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Al-Salman, Saleh, and Ahmad S. Haider. "COVID-19 trending neologisms and word formation processes in English." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 1 (2021): 24–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-1-24-42.
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The surge of new words and phrases accompanying the sudden COVID-19 outbreak has created new lexical and sociolinguistic changes that have become part of our lives. The emergence of COVID-19s coinages has remarkably increased to establish a trending base of global neologisms. The present study attempts to investigate the nature of the new English words and expressions that emerged in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. It also identifies the type of word-formation processes that contributed to the emergence of these neologisms in the English language. The researchers compiled a corpus of 208 COVID-19-inspired neologisms from different sources, including social networking websites, search engines, blogs, and news articles. The analysis revealed that word-formation processes were so varied to cover all possible forms of derivation, including affixation, compounding, blending, clipping, acronyms, among others, along with dual word-formation processes, with compounding and blending being the most discrete. The findings showed that the flux of new terms demonstrates the creativity and vitality of the English language to respond to emerging situations in times of crisis. The study recommends that further research be carried out on the new terms that have been transferred to other languages as loanwords, loan-translations and loan-blends.
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Bosman, Nerina. "Eenders en anders: Die leksikons van Afrikaans en Nederlands in die een-en-twintigste eeu —’n loodsstudie." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 50, no. 3 (2018): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v50i3.5117.
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Early research into the Afrikaans vocabulary was mainly diachronic and comparative (Dutch being the “mother” language from which Afrikaans developed) and the relationship between the lexicons of the two languages was not explored in any great detail towards the end of the twentieth century. This state of affairs changed with the publication of Groot Woordeboek Afrikaans en Nederlands (“Great Dictionary Afrikaans and Dutch”) in 2011, a dictionary with an amalgamated lemma list. One of the outcomes of the lexicographic project was the realisation that less than fifty percent of the lemmas in the dictionary were absolute cognates, words which are similar in both form and meaning. This finding prompted a synchronic comparison of word forming processes in Afrikaans and Dutch, using two small newspaper corpora from 2009 as well a selection of neologisms. Analysis of the data shows that although Afrikaans and Dutch differ in the way in which loan words are incorporated—Dutch speakers prefer to take over the words as they are, whereas Afrikaans speakers make use of calques— the morphosemantic process of compounding is still the most productive way for adding words to the lexicon. The two languages do not make use of each others’ coinages, one indication that their lexicons are increasingly growing apart.
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Ratna Erawati, Ni Ketut, and I. Made Wijana. "The Heritage Structure of Sanskrit Compound in Old Javanese Language: A Contrastive Linguistics Study." Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (UJoSSH) 1, no. 1 (2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2017.v01.i01.p06.
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 Sanskrit and Old Javanese language are not cognate language. In a language comparative study, the language that has no geneologis relationship could be analyzed contrastively. In typological morphological, Sanskrit is classified into flective language, while the Old Javanese language is classified agglutinative languages. The aim of this writing is to describe and explain the grammatical process of Sanskrit compound word that orbed into Old Javanese. The data tabulation belonging to the compound words were analyzed explanative descriptively according to the nature of the data and the methods and techniques that relevant to the object of study. The methods and techniques used were framed into three stages, namely the data providing, data analysis, and presenting analysis. The theoretical basis of language comparison is similarity or semblance of form and meaning. Based on the analysis, the compound word in Old Javanese language largely derived from the Sanskrit in free base form or derivation form. The forms are borrowed intact and some are accompanied by grammatical processes in the Old Javanese. The similarity and resemblance of these forms are inherited as a loan. The Old Javanese compounding process has the structure: Sanskrit + Sanskrit, Sanskrit + Old Javanese, Old Javanese + Sanskrit. Grammatical processes that occurred are affixation appropriate rules of Old Javanese.
 
 
 
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Styshov, Oleksandr. "Sources of Expanding of the Youth Jargon in Ukrainian at the Beginning of the XXI Century." Ukrainian Linguistics, no. 49 (2019): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/um/49(2019).32-43.
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The article focuses on one of the important layers of the lexical system of the national Ukrainian language at the beginning of the XXI century, namely the youth jargon neologisms. The recording of the spoken language of young people (schoolchildren, students of vocational schools, university students, cadets, etc.), as well as texts from the Internet and contemporary Ukrainian journalism and fiction, served as the material of the present study. The body of newly formed slang words under analysis comprises more than 200 units. The author defines and analyses the main sources of the mentioned units’ enrichment. The most effective among them is the word formation on the basis of specific and borrowed derivative sources. It has been shown that within the analyzed period the youth jargon neologisms are mostly enriched by nouns-neologisms formed, in particular, by means of suffixation, univerbalization, abbreviation, compounding, lexico-semantic derivation or without any affixes at all. Newly formed adjectives, verbs and adverbs, being not numerous in comparison with nouns-sociolects of youth, are coined primarily by suffixation. Another effective source of the youth social dialect enrichment is their direct entry into Ukrainian from foreign languages, such as English, Russian, German, Spanish, French, and Chinese. Among these new borrowings, English loan words prevail. Besides, a certain part of the youth neologisms has penetrated into speech of the young people from other jargons, such as computer, sports, automobile jargons. Some new units of the analyzed sociolect have come into use (mainly with a change in semantics) from a less effective source, i.e. a criminal argot.
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Albesher, Khaled Besher. "Saudi EFL Adult Learners’ Spelling Errors: Reasons and Remedial Strategies to Raise Their Writing Proficiency Level." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 7, no. 7 (2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.7p.131.
