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Journal articles on the topic 'Compound Noun'
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Li, Hong Zheng, He Zhou, and Yao Hong Jin. "A Method for Identifying V+N Compound Nouns in Patent Machine Translation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 4617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.4617.
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In this paper, we introduced one kind of special compound noun in Chinese patent texts composed of verb and noun, and presented a rule-based method for Chinese-English patent Machine Translation (MT) to improve the identification of compound nouns, with the purpose of decreasing the possibilities that verbs may disturb the identification of core predicate verb. The system first tagged different weights on verbs then determined the properties of verbs and recognized the compounds according to the weights. We then conducted experiments with the method, which proved that the method could identify compound nouns efficiently.
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Sisvinda, Felix Stefani. "English Compound Words Used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on Third Week of June 2020." Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS) 8, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijels.v8i1.3231.
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This study aims to describe the orthographic features, word formation and the meaning of compound words related to COVID-19 pandemics used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of June 2020. There are three research questions in this study: (1) What are orthographic features found in the compound words, (2) What are the type of compound words and their lexical categories, and (3) How do the compound words create meaning. To answer the research question, the writer use the theory of morphology and semantics. The findings showed there are 34 compound words in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on the third week of June 2020. The compound words found in this study are written mostly in one word. Then, the rest of compound words are written with a hyphen, and separately in two or three words. Based on the type of compound words, there are 82.35% compound noun, 11.75% compound adjective, and 5.9% compound verb. The most dominant lexical category is from compound nouns which are Noun + Noun and Adjective + Noun. Based on the meaning of compound words, there are 85.3% endocentric compounds and 14.7% exocentric compounds.
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SPENCER, ANDREW. "What's in a compound?" Journal of Linguistics 47, no. 2 (June 3, 2011): 481–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226710000411.
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The Oxford Handbook of Compoundingsurveys a variety of theoretical and descriptive issues, presenting overviews of compounding in a number of frameworks and sketches of compounding in a number of languages. Much of the book deals with Germanic noun–noun compounding. I take up some of the theoretical questions raised surrounding such constructions, in particular, the notion of attributive modification in noun-headed compounds. I focus on two issues. The first is the semantic relation between the head noun and its nominal modifier. Several authors repeat the argument that there is a small(-ish) fixed number of general semantic relations in noun–noun compounds (‘Lees's solution’), but I argue that the correct way to look at such compounds is what I call ‘Downing's solution’, in which we assume that the relation is specified pragmatically, and hence could be any relation at all. The second issue is the way that adjectives modify nouns inside compounds. Although there are languages in which compounded adjectives modify just as they do in phrases (Chukchee, Arleplog Swedish), in general the adjective has a classifier role and not that of a compositional attributive modifier. Thus, even if an English (or German) adjective–noun compound looks compositional, it isn't.
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Faisal Jalil, Ghazi. "Investigating the word construction and the meaning of nonverb compound nouns in the novel of (The Lost Lamb of Rai) by Houshang Golshiri." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 12, no. 02 (2022): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v12i02.008.
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A compound noun is a noun that is composed of two or more parts, so that each component has an independent meaning but refers to a whole person or thing as a whole. Compound nouns are divided into two types, 1- present and 2-non-present, in terms of relation to the root of the verb. Composite nouns, on the other hand, are divided into three categories: inverted, direct, and intermediate in terms of depth of construction. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, 5 types of inactive compound nouns have been identified. Non-current compound nouns are directly related, passive compound nouns are dependent, passive compound nouns are homonymous, emphatic and connective compound nouns, and Arabic compound nouns are among these 5 types. All these types of compound names have been used by the lost lamb of Rai Houshang Golshiri.
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Sisvinda, Felix Stefani. "ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS USED IN THE JAKARTA POST HEALTH COLUMN ON THIRD WEEK OF APRIL 2020." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 4, no. 4 (July 12, 2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v4i4.p651-664.
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This study aims to describe the formation and the meaning of compound words that related to COVID-19 pandemics used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020. There are two research question in this study: (1) What are the type of COVID-19 compound words and their lexical categories found in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020, and (2) How does those related COVID-19 compound words create meaning. To answer the research question, the writer uses the theory of morphology and semantics. The findings showed that there are 26 compound words in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on the third week of April 2020. Based on the type of compound words, there are 86.4% compound noun, 11.5% compound adjective, and 3.9% compound verb. The most dominant lexical category is from compound nouns which are Noun+Noun and Adjective + Noun. Based on the meaning of compound words, there are are 80.76% endocentric compounds and 19.24% exocentric compounds.Keywords: Compound words, COVID-19, Morphology, Semantics
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Clark, Eve V., and Ruth A. Berman. "Types of linguistic knowledge: interpreting and producing compound nouns." Journal of Child Language 14, no. 3 (October 1987): 547–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090001028x.
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ABSTRACTThe present study examined the types of linguistic knowledge that affect children's ability to understand and produce novel compounds in Hebrew. Sixty children aged 3;0–9;0, and 12 adults, were asked to interpret and to produce novel Noun + Noun compounds. Their comprehension was in advance of their production. In comprehension, morphological form of head nouns had little effect: from age four, children did equally well on all the compound forms tested; they identified head nouns and also possible relations between heads and their modifiers. In production, though, knowledge of morphological form was crucial. The fewer the changes children had to make in the forms of head nouns, the earlier they mastered that compound pattern. Finally, children who produced novel compounds correctly were also able to interpret novel compounds, but not vice versa.
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Lorenz, Antje, Andreas Mädebach, and Jörg D. Jescheniak. "Grammatical-gender effects in noun–noun compound production: Evidence from German." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 1134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310916.
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We examined how noun–noun compounds and their syntactic properties are lexically stored and processed in speech production. Using gender-marked determiner primes ( dermasc, diefem, dasneut [the]) in a picture naming task, we tested for specific effects from determiners congruent with either the modifier or the head of the compound target (e.g., Teemasckannefem [teapot]) to examine whether the constituents are processed independently at the syntactic level. Experiment 1 assessed effects of auditory gender-marked determiner primes in bare noun picture naming, and Experiment 2 assessed effects of visual gender-marked determiner primes in determiner–noun picture naming. Three prime conditions were implemented: (a) head-congruent determiner (e.g., diefem), (b) modifier-congruent determiner (e.g., dermasc), and (c) incongruent determiner (e.g., dasneuter). We observed a facilitation effect of head congruency but no effect of modifier congruency. In Experiment 3, participants produced novel noun–noun compounds in response to two pictures, demanding independent processing of head and modifier at the syntactic level. Now, head and modifier congruency effects were obtained, demonstrating the general sensitivity of our task. Our data support the notion of a single-lemma representation of lexically stored compound nouns in the German production lexicon.
