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Christianto, Danin. "COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 23, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v23i1.2030.
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Language is a means of communication which is used by living beings to communicate with each other. There are many important components in language to create a successful communication, such as sound, sentence, meaning, and etc. One of the components is word. Word can be considered as a complex part in language since it has many different forms. Compound word, for example, is a word which is formed through one of the word-formation processes by combining one lexical item with another and thus produces a new word with a new meaning. This paper investigates the types of English compounds and the lexical categories which are resulted from the process of compounding. The first results showed that the types of English compounds are endocentric, exocentric, and copulative compounds. The second results showed that the lexical categories resulted from the process of compounding are noun compound, verb compound, and adjective compound. Based on the results, the researcher hopes that readers can gain deeper insight and knowledge on English compound words.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230103
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Sugianto, Riris. "Classification of Compounds Words and Indonesian Blends." MASALIQ 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/masaliq.v1i2.181.
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This paper is about theoretical research on classification of compound words and Indonesian Blends. Compound and blends are part of words formation in English language. The way to use two words together to yield a new meaning whether blends are one of the many ways new words are made in English. This paper attempts to make the classification of compounds, the reason of why are compounds divided into three categories; solid compound, hypenated compound, and open compound. This paper also attempts to analyze the reason why Indonesian blends inconsistent syllabically and state the implication to the language development
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Libben, Gary, Mira Goral, and R. Harald Baayen. "What does constituent priming mean in the investigation of compound processing?" Mental Lexicon 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00001.lib.
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Abstract Most dictionary definitions for the term compound word characterize it as a word that itself contains two or more words. Thus, a compound word such as goldfish is composed of the constituent words gold and fish. In this report, we present evidence that compound words such as goldfish might not contain the words gold and fish, but rather positionally bound compound constituents (e.g., gold- and -fish) that are distinct and often in competition with their whole word counterparts. This conceptualization has significant methodological consequences: it calls into question the assumption that, in a traditional visual constituent priming paradigm, the participant can be said to be presented with constituents as primes. We claim that they are not presented with constituents. Rather, they are presented with competing free-standing words. We present evidence for the processing of Hebrew compound words that supports this perspective by revealing that, counter-intuitively, prime constituent frequency has an attenuating effect on constituent priming. We relate our findings to previous findings in the study of German compound processing to show that the effect that we report is fundamentally morphological rather than positional or visual in nature. In contrast to German in which compounds are always head-final morphologically, Hebrew compounds are always head initial. In addition, whereas German compounds are written as single words, Hebrew compounds are always written with spaces between constituents. Thus, the commonality of patterning across German and Hebrew is independent of visual form and constituent ordering, revealing, as we claim, core features of the constituent priming paradigm and compound processing.
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Sisvinda, Felix Stefani. "English Compound Words Used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on Third Week of June 2020." Indonesian Journal of English Language Studies (IJELS) 8, no. 1 (March 4, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijels.v8i1.3231.
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This study aims to describe the orthographic features, word formation and the meaning of compound words related to COVID-19 pandemics used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of June 2020. There are three research questions in this study: (1) What are orthographic features found in the compound words, (2) What are the type of compound words and their lexical categories, and (3) How do the compound words create meaning. To answer the research question, the writer use the theory of morphology and semantics. The findings showed there are 34 compound words in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on the third week of June 2020. The compound words found in this study are written mostly in one word. Then, the rest of compound words are written with a hyphen, and separately in two or three words. Based on the type of compound words, there are 82.35% compound noun, 11.75% compound adjective, and 5.9% compound verb. The most dominant lexical category is from compound nouns which are Noun + Noun and Adjective + Noun. Based on the meaning of compound words, there are 85.3% endocentric compounds and 14.7% exocentric compounds.
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Juhasz, Barbara J., Alexander Pollatsek, Jukka Hyönä, Denis Drieghe, and Keith Rayner. "Parafoveal processing within and between words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 7 (July 2009): 1356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802400010.
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Parafoveal preview was examined within and between words in two eye movement experiments. In Experiment 1, unspaced and spaced English compound words were used (e.g., basketball, tennis ball). Prior to fixating the second lexeme, either a correct or a partial parafoveal preview (e.g., ball or badk) was provided using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975). There was a larger effect of parafoveal preview on unspaced compound words than on spaced compound words. However, the parafoveal preview effect on spaced compound words was larger than would be predicted on the basis of prior research. Experiment 2 examined whether this large effect was due to spaced compounds forming a larger linguistic unit by pairing spaced compounds with nonlexicalized adjective–noun pairs. There were no significant interactions between item type and parafoveal preview, suggesting that it is the syntactic predictability of the noun that is driving the large preview effect.
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Bellerby, Emily, Kristofor McCarty, and Hazel Blythe. "Incidental word learning: The role of decomposition in the learning of pseudocompound words." Cognitive Psychology Bulletin 1, no. 9 (January 30, 2024): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscog.2024.1.9.51.
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Incidental word learning refers to the learning of new words as a by-product of reading. We are interested in how decomposition of words into smaller units (morphemes) impacts this learning process and how this interacts with semantic transparency. We have developed pseudo-compound words which will be presented in two broad learning conditions (1) as decomposed into pseudo-morphemes, or (2) as whole words/full lexical units. All pseudo-compound words will be presented as either transparent (having a relationship to their morphemic constituents) or opaque (having no relationship to their morphemic units). We hypothesise decomposition of transparent pseudo-compounds will result in more effective learning for semantically transparent word forms. We present a basic proposal of this research and a subsequent BPS funded pre-screen study.