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This study aims to find out the most common spelling errors committed by the Saudi EFL learners, their plausible reasons and the successful remedial strategies. The study may help the EFL teachers in their task of enabling their learners to complete their writing essays and assignments without any spelling mistakes and errors. This is a purely qualitative study. Thirty male EFL teachers and fourteen female EFL teachers have participated in this research study by sharing their teaching observations and experiences and helping in categorization of learners’ errors and in finding reasons and remedies for the learners’ spelling errors. Moreover, in the light of the feedback provided by the teacher participants, the researcher analyzed 50 writing drafts of Level-4 male Saudi EFL learners and 50 Level-4 female Saudi EFL learners at Preparatory Year Programme at Qassim University. The study concludes that the Saudi EFL learners usually use interlingual and intralingual transfer strategies due to problems in phonemic differences, loan words; phonemic, orthographic, homophonous, morphological and compounding confusions; ignorance or overgeneralization of spelling rules, and the impact of social media. The study recommends a number of teaching techniques for their rectification.
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Vitalis Kandie. "The Social Media Neologisms: A Case Study of Facebook Users in Kenya." Editon Consortium Journal of Literature and Linguistic Studies 3, no. 1 (2021): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjlls.v3i1.231.
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This study sought to investigate the Kenyan generated neologisms as used in social media. This study was informed by the fact that human language is a dynamic and an ever-changing phenomenon only stable in performing its communicative function. The researcher conducted a Facebook survey as a representation of other social networking channels. The researcher purposely sampled 50 neologisms of Kenyan origin on Facebook and thereafter, using a descriptive qualitative data analysis approach, made a description of one of the commonest sites of social networking in Kenya, people from various walks of life engage on a litany of matters concerning their lives, be it political, socio-economic or even personal. Facebook was chosen explicitly for its wider outreach among Kenyans in comparison to other social networking channels. 50 neologisms belonging to Kenyan origin were purposively sampled on Facebook aftermath; a descriptive method of data analysis approach was used, to make a description of the word-formation processes, which are involved in their generation. A vast number of neologisms on Facebook belonging to Kenyan origin could be identified and documented by the study, most of them laced with a local flavour. Furthermore, the study analysed the word-formation processes that were involved in their development. Some of the neologisms with Kenyan origin documented in this study are; uhunye, saitan, isorait amongst others while some of the most common word formation processes employed include; loan translation, error, compounding and others. This study advocates for research on how words and expressions from indigenous Kenyan languages are being adopted in multicultural discourse among the diverse members of the Kenyan speech community through social media and general cross-cultural interactions.
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Aziz, Zulfadli Abdul, Bukhari Daud, and Muhammad Wiwin. "Forming new words: Compounds in Devayan." Studies in English Language and Education 6, no. 1 (2019): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v6i1.12990.
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As a part of word formation in the morphological process, compounding generally covers the types of words to be combined. This present study seeks the morphological process in forming words through compounding in the Devayan language spoken in Simeulue, Aceh, Indonesia. This study is also to analyze the meaning that occurs from the result of the compounding process. In collecting the data, this research uses the elicitation technique which is constructed by Bowern (2015). The informants of this research are the native Devayan who live in La’ayon, Angkeo, Naibos and Maudil, Teupah Barat sub-district, Simeulue. The research finds that the compounding process in Devayan consists of compounding of two nouns, compounding of noun and verb, compounding of noun and adjective, compounding of verb and adjective, compounding of verb and noun, and compounding of adjective and noun and compounding of two verbs. The result of the process produces some meanings, namely about (1) the product, (2) specific use, (3) time, and (4) condition. This study indicates that Devayan uses various compound words with different morphological processes. It is hoped that this study is beneficial for its natives as documentation and non-native as a reference to compounding formation in the language.
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Eripuddin and Liana Fuji Lestari. "COMPOUNDING WORDS ; WORDS FORMATION IN REPUBLIKA NEWSPAPERS." JEE (Journal of English Education) 5, no. 1 (2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30606/jee.v5i1.552.
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This study investigated words formation that found in the republika newspaper. The research was a descriptive qualitative research design . The object of this research was headline of Republika Newspaper. The instrumentation of the reserach was documentation. The data were consisted of 96 data The data were analyzed by using the theory of word formation (O’ Grady, 1996) The results of this research shown that 70 datawere classified as endocentric compound and transparent meaning and 26 data were categorized in exocentric compound and opaque meaning. Transparent meant that the meanings of the words could be predicted from the each of the word. Opaque meant that the meaning of words could not predicted from the each of word.
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O.I., Yehorova, and Kozlova Yu.V. "SYSTEM-FUNCTIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE ENGLISH PANDEMIC LEXICAL CLUSTER." South archive (philological sciences), no. 85 (April 12, 2021): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-13.
