Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Compréhensif'
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Gil, Muriel. "Séries télé : pour une approche communicationnelle d'un objet culturel médiatique." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20092.
Full textDuring the 2000s, television series met with an unprecedented public infatuation. What had previously constituted but a small "subculture" was rising to become a legitimate genre in its own right. This success, that journalists attribute to a creative renewal in American series, is largely fed by French television network programming. Television, however, is no longer the sole broadcaster : DVD and streaming and sharing online are now heavily present. Henceforth, these media will now participate in the configuration of series, incite new strategies and invite audiences to diversify their usages.Researchers themselves show an increasing interest in series, considering them a rich field for the study of social representations (sociology), "narrative objects" (narratology) or also "televised programs" (semio-pragmatics).So, what is a series ? In order to answer this question we have adopted a broad conception, regarding them as being objects of media culture configured by a complex ensemble of socio-technical mediations which give them form. To understand series how they construct their culture, we implement a comprehensive study of the practices and points of view of their communication actors (professionals, media and audiences). Through the use of different methods (discourse analysis, comprehensive interviews, portraits and transversal analysis) we outline series, with regard to their mediations, allowing us to discover the complexity of the object and the necessity of reflection upon the methods to employ in their analysis
Wang, Yun. "Fondement et représentation de la sociologie compréhensive." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG006.
Full textThis dissertation aims to study the basis and representations of interpretive sociology. The study on the basis allows representing all philosophical, psychological, sociological and historical elements present in the real world and mind, who can help us achieve our sociological study. Representation leads us to establish a system of thought without positively seeking causality and general laws. The meaning of life, morality, ethics, etc. related to humans not only can but also must be interpreted by the sociology, because they are not separated from human activity in the phenomena. Not to be confused with a moral apriorist, the vital idea determines that in sociological research, human life is regarded as the goal of all activities
Awazi, Mbambi Kungua Benoît. "Donation, saturation et compréhension." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040087.
Full textIn response to the question of the status of hermeneutics (philosophical interpretation) within a phenomenological scheme(system) of pure givenness [J. -L. Marion], two complementary and exemplary strategies of articulation between phenomenology and hermeneutics will be examined. It concerns the direct strategy of M. Heidegger in the ontology of the finite understanding of the Dasein and the indirect strategy of P. Ricoeur in the shattered ontology of the weakened Cogito. With regard to the first individual [M. Heidegger] the phenomenon par excellence is the withdrawal of the Being from the Dasein whichs remains in the dissimulation. The task of hermeneutics is to uveil phenomenologically the original layers of the Being of the Dasein. In the second case [ P. Ricoeur], the task of hermeneutics is to reach the identity (Ipseity) of the weakened Cogito by the interpretation of the signs and texts of its traditions and cultures. The weakened Cogito is the result of a deconstruction of transcendantal Ego which arises in existence through thought. Access to the identity (Ipseity) from the weakened Cogito can only occur indirectly through the interpretation of the signs and texts, in view of a good action, in fair institutions. The question concerning the relationship between phenomenology and hermeneutics in M. Heidegger and P. Ricoeur, will give us a certain number of parameters, criteria, rules, in order to explain the specificity of hermeneutics in the phenomenological scheme of pure givenness or of reduction to the pure form of appeal [J. -L. Marion]. If comprehension occupies a primordial place in the hermeneutic phenomenology of M. Heidegger and P. Ricoeur, then what is the status of the comprehension in the paradigm of the saturated phenomenon [J. -L. Marion] ?
García, Negroni María Marta. "Réinterprétation et scalarité : les instructions de relecture dans la langue." Paris, EHESS, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EHES0323.
Full textThis study is concerned with the reinterpretation of scalar predicates, as evidenced in the phenomenon of argumentative reinforcement in spanish. This involves three major theoretical problems : reinterpretation, the "gradual" character of linguistic predicates and the function of certain "re-inforcing" argumentative connectives such as incluso (even) and pero (but). Two types of argumentative reinforcement are distinguished : normal reinforcement and "extra-ordinary" reinforcement. The former appears in utterances with incluso, while the latter is exemplified in utterances linked with pero, used to express argumentative opposition by "sur-actualisation". Within this framework a particular type of modifier is studied : these are "sur-actualising" modifiers used to introduce the speaker's subjective view of the high degree referred to on the argumentative scale
Petrovic, Sanja. "Vers une meilleure compréhension d'eMule." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4014.
Full textThe thesis concerns the performance of P2P file sharing applications such as eDonkey. These systems are characterized by a very large number of different shared files as well as a very large number of peers. The thesis studies the influence of file popularity on downloading times and the resulting unfairness which may result. A fluid model is introduced which allows to derive file downloading times as a function of file request rates and storage probability on user disks. An original and efficient numerical solution is proposed to solve the system for several hundred thousands of files. In addition measurements are performed on a population of 20000 ADSL users in the Nice area. These measurements are used to characterize file request rates and storage probabilities on user disks, as well as downloading times depending on the file requested. New and original solutions are introduced to solve the problems resulting from incomplete measurements and to obtain global statistics from local observations
Falzon, Pierre. "Langages opératifs et compréhension opérative." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05H068.
