Relevant bibliographies by topics / Compressive strength and flexural strength

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Compressive strength and flexural strength'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Compressive strength and flexural strength"

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Chen, Junhao, Han Li, Lijin Lian, and Gen Lu. "Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Sensitivity of Compressive and Flexural Strength of Artificial Frozen Sand." Geofluids 2022 (November 10, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7419030.

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Some zones of freezing curtains of subway contact channels are subjected to compression and tension. Thus, understanding the mechanical properties and relationship between the compressive and flexural strengths of frozen soil is crucial. In this regard, this study considered sandy soil from Fuzhou as an example to perform uniaxial compressive and three-point flexural strength tests under different moisture content and curing conditions. The results showed that the uniaxial compressive and three-point flexural strengths of frozen soil were directly correlated with the moisture content and inversely correlated with curing temperature. Moreover, the compressive strength was significantly higher than the flexural strength, and the ratio was between 1.68 and 3.41. The sensitivity analysis for two factors affecting the strength was performed using the grey correlation analysis method. The moisture content showed a stronger effect on the uniaxial compressive strength of frozen sand. In contrast, the curing temperature substantially affected the three-point flexural strength. This study provides a reference for optimizing the freezing scheme for subway connection channels.
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Ramírez, Wladimir, Margarita Mayacela, Luis Contreras, Alejandra Shambi, Francisco Ramírez, and Jonatan Chacón. "Mechanical Properties of Permeable Concrete Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers for Different Water–Cement Ratios." Buildings 14, no. 9 (2024): 2935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092935.

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Permeable concrete is a material that allows water filtration, reduces surface runoff, and maintains the natural water cycle. Previous studies have shown that its mechanical properties, particularly its compressive and flexural tensile strengths, are generally lower than those of conventional concrete, with significant variability observed among similar tests. This study investigates the compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability of polypropylene fiber-reinforced permeable concrete specimens at two water–cement ratios (0.30 and 0.35). The mix design was conducted using the ACI 522R-10 method. Forty-eight cylinders measuring 200 mm × 100 mm were fabricated for permeability and compression tests. Additionally, 12 beams measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 350 mm were produced and subjected to simple flexural testing in accordance with ASTM C78 guidelines. Compressive strength versus permeability and load versus deflection graphs were plotted, and the fracture energy was calculated for various deflections. The results indicate that the addition of fibers increased permeability and tensile strength but decreased compressive strength. Furthermore, an increase in the water–cement ratio led to higher compressive and flexural tensile strengths.
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Yeon, Kyu-Seok, Kwan Kyu Kim, Jaeheum Yeon, and Hee Jun Lee. "Compressive and Flexural Strengths of EVA-Modified Mortars for 3D Additive Construction." Materials 12, no. 16 (2019): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162600.

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The compressive and flexural strengths of mortars modified with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) were experimentally investigated for use in three-dimensional (3D) additive construction (3DAC). EVA powder, which is available in a premix type, was employed as an admixture. The test results for the cast specimens showed that, at a curing age of 28 days, the compressive strengths ranged from 32.92 MPa to 43.50 MPa, and the flexural strengths ranged from 12.73 MPa to 14.49 MPa. The compressive and flexural strengths of the printed specimens were relatively lower: 23% to 26% and 3% to 7%, respectively. The compressive strength also decreased and the flexural strength increased when the EVA/cement ratio was increased. The results of the experiment reveal that the EVA-modified mortar had a high rate of strength development early on, making the material advantageous for use in 3DAC. It was determined that the appropriate EVA/cement ratio ranged between 5% and 15%. However, the printed specimens exhibited lower compressive and flexural strengths than did the cast specimens, and the compressive strength decreased as the EVA content was increased. This study provides the compressive and flexural strengths of common EVA-modified mortars, important data for 3DAC applications.
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Abubakar, Jibrin, Mohammed Abdullahi, James Isiwu Aguwa, Bala Alhaji Abbas, and Daniel Ndakuta Kolo. "Empirical Relationship between Compressive, Flexural and Splitting Tensile Strengths of Concrete Containing Kuta Gravel as Coarse Aggregate." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 27, no. 1 (2025): 209–18. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2025/v27i11380.

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Flexural and tensile strengths of concrete are of great importance in structural engineering. Understanding the flexural strength of concrete helps designers prevent and control development of cracks in concrete elements, ensuring durability. In addition to serviceability, shear, bond failure and flexural capacity in concrete members are directly linked to the tensile strength of the concrete. When compared to flexural and tensile strengths, determination of the compressive strength of concrete is easier to carry out in the field. It is therefore, customary to determine the compressive strength and correlate it to other strength properties. In this study, empirical relationships have been developed to relate the compressive strength to the flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete using Kuta river gravel as coarse aggregate. Using varying total aggregate to cement, coarse aggregate to total aggregate and water to cement ratios, 20 mixes were generated using Central Composite Design (CCD) in Minitab 21. The compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete samples from these mixes were determined at 28 days of age. From the strength data obtained, regression equations were developed that relate the strength properties with the aid of regression analysis tool in Microsoft Excel. The empirical models developed to predict the flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete from the compressive strength recorded R2 values of 1 for both models, P-values of and , and standard errors of 0.21 and 0.06 respectively. Furthermore, residuals from the values of predicted strength properties show that there is very slight deviation between the experimental and predicted values. It was concluded that the empirical equations developed are significant, have high predictive capabilities and can be used in predicting the flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete.
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Soulimane, Ilyas, Abderrahmane Khechekhouche, and Ali Farik. "Influence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose on the mechanical properties of cement mortar reinforced by sawdust." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (2024): e12490. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n3-036.

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This study explores the incorporation of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) and sawdust into cement mortar, focusing on their effects on the setting time and mechanical properties, such as compressive and flexural strengths. Various formulations were prepared by adding different proportions of HPMC (1% and 2%) and sawdust (2%) to a standard cement mortar mix. The setting time was assessed using the Vicat apparatus, while the compressive and flexural strengths were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of curing. Results showed that the addition of HPMC significantly improved the mortar's performance by reducing the setting time and enhancing both compressive and flexural strengths. At 28 days of curing, the mortar with 2% HPMC and 2% sawdust exhibited a compressive strength of 32.4 MPa and a flexural strength of 5.6 MPa, compared to the control sample, which had a compressive strength of 28.1 MPa and a flexural strength of 4.2 MPa. These findings suggest that incorporating HPMC and sawdust can be an effective way to improve the strength and sustainability of cement-based materials.
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Merhej, Tammam, Xin Kai Li, and De Cheng Feng. "Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Airport Rigid Pavements: Compressive and Flexural Strength." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 1601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.1601.