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The article aims at analyzing the topical English pandemic (coronavirus) vocabulary from the perspective of system-functional approach. This envisages performing following tasks: 1) to identify the pandemic (coronavirus) lexical cluster, 2) to describe the word-building peculiarities of the English coronavirus vocabulary and 3) to interpret the functioning of this vocabulary within the political, every day, and Internet discourses.Methods. The methodological framework used in the study features: 1) generalization for establishing basic theoretical principles of the research; 2) structure-semantic analysis for studying the word-building specifics of the pandemic vocabulary; 3) statistical method for defining calculate the frequency and the productivity of certain word-building models within the pandemic lexical cluster; 4) the elements of discourse analysis to highlight the functional peculiarities of coronavirus vocabulary.Results. Coronacrisis, that we have experienced till the present, has become a crucial factor catalyzing nomination processes of the novel concepts, thus influencing the lexical system of the English language. We consider pandemic lexicon (coronavirus vocabulary) the novelist group of neologisms in the English language since it comprises innovative words and phrases which have been coined since the start of COVID-19 pandemic and relate to its impact on the modern life. Among the most common for coronavirus vocabulary word-building models are derivation, compounding, shortening, loan and substitution; alongside, the statistical analysis has proved blending to be the most productive word-building model. The study of functional peculiarities of the pandemic lexicon within various types of discourses shows that its biggest part has entered the usus. The use of pandemic vocabulary within the Internet discourse is marked by the development of a number of thematic groups of language units referring to: 1) routine activities and events; 2) changes in learn and work modes; 3) excess weight; 4) alcohol and 5) verbal aggressiveness.Conclusions. The study enabled categorizing the units of the English pandemic (coronavirus) vocabulary as a separate lexical cluster, which has predominantly developed with the help of the already existing language resources. The units of this innovative cluster perform nominative function by naming new concepts and realia of life, reflect social moods, for instance, the feelings of worry, fear, anguish, and hopelessness, or facilitate the humorous effect in communication. Prospects for future research lie within the expansion of discursive analysis of pandemic innovations for revealing functional of some neological units on different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as conducting a comparative study of pandemic innovations in distant languages.Key words: word-building, lexical innovation, pandemic vocabulary, discourse. Метою пропонованого дослідження є висвітлення актуального пандемійного (коронавірусного) вокабуляру англійської мови з позицій системно-функціонального підходу. Досягненню мети сприяє виконання таких завдань: 1) ідентифікувати пандемійний (коронавірусний) лексичний кластер; 2) охарактеризувати словотвірні особливості коронавокабуляра англійської мови та 3) проінтерпретувати особливості функціонування коронавокабуляра в політичному, повсякденному та інтернет-дискурсах.Методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети застосовувалися: 1) метод узагальнення для ідентифікації базових теоретич-них положень; 2) метод структурно-семантичного аналізу для вивчення особливостей словотвору пандемійного вокабуляра; 3) статистичний метод для вирахування частотності та продуктивності словотворення пандемійного лексичного кластера за конкретними моделями; 4) елементи дискурс-аналізу для вивчення функціональних особливостей короновокабуляра.Результати. Коронакриза, що триває нині, є центральним фактором впливу на лексикографічну систему англійської мови, оскільки актуалізувала проблему номінації нових реалій. Найактуальнішою неологічною групою англійської мови нині є пандемійна лексика (коронавірусний вокабуляр), до складу якого, зокрема, входять інноваційні слова та вирази, що виникли з початку пандемії COVID-19 та пов’язані з її впливом на сучасне життя. Елементи коронавокабуляра утворюються за низкою дериваційних моделей, до числа яких відносимо деривацію, основоскладання, скорочення, запозичення, субституцію, проте найпродуктивнішою моделлю за результатами статистичного аналізу є телескопія. Дослідження особливостей функціонуван-ня коронавірусного вокабуляра в різних типах дискурсу дає змогу констатувати превалювання узуальної лексики та тісні між-дискурсивні зв’язки, зокрема між політичним дискурсом та дискурсом повсякденності. Використання пандемійної лексики на просторах інтернет-дискурсу відзначається формуванням низки лексико-семантичних груп на позначення: 1) рутинних занять та подій; 2) змін у звичному розпорядку навчальної та робочої діяльності; 3) зайвої ваги; 4) алкоголю та 5) мовної агресії.Висновки. Проведене дослідження уможливило виокремлення англомовного пандемійного (коронавірусного) вокабуляра як окремого лексичного кластера, основу якого становить загальновживана лексика. Одиниці цього інноваційного кластера виконують номінативну функцію через іменування нових реалій та концептів життя, а також рефлектують настрої суспільства, зокрема відчуття занепокоєння, остраху, туги та безнадійності, або ж сприяють реалізації гумористичного ефекту комунікації.Ключові слова: словотворення, лексична інновація, пандемійний вокабуляр, дискурс.
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Louwrens, L. J. "Semantic change in loan words." South African Journal of African Languages 13, no. 1 (1993): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1993.10586958.
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Lee, Byungman. "Loan words which became Household words in Japanese." Japanese Cultural Studies 77 (January 31, 2021): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18075/jcs..77.202101.227.
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Krasnova, Elena. "Compounding in Danish." Scandinavistica Vilnensis, no. 9 (December 20, 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/scandinavisticavilnensis.2014.9.4.
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Compounding is a major word formation process in Danish. Approaches currently important for examining Danish compounds are outlined, mostly based on two-constituent N+N compounds. We argue that compounding has both specific and universal features in different languages. Different types of compounds in Danish are discussed with focus on elliptical compounds, without direct semantic relations between the components. This comprehensive approach has proved useful as compounds in Danish differ considerably in semantic relations between the components. The experiment shows that for some groups of “popular” words, analogy plays a great role in the creation and interpretation of novel compounds.
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Pavlenko, Iryna. "German loan words in literary discourse." Nova fìlologìâ, no. 74 (2018): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/2414-1135/2018-74-13.
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SAĞOL YÜKSEKKAYA, Gülden. "The Epithesis In The Loan Words." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 5 Issue 1, no. 5 (2010): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.1329.
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KOÇ, Aylin. "The Apocope In The Loan Words." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 5 Issue 4, no. 5 (2010): 1339–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.1482.
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Kaye, Alan S. "Orthographic variation in Arabic loan words." English Today 8, no. 2 (1992): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400006337.
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van de Velde, Hans, and Roeland van Hout. "Loan words as markers of differentiation." Linguistics in the Netherlands 19 (August 16, 2002): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.19.18van.