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Kuperman, Victor, and Avital Deutsch. "Morphological and visual cues in compound word reading: Eye-tracking evidence from Hebrew." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 12 (July 20, 2020): 2177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820940297.
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Hebrew noun–noun compounds offer a valuable opportunity to study the long-standing question of how morphologically complex words are processed during reading. Specifically, in some morpho-syntactic environments, the first (head) noun of a compound carries a suffix—a clear orthographic marker of being part of a compound—whereas in others it is homographic with a stand-alone noun. In addition to this morphological cue, Hebrew occasionally employs hyphenation as a visual signal that two nouns, which are typically separated by a space, are combined in a compound. In a factorial design, we orthogonally manipulated the morphological and the visual cues and recorded eye movements of 75 proficient Hebrew readers while they read sentences with embedded compounds. The effect of hyphenation on reading times was inhibitory. This slow-down was significantly weaker in compounds where the syntactic relation between constituents was overtly marked by a suffix compared with compounds without a morphological marker. We interpret these findings as evidence that hyphenation is largely a redundant cue but morphological markers of compounding are psychologically valid cues for semantic integration of compounds. We discuss the implications of this finding for accounts of morphological processing.
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Drieghe, Denis, Lei Cui, Guoli Yan, Xuejun Bai, Hui Chi, and Simon P. Liversedge. "The morphosyntactic structure of compound words influences parafoveal processing in Chinese reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307426.
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In an eye movement experiment employing the boundary paradigm, we compared parafoveal preview benefit during the reading of Chinese sentences. The target word was a two-character compound that had either a noun–noun or an adjective–noun structure each sharing an identical noun as the second character. The boundary was located between the two characters of the compound word. Prior to the eyes crossing the boundary, the preview of the second character was presented either normally or was replaced by a pseudocharacter. Previously, Juhasz, Inhoff, and Rayner observed that inserting a space into a normally unspaced compound in English significantly disrupted processing and that this disruption was larger for adjective–noun compounds than for noun–noun compounds. This finding supports the hypothesis that, at least in English, for adjective–noun compounds, the noun is more important for lexical identification than the adjective, while for noun–noun compounds, both constituents are similar in importance for lexical identification. Our results indicate a similar division of the importance of compounds in reading in Chinese as the pseudocharacter preview was more disruptive for the adjective–noun compounds than for the noun–noun compounds. These findings also indicate that parafoveal processing can be influenced by the morphosyntactic structure of the currently fixated character.
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Vërçani, Brunilda. "A Contrastive Analysis of Compound Nouns in German and Albanian Languages." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/141krg53s.
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Language is an important mean of communication and it is constantly changing. During the language change a lot of words become out of use and many other new words become part of lexicon . The lexicon of the language is constantly enlarging and one important way to enlarge a language is by word formation. In German and Albanian Languages word formation is defined as a process of forming new words. In both, German and Albanian Languages an important contribution in word formation is given by compounding. In German Language compound words make up 2/3 of lexical language. The dominant part of compound words is the formation of compound nouns. German Language has got a lot of compound nouns so it has the ability to create new compounds between the connection of nouns or the connection of a noun with the other parts of discourse. In most cases the compounds of German Language find their equivalent in Albanian Language in simple words or phrases. In both languages a compound noun consists of two or more (lexical parts) components; they can have subordinate and coordinate relations. The majority of compounds is done by coordinate relations (determinate compositions). The composition components have a strict word order. If the word order changes in German Language, the meaning of composition will change, it will take a new meaning. (Of course there are exceptions in a few cases). If the word order changes in Albanian Language, the word becomes meaningless. In Albanian language the components of a compound noun are connected without fugues. Compound nouns with connecting vowels (o / a) are very few, while in German linking elements (fugues : e-, -s-, -es-, -n-, -en-, -er-, -ens-, -o-, ) are typical.
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SZPAKOWICZ, STAN, FRANCIS BOND, PRESLAV NAKOV, and SU NAM KIM. "On the semantics of noun compounds." Natural Language Engineering 19, no. 3 (May 3, 2013): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000090.
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The noun compound – a sequence of nouns which functions as a single noun – is very common in English texts. No language processing system should ignore expressions like steel soup pot cover if it wants to be serious about such high-end applications of computational linguistics as question answering, information extraction, text summarization, machine translation – the list goes on. Processing noun compounds, however, is far from trouble-free. For one thing, they can be bracketed in various ways: is it steel soup, steel pot, or steel cover? Then there are relations inside a compound, annoyingly not signalled by any words: does potcontainsoup or is it for cookingsoup? These and many other research challenges are the subject of this special issue.
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Octavianti, Erisa, Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, and Ni Wayan Sukarini. "Compound Nouns Found in The Jakarta Post Website." Humanis 25, no. 4 (November 11, 2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2021.v25.i04.p06.
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This study is aimed to identify the types of compound nouns and analyze the meanings of compound nouns conveyed on The Jakarta Post website. Two theories applied in this study, the theory of compound proposed by Katamba and the theory of meaning proposed by Palmer. Eight articles from The Jakarta Post website were chosen as the data source. The selected articles are related to technology, lifestyle, and business from December 2020 until February 2021. Documentation method and note-taking technique used in collecting the data. The collected data was analyzed by using a descriptive qualitative method and triangulation technique. Meanwhile, in presenting the data analysis, this study used formal and informal methods. The result shows that all types of compound nouns based on the theory applied are found in the data source. The types are: noun + noun, adjective + noun, and preposition + noun. In terms of meaning, there are transparent and opaque meanings.
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Rosliana, Lina. "Kata Majemuk Dengan Unsur Pembentuk Kanji 手 (Te; Shu; Zu)." KIRYOKU 3, no. 3 (December 4, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kiryoku.v3i3.157-163.
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This study discusses about “Japanese Compound Noun of Kanji手 (te; shu; zu)”. The purpose of this study is to desbribe the formation process and the meaning of compound noun which formatted by 手 (te; shu; zu) Kanji. The data of this research is obtained from “Shirabe Jisho” digital dictionary. The data were collected with ‘simak’ method and ‘catat’ technique. The data were analysed with ‘agih’ method and ‘bagi unsur langsung’ technique. Based on the analysis of the data, shows that compound noun which formatted by Kanji手 (te; shu; zu) has founded in two meanings, basic meaning and figurative meaning. Basic meaning compoun noun were founded on four kinds of structure, meanwhile figurative meaning of compound noun were founded on five kinds of structure. Kanji手 (te; shu; zu) has nine kinds of meaning when it combines to compoun noun.
