Academic literature on the topic 'Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)"
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Farida, F. M., C. S. Kusumohadi, and M. F. Fikri. "Nozzle diameter and expansion ratio of compressed air foam system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2596, no. 1 (2023): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2596/1/012004.
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Abstract Variations of nozzles are studied for Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS). The CAFS is a self-contained fire suppression system with the capability of injecting compressed air into the foam solution to create a dense mist. Even though this type of foam has a tighter, denser bubble structure that allows it to adhere to vertical and horizontal surfaces and penetrate the fire more deeply before the bubbles burst, thereby making it more effective, the nozzle of CAFS is weak. The experimental study has been done in order to find the expansion ratio of the nozzle. Four sizes of diameter nozzles are 5 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm, and three holes are 20 mm. Nozzle diameter size has a correlation with bubble size. The highest expansion ratio is found in the nozzle with three holes 20 mm in diameter. It is followed by a nozzle with a 20 mm diameter, then a 10 mm diameter. The last finding is a nozzle with five diameters. The other founding is the linear correlation between nozzle diameter size and bubble size. But it is on the other way than the correlation between nozzle diameter and bubble size. The shorter the nozzle diameter, the faster the fire extinguishing time.
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Park, Tae-Hee, Tae-Sun Kim, Jeong-Hwa Park, et al. "Experiments on the Application of Class A and B Fires to Derive the Optimum Air Ratio of Compressed Air Foam Systems." Fire Science and Engineering 37, no. 4 (2023): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.95785771.
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This experiment was designed to increase the utilization of fire engines equipped with compressed air foam systems (CAFS) at the scene of a fire. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the optimum air ratio for the CAFS. Wood crib fires (class A) and steel pan fires (class B) were both extinguished using synthetic surfactant CAFS installed in a fire engine. According to the temperature drop rate (°C/s), the optimum air ratio was thirteen and five in the class A and B fires, respectively. The results derived from this experiment can be used to strengthen fire scene response capabilities.
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Zhang, Jianping, Michael Delichatsios, and Alan O’ Neill. "Assessment of gas cooling capabilities of compressed air foam systems in fuel- and ventilation-controlled compartment fires." Journal of Fire Sciences 29, no. 6 (2011): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904111412486.
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This article studies the cooling capabilities of the compressed air foam system (CAFS) in fuel- and ventilation-controlled compartment fires. Tests were conducted with the CAFS and the traditional suppression agent, water mist. Tests were video recorded and the development of temperature inside the units was recorded using thermocouples, based on which a comparative analysis between the results by the CAFS and water mist is conducted. Results indicate that (1) the CAFS is more efficient in fuel-controlled fires, whereas for ventilation-controlled fires there is no noticeable difference between the two agents and (2) the CAFS does not contribute to or cause backdraft in ventilation-controlled experiments.
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Nikulin, A., A. Kodryk, O. Titenko, and V. Prysiazhniuk. "Development of an experimental laboratory sample of foam extinguishing system using compressed air (CAFS)." Scientific bulletin: Сivil protection and fire safety 1, no. 2 (2018): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2018.2.4-9.
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The analysis of known structures of foam generating systems with compressed air, as well as the results of research on operational experiments, tests and research of systems carried out abroad, allowed to formulate basic principle requirements to technological and constructive parameters of foam generating systems with compressed air.