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This paper presents the experimental investigation carried out to study the behavior of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PPFRC) under compression and flexure. Crimped polypropylene fibers and twisted polypropylene fiber were used with 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% volume fractions. The influence of the volume fraction of each shape of polypropylene fiber on the compressive strength and flexural strength is presented. Empirical equations to predict the effect of polypropylene fiber on compressive and flexural strength of concrete were proposed using linear regression analysis. An increase of 27% in flexural strength was obtained when 0.6% volume fraction of twisted polypropylene fiber was added. It was also found that the contribution of fiber in flexural strength is more effective when twisted fibers were used. The compressive strength was found to be less affected by polypropylene fiber addition.
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Memon, Imtiaz Ahmed, Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial, Samiullah Sohu, Muhammad Tahir Lakhiar, and Zahid Hussain Khaskheli. "Influence of Fibre Length on the Behaviour of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Cement Concrete." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 9 (2018): 2124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091144.

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Concrete being a mixture of cement, aggregates (fine and coarse) and water, can be used in vast range of applications. It has excellent durability and availability which are its main advantages. Though, concrete is strong in compression it is comparatively weak in tensile loading. Over the years various materials have been used to reinforce concrete to withstand the tensile stresses. Polypropylene fibre is one such fibre which comes in varied sizes, is nowadays being utilized to reinforce concrete. In this study, three PP fibres were used at 0.20%, 0.25% and 0.30% content by weight. The flexural and compressive strengths were determined. Based on the results, it was observed with increase in size of fibre the compressive strength decreased significantly though it was still higher than the controlled sample. The length of PP fibres had significant effect on the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete. Short PP fibres showed relatively higher compressive strength but lower flexural strength when higher fibre content is used, while long PP fibres achieved lower compressive strength but higher flexural strength than shorter PP fibres. The optimum dosage for both PP fibre sizes was 0.25% at which it achieved increased strength as compared to control sample.
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Zheng, Wan Hu, Li Juan Li, and Feng Liu. "The Compressive and Flexural Deformation of Rubberized Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 1788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.1788.

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The deformation of rubberized concrete under uniaxial compression and three-point flexure is studied in this paper by test, and the load-deflection curves and load-strain curves under three-point flexure are obtained. Three rubberized concrete, with 5%, 10% and 15% rubber contents, were tested. The test results show that rubber powder influences the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete. The greater of the rubber dosage, the greater of the strength decreasing of concrete. The decline of compressive strength is greater than flexural strength, the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength of rubberized concrete is 1.08, 1.16, 1.26 times of the normal concrete for three different rubber contents respectively. And the ultimate tensile strain of rubberized concrete is 1.62, 2.25, 2.80 times of the normal concrete respectively. The addition of rubber improved the toughness and deformation ability of the normal concrete.
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Malumyan, Suren. "Influence of Carbon Nanotubes Concentration on the Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortars." Journal of Architectural and Engineering Research 5 (December 21, 2023): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54338/27382656-2023.5-006.

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In recent decades, mechanical properties of composite materials containing carbon nanoparticles, in particular single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs or MWCNTs), have been researched, taking into account their excellent physical and mechanical characteristics. In this work, the influence of the concentration of MWCNTs (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.35 wt.%) on compressive and flexural strengths of the cement mortar was investigated. The results of the research show that the compressive and flexural strengths of the 7 and 28-day curing period samples reach their maximum value at 0.3% of nanotube concentration. In comparison to the control sample, the compressive strength increased by 10.93% within 7 days and by 32.0% within 28 days. And in the case of flexure, the strength of the test samples increased by 33.67% within 7 and by 36.50% within 28 days. It can be concluded that in the case of the selected carbon nanotubes and the material composition at 0.3% of MWCNTs, the compressive and flexural strength reach their maximum values.
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Yasin, Ansari, and Hashemi AmirHossein. "Neural Network Approach in Assessment of Fiber Concrete Impact Strength." Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application 1, no. 3 (2017): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.15412/J.JCEMA.12010301.

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Use of neural network approaches in order to estimate mechanical and characteristics of concrete are common, in this regard, after making concrete samples in a laboratory the results of the laboratory are estimated by neural network. A drop impact test is used in order to evaluate impact strength of concrete samples; data obtained from the test usually has high dispersion. Various researches have been conducted to evaluate impact strength of concrete samples but no effort has made yet to predict impact strength of concrete by compressive, flexural strength. In the research, using neural network approach of ANN the impact strength of concrete is predicted from mixture design, compressive and flexural strength. In this regard, a numerical relation and range between compressive, flexural and impact strength have been predicted by collecting laboratory data from previous researches. Results for using neural network to estimate the compressive and flexural strength of concrete has shown that using this tool for estimating compressive and flexural strength of concrete is appropriate because the correlation coefficient between the estimated data and the laboratory data is near to 1.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compressive strength and flexural strength"

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Asia, Winifred. "An in-vitro study of the physical properties of core build-up materials." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6307.

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Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD (Prosthodontics)<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the physical properties of two core build-up materials (ParaCore and CoreXflow) and compare this to conventional composite material (Filtek Supreme Plus and SDR Flow) used as core build-up material.
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Alazemi, Athbi. "Investigate the Effects of Nano Aluminum Oxide on Compressive, Flexural Strength, and Porosity of Concrete." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1544693885397299.

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Zhang, Lihe. "Impact resistance of high strength fiber reinforced concrete." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/705.

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Concrete structures may be subjected to dynamic loading during their service life. Understanding the dynamic properties of concrete structures is becoming critical because of the increased concern about the dynamic loading of both civilian and military structures, and especially, the recent increase in terrorist attacks on structures. Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is known to exhibit superior performance in its post-peak energy absorption capacity, (i.e., toughness) under flexural and tensile loading. However, the behavior of fiber reinforced concrete under compressive impact has not previously been investigated. In the present research, the response of fiber reinforced concrete was investigated over the full strain rate regime, from static loading to high strain rate loading, and finally to impact loading. The compressive toughness of FRC under static loading was studied using an existing Japanese standard (JSCE SF-5). Then, a test method for FRC under compressive impact loading was developed, involving the use of a high speed video camera system to measure the deformation of FRC cylinders under compressive impact. The strain rate sensitivity of FRC in both flexure and compression was also fully investigated. FRC was found to have higher strengths under impact loading (both flexural and compressive) than under static loading. The compressive toughness under impact loading increased due to the high peak load and the high strain capacity. FRC under flexural impact loading showed a greater strength improvement than under static flexure. FRC displays a much higher Dynamic Improvement Factor (DIF) under flexural impact than under compressive impact. It gave an overall higher performance under impact than under static loading. It also exhibited a higher strain rate sensitivity than plain concrete in both compression and flexure. Damage analysis, in terms of loss of strain energy, was carried out based on damage mechanics principles. Damage was found to increase with increasing strain rate. A new constitutive model was proposed to account for the relationship between DIF (Comp) and strain rate and the data derived from the model were found to be consistent with the experimental results.
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Alskif, Aiham. "An investigation of the effect of different additives on the compressive and flexural strength of rammed earth." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10250302.