Full textDialogues Between experts in a domain are characterized by the elaboration and the use of restricted languages, which are the result of the adaptation of a universal tool of representation : natural language. In reference to the model proposed by ochanine, we call these languages'operative languages'to suggest that they are based on an operative knowledge in the domain. After a presentation of the general conceptual framework (schema theory), we review the litterature dealing with the lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of operative languages, and with the characteristics of operative understanding. This framework is illustrated by the study of a specific operative language, used by air traffic controllers in their communications with aircraft pilots. In a first part, the analysis focuses on the categorization of the messages emitted by the controllers and on the vocabulary used. The size of the (english and french) vocabularies is small ; the frequencies of use of the words and expressions vary widely. Using measures of frequency, occurence and commonness of the words, it is possible to define a method allowing to isolate a restricted lexicon, sufficient in ordre to recognize a large part of the emitted messages. In a second part, the study considers the understanding of this operative language, with the following hypotheses : understanding is based first on the categorization of the message, using schema-associated words, second on the instantiation of the evoked schema. A method for abstracting schemata from a corpus of pilots-controller communications is presented. The system which has been implemented on the basis of this model of understanding allows an evaluation of the validity of the proposed model. The performances and errors of the system are presented and discussed. The conclusion deals with an extension of our framework to the domain of expertinformation seeker dialogues
Brison, Eric. "Stratégies de compréhension dans l'interaction multimodale." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30075.
Full textBigand, Emmanuel. "Perception et compréhension des phrases musicales." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100034.
Full textTwo levels may be distinguished in any tonal melody : one corresponding to the physionomical organization (rhythms, melodic contours, dynamics, etc. ) Called "superficial structure", the other corresponding to the underlying organization defined by the network of hierarchical relations associating the phrase notes. The purpose of this study is to specify how musician and non-musician listeners manage to proceed from the perception of physionomical characteristics of the musical surface to the understanding of the underlying network of hierarchical relations. In the first volume, the author considers an important number of experimental studies realized in psychology of music. They inform us of the different perceptual and cognitive processes occuring while listening to music. Their interaction is studied in a detailed review of lerdahl and jackendoff's book : a generativ theory of tonal music (1983). In the second volume the author exposes a series of seven experiments aiming to test the central hypothesis of that modal. The first three show the influence of underlying organization on the memorizing of melodies. The following experiments, proceed by identification tests. They confirm the existence of a processing level in which the phrase is no more represented by its physionomical aspects but by its underlying hierarchical relations. Three general aptitudes are required in order to be able to abstract such a network : one concerning the implicit knowledge of pitch hierarchies set up by the tonal system, another concerning the principles of rhythmic grouping and the last concerning memorizing processes. Every occidental adult listener possesses the three enabling him to get a more or less elaborated understanding of a tonal musical piece. In conclusion, the author considers how those aptitudes appear during the child's growth and what they tell about a more general competence for musical structuring
Sylvestre, Jean-Pierre. "La sociologie compréhensive et ses fondements." Lyon 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO20005.
Full textThe comprehensive sociology postulates the impossibility to adequatly interpret the collective behaviours without taking into account the individual consciences where they originate. Thus, it allouws us to grasp how the human subject builds its own identity not against or in spite of the collective conditioining of people, but surging from it. Thus it gives us the theoretical orientation that would best surpass the antinomy between holism and methodological individualism
Nguyen, Minh Thang. "La compréhension orale en environnement multimédia." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUEL436.
Full textEven if the integration of educational technology in teaching/learning languages is, indeed, of interest, up to present, the utilisation of such a new form of teaching aids istill not yet widely spread, as for the case of Vietnam. With this present study, we will closely look into the assistance provided by these multimedia teaching aids in the field of oral comprehension competency. Therefore, we will, firstly, analyse research work done in this field of studies. Next, we will try to trackle issues which have been questioned during the pedagogical process od designing a multimedia tool. Lastely, we will present some new principles concerning the conception and the elaboration of a multimedia product
Mbengone, Ekouma Carole. "Rôle des facteurs de variabilité culturelle et linguistique dans la compréhension et le rappel de textes en langue seconde : vers une didactique cognitive des aides à la compréhension en milieu diglossique." Paris 8, 2006. http://octaviana.fr/document/10897720X#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThe cognitive psychology of text comprehension has insufficiently investigated the influence of cultural and linguistic contexts in studies on recall and hypotheses of text comprehension. In a globalised world where NTIC are widespread, the text has become a common vector of exchange and for the construction of knowledge. Context should consequently be considered (Tait and Mills, 2003) in text analysis theoretical frameworks and methodological paradigms, as well as in the development of an intercultural cognitive didactics of text comprehension. Moreover, difficulties in text comprehension are often attributed to student cognitive dysfunctioning, but not to ethnocentered learning models that do not integrate cultural and linguistic contexts of learners. This has often resulted in a distancing between the contexts where these models were conceived and the space where they are applied, further causing difficulties in the cognitive, didactic and content domains. This is why the purpose of this dissertation is to explore the analysis of processes that lead to the reduction of this distancing phenomenon, through the examination of contexts as important factors in text comprehension activity. Using three cognitive psychology experimental studies on text comprehension, the present analysis focuses on the influence of the cultural context on comprehension in a situation of diglossia. Results from the first study confirm the influence of the cultural context. This finding has led to the investigation of other factors in the two other studies. The second study focuses on causal linkages or connectors in the text comprehension and production. The third study is explored the role of the oral cultural tradition. On the whole, the results of the three studies point to a cultural context effect from both reader and text perspectives. This reality determines comprehension activity in a plurilingual situation, and opens new avenues for designing a didactics of cognitive comprehension and production, particularly in situation of diglossia
Dommes, Aurélie. "La compréhension d'ambiguïtés lexicales présentées dans différents contextes phrastiques et discursifs chez des adultes jeunes et âgés : effets des contraintes contextuelles introduites et de la familiarité des sens des mots ambigus." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100096.
