras that are most suitable for low-cost imaging systems for light microscopy. In this short paper, I summarize my experience with the Sony DSC-S70 digital camera, which comes with a nice, large Zeiss lens. (Most of the ideas presented in this paper are also valid for the DSC-S75 and DSC-S85.)
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Foster, Barbara. "Need For Education, Not Just Training." Microscopy Today 7, no. 6 (1999): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006466x.
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Microscopy is unique among its analytical counterparts: it requires a hand-eye-brain coordination not needed in any other type of analytical instrumentation. On one hand, manufacturers of microscopes and auxiliary technologies are working to make systems seamless, transparent, and easier to use. On the other hand, microscopists, even those who will use the microscope as routine tools, need to be knowledgeable in their core disciplines as well as fluent in microscopy and sample preparation. It is not enough that a the person running a microscope be trained to "push this button; turn this knob". Especially as we move into the next millennium, it will become increasingly important to understand the light/matter, electron/matter, or probe/matter interactions which occur when examining a specimen. Microscopists of all descriptions will need to know how to optimize both the sample and the technology, how to interpret the information presented by the image, and how to separate artifact from true information. To compound the problem, the convergence of computer, diverse software packages, microscope, camera, and analytical techniques is producing a new type of multiple level information which, in turn, requires expertise in multiple disciplines.
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SURESHKUMAR, P., C. SUBRAMANIAN, and P. RAMASAMY. "GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY STUDIES OF BiSrCaCu2Oy CRYSTALS." Modern Physics Letters B 03, no. 18 (1989): 1417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984989002120.
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Thin single crystalline layers of BiSrCaCu 2 O y from molten solvent KCl and narrow blade-like crystals of the same compound from the solvent KI were grown using high temperature solution technique. They exhibited superconducting transition at 80 K. The grown crystals were scanned through optical and scanning electron microscopes and their growth mechanism was interpreted. X-ray diffractogram showed the structure as orthorhombic with a = 5.42 Å, b = 5.45 Å and c = 30.77 Å.
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Gnauck, Peter, Volker Drexel, and J. Greiser. "A New High Resolution Field Emission SEM with Variable Pressure Capabilities." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 880–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030476.
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To examine non conductive samples in their natural state (i.e. without significant sample preparation) at high resolution in the SEM the technique of low voltage field emission scanning electron microscopy (LVFESEM) is used. Due to the limitation in accelerating voltage (U<1kV) this technique is limited in respect of chemical analysis. Furthermore it is not possible to examine humid and outgassing samples in high vacuum. in recent years the application of variable pressure scanning electron microscopes (VPSEM) became an important technique in materials science as well as in life science. Due to the capability of maintaining a high chamber pressure humid, outgassing and non-conductive samples, can be examined in their natural state without significant sample modification or preparation. Especially compound materials with different electron yields can be imaged without any charging effects (Fig. 2), [2]. This paper describes a high resolution field emission electron microscope, that combines low voltage and variable pressure capabilities.The high pressure capabilities of the instrument are realized by eliminating the high vacuum requirements of SEM in the microscope chamber. This is done by separating the vacuum environment in the chamber from the ultra high vacuum environment in the gun area.
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Li, Tingting, Hongxia Yan, Tianye Liu, Chao Liu, and Zhengyan Chen. "Carbon Nanotubes Grafted with Hyperbranched Triazine Compounds." Nano 10, no. 01 (2015): 1550012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292015500125.
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In order to improve the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the resin matrix, CNTs grafted with hyperbranched triazine compound (HPTC–CNTs) was produced by four generations condensation reaction using cyanuric chloride and hexamethylenediamine. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and transmission electron microscopes (TEM) were used to characterize the obtained HPTC–CNTs. The FTIR, XPS, UV-Vis and TEM analysis showed that CNTs had been successfully grafted with HPTC. The TGA showed that the content of HPTC on the surface of CNTs was about 58 wt.%. And the HPTC–CNTs had good dispersion both in water and acetone.
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Chang, Woong Seong, Heung Ju Kim, Joong Suk Noh, and Han Sur Bang. "The Evaluation of Weldability for AZ31B-H24 and AZ91C-F Mg Alloys in Friction Stir Welding." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1723.
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In the present study, an investigation has been carried out on the friction stir welding (FSW) of two magnesium alloys. Hot-rolled and Die-casting plates of AZ type magnesium alloys were successfully joined by friction stir welding. AZ31B-H24 and AZ91C-F plates with the thickness of 4mm were used, and the microstructural development in stir zone (SZ) was investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopes. Hardness of SZ in AZ31B-H24 alloy has been slightly decreased due to the coarse structure. On the other hand, Hardness of SZ in AZ91C-F alloy has been remarkably increased due to very fine recrystallized grain structure. The result of EPMA showed Al Solid solution hardening by Solid solution of β intermetallic compound to α-Mg. While tensile strength of the FSWelded AZ31B-H24 alloy showed about 80% values compare to Base metal, AZ91C-F showed about 68% values due to strongly affected by formation of the intermetallic compounds, β-Al12Mg17.
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Reiswig, H. M. "Classification and phylogeny of Hexactinellida (Porifera)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 2 (2006): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-174.
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Development of the present classification scheme of the class Hexactinellida was delayed because authors of the early species descriptions did not figure their specimens and few of them had access to compound microscopes necessary to visualize characters important in determining relationships. When microscopic information on spicule symmetry became available, Wyville Thomson in 1868 recognized the distinctive triaxial symmetry of the group and named it Vitrea. Schmidt's 1870 name, Hexactinellidae, was without the contamination associated with Thomson's Vitrea, and gained widespread support. Through a series of proposals and refinements, the present scheme recognizes two main lineages, Amphidiscophora and Hexasterophora, differing in shape and type of their microscleres. Since these structures are generally not retained in fossil material, paleontologists have long had an independent classification for hexactinellids, but the trend to unify the systems is now nearly complete. Hypotheses on phylogeny of the group remain virtually dependent upon scarce paleontological information, pending data from nucleic acid and protein sequence analyses that are not yet available for unravelling relationships among hexactinellids.