 The general trend in the design of various structures, especially complex, built on the internal interaction of individual structural units – is the development of a mathematical model, preceding a constructive solution and often is the calculated basis for them. The created mathematical model of the process of foaming made it possible to determine the dependence of the quality of the foam obtained on the structural and technological parameters. On the basis of the developed mathematical model of foaming, a principal scheme of the process is proposed and a small-sized test facility is created for studying the possibilities of obtaining a compression foam according to the proposed scheme. The peculiarities of the work are an attempt to obtain compression foam according to the proposed scheme with the use of domestic general purpose foam generators using the modernized existing portable fire extinguishing equipment, which is at the disposal of fire units of Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of development of small-sized mobile and portable plants, which can be used as an addition to existing fire-fighting equipment. During the experiments, the variables were the brands and concentrations of foam generators, the magnitude of air pressure in the system, and the ratio of water to air. The dependence of the quality of the foam on the change in pressure on the outlet nozzle was established, therefore, during each experiment it was controlled and maintained constant during its conduct. As a result of previous tests, the possibility of obtaining a compression foam according to the proposed scheme with the use of synthetic domestic general purpose foam generators with the use of existing fire equipment has been confirmed. The following are ways of developing work.
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Kodryk, A., O. Titenko, S. Vynohradov, S. Shakhov, and D. Hryshchenko. "DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST SAMPLE OF A SYSTEM FOR GENERATING AND SUPPLYING COMPRESSED AIR FOAM." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 185 (2024): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2024-4-185-172-177.
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An effective fire extinguishing agent for class A fires is the compressed air foam formed in Compressed Air Foam Systems (СAFS). Such systems have become widespread in leading countries such as the USA, Germany, China, and others. It is worth noting that the technical parameters of CAFS (intensity and consumption of an aqueous solution of foaming agent/air), implemented in the practice of fire extinguishing in the form of industrial samples, are designed and manufactured in such a way as to ensure effective extinguishing of developed fires of a significant area. When using existing samples for obtaining compression foam, a problem arises, which lies in the limited possibilities of regulating the supply of compression foam (intensity and consumption of the aqueous solution of the foaming agent/air), under which it is possible to use it with modified additives when extinguishing laboratory fires of solid combustible materials, and the lack of a smooth regulation of its supply. As a result of the research, the authors proposed a compressed air foam system to study its properties with the content of modified additives when changing the composition of the liquid and air that make it up. The manufactured system has the following parameters: multiplicity of 4–20, working pressure of systems of 4–8 bar, smooth adjustment of the consumption of aqueous solution/foaming agent of 2–20 l/min, and smooth adjustment of gas fraction consumption of 8–450 l/min. In particular, it is possible to adjust the consumption of the aqueous solution of the foaming agent and air, to work in dependant and autonomous mode, to regulate the intensity of the foam supply using nozzles of different diameters, and to change the porosity of the porous body in the foam generator. Further, we developed a system for measuring the flow of aqueous solution and air, which is a hardware and software complex. The system allows saving the measurement results to a PC in the form of an Excel spreadsheet for further development of dependencies and simultaneously displaying the flow rate of the aqueous foaming agent solution and air on the display screen and PC in real-time. Keywords: compressed air foam, class A fires, compressed air foam systems, modified additives.
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Abdulatif, Alwossabee. "Innovative Firefighting Technologies in Bulk Plants." International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews 12, no. 4 (2024): 47–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14509226.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> The safety of bulk plants, which store and process hazardous materials, is heavily reliant on effective firefighting equipment. This technical paper explores the latest advancements in fire protection technologies specifically designed for bulk plants, highlighting innovations that enhance safety and operational efficiency. Key developments discussed include intelligent fire detection systems, Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF), portable fire extinguishers with enhanced capabilities, Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS), and the use of drones in firefighting operations. Each technology is examined for its application, effectiveness, and significance within the unique environment of bulk storage. This technical paper emphasizes the necessity for facilities to adopt these advancements to improve risk management, ensure regulatory compliance, and foster a culture of safety. Through specific examples and case studies, the technical paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how modern firefighting equipment is reshaping safety protocols in the bulk plant industry. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Innovative Firefighting Technologies, Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS), bulk plant industry. <strong>Title:</strong> Innovative Firefighting Technologies in Bulk Plants <strong>Author:</strong> Abdulatif Alwossabee <strong>International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews</strong> <strong>ISSN 2348-697X (Online)</strong> <strong>Vol. 12, Issue 4, October 2024 - December 2024</strong> <strong>Page No: 47-50</strong> <strong>Research Publish Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.researchpublish.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 17-December-2024</strong> <strong>DOI: </strong><strong>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14509226</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/innovative-firefighting-technologies-in-bulk-plants</strong>
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Сизинова, Н. А. "Средства получения и перспективы применения компрессионной пены в пожаротушении". Сибирский пожарно-спасательный вестник, № 3(34) (11 жовтня 2024): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34987/vestnik.sibpsa.2024.67.53.021.