Full textOur researches studied the comprehension of sentences and utterances containing lexical ambiguities by younger and older adults according to the constraints involved by context and the familiarity of the meanings of the ambiguous words in the two age groups. The results indicated that older adults tend to rely more than the younger ones on the contextual constraints to access the appropriate meaning of the ambiguous word. In both groups, the dominant meaning of the ambiguous word seemed to be available at an early processing stage, independently of the contextual constraints. In the younger group, the dominant meaning activation appeared to decrease with time when this sense revealed to be incompatible with context. That decrease was attributed to the efficiency of the inhibitory mechanisms. However, the temporal pattern observed in the older group seemed to indicate that the suppression mechanisms are altered, especially when the meaning to be inhibited is the dominant sense
Sfyroera, Maria. "La segmentation et la recontextualisation dans la compréhension de textes narratifs longs : approche intégratrice de l'activité de compréhension." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05H026.
Full textConsiderable work in recent years has been devoted to the comprehension of narratives and has illuminated in depth the processes involved in the construction of mental representation of a narrative. However, the vast majority of the experiments has focused on short, ad hoc structured narratives and has studied separately the different comprehension processes. The main goal of this thesis is to study the coordination of cognitive processes involved in the comprehension of a long, "natural" and complex structured narrative. 65 students (8-11 year old) have been asked first to write down the summary of the text, second to answer to 10 probe questions about it and then to answer metacognitive questions. Childern's productions are analysed in two ways. First, a comparative analysis with the given narrative examined the quantity and the nature of semantic units of different levels retained by children in their summaries (segmentation). Then, a second analysis identified the relations by means of which students try to integrate the retained units into a coherent whole and located other content elements which ensure the summaries' coherence (restructuration). Factor analysis examined the coordination of the two processes and their effectiveness in different tasks. Results showed that: 1) there is a great number of processing patterns ranging from serial to interactive processing. 2) strictly preconstructed comprehension models cannot take into account this diversity, 3) of the segmentation and recontextualisation schemata several have a complementary or compensatory role, 4) the construction of this schemata does not take place in stages that are clearly delineated and defined, 5) the length of the text influences more recontextualization than segmentation, 6) the content of the text plays a very important role in comprehension analysis, 7) this analysis can contribute to the teaching methods of comprehension
Domínguez, Mujica Carmen Luisa. "Dialogue adulte-enfant : un essai de compréhension." Paris 5, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA05H038.
Full textJung, Véronique. "Vers une meilleure compréhension des cicatrices hypertrophiques." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1P031.
Full textKambong, Ntsowouya Etienne. "Essai sur la compréhension du concept d'ame." Lyon 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO31015.
Full textTalking about soul - today a word avoided and repressed - it is to throw in the specifity of man. One has to take it back, without shame nor fear, but also without depriving man of his permanent effort towards his own future. So, under which requirement could soul be understood, recognized in man's thought and historical action? the question is quite difficult to clarify but one must confront it. In this perspective, one had best avoid understanding man from the standpoint of dualistic problematics, go beyond the substantialist, monistic problematics or these of the psychosocial self-person, and rather reverse the problematics of the knowing subject focusing on the known object; one had best become aware of the problematics of existence, as a place of significance of every human reality : in the action of existing, there is like an original affirmation of the self, a persistance in being, a negativity, a presence. This last is principle of unity and principle of knowledge of all what falls within the province of man. Trying to understand human soul amounts to reasoning inevitably in terms of existence, by taking in account all what is at stake in a human existence, because the matter is a person, a spiritual self, as a function of sense and value : it is by the distinctive way he comes to terms with himself and assumes the world, jointly with the way the others come to terms with themselves and assume the world, that he becomes what he is : a person. Within existence, soul is this person coming to herself, this internal tension of mind and body which turns man into a human being, in his endless and conflicting effort to reach his own humanity. What then becomes, - that we detect in places of emergence of the person, where it is always the entirety of a destiny which is at stake, - is something of an enigma and of the mistery of man
ASLAN, Fadik. "Compréhension et maîtrise du procédé de fluovissage." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE002.
Full textThe thesis project focuses on the process of flow drill joining process and its application to the assembly of automotive structures. This process has only recently been the subject of a few disparate scientific studies and the level of knowledge is still relatively modest. The project therefore focuses primarily on the process with a dual purpose. On the one hand, it is a question of clarifying the physical mechanisms at work and their influence on the result of the process. It is a complex problem because several materials interact (two or more components to be assembled, as well as the screw), in a context of very large plastic deformations with damage and strong thermomechanical interactions. Even the clamping induces structural effects, which are superimposed on the material effects. This step of understanding will feed the second objective aiming at progressing in the control of the process, by identifying the main operating parameters and their influence on the result of the process. From a methodological point of view, the study will include a significant experimental component, which will be based on the AMI platform - Innovative Mechanical Assemblies of the IRT M2P. Given the large number of parameters and the relative lack of knowledge of their effects and their interactions, a rigorous experimental methodology must be developed and implemented. The experiments will focus on the process itself, although material characterizations may be necessary. In particular, we will try to establish links between the effects of different operating parameters and the materials of the assembly. A relevant numerical simulation of the process will be implemented to assist in the analysis and understanding of the tests, and to supplement them with less expensive parametric studies. Based on industrial simulation software, this development will have to rely on fine modeling of the thermomechanical response of the materials involved in the assembly. The judicious identification of the behavior and heat exchange parameters will be an important prerequisite to obtain predictive results and to be able to go back to the interpretation of the real physical phenomena that govern the process. From a numerical point of view, the complexity of the process raises many challenges that must be addressed in order to arrive at a reasonable prediction in terms of resources, but sufficiently representative and precise. In the industrial context of the study, numerical simulation is a necessary step for the evaluation of feasibility, and a requirement of the automobile sector in particular - before any experimentation. The developed digital model will therefore serve as a prototype in this sense. The experimental and numerical study will generate a significant amount of data, which will seek to identify and extract the main trends and guidelines, in order to build effective tools (models) to assist in the implementation industrial process. This type of tool can take various forms but is an important goal for the IRT
Donnadieu, Yannick. "Compréhension et modélisation des glaciations du Néoprotérozoi͏̈que." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066524.