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Forgue, Guy Jean. "English Loan Words in French Today." Journal of English Linguistics 19, no. 2 (1986): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/007542428601900209.
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Berta, Árpád, and István Vásáry. "Old Turkic Loan Words in Hungarian." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 55, no. 1-3 (2002): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.55.2002.1-3.5.
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Light, Ginni. "‘Borrowed’ English — Words on Permanent Loan." working@office 9, no. 1 (2008): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03249677.
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Wollman, Alfred. "Early Latin loan-words in Old English." Anglo-Saxon England 22 (December 1993): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004282.
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It is a well-known fact that Old English is rich in Latin loan-words. Although the precise number is not yet known, it is a fairly safe assumption that there are at least 600 to 700 loan-words in Old English. This compares with 800 Latin loan-words borrowed in different periods in the Brittonic languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton), and at least 500 early Latin loan-words common to the West Germanic languages. These rather vague overall numbers do not lend themselves, however, to a serious analysis of Latin influence on the Germanic and Celtic languages, because they include different periods of borrowing which are not really comparable to each other. The basis of these estimates, moreover, is often not stated very clearly. Although the establishment of a complete list of Latin loan-words in the various Germanic languages is a desideratum, it can only be achieved in a later stage of our studies.
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BERGREN, THEODORE A. "GREEK LOAN-WORDS IN THE VULGATE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE LATIN APOSTOLIC FATHERS." Traditio 74 (2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.12.
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Early Latin Christian documents translated from Greek (e.g., Latin translations of the Greek New Testament) contain a large number of Greek loan-words. This article attempts to collect and catalogue the Greek loan-words found in the Vulgate New Testament and the early Latin versions of the Apostolic Fathers. In this literature I have identified some 420 loan-words. The purpose of this article is to systematically categorize, analyze, and comment on these loan-words. In the main section of the article the loan-words are divided into discrete content groups based on their origin and/or meaning. These groups include: (1.) words that originated in Hebrew or Aramaic Vorlagen and that were then transliterated into Greek and then Latin; (2.) words with biblical or ecclesiological orientation that are found exclusively or predominantly in early Christian Latin writings; (3.) words that fall into distinct categories of items, persons or places (e.g., “animals,” “items of clothing,” “gems and minerals,” “human occupations”); and (4.) words of a general character that do not fit in any of the above categories. In this section of the article are listed, for each loan-word: first, the Latin word; second, the Greek Vorlage; third, the meaning(s) of the Latin word; and fourth, one example of a passage in the Vulgate New Testament or the Latin Apostolic Fathers in which the Latin word may be found. Loan-words with special characteristics (e.g., Latin hapax legomena) are commented on individually.
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Al-Jarf, Reima. "Arabic and English Loan Words in Bahasa: Implications for Foreign Language Pedagogy." Journal La Edusci 2, no. 4 (2021): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallaedusci.v2i4.445.
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Many Arab students are currently pursuing their education at Malaysian institutions, and they have to study Bahasa Malaysia as a university requirement to be able to communicate with people in the local community. Therefore, this study aims to help Arab students learn Bahasa easily as Bahasa contains many loan words from Arabic and English. This article gives Arab students examples of Arabic and English loan words with which they are familiar and shows them the different phonological adaptations of Arabic and English loan words in Bahasa as the Arabic, English and Bahasa sound systems are different. A corpus of non-technical Malay words that are commonly encountered in public places in Malaysia was collected and analyzed. A contrastive analysis of Arabic and Malay, and English and Malay phonological systems was performed. Different homogenization processes are applied to Arabic and English loan words depending on the differences between Arabic and Malay, and English and Malay. Examples of Arabic loan words in Malay are: menara, Sabtu, Ahad, Akhir, tahniya. Examples of English loan words in Bahasa are: stesen, kelab, tren, kompleks, imigresen, destinasi. Further implications for learning Bahasa Malaysia by Arab students are given.
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Sari, Rafica. "COMPOUNDING IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TERMS: A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 13, no. 1 (2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v13i1.755.
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AbstrakDalam linguistik merupakan proses pembentukan kata yang sangat produktif dua kata atau lebih digabungkan menjadi sebuah kata baru. Proses ini sering dijumpai pada pembentukan kata atau istilah baru dalam bidang teknologi informasi. Compound word (kata majemuk) pada istilah-istilah bidang teknologi informasi adakalanya memiliki makna yang berbeda dari makna leksikal pembentuk kata majemuknya. Oleh karena itu, makalah ini ditulis untuk mendeskripsikan kata majemuk yang terdapat pada istilah teknologi informasi, mendeskripsikan cara penulisannya, dan mendeskripsikan makna leksikal pada kata majemuk tersebut. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif, diketahui bahwa kata majemuk dalam teknologi informasi memiliki beberapa kombinasi elemen dengan cara penulisan menggunakan open form, hyphenated-form, dan closed/solid form. Makna kata majemukyang terbentuk dari proses compounding pada istilah teknologi informasi ternyata lebih banyak mempertahankan makna leksikal dari masing-masing kata pembentuknya daripada membentuk makna baru. Kata-kata kunci: compounding, istilah teknologi informasi, makna leksikal. AbstractIn linguistic it is a process of word formation that is very productive in which two or more words are combined into a new word. This process is often found in the formation of new words or terms in the field of information technology. Compound words for terms in the field of information technology sometimes have a different meaning from the lexical meaning of each word that makes up the compound words. Therefore, this paper is written to describe compound words contained in information technology terms, to describes how to write them, and to describe lexical meanings of the compound words. Based on the analysis using a descriptive method, it was found that compound words in information technology have some combinations of elements by way of writing using open form, hyphenated-form, and closed/solid form. Meanings of compound words that are formed through the compounding process in the information technology terms seem to maintain lexical meaning of each constituent word rather than forming new meanings. Keywords: compounding, information technology terms, lexical meaning
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Kechedzhi, O. V. "AFFIXALIZATION OF LOAN WORDS (ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATTER)." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, series Philology. Social Communications 2, no. 1 (2020): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-6069/2020.1-2/16.