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Hintersteiner, Martin, Christof Buehler, Volker Uhl, et al. "Confocal Nanoscanning, Bead Picking (CONA): PickoScreen Microscopes for Automated and Quantitative Screening of One-Bead One-Compound Libraries." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 11, no. 5 (2009): 886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cc900059q.
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Compagnini, G., M. M. Fragal´, L. D'Urso, C. Spinella, and O. Puglisi. "Formation and characterization of high-density silver nanoparticles embedded in silica thin films by “in situ” self-reduction." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 10 (2001): 2934–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0403.
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Silver nanoparticles (10–20 nm) embedded into silica thin films have been obtained through the use of a silver organometallic precursor compound dissolved in Spin-On-Glass and subsequently spinned onto suitable substrates. In this paper we present a study of the shape, size, and distribution of silver particles through the use of microscopes, x-ray diffraction, and optical extinction. It has been observed that the obtained films are stable for annealing up to 500 °C with a progressive degradation above this temperature. Furthermore it is possible to obtain high-density silver particles up to 15% in weight without affecting the cluster size and shape.
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McKeagney, D. B., and T. J. Campbell. "Characterization of active slip systems in Hg0.8Cd0.2Te." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (1990): 846–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100177362.
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The compound semiconductor Hg0.8Cd0.2Te is commonly used in the production of infrared detection devices. In bulk growth, due to low Hg-Te bond strengths, high dislocation densities are often encountered. These dislocations, which are generated during the crystal growth process, significantly impair the performance of the semiconductor device. To best control this dislocation generation during growth, a knowledge of the active slip systems within the crystal lattice is desirable.Microhardness tests were performed on two distinct crystal surfaces of Bridgman grown Hg0.8Cd0.2Te crystals. Selected area electron channeling was used to determine trie crystallographic orientations of the surfaces that were tested. The slip lands that were introduced during the indentation process were observed using both the scanning electron and optical microscopes. From the data obtained, using elementary crystallographic techniques, the dominant slip systems active in Hg0.8Cd0.2Te were characterized.
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Safonov, A. A., V. I. Parafilov, A. D. Maussymbaeva, L. M. Ganeeva та V. S. Portnov. "МИКРОКОМПОНЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ УГЛЕЙ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА". Ugol', № 09 (8 вересня 2018): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18796/0041-5790-2018-9-70-75.
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Dorval, Thierry, Arnaud Ogier, Auguste Genovesio, et al. "Contextual Automated 3D Analysis of Subcellular Organelles Adapted to High-Content Screening." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 15, no. 7 (2010): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057110374993.
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Advances in automated imaging microscopy allow fast acquisitions of multidimensional biological samples. Those microscopes open new possibilities for analyzing subcellular structures and spatial cellular arrangements. In this article, the authors describe a 3D image analysis framework adapted to medium-throughput screening. Upon adaptive and regularized segmentation, followed by precise 3D reconstruction, they achieve automatic quantification of numerous relevant 3D descriptors related to the shape, texture, and fluorescence intensity of multiple stained subcellular structures. A global analysis of the 3D reconstructed scene shows additional possibilities to quantify the relative position of organelles. Implementing this methodology, the authors analyzed the subcellular reorganization of the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus, and the centrioles occurring during the cell cycle. In addition, they quantified the effect of a genetic mutation associated with the early onset primary dystonia on the redistribution of torsinA from the bulk endoplasmic reticulum to the perinuclear space of the nuclear envelope. They show that their method enables the classification of various translocation levels of torsinA and opens the possibility for compound-based screening campaigns restoring the normal torsinA phenotype.
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Moberly, W. J. "Mechanical twinning and subgrain formation in ordered Ti50Ni47Fe3." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 618–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100105151.
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TiNi is an intermetallic compound with the B2(CsCl) crystal structure. As temperature decreases, it undergoes a martensitic transformation from cubic B2 to monoclinic B19', the reversibility of which is responsible for shape memory properties. Ordered intermetallics generally have limited ductilty, however, >50% elongation of TiNi has been produced by either warm or cold working. Consequently, thermomechanical processing has resulted in improved mechanical properties. TEM is required to characterize the deformation mechanisms (mechanical twinning and slip) and resulting substructures.Substitution of 3%Fe for Ni into the binary TiNi alloy (Ti50Ni47Fe3) depresses the martensitic transformation, such that room temperature working does not stress induce the martensitic transformation. In order to improve the mechanical properties of this B2 intermetallic, fully annealed (875°C/2 hrs) bars have been cold swaged 10%,20%,30% and 40%, followed by different recovery annealing treatments. Additional samples have been warm swaged at 500°C. The structure is observed optically and by TEM, utilizing Philips' EM 400 twin and EM 430 super twin microscopes.
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van Rensburg, H., C. A. Matthee, and C. A. Simon. "Moonshine worms (Diopatra aciculata: Onuphidae, Annelida) in the Knysna Estuary, South Africa; taxonomy and distribution." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 6 (2020): 897–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000740.