Full textLafaquière, Vincent. "Compréhension et prédiction de l'énantiosélectivité des lipases." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0002/document.
Full textThis work has been focused on the understanding of the Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) enantioselectivity towards 2-substituted acids which are chiral building blocks of pharmaceutical interest. The main objective of this work was the investigation of the potential role of substrate accessibility toward the buried active site of BCL on enantioselectivity and the development of an engineering procedure for the design of enantioselective mutants. To study further this hypothesis, a novel computational approach, based on motion-planning algorithms, originally used in robotics, was developed. It allows the conformational exploration of constrained high-dimensional spaces and was applied to the computation of trajectories for a set of racemates within the catalytic site. This methodology also enables the identification of residues potentially hindering substrates displacement along the active site. Results obtained in silico were correlated qualitatively with experimental values of enantioselectivity. On the basis of these results, engineering of the narrow active site of BCL has been undertaken to modulate selectively the access of R and S enantiomers to the catalytic triade. An heterologous expression system of BCL in E. coli compatible with production at microplate scale was developed. A library of 57 (3x19) variants targeted at positions Leu17, Val266 and Leu287 was built by iPCR and subsequently screened using a medium-throughput procedure to identify active variants against pNPB hydrolysis. Next, the enantioselectivity of these mutants was evaluated towards a given racemate, the (R,S)-2-chloro ethyl 2-bromophenylacetate, using a novel screening procedure developed in deep wells. Such screening enabled the identification of several variants amongst which the most promising were characterized. Mutants Leu17Ser and Leu17Met showed a remarkable 10-fold increase of their enantioselectivity and a 4- and 5-fold improvement of their specific activity. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, mutant Val266Gly displayed a reversed enantioselectivity for the substrate of interest. Investigation of the trajectories using motion-planning techniques combined to a voxel map representation was carried out. For selected variants, a fair correlation was observed between in silico and experimental results. Moreover, this enabled us to suggest novel combinations of mutations that led to the identification of two double-mutants Leu17Met/Val266Met and Leu17Ser/Leu287Ile showing an enantioselectivity value higher than 150 for the racemic substrate, revealing thus the effiency of the semi-rational strategy
Gautreau, Aurore. "Compréhension de la parole dans la parole : une approche inter-langues pour évaluer les interférences linguistiques durant la compréhension." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20124/document.
Full textThis research aimed to explore the linguistic interference that occurs during the speech-in-speech situation, by comparing the masking effects of speech backgrounds that were produced in an intelligible language for the participants (i.e., French), to the masking effects of speech backgrounds that were produced in unknown foreign languages (i.e., Irish and Italian), on the identification of French target words. At -5 dB SNR, a lexical decision task revealed significantly divergent results with the unknown languages (i.e., Irish and Italian), with Italian and French speech backgrounds hindering French target word identification to a similar extent, whereas Irish speech backgrounds led to significantly better performances. Using fluctuating noise backgrounds derived from each speech background signals, showed that only the speech backgrounds generated in an intelligible language (i.e., French) produced linguistic interference of high level in addition to acoustic interference and linguistic interference of low level. Thus, the difference observed between the speech backgrounds in Irish and Italian can be explained at an acoustic level but not at a linguistic level. Moreover, although the speech backgrounds in French and in Italian had equivalent masking effects on French word identification, the nature of their interference was different. When Italian became intelligible to the participants, the speech backgrounds in Italian produced linguistic interference of high level like those generated in French, with the target words produced in the native language to the participants or in their second language
Nardes, Pause Priscilla. "Les médecines complémentaires : de l'ordre de la raison vers la logique du sensible." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05H071.
Full textWe are living in a time of changes and transformations and see that the key ideological convictions as well as the basic cultural values which have shaped the modern world, are challenged. In the field of health, this phenomenon can be seen in the refusal of the idea that medicine is a science only guided by reason. Medicine is criticized for different issues, but especially for not taking into account that human beings are complex, multidimensional and that develop in permanent interaction with their environment, and for neglecting the subjective load of all the questions related to human life, and therefore the questions of health and illness too. In this context alternative medicine gains increasing interest. The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of alternative medicine on the individual (patients and health professionals) who have chosen them as strategies to face the process of health-illness. This research has been done on the basis of a comprehensive sociology, that is grounded on a logic which is not wholly devoid of meaning and feelings which are involved in this phenomenon. Since I have adopted a qualitative perspective viewing the research as a process of communication, the strategy of data collection has been the interview. During the analysis of the data it has become evident that the medicine based on the precepts of the modem rationality is no longer able to satisfy the subjects' demands. The alternative medicine appears as a strategy through which it is possible to avoid the rationality of the dominant medical model, the specialized, technological and mercantile medicine, by adopting, on the contrary, a complex, naturalist and phenomenological attitude in relation to the health and the illness
Potelle, Hervé. "Le role des titres et des cartes de concepts dans la compréhension de textes expositifs : approche fonctionnelle et computationnelle." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT5013.
Full textSpitzer, Catherine. "Compréhension et mémorisation de phrases : rôle des traits sémantico-conceptuels dans l'instanciation de différents schémas prédicatifs." Montpellier 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON30023.
Full textGuimaraes, Dos Santos Claudio Luiz Nogueira. "Une étude neuropsycholinguistique du traitement réceptif (compréhension et mémorisation) du discours par le sujet normal." Toulouse 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU20031.