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Rao, Rajiv. "On the phonological status of Spanish compound words." Word Structure 8, no. 1 (April 2015): 84–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2015.0074.
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Primarily inspired by Bustos de Gisbert (1986) , Hualde (2006/2007 ), and Moyna (2011) , specifically by their comments on stress deletion in the left members of some Spanish compounds, the current investigation fills a gap in this field by conducting an acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency evidence of stress in Spanish compounds and phonologically classifying them through the Autosegmental-Metrical model. Using a data elicitation task of 30 noun+noun compounds demonstrating syntactic, semantic, orthographic, and phonological variation, eight speakers of Mexican Spanish recorded two iterations of each compound, which is embedded at the beginning or at the end of a declarative carrier phrase. The acoustic analysis reveals that, as expected, right members categorically exhibit F0 evidence of stress. However, only the 15 compounds written as two orthographic units show strong evidence of left stress. This is especially so in utterance-initial position. The number of unstressed syllables between left and right stresses determines the tonal sequences produced in left members. In compounds spelled as two orthographic units, the phonological targets of each member resemble those of two simple content words in broad focus declaratives. Evidence of left stress in orthographically united compounds occurs in less than 20% of cases, and these are viewed as carrying postlexical secondary stress. The tonal sequences of this group are more wide-ranging than those of the first group. The results have implications for language processing and raise questions for the study of compound stress in Spanish.
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DMYTROSHKIN, D. "COORDINATIVE COMPOUND WORDS IN AMERICAN SPORTS MEDIA DISCOURSE." Current issues of linguistics and translation studies, no. 19 (October 30, 2020): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2415-7929-2019-19-13.
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Compound words are characterized by semantic and structural motivation due to the components that make up these words. The relationship between the components of compound words is quite complex, as they can change their meaning when creating a compound word. Moreover, there is a process of modification between the components of a compound word, and they themselves are subject to certain grammatical rules. Depending on the combination of components, there are two types of relationships: subordinate and coordinate. In subordinate components, one component semantically affects (modifies) another. Coordinative compound words are formed copulatively (by combining), without the semantic influence of one component on another. Coordinative compound words are primarily formed in colloquial layer of lexes. They are characterized by simple morphological form and semantic accuracy. However, coordinative-type compound words are not frequently used. Components of coordinative compound words evenly share features of a basic component. They may represent a combination of synonyms and antonyms (sour-sweet), parallel notions of synonymic doublets (coach-trainer). Moreover, coordinative compounds of American sports media discourse may be represented by compound words specific only to the aforementioned sphere. These lexical units may be formed with the help of pronouns, numeral, and proper names. A great deal of coordinative-type compound words use numeral to represent quantitative aspects of sports. They are always occasional and are not fixed in dictionaries as quantitative aspects they render may range within physical capacity of athletes and sports. Compound nouns that use proper names as their components always render a type of a match or characteristics of a certain sports event, in which people, whose names are indicated by the components, take part. An algorithm to distinguish coordinative compounds from other types of compound lexical units has been elaborated.
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Younis, Rand Zuhair. "A Study of Consonant Clusters in English Compound Words." Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 29, no. 6 (June 25, 2022): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.29.6.2022.25.
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Consonant clusters are a group or sequence of consonants that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them. Consonant2 clusters are commonly found in simple words but they can be recognized also in compound words. Therefore, the present study tries to tackle consonant clusters in compound words. The present study aims at distinguishing consonant clusters in different types of compound words in the English language and studying the frequency of consonant clusters within a compound word. The study employs an eclectic model to achieve the intended aims it. The study concludes that a sequence of two juxtaposed elements can be considered as a compound in English and English compounds can be divided into the following types: nominal, adjectival, verbal, and adverb compounds.
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Arcara, G., V. Bambini, and C. Semenza. "Reading Italian Compound Words." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 94 (October 2013): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.089.
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Adikayon, Leonilla Yolanda Kintan. "Compound words on the Jakarta post newspaper and Việtnam news newspaper." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2020): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2107.
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A newspaper has become the major news source around the world, either the printed or online newspaper. A newspaper provides many kinds of news and from different perspectives. Words in the newspaper play a significant role to deliver the information to the readers. The morpho-semantic study is needed to find out the uncommon words and their meaning in the newspaper. News in The Jakarta Post newspaper and Việt Nam News newspaper were analyzed, applying Hamawand’s (2001) compound categorization. Endocentric compound and exocentric compound by O’Grady et al (2016) are also being used in this study. The data were taken in a purposive sampling technique by observing eight news in the business column by The Jakarta Post and nine news in the economy column by Việt Nam News, taken from August 28, 2020, until September 4, 2020. Both newspapers contain distinctive compound words related to the economy that is still rarely known by people. From the total seventeen news, only a noun compound and adjective compound are found in the news, while the verb compound does not appear at all. The total of compound words found in the news is 25; there are 18 noun compounds and 7 adjective compounds found in the news. There are 16 endocentric compounds and 9 exocentric compounds found. The result shows that noun compounds and endocentric compounds appear more often than adjective compounds and exocentric compounds.
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Yunusova, Gulshoda Dilshadovna, and Ogiloy Avazjon qizi Erkinova. "THE DIFFERENTIATION OF COMPOUND WORDS IN THE KOREAN LANGUAGE." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 5, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume05issue10-11.
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This article undertakes an analysis of compound words within the Korean language, focusing on various aspects of their structure and their semantic properties. Furthermore, the perspectives regarding the distinction between a compound term and a word combination are expressed.