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Korol, Svitlana. "COMPOUND NOUNS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-124-127.
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The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.
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MCGREGOR, KARLA K., GWYNETH C. ROST, LING YU GUO, and LI SHENG. "What compound words mean to children with specific language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 3 (June 4, 2010): 463–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641000007x.
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ABSTRACTSixteen children (17 age mates, 17 vocabulary mates) with specific language impairment (SLI) participated in two studies. In the first, they named fantasy objects. All groups coined novel noun–noun compounds on a majority of trials but only the SLI group had difficulty ordering the nouns as dictated by semantic context. In the second study, the children described the meaning of conventional noun–noun compounds. The SLI and AM groups did not differ in parsing the nouns, but the SLI group was poorer at explaining the semantic relationships between them. Compared to vocabulary mates, a larger proportion of the SLI group successfully parsed the compounds but a smaller proportion could explain them. These difficulties may reflect problems in the development of links within the semantic lexicon.
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GOTTFRIED, GAIL M. "Comprehending compounds: evidence for metaphoric skill?" Journal of Child Language 24, no. 1 (February 1997): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000996002942.
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Previous studies of children's comprehension of compound nouns show that three-year-olds can identify the appropriate referent for a compound when shown picture arrays that include salient distractors. The four studies presented here investigate comprehension of one kind of compound, metaphoric compounds (i.e. noun–noun compounds in which one noun expresses similarity to another object, as in catfish). Forty-four three-year-olds, 45 five-year-olds and 22 adults were shown a series of picture arrays and were asked to identify referents of various types of metaphoric compounds. The arrays included target pictures that had metaphoric resemblances based on shape (e.g. bug shaped like a stick) or on colour/pattern (e.g. shells with black and white stripes, like a zebra). Results showed that three- and five-year-olds can comprehend shape-based metaphoric compounds such as stick-bug, even when faced with salient distractors (e.g. a stick, a bug next to a stick). The younger children had some difficulty with colour-based compounds, such as zebra-shells. Overall, five-year-olds outperformed three-year-olds but performed significantly less well than adults. However, even at age 3, children did not show a general expectation to interpret the compounds literally.
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Huber, Elisabeth. "The car pet in the carpet. On the interaction of computer-linguistic methodology and manual refinement in researching noun compounds." Journal of Computer-Assisted Linguistic Research 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jclr.2019.11316.
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<p>Why does football combine productively with further nouns to form more complex expressions like football game, whereas seemingly comparable compounds like keyword only infrequently expand to more complex sequences? This project explores why some two-noun compounds are more readily available for forming triconstituent constructions than others. I hypothesize that the productivity of a two-noun compound in the formation of triconstituent sequences depends on the degree of entrenchment of that two-noun compound, assuming that only compounds that are entrenched to a certain degree are productive in forming more complex constructions. In order to test this hypothesis, a list of three-noun compounds in the English language needed to be compiled. The obvious thing to do would be to search for sequences of three nouns in POS-tagged corpora. However, since such automatized searches on the one hand do not allow the recall of all required instances and, on the other hand, often create results that are not precise enough, this requires substantial manual screening. Furthermore, in order to operationalize the concepts of entrenchment and productivity, it was necessary to count the usage frequencies of noun constructions. For this work, as well, the automatic elicitation of the data needed to be complemented by further manual selection in order to obtain correct usage frequencies. Both the complex automatic and manual work processes in the elicitation of the data will be presented in detail to give an impression of the extent of such a project.</p>
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Melnyk, Yuliia. "NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND VERBS AS COMPONENTS OF GERMAN COMPOUND WORDS: РECULIARITIES OF SEMANTICS AND COMBINATION." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 831-832 (2021): 198–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.198-218.
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In the article semantic features of nouns, adjectives, and verbs as components of German determinative compound words with the models “noun + noun”, “adjective + noun”, “verb + noun” are investigated using three functional styles (belletristic, publicistic and scientific). Their lexico-semantic subclasses (34 subclasses of nouns, 14 of adjectives and 19 of verbs) were singled out and taken for the further analysis of combination of components in compound words. Using traditional methods (analysis by direct components, transformation analysis, modelling method and analysis of components or sems), as well as quantitative (chi-square criterion and coefficient K) some features of compatibility have been analyzed and its main characteristics have been identified. In this respect, the compatibility ratio of the registered models to the theoretically expected ones has been elucidated. Its intensity has been proved to be determined by the coefficient K and shows the strength of the connection between the components, as well as the number of stable connections. It was established that the model "noun + noun" is characterized by the broadest combinatory range (0.8), thus demonstrating the high activity and popularity of compound nouns of this type in the most lexico-semantic subclasses. Stable connections between components are fixed in all of the models under study, however their quantity and intensity differ. Thus, most stable connections are in a model "noun + noun" (14% of total number of the fixed models), the most powerful connection (K = 0.27) in LSS of nouns “Plants” + LSS of nouns “Plants” and LSS of adjectives “Belonging” + LSS of nouns “State, its attributes”. The research has also proved that semantic identity or congruence of components, when units of the same LSS are combined in one model or consistency is observed between them.
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YOON, JUNTAE. "Compound noun segmentation based on lexical data extracted from corpus." Natural Language Engineering 7, no. 2 (June 2001): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324901002637.
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Compound noun segmentation is one of the crucial problems in Korean language processing because a series of nouns in Korean may appear without space in real text, which makes it difficult to identify its morphological constituents. This paper presents an effective method of Korean compound noun segmentation based on lexical data extracted from a corpus. The segmentation consists of two tasks: First, it uses a Hand-Build Segmentation Dictionary (HBSD) to segment compound nouns which frequently occur or need an exceptional process. Second, a segmentation algorithm using data from a corpus is proposed, where simple nouns and their frequencies are stored in a Simple Noun Dictionary (SND) for segmentation. The analysis is executed based on modified tabular parsing using min-max operation. Our experiments have shown a very effective accuracy rate of about 97.29%, which turns out to be very effective.
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Mykytka, Iryna. "Noun Compounds in Photography." Atlantis. Journal of the Spanish Association for Anglo-American Studies 42, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 72–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.28914/atlantis-2020-42.2.04.