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Предметом статьи являются современные технологии тушения пожаров, основанные на компрессионной пене. Цель исследования - изучение средств получения и перспектив применения компрессионной пены в пожаротушении. Представлена схема изготовления компрессионной пены (пенный концентрат выступает в качестве пенообразователя) и схема автономной установки изготовления компрессионной пены. Отмечено, что одним из существенных преимуществ CAFS является возможность создания готового продукта, соответствующего конкретному типу горючего или конкретной ситуации. Определены характеристики продукта SmartCAFS. Представлена типология использования компрессионной пены в зависимости от типа инцидента. Приведены результаты испытания на огнестойкость различных пен. Системы пожаротушения, основанные на применении компрессионной пены, получают широкое распространение, поскольку такая технологии не нуждается в большом количестве воды, позволяет быстро покрывать большие площади, сводя к минимуму любой причиненный ущерб и риск дальнейшего распространения пожара. Кроме того, системы пенообразования на сжатом воздухе можно разместить на гораздо меньшей площади, чем альтернативные решения, что значительно снижает требования к инфраструктуре и расходы. Перспективы развития систем CAFS заключаются в их интеграции с цифровыми технологиями. The subject of the article is modern fire extinguishing technologies based on compression foam. The purpose of the study is to study the means of obtaining and the prospects for using compression foam in firefighting. A diagram of the production of compression foam is presented (the foam concentrate acts as a foaming agent) and a diagram of an autonomous installation for the production of compression foam. It is noted that one of the significant advantages of CAFS is the ability to create a finished product that matches a specific type of fuel or a specific situation. The characteristics of the SmartCAFS product have been defined. A typology of the use of compression foam depending on the type of incident is presented. The results of fire resistance tests of various foams are presented. Fire extinguishing systems based on the use of compression foam are becoming widespread because this technology does not require large amounts of water, allows it to quickly cover large areas, minimizing any damage caused and the risk of further spread of the fire. In addition, compressed air foam systems can be installed in a much smaller footprint than alternative solutions, significantly reducing infrastructure requirements and costs. The prospects for the development of CAFS systems lie in their integration with digital technologies.
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Kodrik, Anatolii, Oleksandr Titenko, Stanislav Vinogradov, and Stanislav Shakhov. "Consideration of Thermodynamic Processes Formation of Compressed-Air Foam in Design Compressed Air Foam Systems." Materials Science Forum 1006 (August 2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1006.11.
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The main problem with creating compressed air systems is to properly regulate the flow of water and the flow of air that is fed into the mixing chamber so as to continuously provide a foam that must have adequate fire-fighting properties and remain stable over time. The process of obtaining compression foam is a thermodynamic process, which depending on the specified technological factors can be both isothermal and adiabatic. The nature of the process determines both the geometric and physical properties of the foam, and its possible fluctuations can lead to changes in the physical characteristics of the foam. The work provides recommendations for determining the type of thermodynamic process, which makes it possible to improve the accuracy when creating mathematical models of mobile plants for the production of CAF.
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Thomitzek, Adam, Jan Ondruch, Dana Chudová, and Petr Kučera. "Effects Of Compressed Air Foam Application On Heat Conditions In Fire Within A Closed Space." TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series 10, no. 2 (2015): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsbses-2015-0009.