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<p>The main objective of this research is to study the effect of using different additives on the compressive and flexural strength of rammed earth structures. Different ratios of fly ash, and/or cement were added to the soil to identify their influence on the compressive strength. Recycled fiber materials were used to wrap and reinforce the cement-soil specimens in order to enhance the flexural strength of beams and control the cracks and the mode of failure. The study finds that adding cement to soil has significant effect on the soil strength, and it causes a remarkable increase in the strength while adding fly ash does not increase the compressive strength and it results in elastic modulus reduction. Furthermore, it is concluded that wrapping and reinforcing the specimens by burlap cloth or fiber mesh do not improve the flexural strength due to the weak bond with the cement-soil material. However, when a beam is reinforced by glass fiber exhibited improvement in the flexural strength and it experienced a plastic behavior after the proportional limit and it was able to absorb a large amount of energy without failure.
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Wilson, David Edward. "Structural Properties of ICLT Wall Panels Composed of Beetle Killed Wood." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3230.

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Interlocking Cross Laminated Timber (ICLT) wall panels are a new wood construction product similar to Cross Laminated Timber panels. Besides being an innovative structural system, they also utilize beetle killed timber from many of the forests that have been devastated by the Mountain Pine Beetle. Three tests were performed on three ply ICLT panels measuring 8 feet (2.44m) wide, 8 feet (2.44m) tall and 8.5 inches (21.6cm) thick to determine the racking, flexural and axial strengths of the wall panels. After each test was performed the walls were disassembled and investigated for cause of failure. Using the data from the tests as a benchmark, simple analytical models to predict the design capacities of the walls for racking, flexural, and axial strengths were established. The analytical models for racking strength, flexural strength and axial strength predicted reasonably well the measured strength values. Additional testing is necessary to increase the available database, further validate the analytical models developed, better understand the structural performance of ICLT panels, and establish acceptable design methodology for ICLT wall panels.
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Nilsson, Jonas, and Peter Sargenius. "Effect of microfibrillar cellulose on concrete equivalent mortar fresh and hardened properties." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-60485.

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A pilot project in 2010, conducted at CBI, showed the capacity for pulp, micro fibrilars from the forest industry to act as Viscosity Modifying Agent (VMA) in concrete. This project was, however, too limited to find answers for optimal use of this kind of material. The forest industry company Stora Enso wants to find out if their pulp can be used in concrete in order to somehow improve its properties. Two micro fibrilar suspensions have been tested. The tested fibrils are in two sizes, the finer material named MFC1 has undergone more homogenization than the course material named MFC2. The fibrils have been evaluated in regard to how the fibrils react with mortars in both its fresh and hardened state. Tests have been conducted on the use of concrete equivalent mortars with a maximum aggregates size of 4 mm. Two water-cement-ratios have been used in the tests, 0.45 and 0.60. Three different fibril dosages have been tested, 1, 2 and 3 kg/m³. The results of these trials of cellulose fibrils has been evaluated in respect of rheology, compressive strength, flexural strength, cracking, shrinkage, water capillary porosity, anti-wash out resistance (underwater concrete) and as a possible surface coverage. The results from the trials, conducted in this report, show that an increased dosage of fibrils leads to an increased plastic viscosity. The fibrils appear to have no effect on the flexural- and compressive strength, and no effect on the shrinkage of the test specimens. According to our results it is not advisable to use the fibrils for the purpose of acting as an agent for anti-washout resistance, or as a surface coverage.   The work have been performed at Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, CBI, in Stockholm in the spring of 2011. CBI is an institution whose mission is to create, apply and disseminate knowledge in the concrete and rock area.<br>Ett tidigare pilotprojekt har under 2010 utförts på CBI, och där undersöktes möjligheten för cellulosafibrer från skogsindustrin att fungera som Viscosity Modifying Agent (VMA) i betong. Utrymmet i detta projekt var dock för begränsat för att finna svar för optimal användning av denna typ av material. Nu vill skogsindustriföretaget Stora Enso ta reda på om massa från deras träprodukter kan användas i betong, för att på något sätt förbättra dess egenskaper. Vi har därför provat suspensioner innehållande två olika fraktioner av cellulosafibriller. De testade fibrerna finns i två storlekar, det finare materialet heter MFC1 och har genomgått med homogenisering än det grövre materialer som heter MFC2. Dessa två typer har tillsats i bruk och utvärderats i hur de reagerar i både brukets färska och dess hårdnade tillstånd. Testerna har genomförts på bruk med en maximal ballaststorlek på 4 mm. Två vct-nivåer har använts i försöken, 0,45 och 0,60. Tre olika fibrilldoser har prövats, nämligen 1, 2 och 3 kg/m³ fibriller. Resultaten från dessa försök av cellulosafibriller har utvärderats med avseende på reologi, tryckhållfasthet, böjhållfasthet, sprickbildning, kapillaritet, krympning, anti-urvaskning och som möjlig ytbetäckning.   De tester som har genomförts visar att med ökad dos fibriller ökar den plastiska viskositeten. Fibrillerna visade sig inte ha någon effekt på böj- eller tryckhållfasheten, samt ingen effekt på krympning av provkropparna. Testerna visar att fibrillerna inte heller agerar med någon possitiv effekt som anti-urvaskningsmedel, eller som ett täckande ytskikt.   Försöken har genomförts vid CBI Betonginstitutet i Stockholm mellan 21 mars och 8 juli år 2011.CBI är en institution vars uppdrag är att skapa, tillämpa och sprida kunskap inom betong och bergområdet.
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Wongkamhaeng, Kan. "Effect of chairside surface treatments on biaxial flexural strength and subsurface damage in monolithic zirconia for dental applications." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3233.

