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Middleton, Theodora Elizabeth. "Music and Compound Words." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1333671995.
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Tkach, A. V. "The models of compound words in modern terminology." Thesis, БДМУ, 2017. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17378.
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Mead, Jonathan Tufts. "Argument structure and the interpretation of deverbal compounds." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64082.
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Shabani-Jadidi, Pouneh. "Processing Compound Verbs in Persian." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22717.
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This study investigates how Persian compound verbs are processed in the mental lexicon, through which we can infer how they are stored, organized, and accessed. The study focuses on investigating Persian compound verbs in light of psycholinguistic theories on polymorphemic word processing as well as linguistic theories of complex predicates.
The psycholinguistic section details three experiments addressing the following three research questions: (1) whether compound verb constituents show significant priming in the masked-priming paradigm; (2) whether priming effects are constrained by semantic transparency; and (3) whether priming effects are due to morphological relatedness.
This study revealed several findings: (1) compound verbs in Persian are decomposed into their constituents at early stages of processing, (2) at early stages of processing, decomposition is based on purely orthographic similarity, (3) although both transparent and opaque compound constituents were facilitated while processing, transparency had an impact on processing in the early stages of processing.
Finally, the findings seem to support a parallel input effect or competing alternative effect for the verbal constituent of the transparent compound verb, as reflected in the slower facilitation for the verbal constituent compared to the nominal constituent.
In theoretical studies on Persian complex predicates, the compound verb formation can be either lexical or syntactic. The overall evidence reflected in the linguistic data for Persian complex predicates presented in this dissertation as well as the results of the experimental studies carried out in this research seem to point towards lexical compounding in Persian compound verb formation. The evidence comes from (1) the nominalization of the compound, i.e. the possibility of using the compound verb as a noun; (2) the atelicity feature, i.e. the possibility of using the compound verb after the progressive expression dar haale ‘in the process of’, which indicates an incomplete action; and (3) the nonreferentiality of the nominal constituent in the compound verb, i.e. the nominal constituent cannot be followed by a pronoun that refers to it.
On the other hand, the results of the experimental studies reported in this dissertation seem to support a lexical approach to compound verbs in Persian. The technique used in these experimental studies was masked priming paradigm, which investigates the prelexical and lexical processing. The results reveal constituent priming effects under masked priming technique. This indicates that Persian compound verb constituents are accessed at the prelexical stage of processing. Syntactic calculations are said to be done at later stages of processing. Therefore, the early processing of compound verb constituents leads us to the argument for the lexicality of Persian compound verbs.
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Mukai, Makiko. "A comparative study of compound words in English, Japanese and mainland Scandanavian." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/243.
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The aim of this thesis is to propose a structure for compounds, specifically compound nouns in Japanese, English and Mainland Scandinavian within the framework of Chomsky's Minimalist Program and Bare Phrase Structure (Chomsky 1995). The purpose is to show that words are derived in Narrow Syntax as phrases and that words must have asymmetrical structure, i. e. a head of the word should be determined. The proposed structure of a compound noun in the languages in question is as follows: (1) P(X) root P(x) root P(x) Structure (1) is derived with the following assumptions in mind. 1. The place of Morphology within the Minimalist Program is argued to be outside the Lexicon and after the Narrow Syntax. This has led several linguists to argue that a word is derived in the same way as a phrase. Moreover, linear order is redundant in the Narrow Syntax, since the structure determines the word order. As a result, it is not the Right-hand Head Rule proposed by Williams (1981) which determines the head of a compound word but the structure does. The Right-hand Head Rule may have a place in the phonology, though, in stipulating how a word derived in the Narrow Syntax is spelled out. The rule is formulated by Williams to apply in Morphology. In most current minimalist theories morphology is after spell-out. But the head must be determined before spell-out, since it determines the LF as well as determining aspects of the PF. 2. Nothing prevents us applying Merge at the level of the word as well as the phrasal level. As Williams' (1981) Right-hand Head Rule cannot be used within the Minimalist Program, Collins (2002) definition of head is used for compound words. According to Collins, a head is a category which has one or more unsaturated features. Another stipulation taken from Collins (2202) is that when a lexical item is chosen from the lexical array and introduced to the derivation, the unsaturated features of this lexical item must be satisfied before any new unsaturated lexical items are chosen from the lexical array. The effect of these two assumptions is that when two categories a and ß are merged, only one of them, say a, can have an unsaturated feature (which is not saturated by ß), so a will be the head. The structure (1) shows the following. " First, a root without word class features is merged with a Property feature, the content of which is given by the root. " The Property feature is represented above as P(roperty) (x) where `x' represents the unvalued referential index. " There are two ways to check P(x): one is assigning xa value, that is an index, and the other is deleting x. Since the P(x) feature is unsaturated in the sense that it needs a referential index from either D or DP, it is a head, and as such it percolates to the dominating node. Then, another root is merged to form a compound word. As P(x) is the only unsaturated feature before and/or after the root is merged, it is percolated and it is the head of the whole compound. The present theory can account for the syntactic and semantic properties of a wide range of compounds, particularly noun-noun compounds in English, Japanese, and Mainland Scandinavian, within a syntactic theory based on minimalist assumptions.
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Cheng, Chenxi. "The bilingual acquisition of compound words and its relation to reading skills." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8093.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Human Development/Institute for Child Study. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Stymne, Sara. "Text Harmonization Strategies for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, NLPLAB - Laboratoriet för databehandling av naturligt språk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76766.
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In this thesis I aim to improve phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) in a number of ways by the use of text harmonization strategies. PBSMT systems are built by training statistical models on large corpora of human translations. This architecture generally performs well for languages with similar structure. If the languages are different for example with respect to word order or morphological complexity, however, the standard methods do not tend to work well. I address this problem through text harmonization, by making texts more similar before training and applying a PBSMT system. I investigate how text harmonization can be used to improve PBSMT with a focus on four areas: compounding, definiteness, word order, and unknown words. For the first three areas, the focus is on linguistic differences between languages, which I address by applying transformation rules, using either rule-based or machine learning-based techniques, to the source or target data. For the last area, unknown words, I harmonize the translation input to the training data by replacing unknown words with known alternatives. I show that translation into languages with closed compounds can be improved by splitting and merging compounds. I develop new merging algorithms that outperform previously suggested algorithms and show how part-of-speech tags can be used to improve the order of compound parts. Scandinavian definite noun phrases are identified as a problem forPBSMT in translation into Scandinavian languages and I propose a preprocessing approach that addresses this problem and gives large improvements over a baseline. Several previous proposals for how to handle differences in reordering exist; I propose two types of extensions, iterating reordering and word alignment and using automatically induced word classes, which allow these methods to be used for less-resourced languages. Finally I identify several ways of replacing unknown words in the translation input, most notably a spell checking-inspired algorithm, which can be trained using character-based PBSMT techniques. Overall I present several approaches for extending PBSMT by the use of pre- and postprocessing techniques for text harmonization, and show experimentally that these methods work. Text harmonization methods are an efficient way to improve statistical machine translation within the phrase-based approach, without resorting to more complex models.
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Mphasha, Lekau Eleazar. "The compound noun in Northern Sotho." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1343.
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Shen, Weilin. "Role of stress pattern in production and processing of compound words and phrases in Mandarin Chinese." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05H108/document.