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Micheli, M. Silvia. "Compounding in Old Italian." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 44, no. 1 (2021): 66–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00057.mic.
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Abstract This paper provides a corpus-based analysis of compounding in Old Italian. The semantic and formal properties of compound words attested in Old Italian are described and discussed through the theoretical tools provided by Construction Morphology. The analysis confirms that compounding is exploited since the earliest attestations of the language. It reveals that Old Italian compounds are mostly right-headed endocentric or exocentric: particularly, endocentric [ADV-Y]Y, [A-N]N|A and exocentric [V-N]N are the most productive schemas. Moreover, this study highlights a significant influence of Latin on Italian compounding, whereby many Old Italian compounds are Latin loanwords and calques which served as a model for the creation of new native compounds.
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Ratih, Elisa, and Rosalin Ismayoeng Gusdian. "WORD FORMATION PROCESSES IN ENGLISH NEW WORDS OF OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (OED) ONLINE." A Journal of Culture English Language Teaching Literature & Linguistics 5, no. 2 (2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/celticumm.vol5.no2.24-35.
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The aims of this study were to identify the processes of word formation in English new words and to know which word formation processes were the most productive one(s). The researcher used qualitative research design in order to obtain the data from the document of OED online. OED online is the online dictionary which consists of list of English new words. Therefore, the research object was the lists of English new words from year 2012-2016. Document analysis was used as the instrument to collect the data. The data were presented in the form of table. The findings of this study showed that there are some processes in creating English new words, such as a) affixation, b) folk etymology, c) compounding, d) abbreviation, e) acronyms, f) borrowing, g) blending, h) clipping, i) back-formation. Besides, there are also found the double word formation processes, such as j) folk etymology + compounding, k) compounding + affixation, m) blending + affixation, n) clipping + blending. The result showed that the most productive process of creating English new words was affixation.
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Ratih, Elisa, and Rosalin Ismayoeng Gusdian. "WORD FORMATION PROCESSES IN ENGLISH NEW WORDS OF OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (OED) ONLINE." Celtic: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature and Linguistics 5, no. 2 (2018): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/celtic.v5i2.7617.
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The aims of this study were to identify the processes of word formation in English new words and to know which word formation processes were the most productive one(s). The researcher used qualitative research design in order to obtain the data from the document of OED online. OED online is the online dictionary which consists of list of English new words. Therefore, the research object was the lists of English new words from year 2012-2016. Document analysis was used as the instrument to collect the data. The data were presented in the form of table. The findings of this study showed that there are some processes in creating English new words, such as a) affixation, b) folk etymology, c) compounding, d) abbreviation, e) acronyms, f) borrowing, g) blending, h) clipping, i) back-formation. Besides, there are also found the double word formation processes, such as j) folk etymology + compounding, k) compounding + affixation, m) blending + affixation, n) clipping + blending. The result showed that the most productive process of creating English new words was affixation.
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Muslihah, Muslihah. "PROSES PENYERAPAN KATA BAHASA INGGRIS KE DALAM BAHASA JEPANG: (KAJIAN FONOLOGI GENERATIF TRANSFORMASIONAL)." IZUMI 7, no. 2 (2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.7.2.73-83.
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(Title: The Analysis of Loan Words of English Language Transformed into Japanese Language (Study of Generative Transformational Phonological) The aims of this research are to explain the phonological processes and phonological rule in loan words of English language into Japanese language through generative phonological studies. This research used qualitative descriptive method. The research data are taken from Japanese dictionary loan words. The result shows eight phonological processes and phonological rules in the process of transformation English language to Japanese. (1) the process of adding segment /u/ at the end of the words (2) segment additions /o/ at the end of the words (3) segment additions /u/ in the middle of words (4) segment additions /o/ in the middle of words (5) substitution of phoneme /l/ to /r/, (6) substitution of phoneme /v/ to /b/, (7) segment additions /i/, (8) substitution of phoneme /t/ to /c/. The transformation of phonological processes on the loan words of English language into Japanese language affected by the internal factor.
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Brown, Penelope. "Color Me Bitter: Crossmodal Compounding in Tzeltal Perception Words." Senses and Society 6, no. 1 (2011): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/174589311x12893982233957.
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Kozyra, Marzena. "Экзотизмы как особенная категория заимствований". Acta Polono-Ruthenica 2, № XXIV (2019): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.4464.
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This article is aimed at establishing the place of exoticisms against the spectrum of other loan words. We consider increased language and cultural contacts, intensified in recent years. Additionally, we focus on the typology of loan words, taking into account their degree of assimilation to the rules of the recipient language. We define exoticisms as unassimilated loan words, whose main aim is to re-create various national features and name unknown cultural phenomena. The domination of cultural traits in the semantic structure of exoticisms (which constitutes the hallmark of this lexical group) is the basis of the proposed relation between the analyzed loan words and the so-called words-realities. Moreover, we put stress on the particular spheres of life in which exoticisms are used, as well as on their inner differentiation, connected with the nativization processes affecting the language.
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Nasrullah, Yufi Mohammad. "استخدام المفردات العربية المقترضة في اللغة الإندونيسية". al Mahāra: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 3, № 1 (2017): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/almahara.2017.031-04.