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CHENG, CHENXI, MIN WANG, and CHARLES A. PERFETTI. "Acquisition of compound words in Chinese–English bilingual children: Decomposition and cross-language activation." Applied Psycholinguistics 32, no. 3 (June 20, 2011): 583–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716411000221.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigated compound processing and cross-language activation in a group of Chinese–English bilingual children, and they were divided into four groups based on the language proficiency levels in their two languages. A lexical decision task was designed using compound words in both languages. The compound words in one language contained two free constituent morphemes that mapped onto the desired translations in the other language, such as tooth(牙) brush(刷).Two types of compound words were included: transparent (e.g., toothbrush) and opaque (e.g., deadline) words. Results showed that children were more accurate in judging semantically transparent compounds in English. The lexicality of translated compounds in Chinese affected lexical judgment accuracy on English compounds, independent of semantic transparency and language proficiency. Implications for compound processing and bilingual lexicon models are discussed.
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Sisvinda, Felix Stefani. "ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS USED IN THE JAKARTA POST HEALTH COLUMN ON THIRD WEEK OF APRIL 2020." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 4, no. 4 (July 12, 2021): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v4i4.p651-664.
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This study aims to describe the formation and the meaning of compound words that related to COVID-19 pandemics used in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020. There are two research question in this study: (1) What are the type of COVID-19 compound words and their lexical categories found in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column Article on Third Week of April 2020, and (2) How does those related COVID-19 compound words create meaning. To answer the research question, the writer uses the theory of morphology and semantics. The findings showed that there are 26 compound words in The Jakarta Post’s Health Column on the third week of April 2020. Based on the type of compound words, there are 86.4% compound noun, 11.5% compound adjective, and 3.9% compound verb. The most dominant lexical category is from compound nouns which are Noun+Noun and Adjective + Noun. Based on the meaning of compound words, there are are 80.76% endocentric compounds and 19.24% exocentric compounds.Keywords: Compound words, COVID-19, Morphology, Semantics
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Fitriani, Refa, and Meitha Kartika Herdiyanti. "Buta Aksara إلى الكلمة Anjing Hutanتأثير ترجمة الأسماء المركبة من معجم اللغة الإندونيسية الكبير على لغة متعلمي اللغة العربية من الكلمة." Rayah Al-Islam 3, no. 02 (October 28, 2019): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37274/rais.v3i02.58.
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This study focused on translating the correct compound words into Arabic that become a problem from the Arabic learners as they translate these words into literal translation. The way in which this study was carried out was based on the scientific approach: the descriptive analytical approach for the analysis of the correct translation of the compound words, the method of testing and resolution to learn the effect of translating compound words on Arabic learners and the resolution was composed of nine axes. This study has shown a number of results, the most important of which are: compound words are a set of two or more words that have the same meaning, analysis of the correct translation of the compound words from (KBBI) into three sections, namely: Compound words that were Contrary to the composition of the Arabic vocabulary, of compound words in the type of conventional expression compound words that correspond to the composition of the Arabic vocabulary, and The field study found that the correct translation of the compound words increases the terminology and vocabulary of students to develop the competency level of their language, The correct translation of compound words gives positive effect for development of Arabic learners.
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Alzi'abi, Safi Eldeen. "Arab Efl Learners’ Stress of Compound Words." Research in Language 20, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.20.1.06.
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Compound words are ubiquitous in English. Stressing compounds is difficult for EFL learners and native speakers, especially when the meaning is not a sum of the constituent parts. This study explores Arab EFL learners’ stress strategies and outlines their difficulties. It examines whether any of these factors (a) word class, (b) orthography, (c) understanding of phonetics and phonology, (d) age and (e) grade point average (GPA) influence their behaviour and levels of success. It involves 130 second and third-year Jordanian English majors in reading 50 opaque non-frequent compound words, 25 with right-stress and 25 with left-stress. The majority opted for right-stress, producing about half of the stimuli correctly. They right-stressed more often in compound verbs, nouns and adjectives of all spelling forms. Their performance was slightly influenced by the study of phoneticsandphonology, training in stress and GPA. However, there was no noticeable relationship between their stress performance and age. Notably, the subjects needed more training in compound word stress production.
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Budiarta, I. Wayan. "Compound Words In Dawan Language." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.2.1.45.1-15.
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The purpose of this study is to find out the structure of compound words and the types of compound words in Dawan language. This study belongs to qualitative research as it aimed to describe qualitatively the structure and the types of compound words in Dawan language. The data are taken from language consultants (informants) of Dawan language speaker. In collecting the data, the researcher prepares questionnaire and applied interview method. The result of analysis showed that compound words in Dawan language are structured by combining two different words whether the words in the same category or different category. The structure of compound words are built by combining noun (N) with noun (N), for instance mais-oni ‘sugar’ which is built by the noun mais ‘salt’ and the noun oni ‘sweet’; noun (N) with verb (V), for instnace bife-anaot ‘prostitute’ which is built by the noun bife ‘woman’ and the verb anaot ‘work’; verb (V) with noun (N), for instance poni-haano ‘propose’ which is built by the verb poni ‘hang’ and the noun hauno ‘leaf’; verb (V) with verb (V), for instance fua-tulu ‘worship’ which is built by the verb fua ‘see’ and the verb tulu ‘give’; and noun (N) with adjective (Adj), for instance ume-kbubu ‘kitchen’ which is built by the noun ume ‘house’ and the adjective kbubu ‘circle’. Further analysis on the compound words showed that they can also be classified into noun head word, verb head word, and adjective head word. Keywords: compound words, noun head word, verb head word, adjective head word.