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La présente thèse étudie le rôle de l'accent prosodique (accent de mot vs. accent de syntagme) lors du traitement auditif de paires minimales ambigües (mots composés vs. syntagmes) du chinois mandarin. Deux types de paires minimales ont été utilisés: 1) Mots composés avec un ton neutre (ex: dong3xi0 « chose ») vs. Syntagme avec un ton plein (ex: dong3xi1 « est et ouest ») qui se distinguent par la réalisation du ton sur la syllabe finale ; 2) Mots composés Verbe-Nom (VN) (ex: 'chaofan « riz frit ») vs. Syntagmes Verbe-Objet (VO) (ex: chao'fan « frire du riz ») se distinguant par la position de l'accent prosodique. Nos données comportementales et neurophysiologiques démontrent que : 1) la syllabe finale est plus longue et l'étendue de la F0 est plus large dans les VO que dans les VN, 2) la prosodie assiste le système de traitement pour anticiper la structure morphologique des séquences ambigües, et 3) un traitement hiérarchique « de droite-à-gauche » des informations prosodiques en complément d'un traitement séquentiel « de gauche-à-droite » prend place en chinois mandarin. Prises dans leur ensemble, nos données précisent la description fonctionnelle et structurale du modèle Prosody-Assisted-Processing (PAP) pour le chinois mandarinThe present thesis investigates the role of prosodic stress (i.e. lexical versus phrasal stress) on the auditory processing of Mandarin Chinese ambiguous compound /phrase minimal pairs. Two types of compound/phrase minimal pairs were used: 1) Compound word with a neutral tone (e.g. dong3xi0 "thing") vs. phrase with a full tone (e.g. dong3xi1 "east and west") distinguished by the final syllable tone realization; 2) Verb-Noun (VN) compound word (e.g. 'chaofan "fried rice") and Verb-Object (VO) phrase (e.g. chao'fan "fry the rice") distinguished by the position of the prosodic stress. Combined behavioral and neurophysiological data demonstrate that 1) the final syllable was more lengthened and the F0 range was larger in VO than in VN, 2) prosodic structure does assist the processing system in anticipating morphological structure, and 3) a right-to-left hierarchical processing of prosodic information in addition to a sequential left-to-right one is involved during the processing of ambiguous spoken sequences in Mandarin Chinese. Taken together, our findings allowed us to precise the functional and structural description of the Prosody-Assisted-Processing (PAP) model for Mandarin Chinese
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Kwan, Pun-lok David, and 關本樂. "Lexical blending among young Chinese readers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617825.
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Lexical compounding refers to the process of word formation through union of lexicalized morphemes. Given that young Chinese readers learn print vocabulary as unanalyzed whole, I am uncertain whether children can effortlessly decompose bound morphemes from disyllabic words for lexical compounding to occur. With this concern, I propose a lexical blending process in parallel with lexical compounding, where words are constructed from previously learnt words that have not yet been decomposed as morphemes. This thesis investigated the mechanisms behind the lexical blending process, as well as its role in word reading among young Chinese readers, in five studies
Studies One and Two examined the factors that favor lexical blending to occur. In Study One, I located a high proportion of disyllabic words and bound morphemes within a corpus of Chinese textbooks in Hong Kong. Around 40-50% of disyllabic words in Grade One to Grade Three are composed of one or more bound morphemes, which set a favorable environment for lexical blending to occur. In Study Two, I found that younger readers tended to commit more selection errors, defined as “naming the target character as a character that forms a highly frequent two-character compound word with it” (Shu, Meng, Chen, Luan and Cao, 2005), than older readers during character reading, suggesting that their representations of bound morphemes were not precise. An experiment on morpheme name judgment demonstrated that bound morphemes and low frequency morphemes embedded in high frequency words were most prone to selection errors.
I further examined the lexical blending process and its contribution to reading development in Studies Three and Four. Adopting a cross-sequential design in Study Three, I found that lexical blending concurrently and longitudinally predicted Chinese word reading, after lexical compounding and other reading-related variables were partialled out. In Study Four, I located lexical class and structural relation knowledge as significant component skills of lexical blending. The process of lexical blending proceeded first with structural arrangement of words, followed by morphological decomposition and union of morphemes to eventually form a blended word.
I also tested Chinese dyslexic readers’ performance on lexical blending in Study Five. Dyslexic readers exhibited difficulties in lexical blending and all the related component skills, when compared with chronological-age (CA) matched controls. Process-wise, the dyslexic readers were weaker than CA controls in both structural arrangement and morphological decomposition, while having particular difficulties in the latter process.
I conclude that lexical blending is an important word formation process for young Chinese readers. To aid mastery of lexical blending, readers should be aware of the syntax in phrases and sentences, as it provides cues on structural arrangement of blended words. In addition, I suggest explicit instruction on lexical blending skills in the curriculum, with a particular focus on morphological decomposition, in order to meet the learning needs of dyslexic readers.published_or_final_version
Psychology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Smedberg, Ulrika. "Les mots "non simples" dans la traduction : Une étude contrasitve des équivalences composées et dérivées franςaises et suédoises." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54466.
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Walle, Spencer Benjamin. "Traduction des titres de brevets en français : Étude contrastive de substantifs composés en japonais, anglais et français." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Franska, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-35167.
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Cette étude porte sur la traduction de substantifs composés en japonais et en anglais vers le français. Ces deux langues-là permettent de produire des compositions enchaînées des types « NN », « NNN » etc. alors que cette forme de composition est beaucoup moins productive en français où l’on préfère souvent utiliser une préposition pour lier plusieurs substantifs. Dans la traduction de titres de brevets, souvent consistant entièrement en substantifs composés en japonais et en anglais, comment les traducteurs francophones s’attaquent-ils au problème de cette différence entre la langue source et la langue cible ? Les recherches antérieures ont produit des classifications diverses, parfois interlingues, pour l’analyse de substantifs composés. À partir d’un corpus composé de plus d’une centaine de titres de brevets comprenant plusieurs centaines de substantifs composés traduits par des traducteurs professionnels, ces classifications sont utilisées pour analyser les stratégies auxquelles recourent les traducteurs dans ce contexte très limité. Les résultats montrent entre autres une préférence marquée pour les compositions du type « N de N » en français et mettent au jour l’existence de certaines traductions très bien établies voire figées.This study addresses the translation of compound nouns from Japanese and English into French. The former two languages allow for the production of concatenated compositions of the types "NN", "NNN" etc. whereas this form of composition is much less productive in French, which often prefers to use a preposition to link multiple nouns. In the translation of patent titles, often consisting entirely of compound nouns in Japanese and English, how do French-speaking translators tackle the problem of this difference between the source language and the target language? Previous research has produced various, sometimes interlingual, classifications for the analysis of compound nouns. From a corpus of more than a hundred patent titles comprising several hundred compound nouns translated by professional translators, these classifications are used to analyze the strategies used by translators in this very constrained context. The results show, among other things, a marked preference for compositions of the "N de N" type in French and reveal the existence of certain very well established or even fixed translations.
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Sun, Jing. "The Teeter-Totter in Reading Chinese Coordinative Compound Words: A Multi-Stage Investigation on Word Recognition by Native Readers of Chinese and Learners of Chinese as a Second Language." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593267157168268.
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丸山, 真名美, Manami MARUYAMA, 純. 木村, and Jun KIMURA. "高校生の漢字の書き取りにおける誤答パターンと学習方略の関係." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/3123.
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Sperens, Monica. "Nya sammansättningar med efterledet -bubbla : En korpusbaserad undersökning." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Svenska/Nordiska språk, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118870.
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Den här är en korpusbaserad studie över sammansättningar med efterledet -bubbla under 2000–2014. Följande ord har studerats ingående: bostadsbubbla, lånebubbla, finansbubbla, aktiebubbla, småbolagsbubbla, husbubbla, lönebubbla och hyresbubbla. Studien har funnit att sammansättningarna är etablerade, att metaforiken bubbla är konventionaliserad att sammansättningarna används i en ekonomisk diskurs och mer allmänt. Studien för även en vidare diskussion kring nyord och metaforik och föreslår en offentlig konversation med ekonomijournalister och språkforskare.This is a corpus-based study of compound words with the modifier -bubble in texts from 2000 to 2014. The following compound words were studied closely: housing bubble, credit bubble, the financial bubble, the stock bubble, small cap bubble, real estate bubble, salary bubble and the rental bubble. Results indicate that these compound words are established, that the metaphor bubble is conventionalized, and that the compound words are used both in economic discourse and more generally. Further, new words and metaphors are discussed. A public conversation with financial journalists and linguists is suggested.