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This research is aiming at analyzing the use of Arabic loan words in Indonesian language and conducting contrastive analysis between the two languages for the purpose of making teaching materials. To this end, the researcher used descriptive, analytic, and survey-based method. In so doing, the researcher identifies, classifies, and describes all that related to Arabic loan words in Indonesian language. The researcher then analyzes them in terms of phonetic, morphology, and semantic. Likewise, the researcher uses contrastive method to analyze the differences between Arabic and Indonesian language in all linguistic levels and to predict difficulties that Indonesian students might face in learning Arabic. This research concludes that Arabic loan words in Indonesian language make learning Arabic easier for Indonesian students. Accordingly, Arabic loan words should be considered in devising Arabic learning materials. It also discovers that the best method to make Arabic learning materials for Indonesian students should be based on scientific processes, that is by devising Arabic teaching materials which is purposely designed for non-Arabic speakers. Similarly, the contrastive method also ends up in conclusion that the employment of Arabic loan words makes Arabic learning processes easier. This research recommends the use of Arabic loan words available in Indonesian language when designing learning materials. By doing so, students can easily make linguistic associations and finally understand learning subjects with easy.
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Ahmad, Nisar, Liaqat Iqbal, and Muhammad Atif. "Pashto-English Hybridization: Unknotting the knitted Compound Words." Global Regional Review V, no. I (2020): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-i).66.
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Hybridization has a significant role in creating words that have the flavor of both the knotted languages. It not only results in the formation of single words but also leads to compound word creation. The present study aims to unveil hybridization in compound words. For this purpose, 5 Pashto TV programmes from Khyber News were selected through purposive sampling. In this study, the framework developed by Kachru (1978) and adapted by Rasul (2006) has been employed. The findings show that hybridization in compounding is a frequently occurring phenomenon that usually has different arrangements of words from both languages, i.e., Pashto words coming before the English word or vice versa depending on the nature of compounding; however, mostly the Pashto words were placed before. Out of the 84 examples of hybridized compounds, there were only two adjectives, and the rest were compound nouns.
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Kowalska-Szubert, Agata. "Hoe maak je het, lakmoes? Over de (semantische) productiviteit van Nederlandse ontleningen in het Pools / How are you, litmus? On the (semantical) productivity of the Dutch borrowings in the Polish language." Werkwinkel 10, no. 2 (2015): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/werk-2015-0017.
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Abstract Polish language contains hundreds of loan words from Dutch. They are rooted so firmly that they are capable of creating new words. This article presents the most common word-formation phenomena involving Dutch loan words. It also highlights their ability to form phrasemes and transfer meanings.
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Giyatmi, Giyatmi, Endang Dwi Hastuti, Ratih Wijayava, and Sihindun Arumi. "The Analysis of English Word Formations Used on Brand Names Found in Indonesian Products." Register Journal 7, no. 2 (2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v7i2.179-204.
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This research aims at describing how brand names with English inIndonesian products are created. To analyze the data found theresearchers applied English word formation in English morphology. Thisis a descriptive research. The data were brand names using English foundin Indonesian product which were taken from three supermarkets in Solonamely Hypermart Solo Grand Mall, Hypermart Gorro Assalam, andCarefur from February up to April 2010. The research found that thebrand names with English in Indonesian products can be created byapplying word formation such as compounding, blending, affixation,reduplication, onomatopoeia, abbreviation, acronym and clipping. Theprocess of compounding consists of pure compounding and modificationcompounding, The process of blending includes the first syllable of thefirst words and the first syllable of the second words, the first syllable ofthe first words and the second syllable from the front of the secondwords., the first words and the last syllables of the second words, the firstwords and two syllables from the front of the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the first syllable of thesecond words, the first words and the two last syllables from the back ofthe second words, and the first words and the first syllables of the second words. The affixation process covers prefixes pro-, -bio and suffixes –y, -er, -ness, -ish, and –s. The process of reduplication includes puremodification, modification with intensifier meaning and reduplicationwith sound change. The process of abbreviation found is pureabbreviation and acronym. The process of clipping includes the clippingof letter and syllables. Keywords: Brand names; English word formation
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Giyatmi, Giyatmi, Endang Dwi Hastuti, Ratih Wijayava, and Sihindun Arumi. "The Analysis of English Word Formations Used on Brand Names Found in Indonesian Products." Register Journal 7, no. 2 (2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v7i2.214.
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This research aims at describing how brand names with English inIndonesian products are created. To analyze the data found theresearchers applied English word formation in English morphology. Thisis a descriptive research. The data were brand names using English foundin Indonesian product which were taken from three supermarkets in Solonamely Hypermart Solo Grand Mall, Hypermart Gorro Assalam, andCarefur from February up to April 2010. The research found that thebrand names with English in Indonesian products can be created byapplying word formation such as compounding, blending, affixation,reduplication, onomatopoeia, abbreviation, acronym and clipping. Theprocess of compounding consists of pure compounding and modificationcompounding, The process of blending includes the first syllable of thefirst words and the first syllable of the second words, the first syllable ofthe first words and the second syllable from the front of the secondwords., the first words and the last syllables of the second words, the firstwords and two syllables from the front of the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the second words, twosyllables from the front of the first words and the first syllable of thesecond words, the first words and the two last syllables from the back ofthe second words, and the first words and the first syllables of the second words. The affixation process covers prefixes pro-, -bio and suffixes –y, -er, -ness, -ish, and –s. The process of reduplication includes puremodification, modification with intensifier meaning and reduplicationwith sound change. The process of abbreviation found is pureabbreviation and acronym. The process of clipping includes the clippingof letter and syllables. Keywords: Brand names; English word formation
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Fauziyah, Syifa Wasilatul. "KATA MAJEMUK DALAM TEKS BERITA DARING CNN INTERNARTIONAL EDISI SEPTEMBER 2019: KAJIAN MORFOLOGI." SUAR BETANG 15, no. 1 (2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v15i1.143.
