Journal articles: 'Compression spring'

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Simons, Anthony, Gideon Quartey, and Nathaniel Frimpong Asante. "Conceptual Design and Finite Element Fatigue Life Analysis of a Poppet Valve Spring Compressor." Journal of Engineering 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6270810.

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In the overhauling of the internal combustion engine, a lot of tools are used and among them is the poppet valve spring compressor. In Ghana, auto mechanics at the “way-side” garages make use of improvised tools, such as pipes, pliers, and push rods, for compressing valve springs. However, there are some challenges associated with the usage of these tools which include misplacement of cotters, injuries, and sometimes valve bends. In this work, a review of some of the existing designs of the improvised tools was considered. Also, a survey was conducted to seek the opinion of users (auto technicians and/or mechanics) of the tools. A design was made for spring compression by incorporating a magnet with a pull force of 679.78 N to take care of the removal of cotters during valve assembly dismantling. In this research, an efficient and user-friendly poppet valve spring compression tool with a total mass of 0.88 kg was designed. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed on the upper and lower parts of the tool to examine its response due to the loads that act on it during operation. It was discovered from the analysis that the upper frame of the valve spring compressor experienced the highest von Mises stress of 59.77 MPa at the neck region, whilst the corresponding fatigue analysis showed a maximum fatigue life of 8.355 × 109 cycles.

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Muralidharan, M., R. Aravinth, J. Gafferkhan, and R. Gandhi. "Comparative Design and Analysis of Helical and Wave Spring." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.34 (September 1, 2018): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.19224.

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This paper is a comparative between two springs such as helical and wave spring. Wave springs are precise flat wire compression springs that fit into assemblies that other springs cannot. These are used as an alternative spring for helical spring. Wave springs provide 50% reduction in spring height and axial space. They possess the same force and deflection as coil springs. They have reduced material requirements. They provide improved cost reduction. The Wave Spring has been subjected to Compression Test, Modal Analysis and Equivalent Elastic Strain Test and then compared to Helical Spring which again was subjected to the above same tests under the same conditions and parameters. The design of helical spring and wave spring has been done in CREO Parametric 4.0 and analysed in ANSYS R 18.1. The results are then compared.

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Razooqi, Ahmed Ibrahim, Hani Aziz Ameen, and Kadhim Mijbel Mashloosh. "Compression and impact characterization of helical and slotted cylinder springs." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (May 21, 2014): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.2492.

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Helical and slotted cylinder springs are indispensable elements in mechanical engineering. This paper investigates helical and slotted cylinder springs subjected to axial loads under static and dynamic conditions. The objective is to determine the stiffness of a circular cross-section helical coil compression spring and slotted cylinder springs with five sizes and dynamic characteristics. A theoretical and finite element models are developed and presented in order to describe the various steps undertaken to calculate the springs stiffnesses. Five cases of the springs geometric are presented. A finite element model was generated using ANSYS software and the stiffness matrix evaluated by applying a load along the springs axis, then calculating the corresponding changes in deformation. The stiffness is obtained by solving the changes of load and deformation. The natural frequencies, mode shapes and transient response of springs are also determined. Finally, a comparison of the stiffnesses are obtained using the theoretical methods and those obtained from the finite element analysis were made and good agreement are evident and it can be found that the stiffness of spring for the slotted cylinder spring is much larger than that for helical spring and the stiffness for slotted cylinder spring increases with the number of slots per section. Natural frequencies, mode shape and transient response of helical spring and slotted cylinder spring have been represented in ANSYS software and results have been compared and it found that the natural frequency has also increased in the same proportion of stiffness because the natural frequency is directly proportional to the stiffness for all the cases that have been studied. Keywords: ANSYS, Finite Element Analysis, Helical Spring, Slotted Cylinder Spring, Stiffness.

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Chandak, Shubham, Kedar Tatwawadi, Idoia Ochoa, Mikel Hernaez, and Tsachy Weissman. "SPRING: a next-generation compressor for FASTQ data." Bioinformatics 35, no. 15 (December 7, 2018): 2674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty1015.

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Abstract Motivation High-Throughput Sequencing technologies produce huge amounts of data in the form of short genomic reads, associated quality values and read identifiers. Because of the significant structure present in these FASTQ datasets, general-purpose compressors are unable to completely exploit much of the inherent redundancy. Although there has been a lot of work on designing FASTQ compressors, most of them lack in support of one or more crucial properties, such as support for variable length reads, scalability to high coverage datasets, pairing-preserving compression and lossless compression. Results In this work, we propose SPRING, a reference-free compressor for FASTQ files. SPRING supports a wide variety of compression modes and features, including lossless compression, pairing-preserving compression, lossy compression of quality values, long read compression and random access. SPRING achieves substantially better compression than existing tools, for example, SPRING compresses 195 GB of 25× whole genome human FASTQ from Illumina’s NovaSeq sequencer to less than 7 GB, around 1.6× smaller than previous state-of-the-art FASTQ compressors. SPRING achieves this improvement while using comparable computational resources. Availability and implementation SPRING can be downloaded from https://github.com/shubhamchandak94/SPRING. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Cadet, Guillaume, Manuel Paredes, and Hervé Orcière. "Improved analytical model for cylindrical compression springs not ground considering end behavior of end coils." Mechanics & Industry 22 (2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2021048.

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In a context of increased competition, companies are looking to optimize all the components of their systems. They use compression springs with constant pitch for their linear force/length relationship. However, it appears that the classic formula determining the global load-length of the spring is not always accurate enough. It does not consider the effects of the spring's ends, which can induce non-linear behaviour at the beginning of compression and thus propagate an error over the full load-length estimated. The paper investigates the entire behaviour of a cylindrical compression spring, not ground, using analytical, simulation and experimental approaches in order to help engineers design compression springs with greater accuracy. It is built with an analytical finite element method, considering all the geometry and force components of the spring. As a result, the global load-length of compression springs can be calculated with more accuracy. Moreover, it is now possible to determine the effective tri-linear load-length relation of compression springs not ground and thus to enlarge the operating range commonly defined by standards. This study is the first that enables the behaviour to be calculated quickly, by saving time on dimensioning optimisation and on the manufacturing process of compression springs not ground.