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Wynne, Hilary Suzanne Zinsmeyer. "The phonological encoding of complex morphosyntactic structures in native and non-native English speakers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:39fd5b76-2099-4f42-a428-e4c2df39685d.
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Theories of phonological word formation (e.g. Selkirk 1980, 1986; Nespor & Vogel 1986; Lahiri & Plank 2010) assume that prosodic units are not isomorphic with syntactic units. However, the prosodic status of compounds remain uncertain, at least in so far as language planning and phonological encoding is concerned. Theories are not transparent about the prosodic status of compounds: although a noun-noun compound in English consists of two lexical words (and therefore two prosodic words), it can also act as a single prosodic item by exhibiting main stress on the first unit and carrying inflection. Thus the question remains controversial - should these items be treated as a single prosodic unit, similar to a monomorphemic word, or as two distinct units for the purpose of post-lexical representation? Recursive word formation may suggest that compounds are a single unit. Psycholinguistic evidence measuring speech onset latency in native speakers of Dutch and Portuguese also shows compounds being treated as single prosodic units (Wheeldon & Lahiri 1997, 2002; Vigario, 2010). Although recent studies have produced evidence for the prosodification of compounds in native speakers, little is known about the process in non-native speakers. Our research questions are as follows: what is the post-lexical planning unit in English, and how do non-native fluent speakers of English plan these units for the purpose of phonological encoding? To investigate our hypotheses, we focus on the phonological encoding of compounds with and without encliticisation, for native and non-native speakers of English. In a series of delayed priming tasks, we found overwhelming evidence that reaction times reflected the total number of prosodic units in the target sentence. In online tasks, however, speech latencies only reflected the size of the first prosodic unit. Taken together,these results suggest that, despite containing two lexical and prosodic words, English compounds are planned as single prosodic units, exhibiting encliticisation and reaction times similar to those of monomorphemic words. As shown by the results in this study, this naming paradigm has proved extremely beneficial for eliciting data about the structure of prosodic units in speech production. Not only was it successful for native speakers of Dutch, European Portuguese, and English, we also found that it was easily implemented into a study of post-lexical encoding in non-native speakers of English.
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Frandsen, Martina. "Rechercheintensive Werbemittelerstellung und sozialversicherungspflichtige Onlinemarketingagenturen : Eine deutsch-schwedische Übersetzungsanalyse von Substantiv- und Adjektivkomposita." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89569.
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Compounds, i.e. combining two lexical morphemes, are used for various reasons, e.g. naming, reduction of letters and words, drawing attention and producing expressive and humorous effects, etc. Compounding is not a unique concept to the German language, but is regarded as one of its characteristic features. As the stylistic norms differ from language to language, it renders the task of translating compounds challenging. There are various translation strategies for translating compounds, the tendencies of which are explored in this study. The analysis is based on a Swedish translation of Kühn’s (2016) Das Handbuch für digitale Nomaden and focuses on noun and adjective compounds, as they are the most frequent compounds in German. Concerning noun compounds, the study shows a tendency towards translation strategies, which are close to the source text material in form and meaning, whereas translations of adjective compounds tend to use strategies, which are similar in meaning, but not in form, e.g. a paraphrase. On this basis, it is concluded that even though German and Swedish share linguistic similarities, they differ when it comes to stylistic norms, as German is considered more nominal, whereas Swedish has a more verbal mode of expression.
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TAMAOKA, Katsuo, Kexin XIONG, 賀津雄 玉岡, and 可欣 熊. "日中同形二字漢字語の品詞性の対応関係に関する考察." 名古屋大学言語文化研究会, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20902.
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Strandberg, Mathias. "De sammansatta ordens accentuering i Skånemålen." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Seminariet för nordisk namnforskning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-218582.
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Swedish has a contrast between two so-called tonal word accents: accent 1 and accent 2. In central standard Swedish, for example, compound words generally have accent 2 and primary stress on the first element. In contrast, traditional Scanian dialects exhibit both a high occurrence of accent 1 in compounds and dialect geographic variation between accent 2 and second element stress. This dissertation argues in favour of four diachronically oriented hypotheses pertaining to the word accent distribution in compounds with monosyllabic first elements in these dialects: (1) compounds emanating from syntactic juxtapositions have accent 1; (2) compounds formed by way of compounding proper (stem compounds and comparable formations) have accent 2 or second-element stress; (3) compounds of either of these two types do, however, have accent 1 if the first element was originally disyllabic and has lost its posttonic syllable through syncope; (4) West Germanic loanwords have accent 1. This permits the generalisation that postlexical accent 2, which applies generally in compounds in central standard Swedish, for example, only applies in (non-syncopated) compounds proper in Scanian dialects, while in the other categories the word accent follows from the first element. The larger dialect geographical picture in Sweden is discussed, and it is concluded that the system found in Scanian and many other dialects represents the original state of affairs in Scandinavia as a whole, while the central standard Swedish system with general accent 2 in compounds is an innovation. The dissertation also gives a dialect geographical account of second-element stress, which, in agreement with previous research, is found to be primarily a south Scanian but to some degree also a north-west Scanian phenomenon. It is further proposed that Scanian second-element stress originated in an accent-2 curve with the floating prominence tone H (entailing the curve’s F0 maximum) timed with the posttonic syllable, by way of association of the prominence tone to the posttonic syllable. This curve is documented in south-east Scania and is hypothesised to have earlier been spread throughout southern and western Scania.
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Grimm, Angela. "The development of word-prosodic structure in child German : simplex words and compounds." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4319/.
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Die Dissertation untersucht die Entwicklung der prosodischen Struktur von Simplizia und Komposita im Deutschen. Ausgewertet werden langzeitlich erhobene Produktionsdaten von vier monolingualen Kindern im Alter von 12 bis 26 Monaten.
Es werden vier Entwicklungsstufen angenommen, in denen jedoch keine einheitlichen Outputs produziert werden. Die Asymmetrien zwischen den verschiedenen Wörtern werden systematisch auf die Struktur des Zielwortes zurückgeführt. In einer optimalitätstheoretischen Analyse wird gezeigt, dass sich die Entwicklungsstufen aus der Umordnung von Constraints ergeben und dass dasselbe Ranking die Variation zwischen den Worttypen zu einer bestimmten Entwicklungsstufe vorhersagt.The thesis investigates the development of the word-prosodic structure in child German. The database consists of longitudinal production data of four monolingal children aged between 12 and 26 months. It is argued in the thesis that the children pass through four developmental stages which are characterized by non-uniform outputs. The asymmetries in the output pattern are attributed to the proosdic shape of the target word. The thesis provides an optimality-theoretic analysis showing that a single ranking of constraints accounts for the variation in the output at a given stage.
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Antunes, Ciro Carlos. "Um estudo das regras de uso do hífen, segundo o acordo ortográfico de 1990." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/14293.