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AbstractMoonshine worms are a popular bait species used for fishing. The taxon was not detected during surveys of the macrobenthos conducted in Knysna in the 1940s and 1990s, and was first reported as a harvested bait species in the mid-2000s, suggesting that it appeared for the first time in the estuary in the last three decades. A previous molecular analysis identified the worms as Diopatra aciculata, a species first described from Australia. This study provides an updated detailed morphological description of D. aciculata in South Africa to facilitate future identifications and also investigates the species' distribution and population size in the Knysna Estuary. Specimens were examined by scanning electron, stereo- and compound microscopes. Diopatra aciculata has tubes that protrude from the sediment in sandy areas, often decorated with algae and shell fragments; a large body size, up to 600 mm long and 11.5 mm wide. It has 10–18 rings on ceratophores; 5–10 teeth on pectinate chaetae; uni- and bidentate pseudo-compound falcigers and dorsal cirri approximately as long as branchiae. Diopatra aciculata was detected up to 12 km from the mouth of the Knysna Estuary with densities measured at 18 sampled sites. Statistical analysis retrieved high and low density groups that were significantly different from one another (Kruskal-Wallis H(14, 800) = 376.55; P = 0.01), but distribution of high density sites was patchy. We estimate that the population comprises 20–24 million individuals. Given the size of individual worms and the population estimate, this species can be expected to have significant ecological impacts in the estuary.
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Harper, John D. I., Geoffrey E. Burrows, J. Sergio Moroni, and Rosanne Quinnell. "Mobile Botany." American Biology Teacher 77, no. 9 (2015): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2015.77.9.9.
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In our first-year university botany classes at Charles Sturt University, we noticed that in laboratory class, students were taking photographs of their specimens with the dissecting and compound microscopes using their mobile phones. Student-generated images as “learning objects” were used to enhance the engagement of all students, including Distance Education students who used images provided by the on-campus students. The Distance Education students did all the laboratory work at an intensive residential school, and they were encouraged to take images; these were shared with on-campus students, making them aware of the laboratory practical work they were yet to do. In other cases, images from students were incorporated into lectures and tutorials, preparing students for the lab exam. Botany students have shared their photomicrographs with their friends and family via social media. We saw interesting examples of students excitedly describing their images to non-science friends, teaching them what they were learning! In the second year, students were also encouraged to use their phones to capture their own images of plant specimens to help them master plant identification. Although we do not have any quantitative evidence of these activities enhancing student learning, it was evident that those students who took and shared their own images were more engaged in the learning process.
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Scavo, Maria Principia, Annalisa Cutrignelli, Nicoletta Depalo, et al. "Effectiveness of a Controlled 5-FU Delivery Based on FZD10 Antibody-Conjugated Liposomes in Colorectal Cancer In vitro Models." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 7 (2020): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12070650.
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The use of controlled delivery therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) reduces toxicity and side effects. Recently, we have suggested that the Frizzled 10 (FZD10) protein, a cell surface receptor belonging to the FZD protein family that is overexpressed in CRC cells, is a novel candidate for targeting and treatment of CRC. Here, the anticancer effect of novel immuno-liposomes loaded with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), decorated with an antibody against FZD10 (anti-FZD10/5-FU/LPs), was evaluated in vitro on two different CRC cell lines, namely metastatic CoLo-205 and nonmetastatic CaCo-2 cells, that were found to overexpress FZD10. The anti-FZD10/5-FU/LPs obtained were extensively characterized and their preclinical therapeutic efficacy was evaluated with the MTS cell proliferation assay based on reduction of tetrazolium compound, scratch test, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FE-SEM) investigation and immunofluorescence analysis. The results highlighted that the cytotoxic activity of 5-FU was enhanced when encapsulated in the anti-FZD10 /5-FU/LPs at the lowest tested concentrations, as compared to the free 5-FU counterparts. The immuno-liposomes proposed herein possess a great potential for selective treatment of CRC because, in future clinical applications, they can be encapsulated in gastro-resistant capsules or suppositories for oral or rectal delivery, thereby successfully reaching the intestinal tract in a minimally invasive manner.
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Li, Yan, Shi Zhong Wei, and Rui Long. "Research on Morphology and Phase Structure of Al/Cu Interfaces Formed by Explosive Cladding." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2569.
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The morphology and phase structure of Al/Cu explosive compounded interface were observed by scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscope and X-ray energy spectrometer. The results reveal that the interface of Al/Cu appears wave-like structure, with an average wavelength of 1.0mm and crest height of 0.3mm. Every wave has its front-nest. The wavelike interfaces are composed of microcrystal compound layer, non-crystal and nanocrystal. Several kinds of compounds such as Al9Cul2, Al4Cu9, Al2Cu, η-AlCu, β-AlCu3 and unidentified phase structure were found in Al/Cu interface. There are some bent lattice fringes around the front-nest. The research of microstructure in anchoring area revealed the nature of explosive cladding in metallurgical anchoring.
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Vermes, Brúnó, and Tibor Czigány. "Development of Microcapsules." Materials Science Forum 885 (February 2017): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.885.31.
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Melamine-formaldehyde (PMF) coated microcapsules were produced with liquid pentaerythritol-tetrakis (3-merkaptopropionate) (PETMP) and UV-sensitive indicator colored PETMP cores. Capsules with an average diameter of 43 μm formed due to the adjustments on magnetic stirring, compound ratios, acidity and reaction time. Reproducible recipe was found to produce colored PETMP filled capsules with yields of 1-10%. Optical microscopic investigations were conducted to follow the formation of the particles, and scanning electron-microscope (SEM) was used to verify that the capsules did not break up as an effect of the brittle failure of the epoxy matrix specimens. Improvement of the shell-matrix adhesion was attempted with silane compounds and investigated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and SEM.