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Middelkoop, Courtney, and Richard Stone. "Gymnastics Vault Board Design: A Comparison of Spring Configuration and Style of Spring – Preliminary Study." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631439.

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The goal of this study is to analyze the gymnastics vault board spring configuration to provide insight for a follow-up study to compare a traditional compression springboard with a new leaf springboard design. Traditionally, during the vaulting apparatus, gymnasts use a compression springboard to propel themselves onto the vaulting table to perform their routine. However, a new innovative leaf spring design has been produced and little research has been done to evaluate the performance of the springboard. Video recordings were taking during a NCAA Division 1 gymnastics competition. The video captured the gymnast’s interaction with the springboard during their competition vaults. During the gymnastics competition, two vault entry styles were performed, three spring configurations were used, and the number of springs inside the board were either 7 or 8. With the current data, there is no significant evidence that correlates the spring configuration with the performance score of the athlete. However, the maximum amount of compression achieved on the vault board varies from gymnasts and the number of springs and configuration placed in the springboard. Further research should be conducted to investigate the effects of spring configuration and the amount of compression achieved during the vaulting apparatus with two different springboards: the conical springboard design and the leaf spring design.

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Rahat, Muhammad Abu, Muhammad Ferdous Raiyan, MD Safayet Hossain, J. U. Ahamed, and Nahed Hassan Jony. "Design and Fabrication of a Spring Constant Testing Machine and Determination of Spring Constant of a Compression Spring." International Journal of Engineering Research 4, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17950/ijer/v4s10/1013.

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Özen, Fatih, Ahmet İlhan, Hakkı Taner Sezan, Erdinç İlhan, and Salim Aslanlar. "Effect of the galvanization process on the fatigue life of high strength steel compression springs." Materials Testing 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0032.

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Abstract In this study, a compression spring fatigue problem arising from the galvanization process was investigated. Fatigue, crack initiation and growth of galvanized and non-galvanized springs manufactured from fully pearlitic high strength steel wires were investigated. According to the results, the galvanized compression springs exhibited a low fatigue life due to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement induced crack initiations formed under the galvanizing layer and adversely affect fatigue life. It was observed that local embrittlement on the outer surface of the spring wire causes crack initiations and disperses through the pearlitic interlamellar microstructure. Compared to non-galvanized and shot-peened specimens with the same surface roughness, compression springs, galvanized compression springs exhibited a 25 % reaction force loss at 50 000 cycles.

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Zhang, Shan, Zheng Sun, Jili Lu, Lei Li, Chunlei Yu, and Dongxing Cao. "Spring Effects on Workspace and Stiffness of a Symmetrical Cable-Driven Hybrid Joint." Symmetry 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010101.

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This paper aims to investigate how to determine the basic parameters of the helical compression spring which supports a symmetrical cable-driven hybrid joint (CDHJ) towards the elbow joint of wheelchair-mounted robotic manipulator. The joint design of wheelchair-mounted robotic manipulator needs to consider lightweight but robust, workspace requirements, and variable stiffness elements, so we propose a CDHJ which becomes a variable stiffness joint due the spring under bending and compression provides nonlinear stiffness characteristics. Intuitively, different springs will make the workspace and stiffness of CDHJ different, so we focus on studying the spring effects on workspace and stiffness of CDHJ for its preliminary design. The key to workspace and stiffness analysis of CDHJ is the cable tension, the key to calculate the cable tension is the lateral bending and compression spring model. The spring model is based on Castigliano’s theorem to obtain the relationship between spring force and displacement. The simulation results verify the correctness of the proposed spring model, and show that the spring, with properly chosen parameters, can increase the workspace of CDHJ whose stiffness also can be adjusted to meet the specified design requirements. Then, the modelling method can be extended to other cable-driven mechanism with a flexible compression spring.

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Hajavifard, Ramin, Fawad Maqbool, Anke Schmiedt-Kalenborn, Johannes Buhl, Markus Bambach, and Frank Walther. "Integrated Forming and Surface Engineering of Disc Springs by Inducing Residual Stresses by Incremental Sheet Forming." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101646.

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Disc springs are conical annular discs, which are characterized by a high spring force with a small spring travel and good space utilization. In operation, they must meet high demands on the stability of the spring characteristic and the fatigue strength. Under loading, tensile stresses occur which limit the possible applications of disc springs. Compressive stresses can be generated in the stressed areas by means of shot-peening in order to extend the operating limits for a given yield and fatigue strength. Since the spring geometry and characteristics change during shot-peening, the design of the shot-peening treatment is iterative and cumbersome. The present research proposes an incremental forming process for forming and integrated targeted adjustment of residual stresses in disc springs from metastable austenitic stainless steel (MASS), to achieve improved spring properties and high cyclic strength. The main mechanism of residual stress generation is the transformation of metastable austenite into martensite under the action of the forming tool. Different experimental characterization techniques like the hole drilling method, X-ray diffraction, disc compression tests, optical microscopy and cyclic tests are used to correlate the residual stresses and disc spring properties. A numerical model is developed for simulating the martensite transformation in disc springs manufacturing. The results prove that incremental forming enables process-integrated engineering of the desired compressive residual stresses, entailing a higher spring force of metastable austenitic disc springs in comparison to conventional disc springs. Due to martensite formation, the generated residual stresses are stable under cyclic loading, which is not the case for conventionally manufactured springs.