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Compounding is considered to be the most productive device in coining new words in many languages, including English. Numerous studies have dealt with compounds in recent decades. However, in spite of a large number of works on compounds in the general language, few authors have dealt with compounds in specialized languages. We find studies on compounds in science and technology or architecture, just to mention a few. The present article focuses on compound nouns in photography, a field that has to date not been researched in this regard but is extremely rich and interesting. The aim of this study is to outline the types of noun compounds in photography and to illustrate the range of semantic relationships and morphosyntactic patterns that occur in coining new noun compounds in the photography lexis. In order to carry out the study, a corpus-based approach was followed. The data was gathered from professional photography blogs providing authentic up-to-date lexis. The results show that there is a large presence and variety of patterns of nouncompounds in photography, such as noun compounds made up of noun + noun (photo album, time-lapse, shutter speed), verb + noun (catchlight, burn tool, protect filter), adjective + noun (white balance, softbox, glowing filter) and phrase compounds (depth of focus, rule of thirds, pan and tilt).
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Stemberger, Joseph Paul. "Phonological reduction in the first part of noun compounds." Phonological and Phonetic considerations of Lexical Processing 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.3.03ste.
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Regular plural nouns rarely appear as the first member of a compound noun in English under any circumstances, while irregular plurals are more likely under certain conditions. One explanation holds that this is a consequence of the fundamentally different ways in which regular and irregular plurals are stored and processed, while an alternative explanation suggests that it may be rooted in phonological differences between regular and irregular forms. If the first part of a compound is phonologically restricted, the restrictions may interact with lexical access in a way that disfavors regular plurals (especially given that plurals of any sort are of low frequency in the first part of a compound, so processing is far from ceiling). This paper provides evidence from a case study of one child that the first part of a compound can be phonologically restricted compared to nouns when they appear as independent words. The data address compounds whose first elements are monomorphemic nouns, rather than plurals, but document the existence of phonological restrictions within compounds for at least one child This existence proof strengthens the hypothesis that differences between regular and irregular forms may derive partly from differences in phonological structure.
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Nakagawa, Hiroshi, and Tatsunori Mori. "Automatic term recognition based on statistics of compound nouns and their components." Terminology 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2003): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.9.2.04nak.
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In this paper, we propose a new approach to enhance automatic recognition systems for domain-specific terms. The approach is based on the statistics about the relation between a compound noun and its constituents that are simple nouns. More precisely, we focus on how many nouns adjoin the noun in question to form compound nouns. We propose several scoring methods based on this approach and experimentally evaluate them on the NTCIR1 TMREC test collection. The results are very promising, especially in low and high recall.
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Bauer, Laurie. "When is a sequence of two nouns a compound in English?" English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (May 1998): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000691.
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Constructions of noun + noun have been treated in two distinct ways in the literature: either they have been treated as compounds, or they have been treated as noun phrases with modifiers which happen to be nouns. Sometimes it is assumed that there are two distinct classes, which can be neatly distinguished. In this paper it is argued that the criteria which are usually assumed to distinguish between these two construction types do not draw a clear and consistent distinction between a syntactic and a morphological construction. Many of the criteria instead are indirect measures of listedness, which, it is argued, is not sufficient to show morphological status. Accordingly, it is claimed that the criteria to which reference is generally made do not allow us to distinguish between a class of noun + noun compounds and a class of noun + noun syntactic constructions. Rather the two should be treated as variants of a single construction (possibly morphological, possibly syntactic), at least until such time as a suitable coherent distinction can be properly motivated.
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Benczes, Réka. "Creative noun–noun compounds." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 3 (October 31, 2005): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.3.13ben.
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The paper makes the following novel claims: (1) the semantics of noun–noun compounds which is activated by metaphor and/or metonymy (often termed as “exocentric” compounds in linguistics and generally regarded as semantically opaque) can be accounted for within a cognitive linguistic framework, and the term “creative compound” is proposed for such linguistic phenomena; (2) there are regular patterns of creative compounds, depending on which constituent is affected by conceptual metaphor and/or metonymy. The second part of the paper presents one type of creative compounds: noun–noun combinations whose meaning is influenced by a metaphor-based semantic relationship between the two constituents. Such compounds seem to be quite frequent in English and come in all sorts of shapes and sizes: ranging from the “simpler” cases of image metaphors to the more elaborate single scope blends. The paper will give examples of the various types and will provide detailed analyses of each, within a cognitive linguistic framework.
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Budiarta, I. Wayan. "Compound Words In Dawan Language." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.2.1.45.1-15.
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The purpose of this study is to find out the structure of compound words and the types of compound words in Dawan language. This study belongs to qualitative research as it aimed to describe qualitatively the structure and the types of compound words in Dawan language. The data are taken from language consultants (informants) of Dawan language speaker. In collecting the data, the researcher prepares questionnaire and applied interview method. The result of analysis showed that compound words in Dawan language are structured by combining two different words whether the words in the same category or different category. The structure of compound words are built by combining noun (N) with noun (N), for instance mais-oni ‘sugar’ which is built by the noun mais ‘salt’ and the noun oni ‘sweet’; noun (N) with verb (V), for instnace bife-anaot ‘prostitute’ which is built by the noun bife ‘woman’ and the verb anaot ‘work’; verb (V) with noun (N), for instance poni-haano ‘propose’ which is built by the verb poni ‘hang’ and the noun hauno ‘leaf’; verb (V) with verb (V), for instance fua-tulu ‘worship’ which is built by the verb fua ‘see’ and the verb tulu ‘give’; and noun (N) with adjective (Adj), for instance ume-kbubu ‘kitchen’ which is built by the noun ume ‘house’ and the adjective kbubu ‘circle’. Further analysis on the compound words showed that they can also be classified into noun head word, verb head word, and adjective head word. Keywords: compound words, noun head word, verb head word, adjective head word.
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Zakhtser, E. M. "An Introduction to Teaching English Compound Nouns in EFL." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 9, no. 6 (February 10, 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2019-9-6-125-132.
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Native speakers of English accept and use noun + noun compound nouns so readily and naturally, that they fail to notice the grammatical incongruity of using one noun to describe another. Learners of English whose native languages have a stricter grammatical basis than English find these constructions not merely difficult to use — but puzzling, and apparently ‘wrong’. This paper aims to correct this position by providing extensive illustrations from everyday English speech to describe how commonplace, such constructions are (and how, in many cases, there is no alternative to using them) — alongside a methodological guide to forming and using compound nouns, with particular reference to their use in the banking, financial and insurance industries in which many learners hope to make their careers. Teaching this topic is currently poorly supported in standard teaching materials — even excellent, and widely-used EFL textbooks make no mention at all of this very commonly-used structure. Compound nouns stand in dire need of an academic pedigree to support them. The paper reviews the two primary kinds of compound nouns found in English (Attributive, and Contextual), with working examples illustrating their varying usages.
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Mustafa, Sumaya Khalid. "CATEGORIZATION OF COMPOUND NOUNS IN KURDISH AND ENGLISH." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 23, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v23i1.2462.