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Objective: The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of chairside surface treatments on biaxial flexural strength and subsurface damage of monolithic zirconia ceramics. Methods: Specimens (15x15x1.2 mm3) were prepared by sectioning from commercially available zirconia blanks (BruxZirTM) and sintering according to manufacturer's recommendations. Fully dense specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n=30) and treated as follows; 1) as-sintered (AS) 2) air abraded with 50 μm alumina fine particles (AAF), 3) air abraded with 250 μm coarse alumina particles (AAC), 4) ground (G), and 5) ground and polished (GP) to mimic chairside and dental laboratory treatments. Microstructural changes were thoroughly characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry and atomic force microscopy. Crystalline phases and their depth profile were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD). Results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey's adjustment for multiple comparisons. A 0.05 level of significance was used. Reliability was evaluated by Weibull analysis. Results: All treatment groups exhibited a significant difference in mean surface roughness (Rq) compared to the as-sintered group (p<0.05). The AAC group showed the highest surface roughness at 1.08 ± 0.17 μm, followed by the G, AAF and AS groups. The GP group exhibited the lowest surface roughness. The group air abraded with fine particles showed the highest mean biaxial flexural strength (1662.62 ± 202.58 MPa), but was not different from the ground and polished group (1567.19 ± 209.76 MPa). The groups air abraded with coarse particles or ground with diamond bur exhibited comparable mean biaxial flexural strength at 1371.37 ±147.62 MPa and 1356.98 ±196.77 MPa, respectively. The as-sintered group had the lowest mean biaxial flexural strength at 1202.29 ±141.92 MPa. The depth of compressive stress layer, measured by GIXRD was approximately 50 μm in the AAF group, followed by the AAC group with ~35 μm, ~10 μm for the ground group and ~5 μm for the ground and polished group. Deep subsurface cracks were observed in the AAC group (~80 μm in depth) and G group (~25 μm in depth), whereas shallower flaws were present in the AAF and GP groups at 10 and 3 μm, respectively. Weibull analysis represented a greater reliability in zirconia specimens treated with air abrasion groups. Conclusions: Surface treatments induced the t-m transformation in 3Y-TZP and associated development of compressive stresses to a depth that varied with the severity of the treatment performed. GIXRD revealed that AAF led to the thickest compressive stress layer, followed by AAC, G and GP. SEM revealed that subsurface damage was most severe with AAC, followed by G, AAF and GP. We propose that the flexural strength results can be explained by the difference between the depth of the compressive stress layer induced by the transformation and the depth of the subsurface flaws.
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Thamboo, Julian Ajith. "Development of thin layer mortared concrete masonry." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/73815/1/Julian_Thamboo_Thesis.pdf.

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This research was a step forward to developing data sets for thin layer mortared concrete masonry through systematic experimental and numerical studies. Since thin layer mortared concrete masonry is relatively new type of masonry construction, methodical research studies have been undertaken to properly address the gaps in understanding of this masonry system. As part of the ARC Linkage research project, this thesis has been developed to extend the knowledge on thin layer mortared concrete masonry.
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Vinter, Václav. "Latexy modifikované cementové materiály." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216351.

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In this thesis, the development of mechanical properties and structure of latex modified cementious materials during hydration was studied. Latex modified materials are composites of inorganic cement (portland cement) and organic polymer latex. Preparation, processing and fabrication of the polymer cement material based on portland cement was optimized with aim to reach the most compact structure of the product with the finest mechanical characters. The experimental part was pointed to observe influence of the type and amount of polymer latex with focus on mechanical characters and hydration kinetics with given filling as well as without it. In presented work, the possibility of compaction of the material by high-shear mixing within twin-roll mixer (the prototype for production of MDF composite) was verified. The second part of the labor was aimed to analysis of prepared polymer-cementitious material. For determination of influence of batching of added polymer latex on hydration of cement paste the thermal analysis (DTA/TGA) and infrared spectroscopy of composite was done. At last the microscopic observation by optical microscope was carried.
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Robles, Sáenz Randolp Julián, and Medina Juan Carlos Sánchez. "Evaluación de pavimentos rígidos mediante la determinación de correlaciones entre el módulo de rotura a la flexión y la resistencia a la compresión para el Centro Poblado San Cristóbal de Chupán – Huaraz." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2015. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/1350.

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La resistencia a flexión y la resistencia a la compresión representan parámetros fundamentales en el correcto desarrollo de los pavimentos rígidos, porque definen la calidad del concreto, principal componente de los pavimentos rígidos, después de cumplir satisfactoriamente su ciclo de fraguado y curado. En nuestro enfoque cuantitativo, el problema principal radica en intentar efectuar ensayos de rotura a la flexión en zonas alejadas, como en el centro poblado San Cristóbal de Chupán, reconociendo que sólo es posible realizarlo en pocos laboratorios a nivel nacional. Por esta razón se determinó, en base a ensayos realizados en laboratorio, un factor de correlación que vincula el Módulo de Rotura a la flexión y la Resistencia a la Compresión, siendo el resultado experimental el factor (k) expresado por la ecuación Mr = (k)*√f’c, que identifica rápidamente resultados del Módulo de Rotura a la flexión, aplicable a proyectos de condiciones similares, ante las altas exigencias del control de calidad en los proyectos de construcción. The flexural strength and the compressive strength are fundamental parameters in the correct development of rigid pavements, because they define the quality of concrete, principal component of rigid pavements, after performing successfully their setting and curing cycle. In our quantitative approach, the principal problem has roots in realizing flexural strength tests in remote rural areas such as San Cristobal de Chupán populated, recognizing could only do it in a few laboratories nationwide. Therefore written, it is determined a correlation factor, based on laboratory tests, what can relating Flexural strength and compressive strength. The experimental result express a factor (k), what is on the equation Mr = (k)*√f'c, which quickly identifies results of Flexural Strength, applicable to projects of similar conditions, to the demands of quality control in construction projects.
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Books on the topic "Compressive strength and flexural strength"

1

Association, Portland Cement, ed. Compressive strength of masonry. Portland Cement Association, 1993.

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Ibrahim, Hisham H. H. Flexural behavior of high strength concrete columns. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, 1994.

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Morrell, Roger. Flexural strength testing of ceramics and hardmetals. NPL, 1997.

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Balasundaram, Vikram. Effect of moisture on the compressive strength of C.F.R.P. University of Birmingham, 1985.

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Carli, Charles G. Tensile and compressive MOE of flakeboards. U.S. Forest Service, 1988.

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Gürdal, Zafer. A compressive failure model for anisotropic plates with a cutout under compressive and shear loads: Final technical report. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.

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Alca, Nedim. Effect of size on flexural behaviour of high-strength concrete beams. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, 1993.

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J, Cios Krzysztof, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Fuzzy sets predict flexural strength and density of silicon nitride ceramics. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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Laungrungrong, Busaba. Development of rational pay factors based on concrete compressive strength data. Arizona Dept. of Transportation, 2008.