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Bilal, Maaz Bin. "Fióna BolgerA Compound of Words." World Literature Today 94, no. 4 (2020): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2020.0212.
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Wingert, F. "Morphologic Analysis of Compound Words." Methods of Information in Medicine 24, no. 03 (July 1985): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635368.
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SummaryAlgorithms for morphologic analysis of compound words and related dictionary structures are described’ on the basis of different word models. The algorithms are formulated in Backus-Naur form as well as Augmented Transition Networks. The results of applying the algorithms to the 56,509 different words of the “Systematisierte Nomenklatur der Medizin” (SNOMED) are presented.
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Frisch, Rudolf, and Antonio Zamora. "Spelling assistance for compound words." IBM Journal of Research and Development 32, no. 2 (March 1988): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.322.0195.
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Caplan, Jeremy B., Kathy L. Boulton, and Christina L. Gagné. "Associative asymmetry of compound words." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 40, no. 4 (2014): 1163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036588.
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Ko, In Yeong, Min Wang, and Say Young Kim. "Bilingual Reading of Compound Words." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 40, no. 1 (July 10, 2010): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-010-9155-x.
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Kamaru, Tiara Suciani, Fatmah AR Umar, and Salam. "Compound Words In Suwawa Language." TRANS-KATA: Journal of Language, Literature, Culture and Education 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54923/jllce.v3i2.10.
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This study examines compound words in the Suwawa language, which involve the combination of two words to create new meanings and are commonly used in Suwawa conversations. The research focuses on two key aspects: (1) the forms of compound words in Suwawa and (2) the meaning of compound words in Suwawa. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, the study aims to elucidate the forms and meanings of compound words in Suwawa. Data were collected from Suwawa language speakers residing in Tingkohubu Timur village, Suwawa Subdistrict, utilizing data collection tables and employing interview, documentation, listening, and recording techniques. The data analysis involved presenting, reducing, and verifying the data to draw comprehensive conclusions. The findings reveal two significant outcomes. Firstly, the Suwawa language exhibits three forms of compound words: substantive subordinative, attributive subordinative, and coordinative compound words. Secondly, compound words in Suwawa convey three distinct meanings: noun, verb, and adjective compound words. This research sheds light on the structure and semantic aspects of compound words in the Suwawa language, contributing to a deeper understanding of Suwawa linguistics.
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李, 梦蝶. "Analysis of Joint Compound Words in Thai and Comparison with Chinese Joint Compound Words." Modern Linguistics 11, no. 09 (2023): 4050–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2023.119544.
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Taylor, David. "Compound word stress." ELT Journal 45, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/45.1.67.
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Abstract Stress in English compound words poses difficult problems for foreign learners. English does not seem to be at all consistent in the way it treats compounds, either from the point of view of writing or from the point of view of pronunciation and especially stress. If we look at how this uncertainty and inconsistency arises we can perhaps understand better the difficulties. And if we look beyond the principles of word stress to the principles of accent placement, and in so doing pay attention to the information structure of compounds, we can obtain valuable guidance about stress placement in these words.
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Ahmad, Nisar, Liaqat Iqbal, and Muhammad Atif. "Pashto-English Hybridization: Unknotting the knitted Compound Words." Global Regional Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-i).66.
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Hybridization has a significant role in creating words that have the flavor of both the knotted languages. It not only results in the formation of single words but also leads to compound word creation. The present study aims to unveil hybridization in compound words. For this purpose, 5 Pashto TV programmes from Khyber News were selected through purposive sampling. In this study, the framework developed by Kachru (1978) and adapted by Rasul (2006) has been employed. The findings show that hybridization in compounding is a frequently occurring phenomenon that usually has different arrangements of words from both languages, i.e., Pashto words coming before the English word or vice versa depending on the nature of compounding; however, mostly the Pashto words were placed before. Out of the 84 examples of hybridized compounds, there were only two adjectives, and the rest were compound nouns.
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Eripuddin and Liana Fuji Lestari. "COMPOUNDING WORDS ; WORDS FORMATION IN REPUBLIKA NEWSPAPERS." JEE (Journal of English Education) 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30606/jee.v5i1.552.
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This study investigated words formation that found in the republika newspaper. The research was a descriptive qualitative research design . The object of this research was headline of Republika Newspaper. The instrumentation of the reserach was documentation. The data were consisted of 96 data The data were analyzed by using the theory of word formation (O’ Grady, 1996) The results of this research shown that 70 datawere classified as endocentric compound and transparent meaning and 26 data were categorized in exocentric compound and opaque meaning. Transparent meant that the meanings of the words could be predicted from the each of the word. Opaque meant that the meaning of words could not predicted from the each of word.
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Vorkapić, Marija. "Forming the compound words: A playful approach to word formation." Metodicka praksa 26, m. br. (2023): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/metpra2300023v.
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In the process of speech development in preschool children, compounds play a significant role as one of the creative types. Encouraging the speech development of preschool children through work with language content implies adequate preparation of teachers, both in terms of grammar and in terms of choosing appropriate examples, as well as understanding. This paper aims to examine three basic procedures for the formation of compounds: analytical, synthetic, and analytically synthetic. The goal of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of the aforementioned approaches to compounds, depending on the nature of the language material, and to monitor and discover the most effective methodical way of facilitating the development process through the game of prerequisite events. The research involved 16 December preschoolers from a garden in Belgrade. Using the descriptive method and theoretical content analysis, we determined that the most effective way of creating compounds is the analytical-synthetic approach.