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This paper is concerned with the categorization of compound nouns in Kurdish and English. It compares compound nouns of the two languages according to the prototype theory, applying categorization as a cognitive assumption. The paper attempts to achieve the following goals: first, classifying Kurdish compound nouns using morphological and semantic criteria, listing Kurdish compound nouns according to the prototype theory, showing the structure based on which the relationship between the components of a compound noun is represented, comparing the morphological and semantic relations between the components of compound nouns of Kurdish to those of English. The data of the study on the Kurdish language were collected and analyzed based on the fact that the author is a native speaker of Kurdish. The results show that the morphological structure of compound nouns in Kurdish is more complex than the structure of compound nouns in English though they share some structures. Unlike English, the head in Kurdish compound nouns is not always a noun. The categorization of Kurdish compound nouns is different from English ones; it depends on the nature of the languages and the different perspectives of their users. In both languages, there are compound nouns whose meaning needs encyclopedic knowledge of the speakers to interpret them. This point confirms the assumptions of cognitive linguistics namely simplicity, conventionality, and semanticity.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230108
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M.I., Boichuk. "CONVERSION AND COMPOUND MODELS OF RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-3.
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The article outlines the concept of “conversion”, which is defined as an affixless, derivational way of word formation, in which a new word formed from another part of the language does not acquire an external word-forming rearrangement. The concept of “word formation” has also been analyzed and the phonetic component of compounds of religious vocabulary characterized. The structural classification has been distinguished taking into account the structure of compoundings. It has been found that among the layer of religious vocabulary derivational connections of conversion occur between two, three or more words, and the main ways of direction of this process have been identified. Five main models of conversion of lexical units of the religious sphere have been determined, such as: Noun – Verb, which further is divided into three categories, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. The process of substantivization of religious vocabulary as a variant of conversion has also been analyzed. Under substantivization we understand the process of changing the paradigm of the basic word and a part of speech. Analysis of religious vocabulary shows that the transition is from adjectives to nouns, the first acquires the characteristic features of the latter.The article presents an analysis of religious vocabulary based on the dictionary of O. O. Azarov “Comprehensive English-Russian dictionary of religious terminology” which allows to identify such productive models of word formation of religious vocabulary in English: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle. These models are most actively involved in the creation of religious vocabulary in English, as they have the largest number of words in their structure. Compounds of religious lexis are divided into root compounds and compound derivatives, the structural integrity of which allows to distinguish them from phrases. Considering the components of compound words, the main element can be both the first and second part. According to the relationship between the components, compounds are divided into endocentric and exocentric types. The first is expressed by a compound word, the meaning of which is derived from the sum of the meanings of the compound’s components, the latter includes complex words, the meaning of which is not determined by any of its constituent elements. Among the layer of religious vocabulary of the English language we distinguish the following endocentric models: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N and exocentric models: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Key words:compounding, endocentric and exocentric compound words, substantivization, conversion. У статті обґрунтовано поняття «конверсія», яке визначається як безафіксальний, дериваційний спосіб словотвору, за якого нове слово, що утворюється з іншої частини мови, не набуває зовнішньої словотвірної перебудови. Також у роботі проаналізовано поняття «словоскладання», охарактеризовано фонетичний складник композитів релігійної лексики та виділено структурну класифікацію з урахуванням структури композитів складених слів. З’ясовано, що серед пласту релігійної лексики конверсивні дериваційні зв’язки відбуваються між двома, трьома та більшою кількістю слів, та визначено основні способи спрямованості цього процесу. Виділяємо п’ять основних моделей конверсії лексичних одиниць релігійної сфери: Noun – Verb, яка своєю чергою поділяється на три категорії, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. Також проаналізовано процес субстантивації релігійної лексики як варіант конверсії. Під субстантивацією розуміємо процес зміни парадигми твірного слова й частини мови. Аналіз релігійної лексики показує, що перехід відбувається від прикметників у іменники, прикметник набуває характерних ознак іменника. У статті представлено аналіз релігійної лексики на основі словника О.О. Азарова «Большой англо-русский словарь религиозной лексики», який дає змогу виокремити такі продуктивні моделі словоскладання релігійної лексики в англійській мові: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle.Ці моделі беруть найактивнішу участь у творенні релігійної лексики в англійській мові, оскільки налічують найбільшу кількість слів у своїй структурі. Композити релігійної лексики поділяються на власне складні та склад-нопохідні, структурна цілісність яких дозволяє відмежувати їх від словосполучень. Щодо компонентів складних слів, то головним елементом може бути як перша, так і друга частина. Відповідно до відносин між компонентами складні слова поділяються на ендоцентричний та екзоцентричний типи. Перший виражається складним словом, значення якого виводиться із суми значень компонентів композита, до останнього відносяться складні слова, значення яких не визначається жодним із його складових елементів. Серед пласту релігійної лексики англійської мови виокремлюємо такі ендоцентричні моделі: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N та екзоцентричні моделі: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Ключові слова:словоскладання, ендоцентричні та екзоцентричні складні слова, субстантивація, конверсія.
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ZHANG, JIE, RICHARD C. ANDERSON, QIUYING WANG, JEROME PACKARD, XINCHUN WU, SHAN TANG, and XIAOLING KE. "Insight into the structure of compound words among speakers of Chinese and English." Applied Psycholinguistics 33, no. 4 (October 13, 2011): 753–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716411000555.
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ABSTRACTKnowledge of compound word structures in Chinese and English was investigated, comparing 435 Chinese and 258 Americans, including second, fourth, and sixth graders, and college undergraduates. As anticipated, the results revealed that Chinese speakers performed better on a word structure analogy task than their English-speaking counterparts. Also, as anticipated, speakers of both languages performed better on noun + noun and verb + particle compounds, which are more productive in their respective languages than noun + verb and verb + noun compounds, which are less productive. Both Chinese and English speakers performed significantly better on novel compounds than on familiar compounds, most likely because familiar compounds are lexicalized and do not invite decomposition into constituents.
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Scarlata, Salvatore, and Paul Widmer. "Vedische exozentrische Komposita mit drei Relationen." Indo-Iranian Journal 58, no. 1 (2015): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-0580010.
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In this paper it is suggested that a large subset of Vedic exocentric nominal compounds can best be described by focusing on two semantosyntactic relationships that exist in addition to the first one, viz. the modificative relation an exocentric compound bears to the head noun: A second, external relation which establishes a link between one single member of the compound and the noun the compound modifies as a whole, and a third, internal relation which combines the two members of a compound to form a semantosyntactic unit. For both, internal and external relations, a distinct set of three preferred readings is established which provides a semantosyntactic framework for interpreting these compounds. It is emphasized that a correct interpretation always depends not only on these sets of possible readings, but, most importantly, on the semantics of the compound members and the modified noun as well as on the pragmatics and the context the syntagm occurs in.