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Laungrungrong, Busaba. Development of rational pay factors based on concrete compressive strength data. Arizona Dept. of Transportation, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Compressive strength and flexural strength"

1

Li, Meng, Guangxiu Fang, Haonan Wu, Chunming Wang, Huaiyu Li, and Zhoutong Li. "Experimental Study on Strength of Luminous Concrete with Double Admixture of Fly Ash and Slag Powder." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4090-1_31.

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AbstractLuminescent concrete is based on ordinary concrete, in which zinc sulfide luminescent material is added to make ordinary concrete with luminescent function of concrete, and its mechanical properties are greatly affected by the dosage of luminescent powder and mineral admixture. In order to study the mechanical properties and optical properties of luminescent concrete, luminescent concrete composite adding different dosages of fly ash and slag powder compressive test and flexural test, obtained different fly ash and slag powder dosage of luminescent concrete compressive strength and flexural strength with the curing time of the change curve and based on this proposed luminescent concrete compressive strength and flexural strength of the correction coefficient, for the subsequent light-emitting concrete. The research and engineering application of luminous concrete provides theoretical basis.
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Yeon, Jung Heum, Yeoung-Geun Choi, Cheol-Jae Yang, and Kyu-Seok Yeon. "Effect of Polymer Paste Content on the Porosity and Strength of Pervious Polymer Concrete." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3_26.

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AbstractThis study investigates the effect of polymer paste content on the porosity and strength of pervious polymer concrete made of unsaturated polyester resin, fly ash filler, and crushed coarse aggregate. The porosity (total porosity and connected porosity) and strength (compressive and flexural strengths) for different polymer paste contents were investigated. The polymer paste content was chosen as an experimental variable because it determines the cost-effectiveness and has a significant impact on various material properties. The results showed that the total and connected porosity fell between 37.5–8.8% and 34.2–7.2%, respectively, when the polymer paste content increased from 7 to 19.5 wt.%. The porosity tended to decrease as the polymer paste content increased. The compressive and flexural strengths ranged from 14.5 to 41.5 MPa and 4.3 to 16.1 MPa, and the strengths increased as the paste content increased. In particular, the strengths were much higher than those of many existing studies on conventional portland cement concrete due to the enhanced adhesion of the polymer binder upon the addition of the cross-linking agent.
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Xu, Gao, Chungang Deng, and Weiyu Xu. "Experimental Study on the Influence of Superplasticizer on the Performance of Ecotype Ultra-High Performance Concrete (E-UHPC)." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_72.

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AbstractA kind of Ecotype Ultra High Performance Concrete (E-UHPC) with silicate high strength cement and a variety of industrial tailings as cementing system, green sand as aggregate and ecotype organic fiber as reinforcing material is proposed. The fluidity, flexural strength and compressive strength of E-UHPC under different factors were studied by different superplasticizer content and sand particle size. The results show that the variation trend of fluidity with particle size can be expressed as an exponential function. The peaceability of E-UHPC with Superplasticizer content of 8% is better, and the flexural strength and compressive strength are better than that of E-UHPC with superplasticizer content of 15%. The research results can provide reasonable suggestions for the content of superplasticizer and the optimization of sand particle size of E-UHPC.
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Fantilli, Alessandro P., Barbara Frigo, and Farmehr M. Dehkordi. "Relationship between flexural strength and compressive strength in concrete and ice." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348443-260.

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Fantilli, Alessandro P., Barbara Frigo, and Farmehr M. Dehkordi. "Relationship between flexural strength and compressive strength in concrete and ice." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348450-260.

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Kępniak, Maja. "Recycled Cement Concrete as an Eco-Friendly Aggregate in Polymer Composite – Application Feasibility." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3_20.

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AbstractOver the years, the development of sustainable and ecofriendly concrete has been found in the reuse of construction and demolition materials. One such waste is recycled aggregate from cement concrete structure demolition process. This paper analyzes the effect of substitution of natural stone aggregate with recycled aggregate in polymer composites. An experimental plan for the mixtures was prepared. Technological characteristics (setting course, consistency) and strength characteristics (flexural strength and compressive strength) were analyzed. The obtained results were statistically analyzed. A generalized utility function has been established. Based on it, the maximum dosage of recycled aggregate was determined without significant deterioration of technological and strength characteristics. The average compressive strength results obtained were in the range of 88.5 to 96.5 MPa. The highest compressive strength value (96.5 MPa) was obtained for the samples with the composition with the highest proportion of recycled aggregate.
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Wang, Bo, Huimin Hu, and Jianglong Yao. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Redispersible Latex Powder on Pavement Performance of Road Base." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5814-2_1.

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AbstractThrough unconfined compressive strength test, flexural tensile strength test, freeze-thaw test, dry shrinkage test and SEM, the improvement effect and mechanism of redispersible latex powder on the mechanical properties of recycled cement stabilized macadam were studied. The results show that the flexural and tensile strength of recycled cement stabilized macadam mixture increased and the compressive strength decreased slightly after adding latex powder. With the addition of latex powder, the BDR value of cement stabilized macadam increased, and the frost resistance of the mixture improved. Adding latex powder can reduce the shrinkage strain and shrinkage coefficient of cement stabilized macadam, and significantly improve its crack resistance. SEM images show that the latex powder polymer forms a network-like connection structure in the mixture, which can absorb the shrinkage deformation of mineral particles and hydration products in the material, and significantly reduce the shrinkage strain of the specimen.
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He, Yabin, Lei Yu, Sheng Chen, Chuankai Yan, Zhansheng Lin, and Chen Yu. "The Influence of Hybrid Fiber Ratio on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4090-1_10.

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AbstractThe concrete with different fibre and ratio can lead to different performance. This paper studies the mechanical properties of concrete by changing the ratio of PVA fibre and steel fibre. Three kinds of ratio of the PVA fibre and steel fibre are studied. They are 0% PVA fibre and 0% steel fibre, 0.25% PVA fibre and 0.75% steel fibre, 0.5% PVA fibre and 0.5% steel fibre. The compressive strength, flexural strength, bending toughness are tested. The test result shows that the compressive strength of the P0.25S0.75 increases. While the group of P0.5S0.5 shows a little range of decreasing. The 28d flexural strength of P0.25S0.75 and P0.5S0.5 increases 2.3 and 30.2% respectively. The loading-deflection curves of P0.25S0.75 and P0.5S0.5 all appear strain harden property. By the mixing amount of the PVA fibre increasing, the cracking strength and limitation bearing ability can all be enhanced. The areas under the curve enlarge and the toughness of the concrete are enhanced. The bending toughness of P0.5S0.5 is much better than the P0.25S0.75 but the difference is not very large.
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Demura, Katsunori, and Toshikatsu Saito. "Effect of Polymer Content on Properties of Polymer Cement Mortar." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3_25.