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Abstract This article evaluates the knowledge obtained in firefighting tests using compressed air foam system (CAFS) within a confined space. Six experiments were conducted for verification during the cooling of rooms and the self-extinguishing effect. The simulation was for a fully developed fire within a room. The fuel was chosen to simulate ordinary combustible materials utilized in residential areas. Mantel thermocouples were placed in the rooms to record the temperature changes. Compressed air foam was first applied with a standard fire hose nozzle to the ceiling and then to the epicenter of fire. Fire extinguishing was initiated after reaching the desired temperature in the room. The temperature for the start of fire extinguishing matched the third phase of development of a fire. Fire extinguishing was terminated after no obvious signs of fire were shown in epicenter of fire. The outputs of the experiments were evaluated on the basis of the amount of time passed for the temperature to drop below the suggested limit. Individual experiments were also conducted with various different admixing foaming agents over different locations. In the experiments, it has been verified that the application of compressed air foam has a positive effect on room cooling. Use of a compressed air foaming agent does not allow for the development of steam that can scald firefighters and reduce visibility. Furthermore, the extinguishing agent used is more efficient utilizing less water flow out of the fire area.
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Guo, Yike, Tao Chen, Biao Zhou, et al. "Research on Fire Suppression Characteristics of Compressed Air Foams in Full-Scale 220 kV Converter Transformer." Fire 8, no. 1 (2024): 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8010012.
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To study the fire behavior of UHVDC (ultra-high-voltage direct current) converter transformers and the effectiveness of CAFs (compressed air foams) in suppressing fires, a full-scale model of a 220 kV converter transformer fire was constructed. The model mainly considered the oil pool fires and oil spill fires that form after explosions, causing the casing to completely fall out. The hot oil fire tests were conducted on the physical converter transformer. The fire suppression characteristics of the CAF system for converter transformer fires were studied. The temperature and changes in various locations of the fire model were analyzed under different foam supply strengths. The fire in a converter transformer is characterized by intense heat, high temperatures, and strong radiation. The highest temperature can exceed 1000 °C in cases of complete combustion. The fire in the converter transformer involves a dynamic oil spill and a large pool of oil, making it challenging to extinguish. The fire extinguishing performance and cooling effect of CAFs are outstanding. The recommended foam supply strength for the actual project is more than 8 L/(min·m2).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)"
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Mitchell, Sean Carter. "Comparing Class A Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS) Against Plain Water Suppression in Live Fire Gas Cooling Experiments for Interior Structural Firefighting." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1017.
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Wildland fire services have successfully integrated compressed air foam systems (CAFS) into their fire suppression arsenal over the last few decades to effectively increase the firefighting ability of water. Many urban fire departments have done the same, but far more still rely on plain water to extinguish Class A fires. Many claims have been made about the advantages and disadvantages of firefighting foams, but only limited research has been conducted on the subject to date. Fire departments need more information, beyond that provided by foam suppliers and CAFS equipment manufacturers, to make an independent decision on whether or not to adopt the technology. This thesis is part of a larger project sponsored by the United States Department of Homeland Security Assistance to Firefighter Grant Program (grant ID: EMW-2010-FP-01369) to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of compressed air foam systems (CAFS) for use in structural firefighting applications. Large-scale tests comparing water and foam suppression, which includes aspirated foam and CAFS, in a variety of scenarios were performed to measure the ability of the hose streams to reduce the temperature of a hot gas layer within a structure. These temperature reductions were recorded with thermocouples and are analyzed to determine which suppression agent has a superior gas cooling ability.
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Woodward, Emily. "Evaluation of the ecological impact of Class A firefighting foams, applied via Compressed Air Foam Systems, on New South Wales soils." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:51371.