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Shavrin, O. I., and A. N. Skvortsov. "Nanostructured Strengthening of Springs and Spring Steels." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.40.

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The paper considers the problem of nanostructured strengthening of spring steels and springs, the idea of steel nanostructured strengthening determined not only by grain sizes but also by subgrain sizes is justified. Design schemes of thermal strain nanoscale substructure patterning in spring material produced by hot and cold coiling were implemented. Patterning of nanoscale substructure was experimentally proved. Strength analyses of spring steels and springs showed the dominant effect of nanoscale substructure on spring limited life increasing not less than 10 times at cyclic fatigue tests. Spring compression at cyclic loading decreases 10 times.

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Ju, Young Hun, and Jong Wan Hu. "Experimental Study on the Behavior of Polyurethane Springs for Compression Members." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 10223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110223.

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In this study, the characteristics of the compression behavior of polyurethane springs that can be used as compression members of seismic devices, such as dampers and seismic isolators, were identified, and the effect of the design variables on the performance points of polyurethane springs was investigated. Compressive stiffness and specimen size were set as the design variables of the polyurethane spring, and the performance indicators were set as maximum force, residual strain, and energy dissipation. A total of 40 specimens with different conditions were fabricated and a cyclic loading test was performed to obtain the force-displacement curve of the polyurethane spring and to check the performance indicator. Significant strength degradation was confirmed after the first cycle by repeated loading, and it was confirmed that compressive stiffness and size demonstrated a linear proportional relationship with maximum force. In addition, the design variables did not make a significant change to the recovered strain, including residual strain, and residual strain of about 1% to 3% occurred. Energy dissipation showed a tendency to decrease by about 60% with strength degradation after the first cycle, and this also demonstrated no relationship with the design variables. Finally, the relationship between the design variables and performance indicators set in this study was reviewed and suggestions are presented for developing a simple design formula for polyurethane springs.

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Rodriguez, Emmanuel, Manuel Paredes, and Marc Sartor. "Analytical Behavior Law for a Constant Pitch Conical Compression Spring." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 6 (December 29, 2005): 1352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2338580.

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Cylindrical compression spring behavior has been described in the literature using an efficient analytical model. Conical compression spring behavior has a linear phase but can also have a nonlinear phase. The rate of the linear phase can easily be calculated but no analytical model exists to describe the nonlinear phase precisely. This nonlinear phase can only be determined by a discretizing algorithm. The present paper presents analytical continuous expressions of length as a function of load and load as a function of length for a constant pitch conical compression spring in the nonlinear phase. Whal’s basic cylindrical compression assumptions are adopted for these new models (Wahl, A. M., 1963, Mechanical Springs, Mc Graw-Hill, New York). The method leading to the analytical expression involves separating free and solid/ground coils, and integrating elementary deflections along the whole spring. The inverse process to obtain the spring load from its length is assimilated to solve a fourth order polynomial. Two analytical models are obtained. One to determine the length versus load curve and the other for the load versus length curve. Validation of the new conical spring models in comparison with experimental data is performed. The behavior law of a conical compression spring can now be analytically determined. This kind of formula is useful for designers who seek to avoid using tedious algorithms. Analytical models can mainly be useful in developing interactive assistance tools for conical spring design, especially where optimization methods are used.

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Manwatkar, Sushant, S. V. S. Narayana Murty, and P. Ramesh Narayanan. "Failure Analysis of AISI 302 Steel Compression Spring Used in Flush and Purge Valve of Liquid Engine." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.705.

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AISI 302 stainless steel is used for making compression springs for launch vehicle programmes. One such AISI 302 stainless steel compression spring used in flush and purge valve of liquid engine of a satellite launch vehicle failed during testing. The failure was at the second round of spring and it failed in a slanted type fracture. Detailed metallurgical analysis indicated that the failure was due to fatigue.

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Kobelev, V. "Effect of static axial compression on the natural frequencies of helical springs." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 10, no. 3 (October 7, 2014): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-12-2013-0078.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the practically important problem of the load dependence of transverse vibrations for helical springs. At the beginning, the author develops the equations for transverse vibrations of the axially loaded helical springs. The method is based on the concept of an equivalent column. Second, the author reveals the effect of axial load on the fundamental frequency of transverse vibrations and derive the explicit formulas for this frequency. The fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations of the spring depends on the variable length of the spring. The reduction of frequency with the load is demonstrated. Finally, when the frequency nullifies, the side buckling spring occurs. Design/methodology/approach – Helical springs constitute an integral part of many mechanical systems. A coil spring is a special form of spatially curved column. The center of each cross-section is located on a helix. The helix is a curve that winds around with a constant slope of the surface of a cylinder. An exact stability analysis based on the theory of spatially curved bars is complicated and difficult for further applications. Hence, in most engineering applications a concept of an equivalent column is introduced. The spring is substituted for the simplification of the basic equations by an equivalent column. Such a column must account for compressibility of axis and shear effects. The transverse vibration is represented by a differential equation of fourth order in place and second order in time. The solution of the undamped model equation could be obtained by separation of variables. The fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations depends on the current length of the spring. Natural frequency is the function of the deflection and slenderness ratio. Is the fundamental natural frequency of transverse oscillations nullifies, the lateral buckling of the spring with the natural form occurs. The mode shape corresponds to the buckling of the spring with moment-free, simply supported ends. The mode corresponds to the buckling of the spring with clamped ends. The author finds the critical spring compression. Findings – Buckling refers to the loss of stability up to the sudden and violent failure of seed straight bars or beams under the action of pressure forces, whose line of action is the column axis. The known results for the buckling of axially overloaded coil springs were found using the static stability criterion. The author uses an alternative approach method for studying the stability of the spring. This method is based on dynamic equations. In this paper, the author derives the equations for transverse vibrations of the pressure-loaded coil springs. The fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations of the column is proved to be the certain function of the axial force, as well as the variable length of the spring. Is the fundamental natural frequency of transverse oscillations turns to be to zero, is the lateral buckling of the spring occurs. Research limitations/implications – The spring is substituted for the simplification of the basic equations by an equivalent column. Such a column must account for compressibility of axis and shear effects. The more accurate model is based on the equations of motion of loaded helical Timoshenko beams. The dimensionless for beams of circular cross-section and the number of parameters governing the problem is reduced to four (helix angle, helix index, Poisson coefficient, and axial strain) is to be derived. Unfortunately, that for the spatial beam models only numerical results could be obtained. Practical implications – The closed form analytical formulas for fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations of the column as function of the axial force, as well as the variable length of the spring are derived. The practically important formulas for lateral buckling of the spring are obtained. Originality/value – In this paper, the author derives the new equations for transverse vibrations of the pressure-loaded coil springs. The author demonstrates that the fundamental natural frequency of the transverse vibrations of the column is the function of the axial force. For study of the stability of the spring the author uses an alternative approach method. This method is based on dynamic equations. The new, original expressions for lateral buckling of the spring are also obtained.