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Turpin, Barbara J., Po-Fu Huang, Amy Roos, and Peter H. McMurry. "Elemental analysis of single atmospheric particles influencing visibility at the grand canyon." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100151453.
Full textAbstract:
Collection and preservation strategies and a routine analysis procedure were developed for elemental analysis of individual atmospheric particles using a scanning-transmission electron microscope (STEM) equipped with a super ultra-thin window energy dispersive x-ray detector. These techniques were applied to airborne particles collected at Meadview, AZ, a remote site just downriver of the Grand Canyon. Collection, preservation and beam damage issues of concern in electron microscopic analysis of atmospheric particles will be discussed. Aerosol compositions are usually determined from bulk particle measurements, and it is assumed that compounds are either internally mixed (all present in each particle) or externally mixed (particles each contain a single compound). Insight into the microscopic mixing characteristics of atmospheric aerosols will ultimately further the understanding of atmospheric particle transformation, visibility degradation, and the fate of airborne pollutants.Particles were collected in the summer of 1992 in three size fractions (1.0-0.5 μm, 0.5-0.26 μm, 0.26-0.12 μm in diameter) using a Hering Low Pressure Impactor and a 250 Å thick silver film substrate supported by a silver TEM grid.
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Paz Lima, M. L., A. C. Café-Filho, N. L. Nogueira, M. L. Rossi, and L. R. Schuta. "First Report of Clubroot of Eruca sativa Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brazil." Plant Disease 88, no. 5 (2004): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.5.573b.
Full textAbstract:
Eruca sativa Mill. (family Brassicaceae), with its origin in western Asia, is a culinary and pharmacological species cultivated in Europe, Brazil, and other countries. In the United States, it is a minor crop known as arugula or roquette. Clubroot on E. sativa has not been reported in Brazil and has been reported once in the United States in 1914 (1,2,3). On several occasions since 2000, stunted and wilted plants (cv. Rúcula Cultivada) were collected from growers' fields and greenhouses that had been direct-seeded in Vargem Bonita, DF (two fields and one greenhouse) and Quatro Barras, PR (two fields). The infected arugula crops were found in areas where other plants from the genus Brassica were traditionally cultivated. Disease incidence in individual fields varied from 20 to 80%. Diseased plants were severely affected with hypertrophic, malformed roots, and root galls resembling Woronin's description (4). Plasmodia and resting spores in thin sections prepared from root galls were observed with compound and electron microscopes. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on arugula and Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. (universal host) with inoculum from naturally infected arugula. The soil of potted test plants at the four-to-five-leaf stage was drenched with a suspension of resting spores. Symptoms identical to those observed on the original plants were produced on all inoculated plants 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. Control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was positively identified as Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. with the combination of macroscopic and microscopic symptoms and signs of the disease and pathogen. P. brassicae was first reported in Brazil in 1965 in the state of São Paulo and in the 1980s in Distrito Federal on several members of the Brassicae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. brassicae infecting E. sativa in Brazil. Arugula is a susceptible host and should not be planted on P. brassicae-infested land. References: (1) D. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1989. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication. ARS, USDA, 2003. (3) J. S. Karling. The Plasmodiophorales. Published by J. S. karling, NY. 1942. (4) M. S. Woronin. Plasmodiophora brassicae the Cause of Cabbage Hernia. Phytopathological Classics 4. The American Phytopathological Society, Ithaca, NY, 1934.
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Marheni and Lahmuddin Lubis. "Bacteria simbion landscape (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) as a bioactivator for oil palm empty fruit bottle for organic mulsa." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (2019): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v4i2.4101.
Full textAbstract:
Oryctes rhinoceros is an important pest in oil palm plants attacking plants and immature plants. Utilization of oil palm empty fruit bunches in the field causes the spread and increase of O. rhinoceros attacks. The phenol compound and phenyl phenol released by decomposed oil palm empty fruit bunch attract O. rhinoceros to the organic material. The process of decomposition of oil palm empty fruit bunches 6-9 months resulted in an increase in pest population. O. rhinoceros larvae have symbiotic bacteria in their intestines and produce hydrolytic enzymes that have the potential and can be developed to degrade oil palm empty fruit bunch waste that is used as a composting starter. composting.
 The materials used in this study were larvae of O. rhinoceros instar 3, culture media of NA, NB, fungi, trichoderma, yeast and other materials that support the research. Tools used in scalpels, measuring cups, microscopes and others.
 The study was conducted at the Plant Disease Laboratory and Greenhouse, Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra, Medan from June 2019 to October 2019. This research used a Non Factorial Complete Randomized Design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The results of the study were obtained 2 bacterial species namely Achromobacter SP and Bacillus SP then made as a composting activator. The use of this symbiont bacteria influences the physical and chemical factors of compost produced. As for physically obtained compost color in the treatment of P8 7.5 YR 2/1 (Black) while P0 7.5 YR 3/2 (Dark Brown). Compost has a soil aroma and temperature. Material reduction during composting from all treatments averaged 42.14%. The best C / N ratio is in the treatment of P7 (Bacillus + molasses) that is equal to 14.78% and the composting process lasts for 10 weeks.
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Taylor, J. E., and J. A. Walla. "First Report of Dothistroma septospora on Native Limber and Whitebark Pine in Montana." Plant Disease 83, no. 6 (1999): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.6.590a.