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This paper deals with the use of the hyphen in the word formation, as the Portuguese Spelling Agreement, made between 1986-1990 and approved by the nations that make up the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Justifies the investigation because , although the Orthographic Agreement tax from 1996 presents a set of rules for the use of the hyphen in the word formation, there are many exceptions to every rule, causing difficulties. The problem is to answer the following questions: 1) Why use the hyphen in the word formation? 2) When the use of the hyphen is needed? 3) If Portuguese is a language accent, ie, intensity, native speakers recognize prefixes and suffixes accented and inacentuados? 4) In the derived and compound forms, the place selected for the accent in lexemes, entails the use of the hyphen? 5) Why multiple prefixes in Portuguese are accentuated if the affixes are treated by traditional grammarians as dependent ways that can not occur by itself in utterances? This work has the objective to contribute to a reflection on the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 and the formation of words Morphology part of our normative grammars of standard use. The specific objectives : 1) to present a brief history of English spelling and its orthographic reforms , to situate the distance between Brazil and Portugal , 2) present difficulties on the Morphology for word formation in our grammars in grammatical usage pattern , 3) examine the rules of use of the hyphen in derived words , and 4) examine the rules of use of the hyphen in compound words . The methodological approach was theoretical and analytical to a corpus consists of examples given in the 1990 Agreement in Brazilian spelling and grammar guides. The results indicate that, for the use of the hyphen: 1. The rules of the hyphen in the word formation derived by prefixing and suffixing were built with oscillation criteria: a) semantic b) morphological c) syntactic d) phonetic e) spelling f) morphosyntatic g) morfofonético. 2. Varying criteria create difficulties for the use of the hyphen and the same are present in the grammar item: Word formation. It follows the need to review the item related to the formation of words, which is spongy and confused, in Brazilian traditional grammar. Without this revision of any rule for hyphenation, word formation, it is difficult to elaborate
Esta dissertação trata do uso do hífen na formação de palavras conforme o Acordo Ortográfico da língua portuguesa formulado entre 1986-1990 e aprovado pelas nações que compõem a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa. Justifica-se a investigação realizada, pois, embora o Acordo Ortográfico imposto a partir de 1996 apresente um conjunto de regras de uso do hífen na formação de palavras, há muitas exceções para cada regra, causando dificuldades. O problema consiste em responder as seguintes questões: 1) Por que usar o hífen na formação de palavras? 2) Quando o uso do hífen se faz necessário? 3) Se a língua portuguesa é uma língua de acento, ou seja, de intensidade, como os falantes nativos reconhecem prefixos e sufixos acentuados e inacentuados? 4) Nas formas derivadas e compostas, o lugar selecionado para o acento em lexemas, acarreta o uso do hífen? 5) Por que vários prefixos da Língua Portuguesa são acentuados, se os afixos são tratados pelos gramáticos tradicionais como formas dependentes que não podem ocorrer por si só nos enunciados? Esta dissertação tem por objetivo geral contribuir para uma reflexão a respeito do Acordo Ortográfico de 1990 e da formação de palavras da parte Morfologia de nossas gramáticas do uso padrão normativo. São objetivos específicos: 1) apresentar um breve histórico da ortografia portuguesa e suas reformas ortográficas para situar o distanciamento entre Brasil e Portugal; 2) apresentar as dificuldades existentes na parte Morfologia para formação de palavras em nossas gramáticas do uso padrão gramatical; 3) examinar as regras de uso do hífen em palavras derivadas; 4) examinar as regras de uso do hífen em palavras compostas. O procedimento metodológico adotado foi teórico-analítico para um corpus composto de exemplos apresentados no Acordo de 1990, em gramáticas brasileiras e guias ortográficos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, para o uso do hífen: 1. As regras do hífen na formação de palavras derivadas por prefixação e sufixação foram construídas com oscilação de critérios: a) semântico; b) morfológico; c) sintático; d) fonético; e) ortográfico; f) morfossintático; g) morfofonético; 2. Critérios variados criam dificuldades para o uso do hífen e as mesmas estão presentes no item gramatical: Formação de palavras. Conclui-se a necessidade de se rever o item relativo à formação das palavras, que é lacunoso e confuso, na gramática tradicional brasileira. Sem essa revisão qualquer regra de uso do hífen para a formação de palavras, torna-se difícil de ser elaborada
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Warell, Peter. "New Chinese Words in 2014 – A Study of Word-formation Processes." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Kinesiska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-23241.
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随着社会的发展，尤其是互联网的发展，很多语言每年都涌现出了不少新词汇。词语是每个语言最基本也是最重要的组成部分，因此分析这些新词汇的结构特点以及构词法是很有意义的。这篇文章分析了2014年出现在中文里的新词汇和它们的构词方式，论文的目的是为了更好地了解中文词汇的发展和特点。本文以《2014汉语新词语》中公布的2014年出现的新词汇作为语料进行分析，发现了以下两个主要特点：第一，合成法，派生法，缩略法是2014年产生的新词汇的主要构词方式；第二， 百分之七十二的新词汇是多音节词（包含三个或者三个以上音节），而百分之八十的是名词。这些特点说明中文词汇现阶段的特点和发展趋势，跟传统的中文词汇有不同之处。The aim of this thesis was to investigate how new Chinese words are formed and to examine the linguistic patterns among them. This thesis focused on the analysis of Chinese words formed in 2014. The quantitative data for the analysis included a collection of 423 new Chinese words from the book 2014 汉语新词语 (hànyǔxīn cíyǔ) by Hou and Zhou. Parts of speech and number of syllables in the new words were investigated, although the focus was on word-formation processes. A discussion of derivation, blending, abbreviation, analogy, borrowing, change of meaning, compounding and inventions is also included. The share of each word-formation process used for each of the new words was presented statistically in order to reveal the significance of each word-formation process. The analysis showed that compounding, derivation and abbreviation were the major word-formation processes in 2014. The study also suggests that words formed by derivation and analogy were much more frequent in 2014, in comparison to previous studies. Furthermore, the ways words are formed in Chinese are changing and evolving, as some word-formation processes are becoming more frequently used in the formation of new words.
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Lau, Kai-yan Dustin, and 劉啟欣. "Compound word processing: development and disorder." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47249675.
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Compounding is one of the most productive methods to construct words in different
languages, e.g. joining the words “super” and “man” gives the compound word
“superman”. For decades, researchers are interested to know how compound words are
stored and retrieved in the lexicon. Different theories of lexical storage and retrieval of
compound words were proposed to explain the compound word processing observed in
both normal and abnormal adult subjects. However, little studies have attempted to apply
these theories to explain the developmental pattern of storage and retrieval of compound
words. To fill the gap, the major aim of the current study is to investigate the power of
different theories of lexical storage and retrieval of compound words in explaining the
typical and atypical development of compound word processing in Chinese children.
Altogether, 20 grade 2 children, 22 grade 4 children, and 17 grade 6 children
screened to have normal non-verbal intelligence and reading abilities were recruited from
a local mainstream school. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the existence
of the holistic representations of compound words and the representations of their
constituent morphemes in the lexicon, and their involvement during the compound word
retrieval processes across different grade levels.
Results show that grade 4 and grade 6 children demonstrate significant whole-word
frequency, morphological family size and semantic transparency effects in all three
experiments, a pattern which resembles that observed in normal adult subjects. The grade
2 children, however, only demonstrate significant whole-word frequency effect but not
the morphological family size and the semantic transparency effect. The results indicate
that grade 4 and grade 6 children adopt the partial-decomposed approach of compound
word storage and retrieval (e.g. Taft, 2003). As for the grade 2 children, it is hypothesized
that their performances represent a developing stage of the partial-decomposed approach,
where networks of morphological relations between family members were underdeveloped
in their lexicon.
Further investigation of the compatibility of the partial-decomposed approach in
explaining the compound word storage and retrieval pattern resulted from atypical
development was conducted. The three experiments mentioned above were administered
on 16 poor readers (PR), 16 reading-level-matched (RL) peers and 16 chronological-agematched
(CA) peers. Interestingly, the PR group’s performances resemble that of the RL
and CA group in experiments of whole-word frequency and morphological family size
but not in experiment of semantic transparency. The PR group’s performances can be
explained by assuming a deficit in identifying shared semantic features between
compound words and their constituents in the partial-decomposed approach. It is
proposed that the PR group identifies frequently occurring morphemes as salient
orthographic reading units without recognizing the shared semantic features between
compound words and their constituents.
In summary, results of the current study support the partial-decomposed approach of
lexical storage and retrieval of compound words. The current study further proposes (i) a
developing stage of the partial-decomposed approach to explain the compound word
processing within an under-developed lexicon and (ii) a deviated partial-decomposed
approach to explain the compound word processing of children with reading difficulties.published_or_final_version
Speech and Hearing Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Chan, On-kei Angel. "Word and compound retrieval in Cantonese aphasic speakers." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36209624.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 1998."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 1998." Also available in print.
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Taylor, Maureen Deirdre. "Word grammar and the semantics of compound nouns." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1987. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28840/.