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The title of this research is “Compounding in CNN International Online Newspaper September, 2019: Morphological Studies”. this research aims to describe the compounding form and compounding category in CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019. The method in this research is used qualitative descriptive research method. The data in this research were obtined by reading the CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019. The result of this research shows that the compounding process in CNN Internatinal online newspaper, September 2019 can be classified into two forms they are writing forms and compounding forms. In writing forms they are open form and close form and the form of compounding they are endocentric compound (which has a head of compound words) and exocentric compound (which has no a head of a compound word). The category of the data they are compound noun (noun+noun/verb+noun) and compound verb (noun+verb).
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Khan, Tania Ali. "Morphological Integration of Urdu Loan Words in Pakistani English." English Language Teaching 13, no. 5 (2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n5p49.
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Pakistani English is a variety of English language concerning Sentence structure, Morphology, Phonology, Spelling, and Vocabulary. The one semantic element, which makes the investigation of Pakistani English additionally fascinating is the Vocabulary. Pakistani English uses many loan words from Urdu language and other local dialects, which have become an integral part of Pakistani English, and the speakers don't feel odd while using these words. Numerous studies are conducted on Pakistani English Vocabulary, yet a couple manage to deal with morphology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the morphological integration of Urdu loan words in Pakistani English. Another purpose of the study is to investigate the main reasons of this morphological integration process. The Qualitative research method is used in this study. Researcher prepares a sample list of 50 loan words for the analysis. These words are randomly chosen from the newspaper “The Dawn” since it is the most dispersed English language newspaper in Pakistan. Some words are selected from the Books and Novellas of Pakistani English fiction authors, and concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition. The results show that, when the Urdu language loan words are morphologically integrated in Pakistan English, they do not change their grammatical category. Moreover, four distinguished morphological process are identified in integration of these loan words. The results also reveal that deficit hypothesis is the main reason of this lexical borrowin.
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Cahyani, Rosalia Revita, Sara Immaculata Terra Istinara, Agnes Chika Damayanti, and Kurniadining Sri Pertiwi. "The Derivational and Compounding Process in William Shakespeare’s Literary Works." Jadila: Journal of Development and Innovation in Language and Literature Education 1, no. 1 (2020): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52690/jadila.v1i1.18.
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One importance of studying morphology in literary work is increase the vocabulary. Perhaps the biggest contributions to the English language of Shakespeare may be the addition of new words and phrases that have transformed the language and make it more vivid and descriptive. Shakespeare also changing nouns into verbs, verbs into adjectives, connecting words never used together, adding affixes, and devising words wholly original. This study aims to know how the words are formed through derivational and compounding process. In this paper, we take the data from some of William Shakespeare’s works. We use qualitative method by using morphological approach to analyze the data. Morphological approach focused on the identification and interpretation of the meaning of the words and the analysis of the morphemes attached to the words. We collect the data by downloading 11 of William Shakespeare's works, reading the words, selecting the data, and summarizing the data. Then, it’s followed by describing and determining the function of the morphemes and analyzing the change of the word class as techniques of analyzing the data. The result of this study shows that for derivational process, affix {-ish }, {-y }, {-less }, {-ate }, {-eous }, {fore- }, {pur- }, {fore- }, {-y }, and {un- } as adjectivalizer, affix {-ify }, {en- }, {un- }, and {fore- } as verbalizer, and affix {-er }, {-y }, and {-ment }, as nominalizer. For compounding process, we found there are two types of compound word : hyphenated compound and closed compound.
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Netzer, Oded, Alain Lemaire, and Michal Herzenstein. "When Words Sweat: Identifying Signals for Loan Default in the Text of Loan Applications." Journal of Marketing Research 56, no. 6 (2019): 960–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243719852959.
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The authors present empirical evidence that borrowers, consciously or not, leave traces of their intentions, circumstances, and personality traits in the text they write when applying for a loan. This textual information has a substantial and significant ability to predict whether borrowers will pay back the loan above and beyond the financial and demographic variables commonly used in models predicting default. The authors use text-mining and machine learning tools to automatically process and analyze the raw text in over 120,000 loan requests from Prosper, an online crowdfunding platform. Including in the predictive model the textual information in the loan significantly helps predict loan default and can have substantial financial implications. The authors find that loan requests written by defaulting borrowers are more likely to include words related to their family, mentions of God, the borrower’s financial and general hardship, pleading lenders for help, and short-term-focused words. The authors further observe that defaulting loan requests are written in a manner consistent with the writing styles of extroverts and liars.
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Abdurrahim, Abdurrahim, and Syahrir Jalil. "Phonological replacement of loan words used in Indonesian." Journal of Applied Studies in Language 4, no. 2 (2020): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/jasl.v4i2.2061.
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The aim of the study was to identify the phonological replacement of foreign words (primarily English words) adopted to Indonesian. The method used was descriptive that was to describe how the foreign words change after being adopted into Indonesian and how the phonemes in them change. By adopting a linguistic approach with simple descriptive analysis, the study was successful to analyze many adopted words. The findings of the study indicated that in the process of word adoption some phonemes underwent phonological replacement and some are constant. There are about twenty-six replacements that are successful to reveal, and these replacements are established as formulas (Formulas of phonological replacement).