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AbstractIn this paper, the volume fraction of polymer as a solid in the polymer cement mortar (PCM) is defined as the polymer content. The effect of the polymer content on the properties such as the flexural and compressive strengths, water permeability, carbonation and chloride ion penetration of PCM is discussed. As a result, the equation of the effective factor (F) for the properties of the PCM by using the water-cement ratio (W/C), polymer content (Vp), and volume fractions of air (Va) and sand (Vs) is established as “F = (1-W/C)(1 + AVp)(1-Va)(1 + 5Vs)”. The empirical constant (A) is the 4, -6, -8, -6 and -4 for the flexural strength, compressive strength, water permeability, carbonation depth and chloride ion penetration depth of PCM, respectively. The equation for estimating the properties of PCM by using the effective factor and the properties of cement mortar (Plain) is established as “PP = B(FP0) + C”. Where, PP, F, and P0 are the properties of PCM, the effective factor and the properties of Plain with the same W/C, sand-cement ratio and curing condition as the PCM. The empirical constants B and C in this equation are depending on the type of polymer used and curing condition.
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Şahin, Hatice Gizem, Hatice Elif Beytekin, and Ali Mardani. "Effect of Recycled Aggregate Utilization on Strength Properties of Lightweight Concrete Facade Having a Self-Cleaning Characteristic." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_23.

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AbstractUtilization of lightweight concrete results in a reduction in the weight of the structure, leading to lower destructive effects of seismic forces on the building. Additionally, in today’s conditions where more efficient energy use is desired, there is an increasing interest in the use of lightweight concrete facade panels due to their superior performance in terms of heat insulation. It is known that pollutants such as COx and NOx adhere to facades over time, causing pollution and visual deterioration. It was reported that materials with photocatalytic properties are used in concrete elements to prevent such issues. In this context, the use of self-cleaning concrete facades containing materials with photocatalytic properties has become more prevalent in recent years. Among the many semiconductor materials used in the production of self-cleaning concrete, it is understood that the use of TiO2 is more widespread due to the various advantages it offers. On the other hand, it was reported that urbanization is increasing, and the volume of construction waste is rapidly growing, particularly after severe earthquakes. In this context, promoting the use of recycled concrete waste and efficiently disposing of construction and demolition waste are of great importance for the European Green Deal. This study examines the effect of using recycled concrete aggregate on the self-cleaning properties of lightweight concrete mixtures (SCLWC) compressive and flexural strength performance. For this purpose, an SCLWC containing 1% TiO2 and 100% pumice aggregate was prepared. By substituting recycled concrete aggregate with pumice aggregate at 25% and 50% rates, two different SCLWCs with self-cleaning properties were produced. The compressive strength and flexural strength performances of the produced mixtures were examined. It was observed that the increase in pumice aggregate content caused a decrease in both strength performances. It was observed that the increase in pumice aggregate content caused a decrease of up to 53% and 7% in compressive and flexural strength performance, respectively.
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Conference papers on the topic "Compressive strength and flexural strength"

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Akram, Waseem, and Majid Ali. "Considering Fiber Reinforced Concrete below Neutral Axis of Beam for Shallow Sections - A Review." In Technology Enabled Civil Infrastructure Engineering & Management Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-dsuqu9.

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The utilization of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) as a structural material is steadily on the rise. Conventional concrete is characterized by its brittleness, displaying a flexural strength that falls within the range of 10-15% of its compressive strength. Incorporation of fibers into concrete enhances various mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength, and ductility. An advantageous feature of FRC is its capacity to consider cracked concrete below the neutral axis in the cross-section of a beam to some extent. Important factors influencing the flexural strengths of both Plain Concrete (PC) and FRC include the modulus of rupture, corresponding deflection, toughness index, energy absorption, and density. This results in a diminished requirement for additional reinforcement in beams. The modified stress-strain diagram proposed by Bashara proves valuable in integrating the effect of FRC on the tension side, an aspect previously neglected due to the inherent weakness of PC in tension. The ongoing literature review seeks to comprehensively explore the potential of fiber-reinforced concrete in beams situated below the neutral axis, concentrating on articles published in highly reputable journals over the past decade.
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Inamullah, Syed, Syed Nasir Shah, Syed Awais Ahmed, Mohammad Umair Kasi, and Mohammad Aslam. "Investigate the Effect of a Pumice Fine on Strength and Permeability of Pervious Concrete." In 14th International Civil Engineering Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-mfm5xy.

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PC is a type of concrete which is well known for its low strength and high infiltration rate. PC is made up of cement, coarse aggregate, water and with little or no fine, that is the reason PC is also known as no fine concrete. The fine content in PC tends to improve the strength of the concrete yet it adversely affects the infiltration of the PC. Therefore, in this study the pumice stone fine was incorporated in pervious concrete to make a PC with improve strength without sacrificing its infiltration. This experimental investigation helps to explain the effect of pumice stone when used as fine aggregate on the density, void content, compressive strength, flexure strength, and infiltration rate of PC. All PC mixtures were proportioned with a fixed water-to-cement ratio (w/c) of 0.30. The fresh and hardened voids of PC containing pumice fine were up to 9% greater than the PC without fine resulting in about 11% reduction in the hardened density of PC with fine. Moreover, the compressive strength of pervious concrete with incorporation of pumice fine shows a significant increase of about 30% compressive and 40% flexural strength. Moreover, the infiltration rate of PC made with pumice fine showed about 60% improvement. Therefore, pumice fine is a great option for incorporating in PC to improve its overall performance.
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Ellyta, Winda, Ade Okvianti Irlan, Ananto Nugroho, and Triastuti Triastuti. "Effect of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Coconut Coir on Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar." In The 6th International Symposium on Infrastructure Development. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-naom2c.

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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) involves a thermochemical process at high temperature to reduce lignin and extractive in organic material using water as a medium. HTC produces a solid product known as hydrochar. Utilization of coconut coir in the concrete or mortar is an alternative to reducing agriculture waste. The application of natural fibers as aditif material in concrete and mortar effect the characteristics of cement mortar. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of introducing coconut coir on mechanical properties of cement mortar at 28 days. This research used coconut coir, with a diameter of 0.420-0.149 mm. First, the coconut coir was boiled in a 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution at 80°C for 30 minutes. Then followed the hydrothermal carbonization process for 1, 2, and 3 hours at 160°C. This research used a sand-to-cement ratio of 1:2.75 (by weight) and a water-to-cement ratio of 0.46. The hydrochar used in this study was 1% of cement (by weight). In the context of this research, physical and mechanical properties were observed such as flowability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption. The duration of the hydrothermal carbonization affected flowability, compressive strength and water absorption. It enhanced flowability, compressive strength, and water absorption. On the other hand, the hydrothermal carbonization duration increased as the flexural strength decreased.
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Sipayung, Satria Masdoni, Alex Kurniawandy, and Muhammad Ikhsan. "Environment Effects of Refined Palm Oil (RPO) on Concrete Mixes." In Sriwijaya International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2023. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-e2x5rm.