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This investigation is a mentalistic inquiry into the study of semantic structure for compound nouns in English. The phenomenon of compounding entails competence in both semantic and pragmatic aspects of knowledge. These two aspects of language are generally described by separate grammatical models with the result that traditional analyses have been unable to provide a descriptively adequate account of the meanings of English compound nouns. This inquiry adopts the grammatical model of Word Grammar which incorporates a systematic representation of grammatical competence within a model of performance. The underlying hypothesis of this model is that all prepositional content of language is organised in relation to the word. Therefore, no unit larger than the word itself is required to describe the production and comprehension of compound constituency. The inclusion of pragmatic competence into the framework introduces an indeterminate feature in terms of experiential knowledge but this is offset by knowledge of the word as a common denominator with which all knowledge is projected. It is shown that Word Grammar's mentalistic framework provides an observationally adequate description of speaker competence for the meanings of compound nouns and an alternative approach that offers a credible description of the interrelation between semantic and pragmatic knowledge exploited in the comprehension of compound noun meaning.
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Pearson, Ann 1971. "Biogeochemical applications of compound-specific radiocarbon analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44599.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), February 2000.Includes bibliographical references.
Compound-specific carbon isotopic (613C and A14C) data are reported for lipid biomarkers isolated from Santa Monica Basin (SMB) and Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) surface sediments. These organic compounds represent phytoplanktonic, zooplanktonic, bacterial, archaeal, terrestrial, and fossil carbon sources. The lipids include long-chain n-alkanes, fatty acids (as FAMEs), n-alcohols, C30 mid-chain ketols and diols, sterols, hopanols, and ether-linked C40-biphytanes of Archaea. The data show that the carbon source for most of the biomarkers is marine euphotic zone primary production or subsequent heterotrophic consumption of this biomass. Two lipid classes represent exceptions to this finding. A14C values for the n-alkanes are consistent with mixed fossil and contemporary terrestrial plant sources. The archaeal isoprenoid data reflect chemoautotrophic growth below the euphotic zone. The biomarker class most clearly representing marine phytoplanktonic production is the sterols. It is suggested, therefore, that the sterols could serve as paleoceanographic tracers for surface-water DIC. The isotopic data are used to construct two algebraic models. The first calculates the contributions of fossil and modern vascular plant carbon to SMB n-alkanes. This model indicates that the A14C of the modern component is +235%o (post-bomb) or 0%o (pre-bomb). The second model uses these values to determine the origin of sedimentary TOC. The results are comparable to estimates based on other approaches and suggest that -60% of SMB TOC is of marine origin, modern terrestrial and fossil sources contribute -10% each, and the remaining -20% is of unknown origin.
by Ann Pearson.
Ph.D.
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PARK, Sunju, Katsuo TAMAOKA, Kexin XIONG, 賀津雄 玉岡, 可欣 熊, and 善婤 朴. "同形二字漢字語の品詞性に関する日韓中データベースの概要." 名古屋大学言語文化研究会, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20901.
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Murnane, Owen D., Beth A. Prieve, and Evan M. Relkin. "Recovery of the Human Compound Action Potential Following Prior Stimulation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1998. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1793.
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The recovery from prior stimulation of the compound action potential (CAP) was measured using a forward masking stimulus paradigm in four normal-hearing, human subjects. The CAP was recorded using a wick electrode placed on the tympanic membrane. The effects of a 4000-Hz, 97-dB SPL conditioning stimulus on CAP amplitude in response to a 4000-Hz probe were measured as a function of conditioner–probe interval for three probe levels. The normalized probe response amplitude was completely recovered to the control values at an average conditioner–probe interval of 1359 ms, similar to that observed in chinchilla (Relkin, E.M., Doucet, J.R., Sterns, A., 1995. Recovery of the compound action potential following prior stimulation: evidence for a slow component that reflects recovery of low spontaneous-rate auditory neurons, Hear. Res. 83, 183–189). The present results are interpreted as a consequence of the slow recovery of low spontaneous-rate (SR), high threshold neurons from prior stimulation (Relkin, E.M., Doucet, J.R., 1991. Recovery from prior stimulation. I: Relationship to spontaneous firing rates of primary auditory neurons. Hear. Res. 55, 215–222) and may provide indirect physiological evidence for the existence of a class of low-SR auditory neurons in humans.
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Köster, Dirk. "Morphology and spoken word comprehension : electrophysiological investigations of internal compound structure /." Leipzig ; München : MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 2004. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=013183589&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Le, Yvonne. "Choosing the most reasonable split of a compound word using Wikipedia." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-202310.
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The purpose of this master thesis is to make use of the category taxonomy of Wikipedia to determine the most reasonable split from the suggestions generated by an independent compound word splitter. The articles a word was found in can be seen as a group of contexts the word can occur in and also different representations of the word, i.e. an article is a representation of the word. Instead of only analysing the data of each single article, the intention is to find more data for each representation/context to perform an analysis on. The idea is to expand each article representing one context by including related articles in the same category. Two perceptions of a ”reasonable split” was studied. The first case was a split consisting of only two parts and the second case of unlimited parts. This approach is well-suited for choosing the correct split out of a several suggestions but unsuitable for identifying compound words. It would more often than not decide to not split a compound word. It is very dependant on the compound words appearing in Wikipedia.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utse den rimligaste uppdelningen av ett sammansatt ord genom användning av Wikipedias kategoritaxonomi. Förslag på olika uppdelningar genereras av en oberoende färdig algoritm. Artiklarna som ett ord finns can ses som en grupp av kontexter som ett ord kan förekomma i och olika framställningar av ett ord. Avsikten är att hitta mer data för varje framställning/kontext att utföra en analys på istället för att bara analysera artikeln ordet hittades i. Idéen som ska testas är att expandera varje artikel som representerar en kontext genom att inkludera relaterade artiklar i samma kategori. Två olika synsätt på ”rimliga uppdelningar” studerades. Första fallet var att endast dela upp sammansatta ord i två delar och andra fallet var att dela upp i obestämt antal delar. Metoden visade sig utmärka sig på att välja rätt uppdelning när den väl gjorde ett försök. En stor nackdel var att den ofta valde att inte dela upp sammansättningar trots att den skulle ha gjort det. Metoden är mycket beroende av att sammansättningarna måste finnas i Wikipedia.
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Amador, Tomas Gonzales Xocotl. "A Nahuatl method of compound word structure: Addition and multiplier junctures." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292006.
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This work intends to analyze Nahuatl mathematical structures and a minimal relationship to text, speech and literal ideographic writing. In section I there will be a historical background of language concepts in compound nouns and verbs. In section II questions will be listed concerning multiplier junctures, and section III the methods that will be used to obtain data and create a list of literal roots and stems of ideographic-image compound elements. Section IV will list the ideographic categories of the roots and stems of compound words. Section V through XII is the body of this work, compound number structures, singular and dual compound expressions with compound word trees, translation applications and cross reference matching. Mathematical structures and graphic representations of compound words will include literal morphological glosses. Translation applications will show the results of the juncture root or stem method of analysis. Multiplier structure with plurals will be addressed.
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Laurens, Susan. "Structural and reactivity studies of new organophosphorus amides." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02062006-144144.
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Naccarato, Maria Chiara. "Compound agent nouns in Russian: A comparison of rival word-formation constructions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/104994.
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The aim of this dissertation is to analyze and compare rival word-formation constructions giving rise to compound agent nouns in modern Russian. Given the almost total lack of investigations on compounds in Russian, this research aims to partially fill this gap in the literature by focusing on one of the most productive group of compound constructions in Russian, i.e. synthetic agentive compounds (e.g. basn-o-pis-ec ‘fable writer’).
Apart from the descriptive aim consisting in a thorough analysis of the formal and semantic features of such compounds, this study also exploits quantitative corpus-based methods to investigate the distribution and productivity of rival word-formation constructions giving rise to synthetic agentive compounds, and thus contributes to demonstrating the importance of quantitative investigations in studies on word-formation.