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Kobelev, Vladimir. "Elastic–plastic deformation and residual stresses in helical springs." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 16, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 448–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-04-2019-0085.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop the method for the calculation of residual stress and enduring deformation of helical springs. Design/methodology/approach For helical compression or tension springs, a spring wire is twisted. In the first case, the torsion of the straight bar with the circular cross-section is investigated, and, for derivations, the StVenant’s hypothesis is presumed. Analogously, for the torsion helical springs, the wire is in the state of flexure. In the second case, the bending of the straight bar with the rectangular cross-section is studied and the method is based on Bernoulli’s hypothesis. Findings For both cases (compression/tension of torsion helical spring), the closed-form solutions are based on the hyperbolic and on the Ramberg–Osgood material laws. Research limitations/implications The method is based on the deformational formulation of plasticity theory and common kinematic hypotheses. Practical implications The advantage of the discovered closed-form solutions is their applicability for the calculation of spring length or spring twist angle loss and residual stresses on the wire after the pre-setting process without the necessity of complicated finite-element solutions. Social implications The formulas are intended for practical evaluation of necessary parameters for optimal pre-setting processes of compression and torsion helical springs. Originality/value Because of the discovery of closed-form solutions and analytical formulas for the pre-setting process, the numerical analysis is not necessary. The analytical solution facilitates the proper evaluation of the plastic flow in torsion, compression and bending springs and improves the manufacturing of industrial components.

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Ko, Koeng Wook, Hyun Soo Kim, Sung In Bae, Eui Seok Kim, and Yuan Shin Lee. "Determination of Spring Constant for Simulating Deformable Object under Compression." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.369.

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It is not easy to simulate realistic mechanical behaviors of elastically deformable objects with most existing mass-spring systems for their lack of simple and clear methods to determine spring constants considering material properties (e.g. Young's modulus, Poisson’s ratio). To overcome this obstacle, we suggest an alternative method to determine spring constants for mechanical simulation of deformable objects under compression. Using the expression derived from proposed method, it is possible to determine one and the same spring constant for a mass-spring model depending on Young's modulus, geometric dimensions and mesh resolutions of the 3-D model. Determination of one and the same spring constant for a mass-spring model in this way leads to simple implementation of the mass-spring system. To validate proposed methodology, static deformations (e.g. compressions and indentations) simulated with mass-spring models and FEM reference models are compared.

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Chen, Si’an, Yu Di Zhang, Chang Rui Zhang, Xin Xiong, and Hai Feng Hu. "Compression Property of C/SiC and Inconel X-750 Springs from Room Temperature to 1000°C." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.616.

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The compression properties of C/SiC composite and Inconel X-750 helical springs were investigated from room temperature (RT) to 1000°C in air. The density of C/SiC spring is 1.74 g/cm3, only ~1/5 of X-750 value (8.17 g/cm3) and the spring constants of C/SiC and X-750 springs at RT are 3.47 and 5.61 N/mm, respectively. The spring constants of X-750 spring decreased with increase of temperature. X-750 spring could keep excellent property below 600°C, but its spring constant was only 36.7% of RT value at 800°C and permanent deformation appeared. At 1000°C, it could not restore and was destroyed. The spring constants of C/SiC spring at 400°C and 600°C were appreciably higher than the RT value, and then decreased with temperature elevating. Above 800°C, the spring constant decreased with test progressing because of the oxidation of carbon fibers and SiC matrix. But it has a spring constant of 2.40 N/mm (69.2% of the RT value) at 1000°C and can revert to its original dimensions.

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Becker, L. E., and W. L. Cleghorn. "The Buckling Behavior of Rectangular-Bar Helical Compression Springs." Journal of Applied Mechanics 61, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901479.

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CHEN, Li. "Reliability Design of Helical Compression Spring." Transactions of Japan Society of Spring Engineers, no. 39 (1994): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1994.41.

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., Sangmesh Pattar. "STATIC ANALYSIS OF HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRING." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 15 (May 25, 2014): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0315158.

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Brunner, Isabell, Desislava Veleva, Jörg Beyer, and Matthias Oechsner. "VHCF Strength of Helical Compression Springs - Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature before Shot Peening." Key Engineering Materials 664 (September 2015): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.664.140.