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Acharya, Prabin, and Subarna Shakya. "Generation and Splitting of the Compound Words in Nepali Text." September 2022 4, no. 3 (September 19, 2022): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jitdw.2022.3.007.
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In Nepali language, compound word formation is mostly associated with inflection, derivation, and postposition attachment. Inflection occurs due to suffixation, whereas derivation is driven by both prefixation and suffixation. The compound word generated by the rules may produce lots of out-of-vocabulary words due to limited lexical resources and numerous exceptions. Hence, the machine learning approach can help to generate valid compounds and split them into valid morphemes that can be further used as a resource for spelling suggestions, information retrieval, and machine translation. In this research, a method to generate valid compounds from the corresponding compound splits (head word and prefix/suffix/ postpositions) is suggested. A BiLSTM based deep learning approach was used to generate and split the valid compound words. Publicly available Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh data from Nepal Academy and scraped news data were used for the experimentation. The obtained results were found to be outstanding compared to the rule-based approach applied to a similar job.
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Cahyanti, Ririn Dwi. "Compound words used in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight." Journal on English as a Foreign Language 6, no. 1 (March 25, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23971/jefl.v6i1.429.
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<p>This study was aimed at describing the types, the function, and the meaning of the compound words used in Stephenie Meyer’s <em>Twilight</em>. A qualitative method with the content analysis was applied in this study. The object of this study was compound words. For the data collection, it was used the techniques such as data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. This study was validated by using triangulation. The findings showed that there are 253 compound words. Based on the type of compound words, there are 5 compound words categorized as open form, 65 compound words categorized as hyphenated form, and 183 compound words categorized as closed form. Based on the function of compound words, there are 173 compound nouns, 13 compound verbs, and 67 compound adjectives. Referring to the meaning of compound words found from the contextual meaning, there are 140 words of the exocentric compound and 113 words of the endocentric compound.</p>
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Stymne, Sara, Nicola Cancedda, and Lars Ahrenberg. "Generation of Compound Words in Statistical Machine Translation into Compounding Languages." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 4 (December 2013): 1067–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00162.
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In this article we investigate statistical machine translation (SMT) into Germanic languages, with a focus on compound processing. Our main goal is to enable the generation of novel compounds that have not been seen in the training data. We adopt a split-merge strategy, where compounds are split before training the SMT system, and merged after the translation step. This approach reduces sparsity in the training data, but runs the risk of placing translations of compound parts in non-consecutive positions. It also requires a postprocessing step of compound merging, where compounds are reconstructed in the translation output. We present a method for increasing the chances that components that should be merged are translated into contiguous positions and in the right order and show that it can lead to improvements both by direct inspection and in terms of standard translation evaluation metrics. We also propose several new methods for compound merging, based on heuristics and machine learning, which outperform previously suggested algorithms. These methods can produce novel compounds and a translation with at least the same overall quality as the baseline. For all subtasks we show that it is useful to include part-of-speech based information in the translation process, in order to handle compounds.
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Moehkardi, Rio Rini Diah. "Patterns and Meanings of English Words through Word Formation Processes of Acronyms, Clipping, Compound and Blending Found in Internet-Based Media." Jurnal Humaniora 28, no. 3 (February 25, 2017): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.v28i3.22287.
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This research aims to explore the word-formation process in English new words found in the internet-based media through acronym, compound, clipping and blending and their meanings. This study applies Plag’s (2002) framework of acronym and compound; Jamet’s (2009) framework of clipping, and Algeo’s framework (1977) in Hosseinzadeh (2014) for blending. Despite the formula established in each respective framework, there could be occurrences of novelty and modification on how words are formed and how meaning developed in the newly formed words. The research shows that well accepted acronyms can become real words by taking lower case and affixation. Some acronyms initialized non-lexical words, used non initial letters, and used letters and numbers that pronounced the same with the words they represent. Compounding also includes numbers as the element member of the compound. The nominal nouns are likely to have metaphorical and idiomatic meanings. Some compounds evolve to new and more specific meaning. The study also finds that back-clipping is the most dominant clipping. In blending, the sub-category clipping of blending, the study finds out that when clipping takes place, the non-head element is back-clipped and the head is fore-clipped.
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Korol, Svitlana. "COMPOUND NOUNS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 10(78) (February 27, 2020): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-124-127.
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The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.
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Juhasz, Barbara J. "Experience with compound words influences their processing: An eye movement investigation with English compound words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1253756.
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Recording eye movements provides information on the time-course of word recognition during reading. Juhasz and Rayner [Juhasz, B. J., & Rayner, K. (2003). Investigating the effects of a set of intercorrelated variables on eye fixation durations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29, 1312–1318] examined the impact of five word recognition variables, including familiarity and age-of-acquisition (AoA), on fixation durations. All variables impacted fixation durations, but the time-course differed. However, the study focused on relatively short, morphologically simple words. Eye movements are also informative for examining the processing of morphologically complex words such as compound words. The present study further examined the time-course of lexical and semantic variables during morphological processing. A total of 120 English compound words that varied in familiarity, AoA, semantic transparency, lexeme meaning dominance, sensory experience rating (SER), and imageability were selected. The impact of these variables on fixation durations was examined when length, word frequency, and lexeme frequencies were controlled in a regression model. The most robust effects were found for familiarity and AoA, indicating that a reader’s experience with compound words significantly impacts compound recognition. These results provide insight into semantic processing of morphologically complex words during reading.