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Firefighting foams are categorised based on their composition and use into two classes: Class A and Class B. Previously, Class B foams were widely used in extinguishing fires involving flammable liquids, however, many Class B foams contain fluorinated compounds and have since been deemed detrimental to the environment and human health (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection 2016). As a result, there has been a recent push to utilise Class A foams over Class B foams, however the ecological effects of the use of Class A foams, particularly in NSW, has not been fully determined. The ecotoxicological and microbial effects of two Class A foams, ‘foam 1’ and ‘foam 2’, in three NSW soils were studied. The foams were applied as a foam/water mixture with a v/v concentration of 0.4% foam. This represented the foam concentration commonly employed in Compressed Air Foam systems (CAFS), which is a technique used for the generation and application of foam for firefighting purposes. The effects of exposure to these foams in the three different NSW soils were evaluated at three different lengths of exposure – freshly exposed (day 0), 7 days of exposure and 30 days of exposure. The experiments were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions and ambient outdoor conditions. The effects of germination and growth of Latuca sativa and Triticum aestivum as a result of exposure to foam 1 and 2 under these conditions were evaluated. The results of testing utilising Latuca sativa were invalid, however testing utilising Triticum aestivum indicated no significant inhibition of emergence of growth in seedlings as a result of exposure to the two Class A foams. The effect of exposure to foam 1 and 2 on the behavior of Eisenia fetida/Eisenia Andrei was evaluated utilising controlled laboratory conditions and the same lengths of exposure (0, 7 and 30 days). Avoidance was observed for foam 1 in one soil type, however no behavioural changes were observed in any other foam or soil combination. The observed avoidance for foam 1 in the one soil can therefore not conclusively be linked to the application of foam. Changes in microbial activity in the three NSW soils as a result of exposure to foam 1 and 2 at day 0 and day 30 were evaluated. No significant inhibition of microbial activity was detected in any soil/foam combination. The results of this study indicate no significant ecotoxicological or microbial effects on a variety of soil systems as a result of exposure to the two Class A foams.
Books on the topic "Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)"
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Liebson, John. Introduction to class A foams and compressed air foam systems for the structural fire service. International Society of Fire Service Instructors, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)"
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Thabet, Mohamad, David Sanders, and Nils Bausch. "Detection of Patterns in Pressure Signal of Compressed Air System Using Wavelet Transform." In Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_8.
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AbstractThis paper investigates detecting patterns in the pressure signal of a compressed air system (CAS) with a load/unload control using a wavelet transform. The pressure signal of a CAS carries useful information about operational events. These events form patterns that can be used as ‘signatures’ for event detection. Such patterns are not always apparent in the time domain and hence the signal was transformed to the time-frequency domain. Three different CAS operating modes were considered: idle, tool activation and faulty. The wavelet transforms of the CAS pressure signal reveal unique features to identify events within each mode. Future work will investigate creating machine learning tools for that utilize these features for fault detection in CAS.
Conference papers on the topic "Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)"
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Xiong, Weidong, Guang Chen, Bin Xu, et al. "Experimental Study on Extinguishing Full-Scale Fire of UHV Converter Transformer by Compressed Air Foam Monitor System." In 2025 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Energy Systems and Power Engineering (EESPE). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/eespe63401.2025.10986795.
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Safaei, Hossein, and Michael J. Aziz. "Thermodynamic Analysis of a Compressed Air Energy Storage Facility Exporting Compression Heat to an External Heat Load." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20412.
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Fluctuations of electric load call for flexible generation technologies such as gas turbines. Alternatively, bulk energy storage (BES) facilities can store excess off-peak electricity to generate valuable peaking electricity. Interest in electricity storage has increased in the past decade in anticipation of higher penetration levels of intermittent renewable sources such as wind. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is one of the most promising BES technologies due to the large amount of energy (hundreds of MWh) that can be economically stored. CAES uses off-peak electricity to compress air into underground reservoirs. Air is combusted and expanded at a later time to regenerate electricity. One of the downsides of CAES is the large energy losses incurred in the form of waste compression heat. Distributed CAES (D-CAES) has been proposed in order to improve the roundtrip efficiency of CAES by utilizing the compression heat for space and water heating. The compressor of D-CAES is located near a heat load (e.g. a shopping mall) and the compression heat is recovered to meet this external load. D-CAES collects fuel credits equal to the negated heating fuel, leading to a higher overall efficiency compared to conventional CAES. We perform a thermodynamic analysis of conventional CAES and D-CAES to compare their heat rate, work ratio (electric energy stored per unit of electric energy regenerated), and exergy efficiency.