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Previous fatigue tests show that the heat treatment temperature has a significant influence on high cycle fatigue behaviour of helical compression springs. In order to investigate the effect of the heat treatment temperature on the fracture behaviour and the cyclic life, fatigue tests in the very high cycle regime (VHCF) were conducted.The tested springs were manufactured from oil hardened and tempered SiCr-alloyed valve spring steel wire with a diameter of d = 1.6 mm. After winding and grinding of the spring endings, the springs were heat treated at either 360°C or 400°C for 30 minutes. In order to generate compressive residual stresses in the surface area, the springs were shot peened. After shot peening, the springs were again annealed at 240°C for 30 minutes.Fatigue tests were conducted at 40 Hz using a special spring fatigue device. Up to 900 springs were tested simultaneously at various stress levels to 5∙108or 109cycles. Fractured springs were investigated by means of a stereomicroscope as well as a scanning electron microscope to analyse the fracture behaviour and failure mechanisms. The vast majority of the springs show crack initiation at the surface at the inner side of the coil. Less frequently, crack initiation occurs at subsurface locations. Our results show that heat treatment at a temperature of 360°C leads to four times more subsurface cracks than at a temperature of 400°C and reduces the overall fatigue life time.

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Geinitz, Veronika, and Ulf Kletzin. "Heat Treatment of Cold Formed Springs Made from Oil Hardened and Tempered Spring Steel Wire." Materials Science Forum 892 (March 2017): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.892.16.

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The heat treatment after cold forming is used to decrease the residual stresses of springs, but the mechanical characteristics of the spring steel wires alters, too. This presentation describes the influence of the heat treatment technology (oven equipment, temperature, duration,…) to the properties and quality of helical compression springs made from oil hardened and tempered spring steel wire.

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Dufort y Álvarez, Guillermo, Gadiel Seroussi, Pablo Smircich, José Sotelo, Idoia Ochoa, and Álvaro Martín. "ENANO: Encoder for NANOpore FASTQ files." Bioinformatics 36, no. 16 (May 29, 2020): 4506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa551.

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Abstract Motivation The amount of genomic data generated globally is seeing explosive growth, leading to increasing needs for processing, storage and transmission resources, which motivates the development of efficient compression tools for these data. Work so far has focused mainly on the compression of data generated by short-read technologies. However, nanopore sequencing technologies are rapidly gaining popularity due to the advantages offered by the large increase in the average size of the produced reads, the reduction in their cost and the portability of the sequencing technology. We present ENANO (Encoder for NANOpore), a novel lossless compression algorithm especially designed for nanopore sequencing FASTQ files. Results The main focus of ENANO is on the compression of the quality scores, as they dominate the size of the compressed file. ENANO offers two modes, Maximum Compression and Fast (default), which trade-off compression efficiency and speed. We tested ENANO, the current state-of-the-art compressor SPRING and the general compressor pigz on several publicly available nanopore datasets. The results show that the proposed algorithm consistently achieves the best compression performance (in both modes) on every considered nanopore dataset, with an average improvement over pigz and SPRING of >24.7% and 6.3%, respectively. In addition, in terms of encoding and decoding speeds, ENANO is 2.9× and 1.7× times faster than SPRING, respectively, with memory consumption up to 0.2 GB. Availability and implementation ENANO is freely available for download at: https://github.com/guilledufort/EnanoFASTQ. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Song, Ju-ho, and Daejong Kim. "Foil Gas Bearing With Compression Springs: Analyses and Experiments." Journal of Tribology 129, no. 3 (March 2, 2007): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2736455.

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A new foil gas bearing with spring bumps was constructed, analyzed, and tested. The new foil gas bearing uses a series of compression springs as compliant underlying structures instead of corrugated bump foils. Experiments on the stiffness of the spring bumps show an excellent agreement with an analytical model developed for the spring bumps. Load capacity, structural stiffness, and equivalent viscous damping (and structural loss factor) were measured to demonstrate the feasibility of the new foil bearing. Orbit and coast-down simulations using the calculated stiffness and measured structural loss factor indicate that the damping of underlying structure can suppress the maximum peak at the critical speed very effectively but not the onset of hydrodynamic rotor-bearing instability. However, the damping plays an important role in suppressing the subsynchronous vibrations under limit cycles. The observation is believed to be true with any air foil bearings with different types of elastic foundations.

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Pelupessy, Danny S. "STUDI KARAKTERISTIK MOMEN TORSI AKUMULATOR PEGAS UNTUK PENGGERAK LANGKAH (STEP-DRIVES)." ALE Proceeding 2 (July 10, 2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/ale.2.2019.52-56.

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Abstrak This paper considers and analyzes the torque characteristics of spring accumulators with output rotary link, designed for stepper drives, reciprocating movements and in balancing systems, provides recommendations for their use. General idea of realization of the principle of recuperation with accumulation of potential energy of the deformed springs in this work consists in use of spring accumulators with cylindrical springs of tension or compression.

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Li, Xue Bin, Xiao Long Chen, and Jian Zhang. "The Research on Working Performance of Annular Valve Spring Based on Solidworks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.171.

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According to the problem of cylindrical helical compression springs deformation and fracture in the process of using. come up with a Solution that use conical helical spring instead of it, validate the improvement measure with relevant simulation and test analysis, draw a conclusion that the working performance of conical helical spring is better than the cylinder, this paper has some guiding effect on the selection of Annular valve spring.

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Радин, Сергей, Sergey Radin, Евгений Сливинский, Evgeniy Slivinskiy, Татьяна Митина, and Tatyana Mitina. "ROD OSCILLATION INVESTIGATION OF ADAPTIVE TORSION SPRING FOR SPRING SUSPENSION OF SIX-WHEEL LOCOMOTIVE BOGIES." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20250.

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In modern locomotive design to reduce a dynamic effect upon a track there are widely used jaw and lawless six-wheel bogies supplied with a spring suspension using laminated springs, cylindrical spiral springs of compression and pneumatic springs. A considerable drawback of all known designs of spring suspension for rolling-stock is that all of them apart from a pneumatic one have no possibility for self-regulation in an automatic mode of their rigid characteristics de-pending on external dynamic impacts of track unevenness upon the latter. There is developed in Bunin State University of Yelets a promising inventionleveled structure of an adaptive torsion spring suspension excluding such a drawback and a number of computa-tions was carried out for the substantiation its rational design values.