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Nowadays the construction of palm oil industry mills is advancing rapidly and the next one is Refined Palm Oil (RPO). Refined Palm Oil (RPO) is one of the derivatives of palm oil processing. One option to use structures in the construction of palm oil mills is to use concrete. Plant parts that have concrete components often suffer damage, cracks and reduced concrete strength.This study is intended to examine the mechanical properties of concrete including compressive strength, flexural strength and porosity in concrete in the RPO environment, examining changes in the weight of coarse and fine aggregates immersed in RPO. This study used concrete experiments in RPO baths with 3 combinations, 54 samples and 2 types of concrete plan life, then analyzed in the laboratory. The parameters measured are changes in aggregate weight, porosity, bending strength and compressive strength of concrete. The results showed that the higher the percentage of RPO immersed in concrete, the lower the compressive strength, bending strength and porosity of the concrete. Fine aggregate undergoes weight change when immersed in RPO for 28 and 56 days, while coarse aggregate undergoes no weight change
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Pokorny, Jaroslav, Jan Fort, Lenka Scheinherrova, Tomas Navara, and David Javorsky. "THE ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF HISTORICAL MORTARS FOR SUSTAINABLE RENOVATIONS." In SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/6.1/s26.47.

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Old buildings, in particular, those coming from the first half of 20th century often suffer with increased dampness in masonry coming from different sources. Some of them, however, have aesthetically rendered valued facades which are worth saving. For the design of new alternative mortars for renovation interventions, it is essential to obtain properties of original renders. Mechanical properties of mortars are in general assessed on standardized test samples; however, this approach cannot be always well applicable for in situ taken mortars or rendering materials. This paper is devoted to the specification of complex experimental procedure allowing to effectively obtain strength parameters of in situ collected renders which will be comparable with laboratory produced alternative mortars. Throughout this paper the detailed description of in situ collected renders sampling procedure is provided. Further, the adjusted approach of flexural strength testing in three-point arrangement and compressive strength tests for both cut renders samples and laboratory prepared alternative mortars is outlined. The suitable set up of testing procedures of materials coming from old or historical buildings introduces a key area for obtaining experimental relevant data being the bases for their sustainable renovations.
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Ikhsan Sugiarto, H., Rita Irmawaty, and Januarty Jaya Ekaputri. "Flexural Behavior of Hybrid Geopolymer Fly Ash Beams with Addition of PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) Fiber." In The 6th International Symposium on Infrastructure Development. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-g5u7of.

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Using cement as the primary material for making concrete, around 7%-15%, requires a significant amount of energy and generates abundant waste, thus significantly impacting the environmental conditions. Innovative materials are needed as alternatives to cement. Fly ash, as an environmentally friendly material, can be a solution to minimize the use of cement. The selected fiber is Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fiber due to its high tensile strength, which can effectively inhibit the rate of crack development occurring in the beams. The research process was divided into two stages: geopolymer mortar compressive strength testing and beams flexural testing. Compressive strength testing of geopolymer mortar was conducted on 50x50x50 mm cube samples, tested at ages of 3, 7, and 28 days using both air curing and moist curing methods. Geopolymer mortar was created using fly ash as the base material, along with activators such as Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3). Meanwhile, flexural beams were tested in 5 samples of 150x200 mm beams with a length of 3300 mm each. The samples consisted of a control beam, a beam reinforced with commercial grouting mortar, a beam reinforced with commercial grouting mortar and PVA geopolymer fibers, a beam reinforced with geopolymer mortar, and a beam reinforced with geopolymer mortar and PVA fibers. The research results indicated that adding PVA fibers to geopolymer mortar could enhance the maximum load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the beams. Regarding failure modes, beams reinforced with PVA-free geopolymer mortar experienced delamination failure, whereas beams reinforced with PVA-containing geopolymer mortar encountered debonding failure.
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Idusuyi, Daniel, Ayoleyi Solomon, and Ebenezer Akande. "Effects of Salt Water on the Compressive, Flexural and Split Tensile Strength on Reinforced Concrete using Seawater from Badagry Beach." In 2024 IEEE 5th International Conference on Electro-Computing Technologies for Humanity (NIGERCON). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/nigercon62786.2024.10927070.

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Qiao, Qingyao, and Changle Fang. "Compressive and flexural strength of high strength phase change mortar." In ADVANCES IN MATERIALS, MACHINERY, ELECTRONICS II: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Materials, Machinery, Electronics (AMME 2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5033596.

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Kulathilaka, U. G. D. U., and N. Somaratna. "Correlation of compressive strength and flexural tensile strength of blended cement concrete." In 3rd SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology. SLIIT, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/rssd5288.

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Eurocodes for structural designs have been adopted for Sri Lanka. Hence in Sri Lanka, concrete designs need to be in compliance with the relevant Eurocodes – mainly EN1992 (EC2). In EC2, concrete is categorized by its compressive strength. The other strength parameters are derived from the compressive strength using correlations based on empirical data. A recent trend has been the increasing use of blended cement for concrete in certain applications. But the correlations specified in EC2 are based on data probably related to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. It is important to examine whether the correlations listed in EC2 are applicable to blended cement concrete too. The present study was performed to experimentally examine the correlation of compressive strength and flexural tensile strength of blended cement concrete. A parallel study was conducted for OPC concrete to serve as a baseline reference. Standard beam and cylinder specimens of concrete were cast, cured, and tested for flexural tensile strength and compressive strength. Three different mix ratios were used. Each mix was tested twice. The same series of tests were conducted for blended cement (Portland Composite Cement – PCC) and for OPC. Experimentally measured values of flexural tensile strength were compared against their estimated values derived from the experimentally measured compressive strengths, using EC2 listed relationships. The analysis showed that in the case of both OPC as well as PCC, the measured values of the flexural tensile strength exceeded their estimated values based on EC2 relationships. But the testing conducted has been limited in the number of tests performed, the range of mix ratios, and the types of aggregate used. In order to affirm the general applicability of Eurocode 2 relationships for blended cement concrete also, additional more comprehensive testing is warranted across a wider span of mix ratios and aggregate types. Keywords: Tensile strength, Compressive strength, Eurocode 2, Blended cements
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Anwar, Taha, Rocky Taylor, and Jungyong Wang. "Effect of Axial Compression on Flexural Strength of Freshwater Ice." In ASME 2023 42nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2023-104638.