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Vërçani, Brunilda. "A Contrastive Analysis of Compound Nouns in German and Albanian Languages." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/141krg53s.
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Language is an important mean of communication and it is constantly changing. During the language change a lot of words become out of use and many other new words become part of lexicon . The lexicon of the language is constantly enlarging and one important way to enlarge a language is by word formation. In German and Albanian Languages word formation is defined as a process of forming new words. In both, German and Albanian Languages an important contribution in word formation is given by compounding. In German Language compound words make up 2/3 of lexical language. The dominant part of compound words is the formation of compound nouns. German Language has got a lot of compound nouns so it has the ability to create new compounds between the connection of nouns or the connection of a noun with the other parts of discourse. In most cases the compounds of German Language find their equivalent in Albanian Language in simple words or phrases. In both languages a compound noun consists of two or more (lexical parts) components; they can have subordinate and coordinate relations. The majority of compounds is done by coordinate relations (determinate compositions). The composition components have a strict word order. If the word order changes in German Language, the meaning of composition will change, it will take a new meaning. (Of course there are exceptions in a few cases). If the word order changes in Albanian Language, the word becomes meaningless. In Albanian language the components of a compound noun are connected without fugues. Compound nouns with connecting vowels (o / a) are very few, while in German linking elements (fugues : e-, -s-, -es-, -n-, -en-, -er-, -ens-, -o-, ) are typical.
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Elsherif, Mahmoud Medhat, Jon C. Catling, and Steven Frisson. "Two words as one: A multi-naming investigation of the age-of-acquisition effect in compound-word processing." Memory & Cognition 48, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 511–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-019-00986-6.
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AbstractPrevious research has shown that early-acquired words are produced faster than late-acquired words. Juhasz and colleagues (Juhasz, Lai & Woodcock, Behavior Research Methods, 47 (4), 1004-1019, 2015; Juhasz, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1-10, 2018) argue that the Age-of-Acquisition (AoA) loci for complex words, specifically compound words, are found at the lexical/semantic level. In the current study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate this claim and investigate the influence of AoA in reading compound words aloud. In Experiment 1, 48 participants completed a word naming task. Using general linear mixed modelling, we found that the age at which the compound word was learned significantly affected the naming latencies beyond the other psycholinguistic properties measured. The second experiment required 48 participants to name the compound word when the two morphemes were presented with a space in-between (combinatorial naming, e.g. air plane). We found that the age at which the compound word was learned, as well as the AoA of the individual morphemes that formed the compound word, significantly influenced combinatorial naming latency. These findings are discussed in relation to theories of the AoA in language processing.
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Estorina, Dwi Apcita, and Ikmi Nur Oktavianti. "THE TRANSLATABILITY OF COMPOUND WORDS IN THE HUNGER GAMES IN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN." UAD TEFL International Conference 1 (November 20, 2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/utic.v1.164.2017.
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English is used as a foreign language in some countries since it is one of international languages. In Indonesia, English is not the mother tongue of the majority of occupants, so the translation is needed to solve the communication problem between two different languages. This research entitled “The Translatability of Compound Words in The Hunger Games in English and Indonesian Versions” is intended to find out the English compound words equivalently translatable into Indonesian found in the novel and to describe the causes of the non-equivalent translation.This research belongs to descriptive qualitative research as the research design. The research object of this research is compound and the data of this research is the compound words of English language and Indonesian language. As for the data source, The Hunger Games novel is used as the data source of the research. In collecting the data, the researcher uses observing method. In observing method, the researcher reads, underlines, and transcribes the compound words of English and Indonesian language found in the novel. In data analysis, the researcher identifies the data based on English language and Indonesian language compound words.The analysis of the research shows that there are English compound words that can be equivalently translatable into Indonesian and some cannot. The non-equivalent translation of the compounds has the highest frequency that is 29 cases. It happens because the translator translated the English compound words into words and phrases. The frequency of equivalent translation is 21 cases in which the translator translated the English compound words into Indonesian compound. As for the causes, there are some factors triggering the inability to translate equivalently and one of the most influencing ones is cultural aspect.
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Krupnova, Nataliya Aleksandrovna. "Words with complex stems as members of a word family in German (by the example of the word family with the base word “lieben”)." Philology. Issues of Theory and Practice 17, no. 2 (February 8, 2024): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20240046.
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The study aims to identify the word-formation, semantic and stylistic features of words with complex stems belonging to the word family with the verbal base word “lieben” in the German language. The paper examines in detail the formation of words according to parts of speech, finds polysemous units among them and determines how their meanings developed, as well as the type of polysemy. In addition, the author drew attention to the spheres of functioning of these words in speech. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the author is the first to describe words with complex stems belonging to the word family comprehensively, from different positions. As a result of the study, it was found that compound nouns are the most numerous class of compound words and blends in this word family. Compound words, or composites, are formed by compounding, blends are formed by blending. According to their semantic structure, words with complex stems are monosemants, only a small number of them have four and two meanings. Words with complex stems of this word family both denote common concepts and are terms in certain branches of science, such as biology, botany, psychology, astronomy, mythology, etc.
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Klingvall, Eva. "Complex non-compound words in Swedish*." Studia Linguistica 66, no. 1 (March 19, 2012): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.2012.01188.x.
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Van Aelten, Filip. "Compound words in speech recognition systems." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 112, no. 3 (2002): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1514542.