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Báder, M., and R. Németh. "Spring-back of Wood after Longitudinal Compression." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 505 (July 18, 2020): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/505/1/012018.

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Lu, Peng, and Peng Jia. "50KN Compression Spring Fatigue Testing Machine Design." Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Life and Robotics 27 (January 20, 2022): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5954/icarob.2022.os4-3.

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Zhang, Jing, Li Sui, Xu Hong Guo, and Guo Hua Liu. "Buckling Stability Analysis of Parallel Micro-Spring." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 2859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.2859.

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Compression deformation will cause a micro-spring to buckle, and structural parameters, constraint conditions and structural forms of a micro-spring will affect its critical load and buckling mode. In order to study the influence on the micro-spring’s stability caused by structural forms and find a structure to improve its critical load in the end, this paper designs a new kind of parallel micro-springs, which consists of two same-structured S-shaped planar micro-springs. We have carried on eigenvalue buckling analysis on the parallel micro-spring by software ANSYS, and have gotten its six orders’ buckling mode. Because the critical load of the parallel micro-spring may change with the length of the beam connecting the two sub-springs, this paper studies the effect of the beam’s length on the parallel micro-spring’s critical loads and buckling mode. From comparing the analysis results between parallel micro-spring and single micro-spring with same stiffness, this paper concludes the stability’s degree of improvement.

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32

Lin, Yuyi, and Albert P. Pisano. "General Dynamic Equations of Helical Springs With Static Solution and Experimental Verification." Journal of Applied Mechanics 54, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173138.

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The general dynamic equations of helical compression springs with circular wire cross section, variable pitch angle, and variable helix radius are derived. The equations are formulated by Hamilton’s principle and a variational method. In contrast to previous studies, the effects of coil flexure bending, variable pitch angle and variable helix radius are taken into account. The general equations are shown to agree with dynamic equations found in literature when the general equations are reduced to simplified forms. For a specific helical spring and static loading, the equations are solved with both the predicted radial expansion and the predicted longitudinal spring compression force in excellent agreement with experimental data.

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Zubaidah, Isa, Abdullah Norfatriah, Serbini Zatul Amali, and Abu Zuruzi. "Preparation and Behavior of Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Foams during Compression." Fibers 6, no. 4 (November 29, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040091.

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This study investigates the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (BF-PDMS) foams with up to 3.4% (by mass) fiber during compression. Pristine PDMS foams and BF-PDMS composite foams were fabricated using a sugar leaching method. Compression test results of pristine PDMS and BF-PDMS composite foams display plateau and densification regions. Predictions of a modified phenomenological foam (PF) model based on Maxwell and Kelvin–Voight models are in good agreement with compression test results. Stiffness coefficients were extracted by fitting results of compression tests to the modified PF model. Spring and densification coefficients of BF-PDMS composite foams are 2.5- and 15-fold greater than those of pristine PDMS foams, respectively. Strains corresponding to onset of densification computed using extracted coefficients were 35% and 25% for pristine PDMS foams and BF-PDMS composite foams, respectively. Compressing foams at 6.0 and 0.5 mm/min results in highest and lowest compressive stress, respectively. Insights from this study are useful in many areas such as environmental protection, pressure sensing, and energy where PDMS composite foams will find applications.

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34

Mallick, P. K. "Static Mechanical Performance of Composite Elliptic Springs." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 109, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225927.

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Composite elliptic spring is a new concept as an application of fiber reinforced plastics in automotive suspensions. It functions in the same vertical deflection mode and packaging space as a steel coil spring and has the potential of saving as much as 50 percent by weight over a steel spring. The unique feature of the elliptic spring is that the fibers are utilized in tension instead of shear, thus avoiding the inherent weakness of a composite material in a coiled configuration. Several elliptic spring elements can be mounted in series to obtain the desired spring rate. In this paper, mechanical performance and failure analysis of composite elliptic springs under static loads are presented. Both thick and thin walled elliptic spring elements constructed from unidirectional E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy tapes were tested in static compression. Interlaminar shear failure is the primary failure mode in these springs. Both failure load and spring rate depend on the thickness of the spring. Joining of spring elements by bolts is also investigated.

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Wang, Fu Fu, Wen Zhong Lou, Fang Yi Liu, Da Kui Wang, Jun Lu, Jian Wu, Xu Hong Guo, and Zhe Zhang. "The Buckling Simulation of Planar W-Form Micro-Spring in MEMS Safety and Arming Device." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 796–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.796.

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This paper describes the stability research of MEMS spring used in fuze. The micro-spring in thickness dimension is thin, while the size of axial direction is larger, during compression the micro-spring is prone to suffering buckling and become unstable. In order to consider the extreme environments in launch, this paper aims to carry out buckling simulation in high or low temperature, by using FEM analysis. The effect of temperature load on the micro-spring buckling can be obtained. These researches can provide theory reference for the design applications and reliability analysis of micro-spring, and also lay the foundation for the response characteristics of the micro-scale elastic components under compressive force.

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Kowalski, Tomasz M., and Szymon Grabowski. "PgRC: pseudogenome-based read compressor." Bioinformatics 36, no. 7 (December 9, 2019): 2082–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz919.

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Abstract Motivation The amount of sequencing data from high-throughput sequencing technologies grows at a pace exceeding the one predicted by Moore’s law. One of the basic requirements is to efficiently store and transmit such huge collections of data. Despite significant interest in designing FASTQ compressors, they are still imperfect in terms of compression ratio or decompression resources. Results We present Pseudogenome-based Read Compressor (PgRC), an in-memory algorithm for compressing the DNA stream, based on the idea of building an approximation of the shortest common superstring over high-quality reads. Experiments show that PgRC wins in compression ratio over its main competitors, SPRING and Minicom, by up to 15 and 20% on average, respectively, while being comparably fast in decompression. Availability and implementation PgRC can be downloaded from https://github.com/kowallus/PgRC. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Zhao, Hong, Gang Chen, and Jun Zhe Zhou. "The Robust Optimization Design for Cylindrical Helical Compression Spring." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2201.