The first part of this dissertation is mainly concerned with theoretical questions regarding the phenomenon of compounding in Russian (Chapter 1), the constructionist approach to compounding (Chapter 2), and the polysemy of agentive constructions (Chapter 3). The second part is devoted instead to qualitative and quantitative investigations of the semantics, distribution, and productivity of the rival agentive constructions selected for the analysis (Chapters 4 and 5), i.e. the compound constructions formed with the suffixes -ec, -lec, -tel’, -nik, -ščik/čik, -l’ščik, -ka, -lka, and the suffixless construction (-ø).
The analysis highlights some major differences among the rival constructions investigated. The low-frequency constructions in -lec, -l’ščik and -lka show no variation at all and their productivity is restricted to specific constructions based on a limited number or base verbs. By contrast, the high-frequency constructions show greater variation (especially ec, -tel’ and -ø; to a lesser extent, -nik, -ščik/čik and -ka), but the degree of variation depends on the parameter considered. Among all the parameters employed for the analysis, those that better discriminate the distribution of rival constructions are the aspect of the compound’s verbal element (which brings out the different behavior of -tel’ with respect to the other constructions) and the semantics of the compound, (which allows identifying diverging tendencies especially among the high-frequency constructions in -ec, -tel’ and -ø).
Rival constructions show diverging tendencies also in terms of diachronic and stylistic distribution, and in terms of productivity. Although determining the synchronic productivity of these constructions appears as a complicated task due to the nature of the data at my disposal, I assess the productivity of rival constructions based on their diachronic developments and on possible restrictions depending on the nature of the compounds’ constituents (i.e. the availability of autonomous deverbals outside compounding and the variability of the verbal bases).
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van, der Woude Ida Nynke. "„Familie“ als Diskursobjekt : Veränderungen im Spiegel des Sprachgebrauchs der Presse seit den 1960er Jahren in Deutschland und Schweden." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70118.
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The concept of "family" has undergone major changes over the past 50 years. This thesis examines changes in attitudes and values that can be detected in German and Swedish during this time. In order to investigate these changes in the concept of "family" I have analyzed how the German focus word Familie and the Swedish focus word familj are used in newspaper articles from the 1960s, 1980s and early 2000s. The empirical data consists of German and Swedish newspaper corpora from the three different periods. The theoretical point of departure is a social constructionist perspective, where family is considered to be something constructed and negotiated in language use. The method is corpus linguistic discourse analysis: compound words, collocations and multi-word patterns that include the focus words are analyzed using large text corpora. The study is both about changes in HOW the words familj and Familie are used and WHAT is said about the family in public language use. The thesis shows changes in both Swedish and German language use. I conclude that two different sub-concepts are being constructed and negotiated: the family as a GROUP OF PERSONS and family as a WAY OF LIVING TOGETHER. As regards the family as a group of persons this sub-concept has undergone major changes during the period studied. Differences in Swedish and German language use indicate more and sometimes earlier changes in the Swedish concept of family. The sub-concept of family as a way of living together is more constant. The observed changes can also be seen against a background of Swedish and German conceptual norms of family that do not change to the same extent. New family structures such as nätverksfamiljer (reconstituted families) and regnbågsfamiljer (rainbow families) are partly constructed as deviations from these conceptual norms. The thesis also shows that the sub-concept of family as a group of persons has become even more complex, especially in Swedish language use and particularly in so-called bio boxes, where pets are mentioned as family members and couples without children label themselves as familj.Begreppet ”familj” har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste 50 åren. I den här avhandlingen studeras vilka förändringar i synsätt och värderingar som kan upptäckas i det tyska och det svenska språkbruket under denna tid. För att undersöka dessa förändringar i begreppet ”familj” analyseras hur det tyska fokusordet Familie och det svenska fokusordet familj används i tidningstext från 1960-talet, 1980-talet och början av 2000-talet. Det empiriska materialet består av tyska och svenska tidningskorpusar från de tre olika perioderna. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv, där familj betraktas som någonting som konstrueras och förhandlas i språkanvändning. Metoden är korpuslingvistisk diskursanalys: med hjälp av stora textkorpusar analyseras sammansatta ord, kollokationer och flerordsmönster där fokusorden ingår. Det handlar här både om förändringar i HUR orden familj och Familie används och i VAD som sägs om familj i offentligt språkbruk. Avhandlingen visar på förändringar i både den svenska och den tyska språkanvändningen. Jag kommer fram till att två olika delbegrepp konstrueras och förhandlas: familj som PERSONGRUPP och familj som SAMLEVNADSFORM. När det gäller familj som persongrupp genomgår det delbegreppet stora förändringar under den studerade tidsperioden. Förändringarna visar sig vara större och ibland tidigare i det svenska materialet än i det tyska materialet. Delbegreppet familj som samlevnadsform är mer konstant. De förändringar som kan observeras sker också mot en bakgrund av svenska och tyska normbilder av familj, som inte förändras i samma grad. Nya familjebildningar som nätverksfamiljer och regnbågsfamiljer konstrueras delvis som avvikelser från dessa normbilder. Avhandlingen visar också att delbegreppet familj som persongrupp blir allt mer mångfacetterat, särskilt i svenskt språkbruk och i synnerhet i s.k. faktarutor, där även husdjur nämns som familjemedlemmar och par utan barn får etiketten familj.
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Tamaoka, Katsuo, Yuko Yamato, 賀津雄 玉岡, and 祐子 大和. "中国人日本語学習者の日本語漢字語の処理における母語の影響." 名古屋大学言語文化研究会, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14662.
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Mealing, Cathy. "German noun compounds and their role in text cohesion." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64084.
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Tat, Deniz. "Word Syntax of Nominal Compounds: Internal and Aphasiological Evidence from Turkish." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311666.
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This dissertation is an analysis of two types of nominal compounds in Turkish, primary compounds and synthetic compounds within the framework of Distributed Morphology. A nominal primary compound is formed by two nouns, and its meaning is largely determined by world knowledge. A synthetic compound, on the other hand, is formed by a noun and a derverbal noun, such that the former is a true argument of the latter. The meaning of such compounds is always compositional. In many languages, the structural difference between these two types of compounds is not immediately observable. However, in Turkish, a primary compound would be obligatorily marked with the compound marker, -(s)I(n) while a synthetic compound would never be marked as such. In this dissertation, I claim that primary compounds in Turkish are underlyingly possessive phrases, a claim that has been previously made by several others. My analysis differs from those previous analyses in that it maintains that -(s)I(n) figures in a morphological component that follows syntax but precedes PF. Such a post-syntactic analysis has a number of advantages as it can account for a wide range of descriptive observations about the behavior of -(s)I(n). I claim that -(s)I(n) and an agreement marker never form a sequence at any stage in the grammar. I test this claim in an experiment conducted with Turkish-speaking individuals with aphasia, and show that only a vanishingly rare number of -(s)I(n)-agreement sequences are attested in aphasic speech. My analysis of synthetic compounds in Turkish is based on three types of nominalizers and the types of categories they can select. I show that only event-denoting nominals can form true synthetic compounds. I also show that nominals that are derived directly from roots can never form true synthetic compounds, which casts doubts on roots as projecting categories. I also consider a third group of seemingly synthetic compounds, which have an overt complex verbal stem, and yet, fail to derive true synthetic compounds. Following Marantz (2013), I claim that such pseudo-synthetic compounds, in fact, have semantically null verbalizing morphemes, and therefore, the root and the nominalizing head are semantically adjacent at LF.