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Baghaei Lakeh, Reza, Ian C. Villazana, Sammy Houssainy, Kevin R. Anderson, and H. Pirouz Kavehpour. "Design of a Modular Solid-Based Thermal Energy Storage for a Hybrid Compressed Air Energy Storage System." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59160.
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The share of renewable energy sources in the power grid is showing an increasing trend world-wide. Most of the renewable energy sources are intermittent and have generation peaks that do not correlate with peak demand. The stability of the power grid is highly dependent on the balance between power generation and demand. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems have been utilized to receive and store the electrical energy from the grid during off-peak hours and play the role of an auxiliary power plant during peak hours. Using Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems with CAES technology is shown to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of generated power. In this study, a modular solid-based TES system is designed to store thermal energy converted from grid power. The TES system stores the energy in the form of internal energy of the storage medium up to 900 K. A three-dimensional computational study using commercial software (ANSYS Fluent) was completed to test the performance of the modular design of the TES. It was shown that solid-state TES, using conventional concrete and an array of circular fins with embedded heaters, can be used for storing heat for a high temperature hybrid CAES (HTH-CAES) system.
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Srivatsa, Anirudh, and Perry Y. Li. "Effect of Moisture on the Efficiency and Power Density of a Liquid Piston Air Compressor/Expander." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9884.
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For a compressed air energy storage (CAES) system to be competitive for the electrical grid, the air compressor/expander must be capable of high pressure, efficient and power dense. However, there is a trade-off between efficiency and power density mediated by heat transfer, such that as the process time increases, efficiency increases at the expense of decreasing power. This trade-off can be mitigated in a liquid (water) piston air-compressor/expander with enhanced heat transfer. However, in the past, dry air has been assumed in the design and analysis of the compression/expansion process. This paper investigates the effect of moisture on the compression efficiency and power. Evaporation and condensation of water play contradictory roles — while evaporation absorbs latent heat enhancing cooling, the tiny water droplets that form as water condenses also increase the apparent heat capacity. To investigate the effect of moisture, a 0-D numerical model that takes into account the water evaporation/condensation and water droplets have been developed. Results show that inclusion of moisture improves the efficiency-power trade-off minimally at lower flow rates, high efficiency cases, and more significantly at higher flow rates, lower efficiency cases. The improvement is primarily attributed to the increase in apparent heat capacity due to the increased propensity of water to evaporate.
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Arsie, I., V. Marano, G. Rizzo, and M. Moran. "Energy and Economic Evaluation of a Hybrid Power Plant With Wind Turbines and Compressed Air Energy Storage." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88124.
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A model of a Hybrid Power Plant (HPP) consisting of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) coupled with a wind farm is presented. This kind of plant aims at overcoming some of the major limitations of wind-generated power plants, including low power density and an intermittent nature owing to variable weather conditions. In CAES, energy is stored in the form of compressed air in a reservoir during off-peak periods and used on demand during peak periods to generate power with a turbo-generator system. Such plants can offer significant benefits in terms of flexibility in matching a fluctuating power demand, particularly when coupled with wind turbines. For the hybrid power plant considered in this study, results show that advantages in terms of economics, energy savings and CO2 mitigation can be achieved.
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Zhang, Chao, Jacob H. Wieberdink, Farzad A. Shirazi, Bo Yan, Terrence W. Simon, and Perry Y. Li. "Numerical Investigation of Metal-Foam Filled Liquid Piston Compressor Using a Two-Energy Equation Formulation Based on Experimentally Validated Models." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63854.