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In here, a robust optimization mathematical model of the cylindrical helical compression spring is presented. To minimize the error and maximal variations of spring stiffness coefficient related with structure parameters and its tolerances is chosen as its objective function, and the acceptable region is formed by some constraints. The theory is applied to the structure design of the breaking spring of spring actuator, the breaking characteristics are all satisfied at the optimum structure parameters, and the optimization results are discussed.

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Asiri, Saeed. "Mechanical Behavior of Helical Spring Made of Composite with and without Material Property Grading under Stable Load." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (March 21, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9652966.

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Springs are one of the most popular means of mechanically storing and issuing energy, and they can be found in a wide variety of machines and products. Most springs are made of metal, and nowadays, there are many new alloys to choose from, but nonmetallic materials, such as the reinforced plastics and ceramics, have been appearing worldwide. The research problem is the performance for circular cross-sectional springs with the same geometry and manufactured with three different materials: steel, composite, and functionally graded material (FGM) under stable loading using finite element analysis. This paper intends to guide mechanical designers in considering different material options for a spring design as well as to provide a methodology through finite element analysis for selecting the most favorable material option for the application required. The findings of this research show that some feature performances of compression springs made of carbon steel are improved by using FGM and composite materials. Enhanced capabilities include higher load to failure: 1.48 times in an FGM spring and 1.1 times in a composite spring, as well as increased energy storage: 1.53 times in an FGM spring and 6.84 times in a composite spring and less weight representing only 61% in an FGM spring and 24% in a composite spring.

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Mishra, Akanksha, and M. L. Aggarwal. "Comparative deflection analysis of conical compression spring with standard constant rate helical spring." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 804 (June 17, 2020): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/804/1/012010.

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Ma, Kai, Kaishu Guan, and Renliang Cai. "Compression recovery performance of spring energized C-rings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 230, no. 1 (May 23, 2014): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408914535572.

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41

Paredes, M., M. Sartor, and A. Daidie. "Advanced assistance tool for optimal compression spring design." Engineering with Computers 21, no. 2 (August 16, 2005): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00366-005-0318-6.

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42

Huang, Jinfei, Hangbin Zhang, Wanglin Lin, and Xinze Zhao. "Development of A High Stiffness Linear Compression Spring." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1885, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 032078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1885/3/032078.

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43

Zhou, Jiacheng, Chuzhe Zhang, Ziqiu Wang, Kuanmin Mao, and Xiaoyu Wang. "A Study on the Influence of Different Constraint Modes and Number of Disc Springs on the Dynamics of Disc Spring System." Shock and Vibration 2021 (March 6, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8866159.

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In this work, the influences of constraint modes and the number of disc springs on the dynamic characteristics of the disc spring system are studied by simulation and experiment. The amplitudes and amplification factors of the disc spring system under different constraint modes and different numbers of disc springs are obtained. The results show that the maximum amplitude and amplification factor both appear at the constraint modes of locking and no preloading, which indicates that the locking and no preloading is the best constraint mode among the four different constraint modes. Moreover, the amplitude of the disc spring system first increases and then decreases with the number of disc springs increasing, while the amplification factor increases with the number of disc springs increasing. The maximum amplification factor (10.21 in experiment) of the disc spring system appears at 10 disc springs. By studying the relationship between the number of disc springs and amplification factor and damping, we find that the damping of the disc spring system can be reduced by increasing the disc spring numbers, and thus, the corresponding amplification factor can be improved. Furthermore, as the number of disc spring increases, the height differences of disc springs before and after locking are all close to 3 mm, which indicates that the amount of locking compression in the assembly process has a good consistency when the number of disc springs changes. The aforementioned works can provide guidance for the industrial production in screen vibration.

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Ju, Young-Hun, Iman Mansouri, and Jong-Wan Hu. "Experimental Study on Recentering Behavior of Precompressed Polyurethane Springs." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 13, 2022): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103514.

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Traditional seismic design has a limitation in that its performance is reduced by significant permanent deformation after plastic behavior under an external load. The recentering characteristics of smart materials are considered to be a means to supplement the limitations of conventional seismic design. In general, the recentering characteristics of smart materials are determined by their physical properties, whereas polyurethane springs can regulate the recentering characteristics by controlling the precompression strain. Therefore, in this study, 160 polyurethane spring specimens were fabricated with compressive stiffness, specimen size, and precompression strain as design variables. The compression behavior and precompression behavior were studied by performing cyclic loading tests on a polyurethane spring. The maximum stress and maximum strain of the polyurethane spring showed a linear relationship. Precompression and recentering forces have an almost perfect linear relationship, and the optimal level of precompression at which residual strain does not occur was derived through regression analysis. Additionally, a prediction model for predicting recentering force based on the linear relationship between precompression and recentering force was presented.

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45

Huang, Yan Bin, Wei Ling Huang, Shou Long Zhang, Liu Gang Du, and Jin He Gao. "Uniaxial Spring and Multi-Axial Spring Model for Structural Nonlinear Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 730 (January 2015): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.69.

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The paper includes the following models for nonlinear structural analysis purpose: (1) uniaxial spring mode (or one-component model);(2) multi-axial spring model (MS model). Moment-curvature relation model considers distributed nonlinearity as well. By specifying the relation of moment and curvature at critical sections, it is not a discretized-section but similar to the uniaxial model in including no interaction among bending and axial tension/compression. This paper describes the models and presents the related formula.