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Adikayon, Leonilla Yolanda Kintan. "Compound words on the Jakarta post newspaper and Việtnam news newspaper." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2020): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2107.
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A newspaper has become the major news source around the world, either the printed or online newspaper. A newspaper provides many kinds of news and from different perspectives. Words in the newspaper play a significant role to deliver the information to the readers. The morpho-semantic study is needed to find out the uncommon words and their meaning in the newspaper. News in The Jakarta Post newspaper and Việt Nam News newspaper were analyzed, applying Hamawand’s (2001) compound categorization. Endocentric compound and exocentric compound by O’Grady et al (2016) are also being used in this study. The data were taken in a purposive sampling technique by observing eight news in the business column by The Jakarta Post and nine news in the economy column by Việt Nam News, taken from August 28, 2020, until September 4, 2020. Both newspapers contain distinctive compound words related to the economy that is still rarely known by people. From the total seventeen news, only a noun compound and adjective compound are found in the news, while the verb compound does not appear at all. The total of compound words found in the news is 25; there are 18 noun compounds and 7 adjective compounds found in the news. There are 16 endocentric compounds and 9 exocentric compounds found. The result shows that noun compounds and endocentric compounds appear more often than adjective compounds and exocentric compounds.
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Nicoladis, Elena. "“Where is my brush-teeth?” Acquisition of compound nouns in a French–English bilingual child." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2, no. 3 (December 1999): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728999000346.
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This study had two purposes: (i) to see if bilingual children can differentiate their languages with respect to the ability to form compound nouns and (ii) to test the validity of previous explanations of the acquisition of compounds. Compound nouns are right-headed in English and left-headed in French. If the French–English bilingual child in this study could differentiate between the two compounding rules, his compounds should show differential order based on the language of the semantic head. The analysis was based on the child's spontaneous compound productions from 2;9 to 3;3. The results showed that the language choice of the semantic head noun predicted the order of his compounds, suggesting that he had two distinct compounding rules. The pattern of errors made by the child cannot be accounted for by any previous explanation alone. It is suggested that children use various cues to learn compound structure.
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Habert, Benoît, and Christian Jacquemin. "Constructions Nominales à Contraintes Fortes et Grammaires D'unification." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.19.2.10hab.
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Irregular nominal compounds can be defined as noun phrases having a regular syntactic construction but having restrictions on their syntactic variations and specific semantic behaviours. The aim of our study is to bring to the fore some of the constraints which have to be taken into account for the realisation of a parser for non lexicalised nominal compounds. Therefore, two nominal compounds are studied from a linguistic standpoint. The first one verre à vin (wineglass) can be classified as a true compound noun although accepting several modifications. The second one verre de vin (glass of wine) is a compositional noun phrase although having idiosyncratic characters. The features drawn from the observation of variations and meaning construction of these two compounds are used to evaluate four unification formalisms in their ability to represent and parse precisely such sequences: PATR-II, Lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar, OLMES and Acceptability Controlled Grammar. The first two are general grammar formalisms whereas the last two are dedicated to idioms and compound parsing. The conclusions of this evaluation yield a set of principles which should govern the construction of a parser better suited for compound noun parsing and interpretation.
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Ibara, Yvon-Pierre Ndongo, Roland Giscard Ondze Otouba, and Jules Bianchiny Ossere Mounguellet. "Teaching English Compound Noun Stress." English Language Teaching 12, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n3p46.
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The aim of this research paper is to scrutinize the teaching of English pronunciation based on English compound noun stress at secondary school. In fact, the teaching of compound noun stress has not been highlighted by previous scholars. In addition, teaching strategies based on this item have not been taken into account by INRAP and E.N.S in the course of phonetics and phonology. As a result, no teacher is able to teach compound noun stress and no learner is able to practice this language item. Therefore, our practical suggestions are made of teaching and learning strategies, a set of exercises and a sample of a teaching card to encourage teachers to deal with compound noun stress. This study is an attempt to show the parallel between the techniques of teaching of reading and that of compound noun stress.
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Ó SÉAGHDHA, DIARMUID, and ANN COPESTAKE. "Interpreting compound nouns with kernel methods." Natural Language Engineering 19, no. 3 (March 12, 2013): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324912000368.
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AbstractThis paper presents a classification-based approach to noun–noun compound interpretation within the statistical learning framework of kernel methods. In this framework, the primary modelling task is to define measures of similarity between data items, formalised as kernel functions. We consider the different sources of information that are useful for understanding compounds and proceed to define kernels that compute similarity between compounds in terms of these sources. In particular, these kernels implement intuitive notions of lexical and relational similarity and can be computed using distributional information extracted from text corpora. We report performance on classification experiments with three semantic relation inventories at different levels of granularity, demonstrating in each case that combining lexical and relational information sources is beneficial and gives better performance than either source taken alone. The data used in our experiments are taken from general English text, but our methods are also applicable to other domains and potentially to other languages where noun–noun compounding is frequent and productive.
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Barbosa, Poliana Goncalves, and Elena Nicoladis. "Deverbal compound comprehension in preschool children." Mental Lexicon 11, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.1.05bar.
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When English-speaking children first attempt to produce deverbal compound words (like muffin maker), they often misorder the noun and the verb (e.g., make-muffin, maker muffin, or making-muffin). The purpose of the present studies was to test Usage-based and Distributional Morphology-based explanations of children’s errors. In Study 1, we compared three to four-year old children’s interpretations of Verb-Noun (e.g., push-ball) to Verb-erNoun (e.g., pusher-ball). In Study 2, we compared three- to five-year old children’s interpretations of Verb-erNoun (e.g., pusher-ball) to Noun-Verb-er (e.g., ball pusher). Results from both studies suggest that while preschool children’s understanding of deverbal compounds is still developing, they already show some sensitivity to word ordering within compounds. We argue that these results are interpretable within Usage-based approaches.
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Fiorentino, Robert, Jamie Bost, Alyson D. Abel, and Jordan Zuccarelli. "The recruitment of knowledge regarding plurality and compound formation during language comprehension." Mental Lexicon 7, no. 1 (June 8, 2012): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.7.1.02fio.