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Malischewski, Elizabeth-Anne. "Kāi Fàng: Loan words to the Middle Kingdom." English Today 3, no. 4 (1987): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607840000314x.
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ELIZABETH-ANNE MALISCHEWSKI describes how, through transliteration and adaptation, English words have been adopted into Chinese. The term KĀI FÀNG, whose characters are shown above, means ‘open-free’ and is used for Deng Xiao-ping's ‘open-door policy’.
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Allsopp, Jeannette. "French and Spanish loan words in Caribbean English." English Today 8, no. 1 (1992): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400006064.
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Tan, Peter. "Malay loan words across different dialects of English." English Today 14, no. 4 (1998): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607840001052x.
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Maltby, Robert. "The distribution of Greek loan–words in Terence." Classical Quarterly 35, no. 1 (1985): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800014609.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss Terence's use of Greek loan-words and to examine their distribution by plays and by characters. How far are they used for stylistic effect and what relationship do they have to the themes of different plays? Is there any evidence for the concentration of these words, which often tend to be colloquial in tone, in the mouths of slaves and characters of low social status for the purposes of linguistic characterisation? Finally, does Terence's use of these words develop in the course of his short career? The usefuleness of a previous note on this subject by J. N. Hough is limited by the absence of any comprehensive list of occurrences, so that its objectivity is difficult to check. A more helpful discussion by P. Oksala gives a fuller list, but concentrates mainly on a comparison with Plautine usage in the type and frequency of these words and does not discuss their distribution within the Terentian corpus.The question of characterisation by linguistic means, particularly in the field of New Comedy, has received considerable attention in recent years. The doctrine that a character's speech should be appropriate to his or her age, sex or social status, is well attested in the ancient world, with reference both to the theatre and to the law-courts. The ancient scholia on Aristophanes, as well as the fourth-century commentary on Terence that goes under the name of Donatus, contain comments on the appropriateness of particular words and phrases to particular character types. Leo, commenting long ago on the distribution of Greek words in Plautus, observed that they were used predominantly by slaves and characters of low social standing, a point made earlier by N. Tuchhaendler. More recently M. E. Gilleland has produced detailed statistical evidence for both Plautus and Terence which tends to back up these observations.
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Tomoda, Takako. "The impact of loan‐words on modern Japanese." Japan Forum 11, no. 2 (1999): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09555809908721634.
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Tranter, Nicolas. "The phonology of English loan-words in Korean." WORD 51, no. 3 (2000): 377–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2000.11432504.
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Ramazanova, Razita T. "The Arabic loan-words in the Chechen language." Humanities and Social Sciences 79, no. 2 (2020): 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2070-1403-2020-79-2-244-256.
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Haci, Sadik, and Zeynep Zafer. "Modern Bulgarian Literature and the Turkish Loan Words." Balkanistic Forum 30, no. 2 (2021): 320–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v30i2.19.
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To the Turkish words in the official Bulgarian Language today there is a negative attitude. The presence in the Bulgarian literary language of great number of lexemes of Turkish origin, which are not recognised from the big part of society, even specialists, as Turkish and which do not have Bulgarian counterparts, is not acknowledged as a valuable contribution to the basic lexical fund. The interest is focused on the usage of some Turkish words with pejorative meaning in journalistic and everyday speech. The function and the stylistic-emotional characteristics of the Turkish loan words in the present artistic texts are not researched.In the paper the Turkish words in the artistic debut of the contemporary writer Hasan Efraimоv „Dervis’ Karakondzhul“(evil ghost) presenting the representatives of Turkish cultural and linguistic environment, having specific national colour, are analysed. To the Turkish words in the official Bulgarian Language today there is a negative attitude. The presence in the Bulgarian literary language of great number of lexemes of Turkish origin, which are not recognised from the big part of society, even specialists, as Turkish and which do not have Bulgarian counterparts, is not acknowledged as a valuable contribution to the basic lexical fund. The interest is focused on the usage of some Turkish words with pejorative meaning in journalistic and everyday speech. The function and the stylistic-emotional characteristics of the Turkish loan words in the present artistic texts are not researched. In the paper the Turkish words in the artistic debut of the contemporary writer Hasan Efraimоv „Dervis’ Karakondzhul“(evil ghost) presenting the representatives of Turkish cultural and linguistic environment, having specific national colour, are analysed.
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Nilsson, Torbjörn K. "Etymology of dialectal Swedish nårot and narg as reflected by Balto-Finnic loanwords: Finnish naarmu ‘scratch, scar’, Estonian näru ‘rag, tatter, frazzle’." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 7, no. 1 (1995): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542700000155.
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ABSTRACTThe Swedish dialectal words nårot ‘worn-out’ and narg ‘a piece of wornout cloth’ have not been etymologically treated so far. I here connect them with a family of Balto-Finnic words, likewise still lacking an etymology: Finn. naarmu ˜ narvas (<*narwa−), Est. näru (<*narwo-) and narvas ˜ narmas, etc. In these Balto-Finnic words, the -v- has in most attested forms undergone a sound substitution to -m-, known to have taken place in some Germanic loan words in Balto-Finnic. I propose that the above dialectal Swedish words can be explained as old wō/wa–stems, related to West Germanic words like Ger. Narbe, OE nearwian ‘to constrain’, etc. Thus, it appears that Finn, narvas-, naarmu, Est. näru, etc. are Proto-Germanic loan words in Balto-Finnic, and that the words later died out in the Germanic languages, only to be retrievable through dialectal Norwegian and North Swedish data and reconstructable through comparison with the Balto-Finnic loan words.