Full textWe have investigated the neuropsychological basis of discourse processing in (16) normal subjects - using spect (single photon emission computed tomography) to assess cerebral activity and propositional analysis of recalling protocols to assess the quality of subjects' performances - as they performed an auditory comprehension and memorization task involving 3 types of discourse : descriptive without thematic unit (dd) vs narrative (nd) vs argumentative (ad). We have also advanced some theoretical hypotheses (models) concerning the nature and the functional organization of the neuropsychological mechanisms presumably responsible for discours processing by the normal subject
Pulido, Loïc. "Les Conditions de la compréhension du langage figuré par l'enfant âgé de 5 à 6 ans : le cas des expressions idiomatiques." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0022.
Full textTo defend that child learn about figurative in social contexts a form of indirect language , idioms (e. G "to kick the bucket") was selected. Children are supposed to understand these expressions only towards the 7 years of age. Younger children were observed in situations of interaction with various adults (teachers, parents) in a reading-a-tale-containing idioms context. These observations made it possible to identify educational practices (analysed by taking into account the cognitive activities which they request) that enhance the comprehension of idioms. Interviews with adults highlighted a possible relation between adult's beliefs about language and children and his educational practices. All the data obtained are discussed in terms : a) of socio-construction of the language comprehension illustrated by educational practices, b) of relations between adults'practices and their beliefs, c) of early competences of the child to understand figurative language
Zoghlami, Naouel. "Processus ascendants et descendants en compréhension de l'oral en langue étrangère - Problèmes et retombées didactiques pour la compréhension de l'anglais." Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080041.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the complex relationship between bottom-up and top-down processes in L2 speech comprehension; i.e. between the use of the signal and the linguistic input on one hand, and the integration of various types of knowledge (linguistic, discourse, pragmatic, general) on the other hand. Despite a large body of research on the cognitive processes underlying listening in psycholinguistics, foreign language (L2) acquisition and teaching (e.g., Cutler & Clifton, 1999; Field, 2008a; Rost, 2002; Brown, 1990), there are still gaps in our understanding of these processes and the impact certain factors have on listening comprehension. Assuming that L1 and L2 listening follow the same cognitive architecture, we first review recent psycholinguistic models of L1 listening. We also examine the main factors constraining L2 listening comprehension. As our summary of the few SLA studies that have investigated the role of bottom-up information and the strategic behavior of L2 listeners points to the important contribution of metacognition, we clarify the terminological fuzziness characterizing this concept, and propose a model of metacognition in real-world unidirectional L2 listening. We then present the results of a study that we conducted to investigate the exact contribution of these different factors to L2 listening. The participants in this study were EFL French and Tunisian teachers (n=23) and learners (n=226). Using mixed quantitative (different tests and questionnaires) and qualitative (protocol analysis and gating experiments - Ericsson & Simon, 1993; Grosjean, 1980) methods, our aim was to investigate: 1) the factors perceived by learners and teachers as influencing L2 listening; 2) the relative contribution of linguistic knowledge, auditory discrimination, spoken word recognition (SWR), and meta-comprehension knowledge to successful L2 listening; 3) on-line listening problems and strategy use. For all of these parameters, we looked more closely at different levels of listening proficiency (various analyses of the performance of skilled and unskilled L2 listeners), as well as the possible influence of the two L1s (French and Tunisian Arabic) involved in the study.Our analyses show that: 1) there is a general discrepancy between what is perceived as making L2 listening difficult and what really renders it problematic; 2) SWR and vocabulary knowledge contribute significantly to the variance in L2 listening, with SWR being a stronger predictor; 3) listening problems encountered on-line are mainly lower-level (segmentation) and, although strategies contribute to speech comprehension, they are not discriminatory. What characterizes a proficient L2 listener seems to be accurate formal processing, not strategic processing of oral input. The findings are discussed from a theoretical and pedagogical perspective. Keywords: listening comprehension, French and Tunisian learners of L2 English, bottom-up and top-down processes, formal processing, integration and situation model, attentional resources, gating, protocol analysis, comparative analysis
Guha, Amal. "Compréhension de textes et représentation des relations causales." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161089.
Full textSauvageau, Julie. "La compréhension du récit par l'enfant malentendant/sourd." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25358.pdf.
Full textDucharme, Johannie. "Compréhension de la voie de l'interférence à l'ARN." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28092/28092.pdf.
Full textMaldonado, Mora. "La compréhension des ambiguïtés sémantiques : une perspective expérimentale." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE014/document.
Full textSentence ambiguities have been at the center of the research on language comprehension for some time. For semanticists, these ambiguities have been taken to suggest the existence of different abstract mechanisms that may apply to the same syntactic structure at the interpretation stage. For psycholinguists, semantic ambiguities have provided a tool to analyze the dynamics of sentence parsing: since ambiguities tend to be solved incrementally (i.e. before the end of the sentence), the processing pattern of ambiguous sentences might allow identifying the linguistic and non-linguistic factors that play a role during online comprehension. This dissertation informs theories of language comprehension by exploring two complementary questions: (1) how are different meanings associated to a single sentence form, and (2) how are we able to access and compute these alternative interpretations during parsing. To address these questions, the present work mainly focuses on the so-called plural ambiguities, which arise by the interaction between certain predicates and their plural arguments. For instance, the sentence Amir and Milica built a sandcastle has a non-distributive, collective, interpretation (i.e. Amir and Milica together built a sandcastle) as well as a distributive one (i.e. Amir and Milica each built a sandcastle). Most linguistic approaches assume that distributive readings are derived from more basic non-distributive interpretations by the application of a covert “distributivity” operator (Link, 1987; Champollion, 2014) . The first part of this dissertation presents two studies that aim to identify the abstract mechanisms underlying the distributive/non-distributive contrast through a priming paradigm. This priming method is then extended to other semantic phenomena (i.e. scope ambiguities) in the second part of the dissertation, where some interactions between plurality and scope phenomena are also tested experimentally. To assess the dynamics of ambiguity resolution, the third part of this work presents a mouse-tracking study designed to establish the features of mouse-trajectories that correlate with decision making and disambiguation. The methodology developed in this study is then used to analyze preliminary data on the processing of plural ambiguous sentences
VIEIRA, MARCOS VINICIO MIRANDA. "LE PÉCHÉ ET SA COMPRÉHENSION DANS L´ACTUALITÉ." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4781@1.