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Compound formation has been a major focus of research and debate in mental lexicon research. In particular, it has been widely observed that compounds with a regular plural non-head are dispreferred, and a long line of research has examined the nature of this constraint, including which morphological, semantic or phonological properties of the non-head underlie this dispreference. While it is typically assumed that this constraint in fact leads to the barring of a compound analysis to a noun-noun string which would otherwise violate the constraint, its implementation during sentence comprehension has not been thoroughly examined. Using self-paced reading, we demonstrate that knowledge of pluralization and compound formation is immediately utilized in the assignment of structure to noun-noun strings, and that the dispreference for regular plural non-heads in fact leads the parser away from the compound analysis in favor of a more complex grammatical alternative. These results provide new evidence for the online deployment of knowledge regarding pluralization and its interaction with compound formation, and inform our understanding of how morphological information is deployed during, and impacts real-time sentence comprehension.
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KUNDURACI, AYSUN. "The paradigmatic aspect of compounding and derivation." Journal of Linguistics 55, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 563–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226718000518.
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This study aims to show the dynamic aspect of word-formation paradigms in autonomous morphology by examining the compound marker in Turkish Noun–Noun compounds, as in buz paten-i ‘ice-skate (ice skate-cm)’, and its relation to derivational suffixes. The study proposes a process-based morphological paradigm structure which involves compounding and derivational operations. In this system, the compound marker has a formal paradigmatic function: it creates correct lexeme forms based on bare Noun–Noun compounds, which would otherwise serve as input to certain derivational operations. The current system thus accounts for both permitted and unpermitted suffix combinations involving compounding and the optionality in certain combinations, such as buz paten-ci (-si) ‘a/the ice skater (ice skate-agt-cm)’, where the compound marker may (not) appear in combination with the (derivational) agentive -CI. The study also presents a survey which implies that a group of derivational affixes is in a paradigmatic relation with the compound marker, and all of these affixations constitute alternative paths in a dynamic paradigm structure. The findings of the study are considered to contribute to the understanding of the nature of the autonomous morphological operations and paradigms, which cannot be restricted to the lexicon or manipulated by syntax.
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Schäfer, Martin, and Melanie J. Bell. "Constituent polysemy and interpretational diversity in attested English novel compounds." Semantics and Psychology of Complex Words 15, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00013.sch.
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Abstract We explore variation in the interpretation of attested novel compound nouns in English, especially the contribution of constituent polysemy to this diversity. Our results show that effects of polysemy are pervasive in compound interpretation, contributing both to interpretational diversity and to perceived difficulty of interpretation. The higher the uncertainty about the concept represented by the head noun, based on existing compounds with that head, the greater the diversity of interpretations across speakers and the more difficult, on average, they find it to come up with a meaning.
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Sinha, Yash. "Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4301.
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This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection. I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called “adjectival” inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the “adjectival” and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.
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Fauziyah, Syifa Wasilatul. "KATA MAJEMUK DALAM TEKS BERITA DARING CNN INTERNARTIONAL EDISI SEPTEMBER 2019: KAJIAN MORFOLOGI." SUAR BETANG 15, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v15i1.143.
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The title of this research is “Compounding in CNN International Online Newspaper September, 2019: Morphological Studies”. this research aims to describe the compounding form and compounding category in CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019. The method in this research is used qualitative descriptive research method. The data in this research were obtined by reading the CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019. The result of this research shows that the compounding process in CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019 can be classified into two forms they are writing forms and compounding forms. In writing forms they are open form and close form and the form of compounding they are endocentric compound (which has a head of compound words) and exocentric compound (which has no a head of a compound word). The category of the data they are compound noun (noun+noun/verb+noun) and compound verb (noun+verb).
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Nakagawa, Hiroshi. "Automatic term recognition based on statistics of compound nouns." Terminology 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.6.2.05nak.
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The NTCIR1 TMREC group called for participation of the term recognition task which is a part of NTCIR1 held in 1999. As an activity of TMREC, they have provided us with the test collection of the term recognition task. The goal of this task is to automatically recognize and extract terms from the text corpus which consists of 1,870 abstracts gathered from the NACSIS Academic Conference Database. This article describes the term extraction method we have proposed to extract terms consisting of simple and compound nouns and the experimental evaluation of the proposed method with this NTCIR TMREC test collection. The basic idea of scoring a simple noun N of our term extraction method is to count how many nouns are conjoined with N to make compound nouns. Then we extend this score to measure the score of compound nouns because most of technical terms are compound nouns. Our method has a parameter to tune the degree of preference either for longer compound nouns or for shorter compound nouns. As for term candidates, in addition to noun sequences, we may add variations such as patterns of "A no B" that roughly means "B of A" or "A’ś B" and/or "A na B" where "A na" is an adjective. Experimental results of our method are promising, namely recall of 0.83, precision of 0.46 and F-value of 0.59 for exactly matched extracted terms when we take into account top scoring 16,000 extracted terms.
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Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco. "Coordinating nominal compounds: Universal vs. areal tendencies." Linguistics 56, no. 6 (November 27, 2018): 1197–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0025.
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AbstractCoordinating compounds, i.e. complex word forms in which the constituent lexemes are in a coordination relation, may be divided into two classes: hyperonymic, in which the referent of the whole compound is the “sum” of the meanings of the constituent lexemes (Korowaiyumdefól‘(her) husband-wife, couple’; van Enk, Gerrit J., & Lourens de Vries. 1997.The Korowai of Irian Jaya: Their language in its cultural context. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 66), and hyponymic, where the compound designates a single referent having features of all the constituents (Englishactor-director). It has been proposed that languages choose either type as the one with the “tightest” marking pattern; whereas the crosslinguistic tendency is to have tighter hyperonymic compounds, most languages of Europe rather have tighter hyponymic compounds (Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco, Nicola Grandi, & Bernhard Wälchli 2010. Coordination in compounding. In Sergio Scalise & Irene Vogel (eds.),Cross-disciplinary issues in compounding, 177–198. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins). In this paper, we will test this assumption on noun-noun compounds in a sample of 20 Standard Average European languages and in a balanced sample of 60 non-SAE languages, arguing that the preference for hyperonymic compounds is best explained by the default referential function of nouns; in hyponymic compounds, on the other hand, nouns are used to indicate properties. We will then compare nominal and adjectival coordinating compounds, showing that for the latter the hyponymic compounding pattern is the dominant one, as adjectives are prototypical property-denoting words.
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Njobvu, Naomi. "VN Phrasal Compounds in Cinyanja." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.3.1.453.