Full textAbstract:
Dothistroma septospora (Doroguine) Morelet (= Dothistroma pini Hulbary), the anamorph of Mycosphaerella pini Rostr. in Munk, has been reported to cause needle blight in 29 Pinus species and hybrids in North America, including limber pine (P. flexilis James) in plantings in Kansas, Nebraska, and Ohio. We are unaware of any reports of D. septospora on limber or whitebark pine (P. albicaulis Engelm.) growing within their native ranges in the western United States. In June 1997, limber and whitebark pine in Montana were observed with severe defoliation and symptoms typical of those caused by D. septospora: affected second- and third-year needles were green at the base with brown tips or reddish-brown spots or bands, and black fruiting bodies in discolored portions of needles. Symptomatic needles were collected in natural stands of limber pine at 22 locations representing 15 counties in central, south-central, and southwestern Montana, and whitebark pine at three locations representing two counties in the Crazy Mountains in south-central Montana. Approximately 20 needles and five stromata from each location were examined with dissecting and compound microscopes to observe morphological features. Stromata were black, linear, 150 to 1450 μm (average 650 μm) by 65 to 450 μm (average 190 μm), subepidermal, and erumpent. Conidiophores were hyaline and unbranched. Conidia were 16.0 to 23.5 μm (average 18.5 μm) by 3.0 to 4.1 μm (average 3.4 μm), hyaline, 3 to 5 septate, blunt at the ends, and slightly falcate. The fungus described above was found at all sample locations. The teleomorph, M. pini, was not observed. Symptom expression and mycological characteristics were consistent with Hulbary's lectotype (1) of D. pini (= D. septospora). This is the first report of D. septospora on limber and whitebark pine within the hosts' native ranges. Reference: (1) R. L. Hulbary. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 21:231, 1941.
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Liu, Wei-lin, and Michael T. Shipley. "From light to electron microscopic analysis of neurons intracellularly injected in fixed slices with “miniruby”, a fluorescent biocyttn compound." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100147296.
Full textAbstract:
Intracellular labeling of neurons in fixed slices is a very useful method for studying morphological structures of neurons both at light and electron microscopic levels. Recently, biocytin has been widely used for intracellular labeling in living slices because this molecule is highly soluble, has high electrophoretic mobility and has high affinity for avidin. However, biocytin cannot be used in fixed slices because in fixed slices membrane potential cannot be used to signify that a cell is impaled. Thus, in fixed slices it is necessary to inject cells with a fluorescent compound so that impalement and filling can be visualized under fluorescent microscope. We have developed a fluorescent biocytin compound, “Miniruby” (MR), dextran-tetramethylrhodamine-biocytin. previously, we showed that mis molecule provides excellent intracellular labels in fixed slices at the light microscopic level. Here, we demonstrate MR can also be visualized at the electron microscopic level.Fixed slices (200-400 ¼m) of adult rat olfactory bulb, piriform cortex and periaqeductal gray were used.
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Dofuor, Aboagye Kwarteng, Temitayo Samson Ademolue, Cynthia Mmalebna Amisigo, Kwaku Kyeremeh, and Theresa Manful Gwira. "Chemical Derivatization and Characterization of Novel Antitrypanosomals for African Trypanosomiasis." Molecules 26, no. 15 (2021): 4488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154488.
Full textAbstract:
The search for novel antitrypanosomals and the investigation into their mode of action remain crucial due to the toxicity and resistance of commercially available antitrypanosomal drugs. In this study, two novel antitrypanosomals, tortodofuordioxamide (compound 2) and tortodofuorpyramide (compound 3), were chemically derived from the natural N-alkylamide tortozanthoxylamide (compound 1) through structural modification. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed through spectrometric and spectroscopic analysis, and their in vitro efficacy and possible mechanisms of action were, subsequently, investigated in Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), one of the causative species of African trypanosomiasis (AT). The novel compounds 2 and 3 displayed significant antitrypanosomal potencies in terms of half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) and selectivity indices (SI) (compound 1, EC50 = 7.3 μM, SI = 29.5; compound 2, EC50 = 3.2 μM, SI = 91.3; compound 3, EC50 = 4.5 μM, SI = 69.9). Microscopic analysis indicated that at the EC50 values, the compounds resulted in the coiling and clumping of parasite subpopulations without significantly affecting the normal ratio of nuclei to kinetoplasts. In contrast to the animal antitrypanosomal drug diminazene, compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibited antioxidant absorbance properties comparable to the standard antioxidant Trolox (Trolox, 0.11 A; diminazene, 0.50 A; compound 1, 0.10 A; compound 2, 0.09 A; compound 3, 0.11 A). The analysis of growth kinetics suggested that the compounds exhibited a relatively gradual but consistent growth inhibition of T. brucei at different concentrations. The results suggest that further pharmacological optimization of compounds 2 and 3 may facilitate their development into novel AT chemotherapy.
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Jiang, Wen Hong, Ran Dong Yu, and Sheng Lu. "Effect of Compound Fluxes on A-TIG Welding Joint Depth of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy." Materials Science Forum 749 (March 2013): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.749.133.
Full textAbstract:
A-TIG welding for Cu-Cr-Zr copper alloy was carried out on the eleven pure surface activating fluxes including oxides, fluorides and chlorides on the welding formation and the weld D/W ratio by the means of super depth of field and metallurgical microscope. It was found that the oxides and fluorides could improve welding penetration remarkably, especially with CaF2,ZnF2,SiO2 andCr2O3. Four compound fluxes were chosen from the eleven pure surface activating fluxes, which could increase the penetration and modify the welding shape. An optimized formula composed of the four compounds (CaF2,ZnF2,SiO2 and Cr2O3) was developed by using the formula of uniform design method. It showed that the optimized formula could reach a good weld ability and its weld penetration was 2.5 times more than that of TIG.