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The present study presents CFD simulations of a liquid-piston compressor with metal foam inserts. The term “liquid-piston” implies that the compression of the gas is done with a rising liquid-gas interface created by pumping liquid into the lower section of the compression chamber. The liquid-piston compressor is an essential part of a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system. The reason for inserting metal foam in the compressor is to reduce the temperature rise of the gas during compression, since a higher temperature rise leads to more input work being converted into internal energy, which is wasted during the storage period as the compressed gas cools. Liquid, gas, and solid coexist in the compression chamber. The two-energy equation model is used; the energy equations of the fluid mixture and the solid are coupled through an interfacial heat transfer term. The fluid mixture, which includes both the gas phase and the liquid phase, is modeled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. Commercial CFD software, ANSYS FLUENT, is used, by applying its default VOF code, with user-defined functions to incorporate the two-energy equation formulation for porous media. The CFD simulation requires modeling of a negative momentum source term (drag), and an interfacial heat transfer term. The first one is the pressure drop due to the metal foam, which is obtained from experimental measurements. To obtain the interfacial heat transfer term, a compression experiment is done, which provides instantaneous pressure and volume data. These data are compared to solutions of a zero-dimensional compression model based on different heat transfer correlations from published references. By this comparison, a heat transfer correlation which is most suitable for the present study is chosen for use in the CFD simulation. The CFD simulations investigate two types of metal foam inserts, two different layouts of the insert (partial vs. full), and two different liquid piston speeds. The results show the influence of the metal foam inserts on secondary flows and temperature distributions.
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Goodey, Daniel, Austin Fidlar, Varuna Denawakage Don, et al. "A Pneumatic Multi-Dome Active Energy Harvesting System." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66162.
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When traveling through heavy traffic, vehicles lose a large amount of their kinetic energy. These losses can be attributed to various sources such as the roll friction of the tires against the road pavement. According to the Federal Highway Administration, there are an average of 304,000 cars a day travelling on the US-75 near the Dallas Fort Worth Arlington area in Texas. With so much available energy being wasted, it is essential to find a different way to harness losses so that they can be recycled. The purpose of this research project is to design a system that will harvest some of this lost energy using a set of pneumatic cylinders built into the road. The cylinders will have a dome shape that extends slightly above the surface of the road. As cars pass over this dome the cylinder will retract and compressed air will be sent through a pneumatic system, to an air tank where it is stored. The energy generated by the air stored in the cylinder can be used to drive a pneumatic motor that can turn a generator. The generator could then be used for multiple purposes such as: charge a battery, power a toll booth or other near highway structures. The compressed air stored in the tank may be used for other applications. This is useful due to the fact that almost every industry from the medical industry to the food industry use compressed air to power their pneumatic tools. The pneumatic cylinder will be used in areas of high traffic such as when a car approaches a toll booth, or entrances and exits of multi-level parking garages. The pneumatic cylinder and the associated air flow system using a CAD and a pneumatic software. The behavior of the system could then be tested and be better understood. After the initial simulation testing, a physical prototype has been built in order to gather practical data that can be compared to the simulations. Based on the gathered data on the prototype an assembly of numerous road rumbles can be built and tested on real streets. It is expected that a high pressure will be built in the tank using the prototype. Once pressure is built in the system data will be generated using various instruments, which will show pressure versus time, and pressure versus number of strokes so that the system can be better understood during the testing period. This data will then be used to determine the efficiency, and viability of the proposed system in generating compressed air as a form energy.
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Klein, John, George Gilchrist, Jim Karanik, et al. "Thermal Management of Airbourne Early Warning and Electronic Warfare Systems Using Foam Metal Fins." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35187.