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This article aims at discussing verb-noun compounds with a locative prefix in the nominal part of the compounds in Cinyanja. The singular and plural forms of the compounds have been presented to show that the complex forms are nouns. With regard to the internal structure, the compounds show that they have a phrasal structure. Since verb-noun compounds in this study resemble the structure of synthetic compounds in English, the analysis of these words followed the syntactic approach. The results show that internally, the compounds with a locative have a verb phrase internal structure, and follow the verb-argument word order. In the syntactic context, it is shown that the compounds with the phrasal internal structure function as determiner phrases because they can appear in the subject and object positions in simple sentences and relative clauses. Further, the entire compound word can be modified by adjectives, and be coordinated with simple nouns, which suggests that the compounds with a locative are indeed determiner phrases. Finally, with the application of the lexical integrity hypothesis, the results reveal that the compounds with the locative in the nominal part are genuine compounds because they adhere to the lexical integrity principle.
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Yoon, Jiyoung. "Productivity of Spanish verb–noun compounds." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 9, no. 1 (July 6, 2011): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.9.1.05yoo.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines Spanish verb–noun compounds in terms of the role played by, and the relationship between, metonymy and metaphor in generating them. After exploring different referent types denoted by Spanish verb–noun compounds such as instrument, agent, place, plant, animal/insect, and causer event, sample examples are analyzed in each referent type for their conceptualization patterns. The analytical tools are based on the notion of domain-internal and domain-external conceptual mappings for metonymy and metaphor, respectively, as well as on the model proposed in the Combined Input Hypothesis for the analysis of metaphors involving multiple inputs. The analysis of the data shows that there are at least four metonymic and metaphoric patterns involved in Spanish verb–noun compounds and that these patterns are productive. The four patters are: (i) only metonymy is involved; (ii) target-in-source metonymy is derived from metaphor; (iii) metaphor is derived from target-in-source metonymy, and (iv) metonymy is derived from a metaphor which is derived from metonymy. This study proposes that these four types of metonymic and metaphoric patterns mediate the production of novel Spanish verb–noun compounds. The implication of this finding is that the more complex the cognitive operations involved in verb–noun compounds, the less predictable the meaning of the compound will be for the language users who first hear them; but once learnt, the meaning of the compound is stored as a whole unit in their mental lexicon. An analysis of a larger corpus of data in future studies will reveal a more comprehensive picture of the relational patterns involved in Spanish verb–noun compounds.
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Banga, Arina, Esther Hanssen, Anneke Neijt, and Robert Schreuder. "Plurals as modifiers in Dutch and English noun-noun compounds express plurality in production." Mental Lexicon 8, no. 1 (April 29, 2013): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.1.03ban.
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The present study investigates the relation between conceptual plurality and the occurrence of a plural morpheme in novel Dutch and English noun-noun compounds. Using a picture-naming task, we compared the naming responses of native Dutch speakers and native English speakers to pictures depicting either one or multiple instances of the same object serving as a possible modifier in a novel noun-noun compound. While the speakers of both languages most frequently produced novel compounds containing a singular modifier, they also used compounds containing a plural modifier and did this more often to describe a picture with several instances of an object than to describe a picture with one instance of the object. Speakers of English incorporated some regular plurals into the noun-noun compounds they produced. These results contradict the words-and-rules theory of Pinker (1999) and also the semantic constraints for compounding put forth by Alegre and Gordon (1996). Interestingly, it appears, however, that the acceptability constraints put forth by Haskell, MacDonald, and Seidenberg (2003) apply to the production of compounds.
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Spalding, Thomas L., and Christina L. Gagné. "Property inference from heads to opaque-transparent compounds." Semantics and Psychology of Complex Words 15, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00017.spa.
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Abstract We investigate how people extend properties from head nouns to compound words. Two conflicting principles seem to be important. Concepts license inference of properties: Knowing that birds fly allows an inference that songbirds fly. On the other hand, a subcategory term like songbirds is created only when that subcategory contrasts with the general category of birds. Participants rate the extent to which properties true of all, some, or no members of the head noun category are true of a subcategory denoted by an Opaque-Transparent compound. Both categorical inference and contrast affect these judgments: Properties true of the head are less true of the compound though still generally true, while those false of the head are more true of the compound, though still generally false. We discuss how modification effects with Opaque-Transparent compounds compare to both Transparent-Transparent compounds and novel combinations.
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Juhasz, Barbara J., Alexander Pollatsek, Jukka Hyönä, Denis Drieghe, and Keith Rayner. "Parafoveal processing within and between words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 7 (July 2009): 1356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802400010.
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Parafoveal preview was examined within and between words in two eye movement experiments. In Experiment 1, unspaced and spaced English compound words were used (e.g., basketball, tennis ball). Prior to fixating the second lexeme, either a correct or a partial parafoveal preview (e.g., ball or badk) was provided using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975). There was a larger effect of parafoveal preview on unspaced compound words than on spaced compound words. However, the parafoveal preview effect on spaced compound words was larger than would be predicted on the basis of prior research. Experiment 2 examined whether this large effect was due to spaced compounds forming a larger linguistic unit by pairing spaced compounds with nonlexicalized adjective–noun pairs. There were no significant interactions between item type and parafoveal preview, suggesting that it is the syntactic predictability of the noun that is driving the large preview effect.
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Berg, Thomas. "The modification of compound nouns by three adjectives." Functions of Language 24, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.24.2.01ber.
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Abstract This paper is the final instalment in a series of studies investigating the modification patterns in complex noun phrases (NPs) in English. It particularly focuses on the modification of two-noun compounds by three attributive adjectives. An analysis of all such NPs from the BNC reveals a strong preference for head modification over modifier modification, similar rates of convergent and divergent modification and the non-occurrence of crossed modification. The single most important factor influencing the modification patterns is functional status. The larger the number of adjectives modifying the head of the compound, the higher the frequency of the modification type (modulo a proximity effect). The absence of crossed modification is expected under the no-crossing constraint, which is understood here not as a formal but as a functional principle ensuring successful communication. The various factors can be tied together under the rubric of accessibility. The probability of selecting a particular modification target is argued to be a function of the accessibility of the nouns in an NP.
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NAKOV, PRESLAV. "On the interpretation of noun compounds: Syntax, semantics, and entailment." Natural Language Engineering 19, no. 3 (May 28, 2013): 291–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000065.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe discuss the problem of interpreting noun compounds such as colon cancer tumor suppressor protein, which pose major challenges for the automatic interpretation of English written text. We present an overview of the more general process of compounding and of noun compounds in particular, as well as of their syntax and semantics from both theoretical and computational linguistics viewpoint with an emphasis on the latter. Our main focus is on computational approaches to the syntax and semantics of noun compounds: we describe the problems, present the challenges, and discuss the most important lines of research. We also show how understanding noun compound syntax and semantics could help solve textual entailment problems, which would be potentially useful for a number of NLP applications, and which we believe to be an important direction for future research.