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Shah, Syed, Farhat Ullah, Muhammad Ayaz, et al. "Benzoic Acid Derivatives of Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. as Potential Anti-Leishmanial against Leishmania tropica." Processes 7, no. 4 (2019): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040208.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to appraise the anti-leishmanial potentials of benzoic acid derivatives, including methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (compound 1) and octadecyl benzoate (compound 2), isolated from the ethnomedicinally important plant Ifloga spicata (I. spicata). Chemical structures were elucidated via FT-IR, mass spectrometry, and multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR spectroscopy. Anti-leishmanial potentials of the compounds were assessed using Leishmania tropica promastigotes. Moreover, acridine orange fluorescent staining was performed to visualize the apoptosis-associated changes in promastigotes under a fluorescent microscope. A SYTOX assay was used to check rupturing of Leishmania promastigote cell membranes using 0.1% Triton X-100 as positive control. A DNA interaction assay was carried out to assess DNA attachment potential. AutoDock software was used to check the binding affinity of compounds with surface enzyme leishmanolysin gp63 (1LML). Both compounds exhibited considerable anti-leishmanial potential, with LD50 values of 10.40 ± 0.09 and 14.11 ± 0.11 μg/mL for compound 1 and compound 2, respectively. Both compounds showed higher binding affinity with the leishmanolysin (gp63) receptor/protease of Leishmania, as assessed using computational analysis. The binding scores of compounds 1 and 2 with target gp63 were −5.3 and −5.6, respectively. The attachment of compounds with this receptor resulted in their entry into the cell where they bound with Leishmania DNA, causing apoptosis. The results confirmed that the investigated compounds have anti-leishmanial potential and are potential substitutes as natural anti-leishmanial agents against L. tropica.
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Fan, Gaofu, Zhiguo Yu, Jie Tang, Ruomeng Dai та Zhenguo Xu. "Preparation of gallic acid-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound and study on its effect mechanism on Escherichia coli in vitro". Materials Express 11, № 5 (2021): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2021.1968.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to optimize the preparation process of gallic acid-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound and to study its antibacterial effect in vitro. Orthogonal test was used to screen the preparation method of the compound. The microscopic appearance of the compound was observed by microscope, and the solubility of the compound was detected by the dissolution method. The antibacterial activity of the compound was measured by the Oxford cup method. Under the transmission electron microscope, the microstructure of the cells and the intracellular ultrastructure changes were observed. The results showed that when the molar ratio of gallic acid and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion was 1:1, the ethanol concentration was 80%, the inclusion temperature was 30 °C, and the inclusion time was 0.5 h, the inclusion effect was the best with an inclusion rate of 99.45%; the solubility of gallic acid before the inclusion was (6.515 ±0.55) mg/mL, while after the inclusion, the solubility increased by more than 100 times to (710.048 ±1.08) mg/mL; gallic acid-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound could dissolve and destroy the cell membrane of Escherichia coli. The preparation process of gallic acid-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound was stable and feasible, and there was a good inclusion effect. After the inclusion, the solubility of gallic acid increased significantly; the prepared inclusion compound could inhibit the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli by destroying the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane, which could provide data support for the application and development of gallic acid.
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Al-Majedy, Yasameen K., Hiba H. Ibraheem, Ali Jasem, and Ahmed A. Al-Amiery. "New 3,3'-((4-Aryl) methylene)bis(4-hydroxy-2H chromen 2- one) (MHO) derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 10, no. 4 (2020): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v10i4.374.
Full textAbstract:
New green natural particles as corrosion inhibitor namely, macromolecules were incorporated beginning from 4-hydroxycoumarin with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of glacial acid (1) then synthesis with methyl bromoacetate after that this compound (2) used to synthesis of 2,2'-(3,3'-((4-nitrophenyl)methylene)bis(2-oxo-2H-chromene-4,3 diyl))bis(oxy)diacetohydrazide (3) when was refluxed with hydrazine hydrate when compound(2) refluxed with HCl to obtain compound (4) and tested all the synthesis compounds on mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl, 1M H2SO4 media by a weight loss method and identification of the surface technique employee scanning/electron/microscope (SEM) studies. The weight loss investigation demonstrated that inhibition performances have been improved via concentration raising of inhibitor. To support our results scanning electron microscopy was employed to clarify the surface of the MS with and without synthesis compounds in 1.0 M HCl and1.0M H2SO4 media.
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Wei, Shi Zhong, Yan Li, and Jin Hua Zhu. "The Investigation of Microstructure of Pt/Ti Explosive Clad Interface." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3855.
Full textAbstract:
Microstructure in anchoring site of Pt/Ti explosive clad Plate was observed, tested and analyzed by analytical and high resolution transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectrometer. An intermittent micro-crystal layer was observed in anchoring area, with thickness of 2 um. The inner crystal size was from some nanometer. to hundreds of nanometer. Some crystal had defects in it, such as staggered layer. The layer was composed of metal compound, like PtTi，Pt5Ti3，Pt3Ti，Ti3Pt and etc. The direct Pt—Ti anchoring area, hexagonal Ti variation-orthorhombic crystal system, α″-Ti metastable martensite phase and bicrystals with partial deformation were also observed. The research of microstructure in anchoring area revealed the nature of explosive compound in metallurgical anchoring.