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Reinhart, Stefan, Alexander Schunck, Anna Katharina Schaadt, Michaela Adams, Alexandra Simon, and Georg Kerkhoff. "Assessing neglect dyslexia with compound words." Neuropsychology 30, no. 7 (2016): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000307.
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Mankin, Jennifer L., Christopher Thompson, Holly P. Branigan, and Julia Simner. "Processing compound words: Evidence from synaesthesia." Cognition 150 (May 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.01.007.
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Semenza, Carlo. "Compound Words: A Challenge for Aphasiology." Brain and Language 71, no. 1 (January 2000): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brln.1999.2254.
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L.A., Kovbasyuk. "CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC AS THE SOURCE OF THE GERMAN COMPOUND WORDS." South archive (philological sciences), no. 83 (November 4, 2020): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2020-83-8.
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Мета нашого дослідження полягає в багатоаспектному вивченні утворення іменників-композитів німецької мови під час пандемії COVID-19, в аналізі їхньої структури, семантики та семантичних трансформацій. Для досягнення цієї мети необхід-но вирішити такі завдання: 1) скласти корпус композит, 2) вивчити їхні структурно-семантичні ознаки, 3) визначити наявні семантичні трансформації одиниць дослідження.Методи. Методологічною основою нашого дослідження є: 1) метод суцільної вибірки для складання корпусу композитів, 2) метод історичного дослідження для встановлення типу та структури композиту, 3) метод семантичного аналізу для висвіт-лення семантики композита, 4) концептуальний аналіз для визначення семантичних трансформацій.Результати. Словоскладання є одним із найпродуктивніших способів словотворення німецької мови. У сучасній німецькій мові є такі різновиди написання композит: разом згідно з класичною граматикою, через дефіс (и), кожний компонент із великої літери або окремо та з великих літер як в англійській мові. Аналіз відібраних композит дав змогу визначити тенденції у пло-щині словоскладання під час пандемії COVID-19: 1) словоскладання є продуктивним для утворення німецьких іменників, найпродуктивнішою моделлю композита є двокомпонентна структура N. + N; 2) складовими компонентами німецьких компо-зит є запозичення з англійської, грецької, італійської (латинської) та французької мов; 3) важливу роль у процесах утворення нових композитів відіграють префіксоіди та префікси; 4) словоскорочення є складовим компонентом багатьох композит у часи пандемії коронавірусу. У роботі виявлено такі типи композит: 1) детермінативні композити, 2) бахувріхі, 3) контамінації, 4) зрощення. Детермінативні композити утворюють найбільшу групу в корпусі нашого дослідження. Більша частина новітніх композитів є неологізмами. У проаналізованому корпусі представлені як композити з прямим значенням, так і композити, які є концептуальними метафорами або метоніміями, оказіональними утвореннями.Висновки. Проведене дослідження дало змогу встановити основні тенденції словоскладання в німецькій мові під час пан-демії коронавірусу. Композити проаналізовано з урахуванням їхньої структури та семантики. Перспектива майбутніх дослі-джень полягає у всебічному контрастивному аналізі композит у сучасній німецькій та сучасній українській мовах, аналізі використання композит у процесі навчання іноземної мови. Purpose. This article deals with German compounding as one of the most productive forms of word formation of nouns in the time of the coronavirus pandemic. This article aims to take into account the types of compounding, to determine the structural-semantic characteristics of compounds, and to describe existing semantic transformations. It is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to compose a corpus of composite, 2) to study their structural and semantic features and 3) to determine the existing semantic transformations of research units.Methods. The methodological framework of our empirically supported study includes text analysis for the preparation of the list of compounds, the methods of historical word formation research to research the type of compounding and the structure of the compound words, the semantic analysis for determining the meaning of the selected compounds and the conceptual analysis to determine their semantic transformations.Results. Word formation is one of the most productive ways of word building in German language. In modern German compound words are written: together according to classical grammar, through a hyphen (s), each component with a capital letter or separately and with capital letters as in English.The analysis of the compound words made it possible to determine some tendencies of compounding in a coronavirus pandemic: 1) compounding is particularly productive in the noun area, the most productive is the two-part structure N. + N.; 2) the compounds contain borrowings from English, Greek, Italian (Latin) and French as constituents; 3) prefixoids and prefixes become an important part of the formation of new compounds; 4) many compounds of the coronavirus pandemic have different types of short words as a constituent. We distinguish between the following types of compounds: 1) determinative compounds, 2) possessive compounds, 3) contamination, and 4) phrasal compounds. Determinative compounds form the largest group. Most compounds are neologisms. In our corpus, there are both compounds with a direct meaning as well as compounds that are conceptual metaphors or metonymies, occasional words.Conclusions. The study has shown at a glance which tendencies are present in German compounding during a coronavirus pandemic period. The compound words have been analyzed from their structure and their semantics. The perspective of future research lies in the versatile contrastive analysis of the compounds in contemporary German and contemporary Ukrainian; in the sensible use of compound words in foreign language teaching.
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ZHAN, ZHENG. "A Contrastive Study on Equivalent Compound Words in Korean and Chinese: Focusing on the Semantic Relationships of the Components." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 45, no. 9 (September 30, 2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2023.09.45.09.53.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the corresponding types of Korean-Chinese equivalent compound words based on a list of Korean equivalent compound words derived from the literature research method. To this end, a total of 34 Korean equivalent compound words that are educationally meaningful for Chinese learners were selected based on the Korean learning vocabulary list of the National Language Institute in Korea. Next, the list of Korean equivalent compound words was categorized into three types: 8 complementary compound words, 16 contiguous compound words, and 10 overlapping compound words. Finally, the corresponding types of Korean-Chinese equivalent compound words were presented in nine different cases. This study is significant in that it compiled a list of Korean equivalent compound words that differ from Chinese equivalent compound words based on the semantic relationships of the components, and further analyzed the corresponding types of KoreanChinese equivalent compound words in nine detailed cases.