Full textLa question du péché dans le monde actuel devient un défi, surtout en ce qui concerne les nouveaux paradigmes. Après une période où il n´y avait pas beaucoup d´intérêt théologique en relation au péché, le Concílio Vaticano II a montré la grande necessité de se faire une refléxion plus profonde sur cette question-là. Donc, aujourd´hui c´est opportun repenser le thème du péché d´une manière profonde en reprenant la question, à partir d´une abordage historique-théologique. Dans cette dissertation, nous proposons faire une étude systématique et mature sur les divers angles et discussions de la question du péché. Cet étude est basé sur la question qui passe par la réalité d´hier, pour arriver à une compréhension du péché, en face de les perspectives théologique-pastorales de l´actualité. Nous proposons aussi faire une abordage du Péché Originel et le Péché Socio-Structurel.
A questão do pecado no mundo moderno torna-se um desafio, principalmente em vista dos novos paradigmas. Após um período de pouco interesse teológico em relação ao pecado, o Concílio Vaticano II impulsiona a reflexão na busca de seu aprofundamento. Hoje, é oportuno um repensar do tema do pecado, de um modo bem fundamentado e retomando a questão a partir de um enfoque histórico-teológico. Nesta dissertação, propomos um enfoque sistemático e amadurecido sobre os mais diversos ângulos e abordagens da questão do pecado. Nosso estudo é baseado num enfoque que passa pela realidade desde o ontem para chegar a uma compreensão do tema, frente às perspectivas teológico-pastorais nos dias atuais. Daí, também, uma abordagem sobre o Pecado Original e o Sócio-Estrutural.
Ventalon, Geoffrey. "La compréhension de la métaphore dans les images." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080115/document.
Full textA metaphor is a figure of style in which the meaning of a term is transferred to that another term. For example, the sentence “Axel is a fox” is a metaphor in which a man is smart. The metaphor is not only introduced in a text. It can be depicted in a picture. Therefore, the image of a man with a body of a fox can refer to the sentence: “this man is a fox.” According to Forceville (2007,2009), a pictorial metaphor can be characterized considering its type (contextual metaphor, hybrid metaphor, simile and integrated metaphor), considering its structure (monomodal and multimodal metaphor) and its use (in commercials, in social campaigns, in political cartoons or in Art). The aim of this work is to create a knowledge base of pictorial metaphors examining their characteristics (topics, vehicles). Experimental studies examined the understanding of monomodal pictorial hybrid metaphors by focusing on property attribution process in several situations regarding the effect of the native language (French versus Spanish), context, age and the use of the metaphor. The discussion section illustrates perspectives of research considering current studies focused on pictorial metaphor comprehension and the use of specific tools (e.g. eye tracker). The understanding of pictorial metaphors could be applied to others field of expertise of psychology (e.g. Neuropsychology), other people (e.g. children) and different cultures (e.g. Korean)
Valantin, Chloé. "Compréhension des mécanismes d'endommagement de l'interface textile-caoutchouc." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4027.
Full textStudied belts undergo complex mechanical stress and thermal variations up to 160°C. To enhance their service life, the interfacial properties between the PA 4, 6 cord, coated with RFL, and the EPDM matrix must be improved. In this study, fatigue tests on belts were stopped after various numbers of cycles in order to characterize the interface between cord and rubber. Electron Microscopy revealed three different mechanisms for mechanical damage: Degradation of the inner cord structure Propagation of fibrillar microcracks at the RFL/rubber interface Appearance of RFL/polyamide microfiber debondings This damage was associated with interfacial hardenings (nanoindentation), viscoelastic properties variations of the structure (DMA) and a decrease in adhesive values (peeling or pulling out). Physicochemical analyses, mainly by Tof-SIMS, enabled to determine interfacial composition and to link its evolution with observed mechanical damage
Brébion, Janie. "Mémoire de travail, compréhension de textes et vieillissement." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05H025.
Full textA survey of litterature introduces working memory concept, and shows its role in complex cognitive operations, such as reading comprehension. The effects of aging on working memory capacity and functioning are presented as well. Four experiments are described. All for them require linguistic processing and concurrent mnemonic load, so that both functions -processing and storage- of working memory are involved. A paradigm of new word production is used in the first experiment, while a paradigm of incongruous sentence detection is used in the other three. Results reveal a decline in older subjects' cognitive resources, so that they are compelled to cope differently with the simultaneous requirements of the task: in the processing storage trade-off, they sacrifice concurrent mnemonic load in order to perform the processing task, in which they meet specific difficulties as regards their young counterparts. In the speed accuracy trade off, they tend to be more cautious, and favour accuracy to the detriment of speed
Groen, Saskia. "Les inférences émotionnelles dans la compréhension de texte." Montpellier 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON30002.
Full textDubois, Danièle. "La compréhension de phrases : représentations sémantiques et processus." Paris 8, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA080328.