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Krishnamoorthy, A., and R. Karthik. "Study of Composite Helical Spring Using Glass Fibre with Araldite LY556 and XY54." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.523.

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This paper titled “Study of composite helical spring using glass fibre with Araldite LY556 and XY54”. Currently, the composite materials in the automobile sector are used for construction of the body, interiors, chassis, hoods, electrical components etc...these components are in simplest form and also they are regular in shape and easy to manufacture. However the design of suspension system and complicated structures in the automobile are quite difficult to bring out the same shape and performance. The most important no gap of steel springs suspension are limited corrosion resistance, long-lasting manufacturing process and weight. This paper brings out incredibly a simple method to prepare the composite helical spring for any dynamic application. The glass fibre and resin mixed with 70:30 ratio and it is tested by compression testing machine as per ASTM. The mechanical properties, such as maximum load carrying capacity, deflection, stiffness Youngs’modulus, Shear stress and strain energy are determined using compression testing machine. The objective of this study is to reduce the weight of the spring, to obtain good surface finish, similar to steel spring, novel manufacturing methodology and identification of failure point rather than the maximum load.

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Lin, Y. Y., and A. P. Pisano. "Three-Dimensional Dynamic Simulation of Helical Compression Springs." Journal of Mechanical Design 112, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912642.

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The dynamic equations for general helical springs are solved and classified according to the number of energy terms used to formulate them. Solutions of several sets of dynamic equations, each with a different number of energy terms, are compared with experimental data. It is found that at higher compression speeds the numerical solution with a traditional, fixed boundary represents a physically impossible situation. A moving boundary technique is applied to improve the numerical solution and bring it into agreement with physical reality. Since a convergence proof for a numerical algorithm for nonlinear partial differential equations with a moving boundary is not available, a grid study has been performed to demonstrate convergence. The agreement between the solutions of different grid sizes and the experimental data is taken to show that the numerical algorithm was convergent. This three dimensional spring simulation model can be used in the simulation of high-speed mechanical machinery utilizing helical springs, and in particular, for design optimization of automotive valve springs.

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Sarkate, Tukaram S. "A Finite Element Approach for Analysis of a Helical Coil Compression Spring Using CAE Tools." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.703.

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Springs is defined as an elastic body that can reserve high level of potential energy, have various important role in industries. Helical spring is the most common element that has been used in car suspension system. Spring steel is low carbon alloy, medium carbon steel or high carbon steel with very high yield stress related to light vehicle suspension system. In this research paper AISI 9255, (containing 1.5%-1.8% silicon, 0.7%-1.0%manganese and 0.52%-.6% carbon) under the effect of a uniform loading has been studied. .The FE model of the helical spring has been generated in Pro-E Wildfire 5.0 software and imported in ANSYS-10 for finite element analysis, which are most popular CAE tools. Also finite element analysis has been compared with analytical solution for different loads under the same conditions to conclude.

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Argudo, David, Sara Capponi, Neville P. Bethel, and Michael Grabe. "A multiscale model of mechanotransduction by the ankyrin chains of the NOMPC channel." Journal of General Physiology 151, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201812266.

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Our senses of touch and hearing are dependent on the conversion of external mechanical forces into electrical impulses by the opening of mechanosensitive channels in sensory cells. This remarkable feat involves the conversion of a macroscopic mechanical displacement into a subnanoscopic conformational change within the ion channel. The mechanosensitive channel NOMPC, responsible for hearing and touch in flies, is a homotetramer composed of four pore-forming transmembrane domains and four helical chains of 29 ankyrin repeats that extend 150 Å into the cytoplasm. Previous work has shown that the ankyrin chains behave as biological springs under extension and that tethering them to microtubules could be involved in the transmission of external forces to the NOMPC gate. Here we combine normal mode analysis (NMA), full-atom molecular dynamics simulations, and continuum mechanics to characterize the material properties of the chains under extreme compression and extension. NMA reveals that the lowest-frequency modes of motion correspond to fourfold symmetric compression/extension along the channel, and the lowest-frequency symmetric mode for the isolated channel domain involves rotations of the TRP domain, a putative gating element. Finite element modeling reveals that the ankyrin chains behave as a soft spring with a linear, effective spring constantof 22 pN/nm for deflections ≤15 Å. Force–balance analysis shows that the entire channel undergoes rigid body rotation during compression, and more importantly, each chain exerts a positive twisting moment on its respective linker helices and TRP domain. This torque is a model-independent consequence of the bundle geometry and would cause a clockwise rotation of the TRP domain when viewed from the cytoplasm. Force transmission to the channel for compressions >15 Å depends on the nature of helix–helix contact. Our work reveals that compression of the ankyrin chains imparts a rotational torque on the TRP domain, which potentially results in channel opening.

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Saric, Isad, Enis Muratovic, Adil Muminovic, Adis J. Muminovic, Mirsad Colic, Muamer Delic, Nedim Pervan, and Elmedin Mesic. "Integrated Intelligent CAD System for Interactive Design, Analysis and Prototyping of Compression and Torsion Springs." Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12010353.

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This paper presents the development and implementation of integrated intelligent CAD (computer aided design) system for design, analysis and prototyping of the compression and torsion springs. The article shows a structure of the developed system named Springs IICAD (integrated intelligent computer aided design). The system bounds synthesis and analysis design phases by means of the utilization of parametric 3D (three-dimensional) modeling, FEM (finite element method) analysis and prototyping. The development of the module for spring calculation and system integration was performed in the C# (C Sharp) programming language. Three-dimensional geometric modeling and structural analysis were performed in the CATIA (computer aided three-dimensional interactive application) software, while prototyping is performed with the Ultimaker 3.0 3D printer with support of Cura software. The developed Springs IICAD system interlinks computation module with the basic parametric models in such a way that spring calculation, shaping, FEM analysis and prototype preparation are performed instantly.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Compression spring'

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