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Drieghe, Denis, Lei Cui, Guoli Yan, Xuejun Bai, Hui Chi, and Simon P. Liversedge. "The morphosyntactic structure of compound words influences parafoveal processing in Chinese reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307426.
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In an eye movement experiment employing the boundary paradigm, we compared parafoveal preview benefit during the reading of Chinese sentences. The target word was a two-character compound that had either a noun–noun or an adjective–noun structure each sharing an identical noun as the second character. The boundary was located between the two characters of the compound word. Prior to the eyes crossing the boundary, the preview of the second character was presented either normally or was replaced by a pseudocharacter. Previously, Juhasz, Inhoff, and Rayner observed that inserting a space into a normally unspaced compound in English significantly disrupted processing and that this disruption was larger for adjective–noun compounds than for noun–noun compounds. This finding supports the hypothesis that, at least in English, for adjective–noun compounds, the noun is more important for lexical identification than the adjective, while for noun–noun compounds, both constituents are similar in importance for lexical identification. Our results indicate a similar division of the importance of compounds in reading in Chinese as the pseudocharacter preview was more disruptive for the adjective–noun compounds than for the noun–noun compounds. These findings also indicate that parafoveal processing can be influenced by the morphosyntactic structure of the currently fixated character.
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Tansykbayeva, В. А. "REPEATED COMPOUND ADVERBS." Tiltanym, no. 2 (October 23, 2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2021-2-70-78.
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The article discusses the types of analytical method, their word-forming abilities and functions. It is known that the analytical method of creating complex words performs a very productive function in linguistics. The article describes the features of the method of repetition in the formation of complex adverbs of the word-forming system. In the study of complex adverbs, the theory of repeated words in linguistics was taken as a basis. Despite the fact that repeated words were studied in science comprehensively, in word-forming systems of parts of speech, complex words were not fully studied. In the word-forming system of adverbs of the modern Kazakh language, complex repeated adverbs created by the method of repetition are defined, and their features are presented.Complex adverbs created by repeating the same root word in different forms have also been defined. On the basis of compound adverbs conisting of two words, their types are indicated.
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Tansykbayeva, В. A. "Repeated compound adverbs." Tiltanym, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2021-2-68-75.
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The article discusses the types of analytical method, their word-forming abilities and functions. It is known that the analytical method of creating complex words performs a very productive function in linguistics. The article describes the features of the method of repetition in the formation of complex adverbs of the word-forming system. In the study of complex adverbs, the theory of repeated words in linguistics was taken as a basis. Despite the fact that repeated words were studied in science comprehensively, in word-forming systems of parts of speech, complex words were not fully studied. In the word-forming system of adverbs of the modern Kazakh language, complex repeated adverbs created by the method of repetition are defined, and their features are presented.Complex adverbs created by repeating the same root word in different forms have also been defined. On the basis of compound adverbs conisting of two words, their types are indicated.
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Hwaszcz, Krzysztof. "Is a Step through the Door a Way to Take a Doorstep? A Psycholinguistic Study on Polish Compound Words." Anglica Wratislaviensia 56 (November 22, 2018): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.56.14.
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The present study concentrates on the organization of the mental lexicon with regard to semantic transparency in the representation of Polish compounds. Its aim was to test current approaches to the processing of morphologically complex words in a lexical decision experiment with the use of visually presented Polish compound and simple words. The existing psycholinguistic approaches centre around the same question: are complex words parsed into their constituent parts or are they stored as full-word representations in the human mental lexicon? I referred to five widely acknowledged models of morphological processing to account for the outcomes of the present study. The data reveal that: i transparent compounds primed by words semantically related to the heads of these transparent compounds elicited faster response times than opaque compounds within the same condition; and ii priming speeds up the processing for both transparent and opaque compounds. The results indicate that the processing of Polish compound words is influenced by semantic transparency and that both transparent and opaque compounds are decomposed into their constituents prior to lexical access.
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Litevkienė, Nijolė, and Jelena Korosteliova. "ENGLISH ANATOMICAL TERMS BY ORIGIN IN THE TEXTBOOK HUMAN ANATOMY(I-II)." PROFESSIONAL STUDIES: THEORY AND PRACTICE 27, no. 1 (July 5, 2023): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56131/pstp.2023.27.1.121.
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This research is aimed to identify the particularities of English anatomical terms, based on comparative description of structural forms and in terms of origin. One-word and compound English and Latin anatomical terms are compared. This research was based on the use of anatomical terms in the textbook “Human Anatomy”, published by M. Prives, V. Bushkovich, N. Lisenkov, who offer a progressive view towards? descriptive, evolutionary, functional, and practical anatomy. Medical terms in the textbook can be basically divided into one-word and multi-word terms. One-word terms can be simple words, derived words, compounds, or a combination of derived and compound words. Compound anatomical terms can consist of two-six words. More than a half of the one-word English anatomical terms are formed on the basis of the English lexis. Most English compound anatomical terms are formed using the terms of Latin or Greek languages. Keywords: one-word anatomical terms, compound anatomical terms, borrowed terms, terms formed on the basis of the lexis of one’s own language