Full textLanguage is known as a useful tool to talk about things, when they are not present. Language referential and combinatory functions are here investigated within the theoretical background of the third "generation" of psycholinguistics. The first argument is concerned with the organization of the mental lexicon or, in other words, the conceptual structure of long-term memory. We introduce the concept of type-representation to denote those cognitive entities, memorized within a long-term store. We demonstrate that word production is determined by the structural properties of word meanings, and by their underlying structures at the "typerepresentation" level. Typicality is one structural characteristic of the semantic memory. An intensionnal analysis of lexical type-representations, through the study of concept properties, lead to contrast natural objects vs artefacts. The former are depending upon principles of perceptual categorization, whereas the latter rely upon functionnal properties of objects, within human activities. The second point argues that sentence comprehension can be viewed as a series of elementary sub-processes which, through the activation of type-representations, lead to the elaboration of a transient representation in working memory, that we call "occurent-representation". (. . . )
Estaun, Ferrer Santiago. "La compréhension des indices graphiques de la temporalité." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05H106.
Full textThe sequence of two actions, or the duration of one action or the duration of the temporary interval between two actions can be graphically represented in different ways. The problem we have posed in our study is the children's understanding of the graphic indicators that indicate the succesion and the duration of the action or the interval betwee two actions represented in pictures. One short history is represented every two actions and by two successive slides. There are 12 stories grouped in 4 categories. One of them -pragmatic- represents two successive actions. The 2nd categorie -simultaneous- represents the simultaneity of two actions in time and in space. The other two categories -cycliques and cognitives- represent either the duration of a continuous action or the interval between two ac- tions. (the cyclic stories category used "contextual" or "natural" graphic indicators : seasons of the year ; and the cognitive stories category use "artificial" or "social" -watch, calendar- graphic indicators). We have introduced the stories in two different ways; one by a successive projection of the two slides and the other by a simultaneous projection. The subjects were 24 children aged as follows : 6, 8, and 10 years, divided in two groups of 12 children. One group had seen the two slides of the 12 stories in a successive projection, and the other in a simultaneous projection. The results show that at 6 years old, the successionis obtained and understood and that there exists a certain sense of the duration of the action being the action estimation criterium. The difficulties in understanding the simultaneity are caused by the graphic caracteristics indicators used. The understanding and utilization of "natural" or "contextual" indicators that allow the achievement stimation of the action duration or the interval between two actions, does not appear before the age 8 years, but the understanding and utilization of the "artificial" or "social" indicators appear at 8 years old, parallely to the social and school learning of the conventional uni- ties of time measures : hours, calendar. We discuss the possible factors that participate in these results
Longeras, Olympe. "Design et compréhension de nouveaux solvants eutectiques profonds." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC048.
Full textDeep Eutectics Solvents (DES) is a new class of solvent which has emerged during the last decades. DES have been increasingly studied because of their low cost and low toxicity. Because of these properties, DES could potentially replace toxic solvents used in large area of chemistry. To reach this goal, a broader knowledge of these new systems has to be acquired. Therefore, in the first work of this thesis, solid-liquid phase diagrams of three partially renewable DES have been established. The comparison of these diagrams to an ideal mixing model is showing a negative deviation that allows to considered them as “deep” eutectics solvents. Following this work on the binary mixture, water was added to these DES. A first aqueous - DES mixture with a lower critical solution temperature (LSCT) has been highlighted and the origin of this remarkable property has been elucidated. To complete the initial work aiming to get a deeper understanding of these new DES, these solvents have also been tested for two applications: carbon dioxide capture and liquid-liquid extractions of dyes
Kobierska, Małgorzata. "Rituel stalinien en Pologne : essai de compréhension sociologique." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05H035.
Full textThis thesis has one object in view: to decipher a sociological significance of rituals comportments animated in poliand by communist government during the Stalinist period (1944-1956). To decipher a significance of social phenomen hean forme to define his part in general process of social structuration. Consequetly, my research is realized from the point of view of comprehensive and "formist" sociology. My intellectual proceeding include three dimensions of sociological comprehension: 1) general dynamism of formation the modern's society 2) bolshevism as an "subprocess" of modernity. 3) the part of rituals comportements in Bolshevik social transformation. My analysis of dynamism in modern transformation include also three dimensions: 1) analysis of social dynamismin process of modern transformation. 2) Research of symbolic and imaginares motivations of modern vision of the worls. 3) polish society and a process of creation the modern's societys. This thesis include three parts: epistemological, sociologica - anthropologigal, historical. My research is finished by a formulation of seven thesis which define the part of rituals comportements in the Bolshevik social transformation
Reynier, Emmanuel. "Analyseurs linguistiques pour la compréhension de la parole." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0137.
Full textPicco, Frédérique. "La compréhension et la mémorisation de scènes imagées." Montpellier 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON30050.
Full textGola-Asmussen, Céline. "La compréhension des phrases chez le lecteur débutant." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX10096.
Full textMétayer, Natacha. "Compréhension et stratégies d’exploration des documents pédagogiques illustrés." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20001/document.
Full textIt is easier today to offer in one informative document many sources of information presented in different formats. Presenting various media can bring benefits in terms of learning performance, but dealing effectively with these different sources of information is complex. Therefore, offering documents guiding the learner when he is reading may be necessary to promote the construction of a qualitative mental model. Empirical studies that are conducted during this thesis endeavour to determine which formats are most effective while gradually increasing guidance within the document. Thus, four items are tested: the position of the picture relative to the text, the effect of the instructions, the text segmentation and the introduction of a guidance through a figure-ground contrast. Moreover, in order to bring new elements of reflection about how people explore an informative document and the impact of these strategies on performance, the eye movements of the learners were recorded. The results showed that changes in the format of information have an impact on the strategies of consultation of the document, including the increasing eye transitions between texts and illustrations. However, only the segmentation of the text in the form of semantic paragraphs brought benefits in terms of understanding
Dudoit, Auriane. "Evaluation et compréhension des propriétés antifongiques des propolis." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT102.