Full textAbstract:
This program, addresses the need for thermal management of increasingly powerful and densely packaged electronic devices. Open-celled foams and lattice structures offer the promise of much improved heat transfer between the coolant and the solid structure of the lattice compared to traditional finned heat exchangers. The focus of this program is to evaluate integration of foam and lattice materials as heat exchanger cores and as electronic racks. The potential benefits of this approach include reduction in the volume and weight of the heat exchanger core and/or device junction temperature as well as direct attach cooling of high power electronics. To begin we have selected two major applications, a liquid cooling system heat exchanger, and avionics rack cooling. There is little data on foam metal heat transfer in the regime we anticipate for aircraft applications. Our approach begins with the measurement of heat transfer characteristics of compressed foam metals under conditions suitable for aircraft applications. Basic heat transfer data is being obtained for heat removal from a heated surface by “foam metal fins” with air flowing through the foam. Effective heat transfer coefficient and airflow resistance have been measured. The test method and apparatus are briefly described. Results of heat transfer measurements to date are presented. A theoretical model of “foam metal fins” has been developed and is applied for scaling foam metal fins within our test matrix. Using the model we determine the heat transfer coefficient between the air and foam ligaments. These heat transfer coefficients are compared with cylinders in cross flow. We applied our measured heat transfer characteristics to the design, fabrication and verification test of a highly efficient heat exchanger core. A laboratory scale thermal performance demonstration core was sized based on our test results. Initial tests of a single air / liquid heat exchanger core leg validates our core sizing. Our results can also be applied to cooling of individual electronic components as well as cold plates for electronics.
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Yazji, Jalal, Hamza Zaidi, Luke Thomas Torres, Christopher Leroy, Alicia Keow, and Zheng Chen. "A Novel Buoyancy Control Device Using Reversible PEM Fuel Cells." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9155.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Buoyancy control devices are essential to maneuver ROV effectively underwater. Many approaches have been used to tackle this problem such as compressed air ballast which can take in water and eject it using compressed air and the use of high-density foam plates that can be added or removed to increase or decrease the buoyancy. Presented in this paper is a novel approach for buoyancy control, which utilizes the electrolysis and reverse electrolysis capabilities of a reversible polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell to adjust the volume of a small vehicle, and change its depth. Making use of the two processes helps restore some of the energy consumed by the system through the process of reverse electrolysis and also for building a fully-closed system, that is, one that does not require any water or gas flow to the surrounding. Modeling of the device is explained and a proportional-derivative (PD) controller is designed to control it at a certain depth using a single sensor measurement. Experiments validate the controller performance.
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Welch, Michael, and Andrew Pym. "Flexible Natural Gas/Intermittent Renewable Hybrid Power Plants." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3079.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing grid penetration of intermittent renewable power from wind and solar is creating challenges for the power industry. There are times when generation from these intermittent sources needs to be constrained due to power transmission capacity limits, and times when fossil fuel power plant are required to rapidly compensate for large power fluctuations, for example clouds pass over a solar field or the wind stops blowing. There have been many proposals, and some actual projects, to store surplus power from intermittent renewable power in some form or other for later use: Batteries, Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES), heat storage and Hydrogen being the main alternatives considered. These technologies will allow power generation during low periods of wind and solar power, using separate discrete power generation plant with specifically designed generator sets. But these systems are time-limited so at some point, if intermittent renewable power generation does not return to its previous high levels, fossil fuel power generation, usually from a large centralized power plant, will be required to ensure security of supplies. The overall complexity of such a solution to ensure secure power supplies leads to high capital costs, power transmission issues and potentially increased carbon emissions to atmosphere from the need to keep fossil fuel plant operating at low loads to ensure rapid response. One possible solution is to combine intermittent renewables and energy storage technologies with fast responding, flexible natural gas-fired gas turbines to create a reliable, secure, low carbon, decentralized power plant. This paper considers some hybrid power plant designs that could combine storage technologies and gas turbines in a single location to maximize clean energy production and reduce CO2 emissions while still providing secure supplies, but with the flexibility that today’s grid operators require.