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SMARSARO, AUCIONE DAS DORES. "DESCRIPTION AND FORMALIZATION OF COMPOUND WORD IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE FOR AN ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5439@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORNeste trabalho estudam-se os nomes com a estrutura NdeN que podem ser descritos como nomes compostos por justaposição. São observadas 1.500 seqüências de palavras, com o objetivo de contribuir na descrição formal do léxico do português do Brasil e de definir os critérios de identificação de um nome composto com essa estrutura. O critério geral está baseado no conceito da nãocomposicionalidade semântica. Os testes são feitos a partir das propriedades sintáticas e semânticas que há na relação entre os elementos que constituem o grupo nominal, mostrando as distinções entre um grupo nominal livre e um grupo nominal composto. Entre as propriedades, podem ser destacadas: o bloqueio distribucional, a inseparabilidade, a inserção lexical, o apagamento de N2, a substituição de N2 e as variações em gênero e número. Essa descrição mostra-se útil na medida em que um conjunto de regras e critérios de delimitação de unidades lexicais foi definido, constituindo uma base para a incorporação de novos itens ao léxico. Por fim, as propriedades das entradas incorporadas receberam uma representação formal, resultando na criação de um dicionário eletrônico utilizável em processos eletrônicos.
This paper is a study of the NofN structure nouns, which may be described as compound nouns by juxtaposition. 1500 word sequences are observed, aiming at contributing to the formal description of the Brazilian Portuguese lexicon, and defining the identification criteria of a compound noun with such a structure. The general criterion is based on the concept of semantic non- compositionality. The tests are made from the syntactic and semantic properties existing in the relationship between the elements that constitute the nominal group, showing the differences between a free nominal group and a compound nominal group. Among such properties, the following can be pointed out: distributional blockage, inseparability, lexical insertion, N2 erasing, N2 substitution, and gender and number variations. Such description proves to be useful in the sense that a set of lexical units delimitation rules and criteria has been defined, constituting a basis for the incorporation of new items to the lexicon. Finally, the incorporated entries` properties received a formal representation, which resulted in the creation of an electronic dictionary that can be used in electronic processes.
On étudie dans ce travail les noms formés par la structure NdeN qui caractérise un nom composé par juxtaposition. On a observé 1.500 séquences de mots, pour définir les critères d`identification d`un nom composé par cette structure. Le critère general est fondé sur le concept de la non compositionalité sémantique. Les tests ont été faits à partir des propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques qu`il y a dans la relation existante entre les éléments qui constituent le groupe nominal, en démontrant les distinctions entre un groupe nominal libre et un groupe nominal composé. Parmi ces propriétés, on peut remarquer le bloquement distributionnel, l`inséparabilité, l`insertion lexical, l`effacement de N2, le remplacement de N2 et les variations en genre et en nombre. En examinant ces propriétés, on a pu observer qu`il y a des irrégularités dans la formation de ce procès. Cette description devient utile dans la mesure que cette reconnaissance peut être formulée et qu`un ensemble de règles et de critères de délimitation d`unités lexicales peut être defini, et que, par là, on peut aboutir à l`incorporation de nouveaux items lexicaux. Au bout, en tenant compte de la possibilité de formalisation, les mots composés peuvent être processés automatiquement dans les diccionnaires électroniques.
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Evans, Lely Dai. "Implications of compound dynamic accent markings in Beethoven's early chamber works with the fortepiano." University of Western Australia. School of Music, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0042.
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This dissertation aims to explore the functions and meanings of four frequently used dynamic accent markings (fp, rf, sf and sfp) in Beethovens early chamber music with the fortepiano, with the consideration of acoustic qualities and playing capabilities of instruments intended for the studied works. The sources of reference here include the three Op.1 piano trios, two Op.5 cello sonatas, and three Op.12 violin sonatas, using a modern critical edition in conjunction with the first editions published during Beethoven's lifetime. The study consists of two parts. The first part surveys historical aspects including: 1) the development of relevant instruments, namely the bow and the fortepiano, and 2) existing accentuation conventions, especially those found in selected works of Haydn and Mozart, and appropriate treatises from Beethoven's time. The second part of the study entails the examination of consistency and frequency of dynamic accent markings in general, and that of individual accent markings using specific musical examples. The process of this investigation shows that these signs have distinct meanings, and consequently, require different treatments for their respective executions in performance. It also implies that the acoustic qualities of the ensembles with instruments from Beethoven's time are the most important factor contributing to variations found in his use of the accent markings among the different genres. Such acoustic qualities include the quieter volume and faster decay of the fortepiano, as well as the larger sonority from the cello especially in the lower register, when compared with instruments made for today's concert halls. These insights not only illuminate the possible ways to realize each marking, but also clarify accent markings which could seem inconsistent to modern performers, in terms of acoustic balance, especially in combinations that include the cello.
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Kim, Eun Hye. "Selected Organ Works of Joseph Ahrens| A Stylistic Analysis of Freely Composed Works and Serial Compositions." Thesis, University of Cincinnati, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3601252.
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Joseph Ahrens (1904-97) was a twentieth-century German composer, virtuoso organist, and teacher. He was a professor of church music at the Berlin Academy of Music (Berlin Hochschule für Musik), organist at the Cathedral of St. Hedwig, and choir director and organist at the Salvator Church in Berlin. He contributed to twentieth-century church music, especially of the Roman Catholic Church, and composed many works for organ and various choral forces. His organ pieces comprise chorale-based pieces, free (non-chorale) works, liturgical pieces, and serial compositions. He was strongly influenced by twentieth-century German music trends such as the organ reform movement, neo-baroque style, and, in his late period, serial techniques.
This document examines one freely composed work and two serial compositions by Joseph Ahrens: Canzone in cis (1944), Fantasie und Ricercare (1967), and Trilogia Dodekaphonica (1978). The purpose is to demonstrate that Ahrens's style developed throughout his career, from a post-Wagnerian harmonic language to one that adopted twentieth-century techniques, including serialism, while retaining the use of developed thematic material and a connection to neo-baroque characteristics in terms of forms and textures.
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Kim, Eun Hye. "Selected Organ Works of Joseph Ahrens: A Stylistic Analysis of Freely Composed Works and Serial Compositions." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377871051.
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Ji, Sunjing, and Sunjing Ji. "Sound and Meaning Components during Speech Comprehension of Mandarin Compounds." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621822.
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Under the framework of dual-route theory of speech comprehension, two neurological routes are simultaneously active during speech decoding, the dorsal stream and the ventral stream. The dorsal stream is argued to be a sound processor whereas the ventral stream is a meaning processor, hence in cognitive terms, they are called the sound component and the meaning component respectively. Hypotheses concerning the processing speed and response accuracy of these two cognitive components were tested on compound words in Modern Mandarin Chinese. Four experiments were run contrasting, the sound-based task and the meaning-based task, corresponding to each of the two cognitive components. In Experiment 1 and 2, the Task effect was tested on one set of words in which the word-level and word-initial-syllable frequencies were controlled. In Experiment 3 and 4, the Task effect was tested on a different set of words in which semantic transparency was controlled. Multiple regression analyses integrating the data collected in Experiment 1-4 were conducted to test which language theory was preferred, the probability-based theory, the rule-based theory or the integrative theory. The probability-based theory suggests that speech comprehension of compound words relies only on the probability distribution of linguistic units. The rule-based theory suggests that speech comprehension of compound words relies only on phrase-structural rules. The integrative theory suggests that speech comprehension of compound words relies on both the probabilities of linguistic units and phrase-structural rules. It was suggested that the integrative theory explains the data best, but further data testing is needed to confirm this hypothesis. The results of the present study provide evidence for functional trade-off of the sound and meaning components, garden path effects during parsing opaque words and the possibility of the role of a mirror system in human speech comprehension.
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Crosby, Jesse, and Stacy D. Brown. "Stability of Compounded Trilostane Suspension in Cod Liver Oil." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5313.
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Trilostane is a synthetic steroid analog used to treat canine hyperadrenocorticism. For small dogs, the dose found in commercially available dosage forms of trilostane is sometimes too high. Compounding trilostane in a liquid diluent provides an option for more precise dosing and adjustments, and can be easier to administer, versus a tablet or capsule. Trilostane suspends well in cod liver oil, which is generally palatable to dogs. The stability of a compounded trilostane suspension in cod liver oil stored at room temperature was investigated for 90 days. Compounded trilostane retained stability, defined as maintaining 90–105% labeled value, for 60 days when stored in amber glass bottles. However, drug potency fell >10% below the labeled value when stored in amber plastic bottles after 7 days.