Full textIn the framework of a CIFRE thesis agreement in collaboration between Pollenergie and the Center for International Cooperation in Agronomic Research for Development (CIRAD), the antifungal potential of propolis has been studied. For this purpose, six samples of propolis from different geographical regions (France and Brazil) and various botanical origins (genus Populus, Dalbergiaecastophyllum and Baccharis dracunculifolia) were analyzed.The Ethanolic Extracts of Propolis (EEP) finalized, rich in polyphenolic compounds (from 12.8 ± 0.4 to 16.2 ± 0.3 g EAG.L-1), exhibit a great diversity of classes of bioactive molecules according to their botanical origin. The polyphenols identified in propolis extracts of Populus (France) are mainlyflavonoids and their derivatives (galangin, pinobanksin, chrysin) and acids-phenols (p-coumaric and caffeic acids). In contrast, the extracts of green propolis of Baccharis dracunculifolia and red from Dalbergia ecastophyllum (Brazil) they are respectively phenol acids and their prenylated derivatives(artepillin C, p-coumaric acid) and isoflavonoid compounds (vestitol, medicarpin).All EEPs have demonstrated an in vitro antifungal potential, which varies according to botanical species, at two stages of development of a phytopathogenic strain (Colletotrichum musae), isolated from the crown rot of banana. Two extracts of Populus (France) in particular showed the greatest efficacy against C. musae.An aqueous extract of red propolis from Dalbergia ecastophyllum demonstrated the greatest efficiency in vitro. This extract, which was then tested in vivo on three banana conservation diseases, proved its antifungal potential as an alternative treatment and its effectiveness in increasing the shelf life of bananas for export
Massé, Joane. "Développement et impact d'activités d'enseignement explicite de stratégies de compréhension en lecture sur l'attitude et la compréhension d'élèves en difficulté d'apprentissage." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1995. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/4912/1/000623156.pdf.
Full textPlassard, Freddie. "Place de la lecture dans le processus de traduction." Paris 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA030056.
Full textReading has long been assimilated with the understanding phase in the translation process and has only recently aroused interest among translation scientists. A slowly emerging differentiation in the implementation of the process, whether oral or written, accounts for their both theoretical and systematic interest. The description of the translation process as applied to pragmatic texts from German into French purports that reading is a multi-stage, multi-facetted and multi-goal activity all along the translation process. Results and questions pertaining to cognitive models of reading are taken into account to carry out the description. Far from being limited to understanding, reading appears as an intellectual technique, a mental tool allowing the translator to go through the text to be translated and peruse it, to gain and link knowledge necessary to his/her practice and give a critical evaluation of the translated text in the final stage of the process, before handing it out to other readers in the reading chain. .
Mombelet, Alexis. "Le metal : un projet mythologique articulé au jeu et au don." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05H068.
Full textMetal represents a musical current which is born at the end of the sixties. It is a toughening of the rock music, both on the musical level and of the social practices which accompany it. If it enjoys in France great popularity near hundreds of thousands of people called metalheads, this cultural and musical phenomenon is not without raising concerns within the political community and the Church. Indeed the influence of "satanic" artists (Slayer, Marilyn Manson, etc) on youth arouses suspicion of media and some politicians and religious leaders. Conducted over several years, this investigative work is in the line with an understanding sociology. It aims to answer these concerns by appreciating what extent the metalheads give meaning and are seized by a "mythological project", which is articulated at the same time with play and gift. Associated with a strong affective charge, metal corresponds to a mythological project as an anticonformist lifestyle, which is spread through the mythemes of Faust, sex, drugs and rock'n'roll and of North. It is a lifestyle, a way of being and of thinking which is expressed particularly during concerts, which are irrigated by play. At the time of these gatherings, marked by the bodies' relaxation and an "ethical immoralism", the metalheads' behaviors take part of a "ludic sacrality". In addition, in margin of the utilitarian reason, the modus operandi of the metal tribe, if it rests on play, does not appear unrelated to the logic of gift/counter-gift. All in all, metal and its mythological project, would constantly compose with homo ludens and homo donator
Dupoux, Emmanuel. "Identification des mots parlés : détection de phonèmes et unité prélexicale." Paris, EHESS, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989EHES0327.
Full textRoland, Françoise. "Multifonctionnalite de certaines marques linguistiques : etude de la comprehension d'enonces de type conditionnel chez l'enfant de 6 a 11 ans." Paris, EHESS, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988EHES0323.
Full textFrom the linguistic analysis developped by o. Ducrot and a. Culioli ("linguistique de l'enonciation"), i studied the multifunctionality of the french mark "si" and verb ending "-rais", as well as that of verbo-temporal marks which fulfill simultaneously temporo-aspectual and modal functions. By a method known as "fictitious speaker" involving some metalinguistic competence, two experiments were carried out with 6- to 11- years old children. The first one dealt with the comprehension of 8 statements whose morphosyntactic structure differs by the presence of the absence of "si" and of certain verbo-temporal marks. The results indicate that : 1 when two marks having similar functions are in the conditional protasis (french anomalous construction si+-rais cond. ), young children better understad the uncertainty refer- red to by the event of the si-clause; 2 a progressive and differenciated evolution in the comprehension according to the marks for the three age groups. In the second experiment, i examined the role of the conceptualization related to the uncertainty, and of the particular linguistic operation called "desassertion". In addition, the comprehension of the expression "il suffit" (it is enough, sufficient to) and the role of the syntactic negation are also studied. Globally, data show that the compre- hension of conditional statements depends on the semantic and functional properties of the marks which constitute their meaning
Franquart-Declercq, Christelle. "Processus et représentations dans la compréhension des métaphores verbales : perspective générale et développementale." Paris 13, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA131029.
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