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Su, Shijun, Qing Zhou, Xuemei Tang, et al. "Design, synthesis, and antibacterial activity of novel myricetin derivatives containing sulfonate." Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 152, no. 3 (2021): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00706-021-02739-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA series of myricetin derivatives containing sulfonate groups were designed and synthesized. Preliminary antibacterial activity showed that most of the target compounds exhibited significant biological activities against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri (Xac), Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo). In particular, the EC50 value of compound 3e was 13.76 μg/cm3 against Xac, which was better than commercial reagents bismerthiazol (50.32 µg/cm3) and thiodiazole copper. (83.27 µg/cm3), and the EC50 value of compound 3j was 11.92 μg/cm3 against Xoo in vitro, The result was better than that of bismerthiazol (72.08 µg/cm3) and thiodiazole copper (99.26 µg/cm3). Compound 3j displayed the better in vivo activity against rice bacterial leaf blight than bismerthiazol and thiodiazole copper. Meanwhile, the antibacterial mechanism of compounds 3e and 3j was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). These results suggested that myricetin derivatives containing sulfonate can be considered as a new antibacterial reagents. Graphic abstract
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Aluvihara, Suresh, C. S. Kalpage, and P. W. S. K. Bandaranayake. "MANUFACTURING OF ACTIVATED CARBON USING DISPOSABLE COCONUT SHELLS FOR CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES AND WATER TREATMENT UTILIZATIONS." Technology transfer: fundamental principles and innovative technical solutions 4 (November 30, 2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2585-6847.2020.001537.
Full textAbstract:
Activated carbon is a black color solid compound which is fabricated using naturally occurring materials such as woods and species of coal that composed of the majority in carbon. The activated carbon is highly remarkable compound in the catalytic activities in most of chemical industries and water treatment activities because of the significant performances of such activated carbon due to the sufficiency of the surface property which is called as the adsorption with the couple of high porosity. The manufacturing of activated carbon from disposable coconut shells and the investigations of the physic-chemical characteristics of such activated carbon were the expectances of the existing research. Domestically collected coconut shells were burnt in the range of different temperatures 390°C–300°C after removing unnecessary constituents. The chemical composition of the powdered activated carbon was inspected using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrophotometer and the surfaces of prepared activated carbon were examined using an optical microscope. As the outcomes of the above experiments, it seems that the most adequate burning temperature for the manufacturing of that batch of coconut shells was in the range of 330°C–350°C, 68.85% of ferrous and 31.15% of potassium as the composed metallic element apart from the non metallic carbon and the pure black color non- composite surfaces were observed under the microscopic studies. It is encouraged to develop this production using cost effective materials such as the shells of fesults which are belonging to the palm cast while utilizing the productions through the various applications in chemical industries
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Li, Chao Long, Li Ping Xiong, Hong Liu, Li Ting Xiong, and Wei Wang. "Tribological Study of Xanthate-Containing Acetic Ester as Additives in Hydrogenated Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.123.
Full textAbstract:
A novel ester derivative, dodecyl xanthate acetic dodecyl xanthate ester(DXAD) was synthesized and it’s tribological behaviors as additives in hydrogenated oil, were evaluated using a four-ball tester. Results show that the compound possesses good antiwear performance, extreme pressure capacity, and good friction-reducing property. The action mechanism was estimated through analysis of the worn surface with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of XPS and SEM analyses illustrate that the prepared compound as an additive in hydrogenated oil forms a protective film containing ferric sulfide and ferric sulfate compounds on the rubbed surface.
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Sulistyo, Joko, Toshimitsu Hata, Sensho Honma, Ryohei Asakura, and Sri Nugroho Marsoem. "Green Aromatics from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Fast Growing Meranti Biomass." Wood Research Journal 4, no. 1 (2017): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2013.4.1.13-18.
Full textAbstract:
The study on catalytic pyrolysis decomposition of Shorea leprosula wood biomass to form aromatic compounds in fast pyrolysis was performed by pyrolytic-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (Py-GC/MS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) - electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to analyze the chemical compound and solid residue microstructure. Py-GC/MS and TEM-EELS analysis showed that the fast pyrolysis increased the decomposition of hardwood, in which in the presence of ZSM-5 catalyst, the liquid products from wood decomposition was then diffused into the pore of ZSM-5 catalyst to form aromatics including benzene, toluene, styrene, naphthalenes and indanes. The carbonaceous solid compounds or cokes were not deposited on the surface of pores of ZSM-5 catalyst in the fast pyrolysis, as shown by the EELS spectrum that exhibited no detection of any solid carbonaceous compound in the solid residue.
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Khanfekr, Arsia, Morteza Tamizifar, and Rahim Naghizadeh. "Investigation on structure of BaTi1−x NbxO3 compound prepared by rotary-hydrothermal synthesis methods." Materials Science-Poland 32, no. 3 (2014): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13536-014-0222-0.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBaTi1−x NbxO3 compounds (with x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09) were synthesized by rotary-hydrothermal (RH) method. The process was conducted at 180 °C for 5 hours in a Teflon vessel that was rotated at a speed of 160 rpm during the hydrothermal reaction. The effects of donor concentration on the structure and properties of BaTi1−x NbxO3 compounds were investigated. The experiments for the BaTiO3±Nb2O3 system produced by a solid state reaction at high temperature at different concentrations of niobium, with the use of RH processing have not been reported in previous works. For the phase evolution studies, X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) were analyzed and Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images were taken for the detailed analysis of the grain size, surface and morphology of the compound.
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Sarkar, Nandan, Anupama S Avasthi, Anupama S Avasthi, Sabari Ghosal, and Sabari Ghosal. "BIOACTIVE FRACTION OF TROPIDIA CURCULIOIDES, A RARE ORCHID OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH, INDIA: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND MARKER COMPOUNDS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 5 (2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24145.