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Oladapo, Francis Olumide. "Investigation of androgen receptor antagonist compounds present in influent and effluent from a wastewater works." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39730/.
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A wide range of synthetic chemicals and their metabolites present in the environment can antagonise the receptor activity of androgen hormones present in wildlife and humans. With increasing global production of new synthetic chemicals, little is known about their environmental fate, health consequences and end-points. This study was conducted to identify and characterise chemicals with anti-androgenic activity present in wastewater influent and effluent. This study was undertaken by applying a combination of biological and analytical chemistry techniques involving Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and an in vitro steroid receptor assay for profiling and characterising extracts of grab influent and effluent wastewater samples using a toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) procedure. Initial work revealed variable recoveries of anti-androgenic activity from SPE of wastewaters. Therefore SPE methodology to screen wastewater samples was developed using a mixture of selected compounds which possess a range of polarities (log Kow). Their recoveries from SPE were measured by HPLC protocol and ranged from 95- 100%. The mean±SD and % RSD values of the analysed wastewater replicates were 3.20±0.03 mgFeq/L and 0.78% for influent and 0.22±0.01 mgFeq/L and 3.80% for effluent samples. The recoveries of wastewater extracts after fractionation were between 78.6% and 99.6%. Fractions containing anti-androgenic activity were analysed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A number of household chemicals were detected in both influent and effluent wastewater fractions that contained antiandrogenic activity. These included the anti-bacterial agents- triclosan, chlorophene, dichlorophene, chloroxylenol, the musk fragrance galaxolide, the flame retardantstris( 1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), polymer plasticizer n-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBSA) and bisphenol A (BPA) which is a chemical associated with the polycarbonate usage. The anti-androgenic potency of pure contaminants compared with that of flutamide ranged from 0.04 (TCPP) to 13.40 (chlorophene). Anti-androgenic activity of 1.69 and 2.00% was recovered from the fractions of the effluent and influent samples respectively indicating that AA of about 98% are yet to be recovered. This work reveals for the first time that over 12 contaminants contribute to the total anti-androgenic activity present in wastewater effluent and that a number of compounds commonly used in household products (such as chlorophene, triclosan and NBBSA) are predominant anti-androgens in wastewater effluents.
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Maekele, A., C. Bishop, and Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Survival of Bacteria on Selected Hand-Contact Surfaces Composed of Various Metals." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1988. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2885.
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Brown, Stacy, Jessica Huffman, Amanda Ogle, and Paul Lewis. "Stability of Compounded Pyrimethamine Oral Suspension Stored at Room and Refrigerated Temperature." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5270.
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Mheta, Gift. "A contextual analysis of compound nouns in Shona lexicography." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2459_1320660934.
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This research is in the area of lexicography and investigates the relationship between Shona terminology development and the culture of the language community for which the terminology is intended. It is a contextual analysis of compound nouns found in Shona terminological dictionaries. The study specifically explores how lexicographers together with health, music, language and literature specialists make use of their knowledge about Shona cultural contexts in the creation of compound nouns. Thus, this research foregrounds Shona socio-cultural contexts and meaning generation in terminology development. This study employs a quadruple conceptual framework. The four components of the framework that are utilised are the Traditional Descriptive Approach (TDA), Cognitive Approach (CG), Systemic Functional Approach (SFL), and Semiotic Remediation (SRM). TDA is used in the linguistic categorisation of Shona compound nouns. In addition, it provides the metalanguage with which to describe the constituent parts of Shona compound nouns. As TDA is mainly confined to the linguistic dimension, this research employs CG, SFL, and SRM to explore the cultural and socio-cognitive dimensions of terminology development.
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Martinez, Jorge Matadamas. "AXEL : a framework to deal with ambiguity in three-noun compounds." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4774.
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Cognitive Linguistics has been widely used to deal with the ambiguity generated by words in combination. Although this domain offers many solutions to address this challenge, not all of them can be implemented in a computational environment. The Dynamic Construal of Meaning framework is argued to have this ability because it describes an intrinsic degree of association of meanings, which in turn, can be translated into computational programs. A limitation towards a computational approach, however, has been the lack of syntactic parameters. This research argues that this limitation could be overcome with the aid of the Generative Lexicon Theory (GLT). Specifically, this dissertation formulated possible means to marry the GLT and Cognitive Linguistics in a novel rapprochement between the two. This bond between opposing theories provided the means to design a computational template (the AXEL System) by realising syntax and semantics at software levels. An instance of the AXEL system was created using a Design Research approach. Planned iterations were involved in the development to improve artefact performance. Such iterations boosted performance-improving, which accounted for the degree of association of meanings in three-noun compounds. This dissertation delivered three major contributions on the brink of a so-called turning point in Computational Linguistics (CL). First, the AXEL system was used to disclose hidden lexical patterns on ambiguity. These patterns are difficult, if not impossible, to be identified without automatic techniques. This research claimed that these patterns can assist audiences of linguists to review lexical knowledge on a software-based viewpoint. Following linguistic awareness, the second result advocated for the adoption of improved resources by decreasing electronic space of Sense Enumerative Lexicons (SELs). The AXEL system deployed the generation of “at the moment of use” interpretations, optimising the way the space is needed for lexical storage. Finally, this research introduced a subsystem of metrics to characterise an ambiguous degree of association of three-noun compounds enabling ranking methods. Weighing methods delivered mechanisms of classification of meanings towards Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). Overall these results attempted to tackle difficulties in understanding studies of Lexical Semantics via software tools.
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McMahon, Kelton Wells. "Functional connectivity of coral reef fishes in a tropical seascape assessed by compound-specific stable isotope analyses." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62787.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-166).
The ecological integrity of tropical habitats, including mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs, is coming under increasing pressure from human activities. Many coral reef fish species are thought to use mangroves and seagrass beds as juvenile nurseries before migrating to coral reefs as adults. Identifying essential habitats and preserving functional linkages among these habitats is likely necessary to promote ecosystem health and sustainable fisheries on coral reefs. This necessitates quantitative assessment of functional connectivity among essential habitats at the seascape level. This thesis presents the development and first application of a method for tracking fish migration using amino acid (AA) 13C analysis in otoliths. In a controlled feeding experiment with fish reared on isotopically distinct diets, we showed that essential AAs exhibited minimal trophic fractionation between consumer and diet, providing a 513C record of the baseline isoscape. We explored the potential for geochemical signatures in otoliths of snapper to act as natural tags of residency in seagrass beds, mangroves and coral reefs in the Red Sea, Caribbean Sea and Eastern Pacific Ocean. The 13C values of otolith essential AAs varied as a function of habitat type and provided a better tracer of residence in juvenile nursery habitats than conventional bulk stable isotope analyses (SIA). Using our otolith AA SIA approach, we quantified the relative contribution of coastal wetlands and reef habitats to Lutjanus ehrenbergii populations on coastal, shelf and oceanic coral reefs in the Red Sea. L. ehrenbergii made significant ontogenetic migrations, traveling more than 30 km from juvenile nurseries to coral reefs and across deep open water. Coastal wetlands were important nurseries for L. ehrenbergii; however, there was significant plasticity in L. ehrenbergii juvenile habitat requirements. Seascape configuration played an important role in determining the functional connectivity of L. ehrenbergii populations in the Red Sea. The compound-specific SIA approach presented in this thesis will be particularly valuable for tracking the movement of species and life-stages not amenable to conventional tagging techniques. This thesis provides quantitative scientific support for establishing realistic population connectivity models that can be used to design effective marine reserve networks.
by Kelton Wells McMahon.
Ph.D.
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Zarrouki, Karen M. (Karen Marie) Carleton University Dissertation German. "On word-formation : linguistic structure of compound nouns in late 20th century German vocabulary and its didactic use." Ottawa, 1990.
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