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Objective: Chemical profiling of the most active fraction of Tropidia curculioides, isolation and characterization of marker compounds along with the evaluation of biological activity. Methods: The most active Et2O fraction of roots of T. curculioides (TC) was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector. Repetitive chromatography followed by high-performance liquid chromatography of the active fraction afforded three major compounds. The structure of the compounds was established by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analysis. Antibacterial activity of the compounds was determined by agar well diffusion method against five multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by microdilution method. Scanning electron microscopy was performed with compound 2 against Escherichia coli cells at MIC (15 μg/ml).Results: Analysis of the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) spectra revealed that the isolated compounds constituted 27.16% of the total constituents. Two other chemical classes, namely, saturated fatty acids and sterol constituted 38.04% and 12.49%, respectively. The structure of the compounds was characterized as 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde (1), bisphenol F (2), and 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (3). The most significant bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against E. coli comparable to that of tetracycline and gentamicin was observed with compound 2. Microscopic study confirmed that compound 2 affects integrity of cell membrane severely, causing death of the bacterium. Compound 1 and 3 showed moderate to good antibacterial activity against E. coli and Enterococcus sp. Cell cytotoxicity of the compounds was well within permissible limit. This is the first report of compounds in TC.Conclusion: The study identified three marker compounds from the less polar fraction of the roots of TC with significant antibacterial activity. The GC–MS spectra with marker compounds could be treated as the chemical fingerprinting of the bioactive fraction. The outcome justifies the use of the plant in traditional medicine.
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Saeed, Ruwaidah S. "Synthesis and Characterization of O-(carboxyl) Chitosan Schiff Base Derivatives and Study Antibacterial Activity." International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 10, no. 03 (2020): 402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.10.3.17.
Full textAbstract:
2-mercaptobenzothiazol [1] was reacted with anhydrous carbonate sodium and ClCH2COOH in distilled water to produce a compound [2]. Compound [3] was synthesized by reaction compound [2] with SOCl2 in benzene. O,N-chitosan derivative [4] had synthesized by reacted chitosan with compound [3] in trichloromethane and pyridine. O-chitosan derivative synthesized according to the method of Fischer and Speier from the reaction of chitosan with compound [2] in distilled water in acidic media to produce compound [5]. O-(carboxyl) chitosan Schiff base derivatives [6-9] had synthesized by reaction O-(carboxyl) chitosan [5] with aromatic aldehydes (syringaldehyde, 3-methoxy,4-hydroxybenzeldehyde, 4-nitrobenzeldehyde, 4-bromobenzeldehyde). The structure of produced compounds has been characterized through their spectral and analytical data, as in fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra,1H-NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHNS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermo gravimetry analysis (TGA). Finally, study the antibacterial activity of some prepared polymers.
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Dai, Qing Wei, Ding Fei Zhang, Xi Chen, Jing Ren Dong, and Fu Sheng Pan. "Research on Pinholes in Aluminum Foil." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.308.
Full textAbstract:
To investigate pinholes in 8079 Aluminum foil, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectrometer were adopted. Results show that four types of pinholes in 8079 aluminum foil, (1) small size, rod-shaped, (2) pinhole in groove, (3) hole with big size, (4) crumpled pinholes. Big compounds along with all rolling and heat treatment processes cause the small rod-shaped pinhole. The big compound contains elements of Al-Fe-O.
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Zhang, Yun, Xiao Fei Li, and Wen Xuan Yin. "Research on the Microscopic Characterization of Preparing Alpha-Hemi Hydrate Gypsum from FGD Gypsum at Atmospheric Pressure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 944–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.944.
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The condition of preparing α-hemi hydrate gypsum from FGD gypsum at atmospheric pressure is easy to achieve. It acquires atmospheric pressure and low heating temperature. This paper introduces two different methods of preparing α-hemi hydrate gypsum, aqueous salt solution method and dry dehydration. Use the microscopic characterization of α-hemi hydrate gypsum to identify the product. Observe the crystal of product by stereo microscope and characterize the compounds with Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Investigate the factors’ effects between the two methods.
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MORALES-SAAVEDRA, OMAR G., ANTAL JÁKLI, GERD HEPPKE, and HANS J. EICHLER. "POLAR MICRO STRUCTURES OF THE B2- AND B4-PHASES OF BENT-SHAPED LC-MOLECULES RESOLVED BY NONLINEAR OPTICAL MICROSCOPY." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 15, no. 02 (2006): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863506003293.
Full textAbstract:
A nonlinear optical (NLO) microscope has been developed based on recording the second harmonic generation (SHG) signals of the B 2- and B 4-phases of bent shaped liquid crystalline (LC) materials. We observed that the microstructures of the polar order can be accurately characterized by 2D scanned images implementing this device. Specifically, we have investigated two bent-core compounds, which have either B 4 or B 2 phases at room temperature and exhibit SHG activity. The NLO microscope was calibrated according to the Maker-fringes method allowing the in situ evaluation of the relative SHG efficiency. The developed NLO microscopy device may serve as an important tool to characterize liquid crystalline features at a microscopic scale for both fundamental and applied research.
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MORALES-SAAVEDRA, OMAR G., JÁKLI ANTAL, HEPPKE GERD, and EICHLER HANS J. "POLAR ORDERING IN THERMOTROPIC MESOGENS RESOLVED BY SCANNING NLO MICROSCOPY." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 15, no. 04 (2006): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863506003396.
Full textAbstract:
A nonlinear optical (NLO) microscope has been developed based on recording the second harmonic generation (SHG) signals of the B 2- and B 4-phases of bent-shaped liquid crystalline (LC) materials. We observed that the microstructures of the polar order can be accurately characterized by 2D scanned images implementing this device. Specifically, we have investigated two bent-core compounds, which have either B 4 or B 2 phases at room temperature and exhibit SHG activity. The NLO microscope was calibrated according to the Maker fringe method allowing the in situ evaluation of the relative SHG efficiency. The developed NLO-microscopy device may serve as an important tool to characterize liquid crystalline features at a microscopic scale for both, fundamental and applied research.