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Abstract In the design of bridges, wind turbine towers, offshore structures and ice-class ships for operations in ice-prone regions, sloped structures may be employed to promote flexural failure of level ice to reduce loads on the structure. During such interactions, the ice sheet does not fail in pure bending since a component of the applied force at the sloped interface results in an axial load that induces a compressive stress in the ice. The net effect of this axial component is that the corresponding compressive stresses balance with flexure-induced tensile stresses in the outmost fibres of the ice. As a result, the apparent flexural strength of the ice is expected to increase with increasing axial compression, since larger bending forces would be required to generate sufficient tension to trigger fracture. In ice load prediction models for sloped structures, an in-plane compression (IPC) factor is applied to calculated loads to account for increased flexural strength which is empirically determined to be 1.5. While the method of superposition may be used to assess combined loading effects for elastic structures, assessing such effects in ice is more complex since the behaviour of ice is not purely elastic. In this paper, the relationship between axial compression and the flexural strength of freshwater ice is studied experimentally to assess how the flexural failure behaviour of the ice changes for different levels of in-plane compression factor. A series of experiments on freshwater ice have been conducted for compression levels at 75%, 135% and 185% of unconfined flexural strength for ram speeds of 0.1 mm/s, 1.0 mm/s and 10.0 mm/s. These results indicate that in-plane compression significantly increases the apparent flexural strength of the ice, highlighting the need for further work in this area to better understand this phenomenon and assess implications for design. This new testing approach provides a promising direction for further examination of these important effects, including extending this work to the analysis to sea ice and to consider lower IPC values.
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Reports on the topic "Compressive strength and flexural strength"

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Scott, Dylan, Bradford Songer, Trevor Looney, et al. Accelerated concrete flexural strengths for airfield pavements. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/49413.

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Mixture-proportioning studies and submittals are an integral part of the pavement design and planning process as outlined in the Unified Facilities Guide Specification 32 13 14.13 for Department of Defense airfield pavements. Many aspects of the required testing are time-consuming due to the duration of the test (e.g., alkali–silica reaction experiments) or to the required concrete age at testing (e.g., compressive or flexural strength testing). Time awaiting testing results often delays projects and adds cost. The objective was to develop an accelerated testing requirement for flexural strength (currently 650 psi or greater at 90 days), thereby reducing the time to pavement acceptance. Potential accelerated testing methodologies were evaluated in a literature review. A statistical analysis generated under a design of experiments protocol determined concrete flexural strength gain and correlation ratios. Results of the statistical analysis showed that a reduced flexural strength of 600 psi could be accepted at 14 days and still reach the minimum flexural strength requirement of 650 psi at 90 days with high certainty (i.e., greater than 95% certainty). Additionally, the results stemming from the design of experiments compared favorably with data gathered from four mixture-proportioning submittals acquired via the Transportation Systems Center.
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Adams, Caitlin J., Baishakhi Bose, Ethan Mann, et al. Superabsorbent Polymers for Internally Cured Concrete. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317366.

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Two commercial superabsorbent polymer (SAP) formulations were used to internally cure cement pastes, mortars, and concretes with a range of water-to-cement ratios (w/c 0.35–0.52). The following properties were determined as a function of cement chemistry and type, use of chemical admixtures, use of slag, and batching parameters: SAP absorption capacity, fresh mixture workability and consistency, degree of hydration, volumetric stability, cracking tendency, compressive and flexural strength, and pumpability. SAP internal curing agents resulted in cementitious mixtures with improved hydration, accelerated strength gain, greater volumetric stability, and improved cracking resistance while maintaining sufficient workability to be pumped and placed without sacrificing compressive or flexural strength. When using SAP, batching adjustments prioritized the use of water reducing admixture instead of extra water to tune workability. While the benefits of SAP internal curing agents for low w/c mixtures were expected, SAP-containing mixtures with w/c ≥ 0.42 displayed accelerated strength development and decreased cracking tendency.
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Thompson, Marshall. Thickness Design for Cement-Treated Base Pavements. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/24-015.

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This project developed a cement-treated base (CTB) thickness design procedure for the Illinois Department of Transportation based on CTB fatigue (stress ratio criterion). The researcher developed a comprehensive ILLI-PAVE database for a range of thickness design inputs (7-day compressive strength, CTB thickness, and subgrade modulus). A CTB flexural stress algorithm was derived from the comprehensive ILLI-PAVE database. Minimum CTB thicknesses for IDOT Class III and Class IV pavements were established, and the results were presented in tabular form. Falling weight deflectometer testing and project site reviews of several existing typical CTB projects indicated CTB compressive strengths are significant (average of 750 psi), and the projects are performing well. As expected, transverse shrinkage cracks have occurred in the projects.
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Solanki, Pranshoo, and Haiyan Xie. Field-Curing Methods for Evaluating the Strength of Concrete Test Specimens. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/23-023.

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The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials R 100 standard provides instructions for making and curing concrete test specimens in the field. However, further research is needed to compare the strength of the field-cured specimen with the strength of the actual in-place concrete item. The purpose of this combined laboratory and field study was to evaluate field-curing methods of concrete specimens for estimating the early opening strength of an in-place concrete item. The researchers used one Illinois Department of Transportation class PV mix to cast cylinders, beams, and in-place concrete slabs on October 2021 and February 2022 at an Illinois State University concrete experiment site. Concrete cylinders were cured using three methods: ambient air (Method #C1), insulated box/cooler (Method #C2), and power-operated box (Method #C3). Beams were cured using two methods: ambient air (Method #B1) and insulated plywood box (Method #B2). The cast-in-place specimens from each slab and cylinder were tested for compressive strength, and beams were tested for flexural strength after 1, 3, and 7 days of curing. One cylinder and one beam in each curing method along with slabs were embedded with sensors to collect temperature variation with time. Only Methods #C1, #C2, and #B1 were selected for evaluating further in the field, and data were collected from an IDOT District 5 box culvert demonstration project. Laboratory results showed that Method #C2 curing of 150 mm (6 in.) cylinders estimated early (1 to 3 days) compressive strength of an in-place concrete item within an acceptable range. For estimating the 7-day strength of an in-place concrete item, Method #C1 produced acceptable results. Further statistical analysis supported the results observed in the laboratory and field.
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Scott, Dylan, Stephanie Wood, Bradford Songer, et al. Development and characterization of ultra-high-performance concrete for the rehabilitation of navigation lock structures. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47684.

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This report details the history of vertical lock wall repairs and the development and laboratory characterization of an ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) using locally sourced materials for improved durability of lock walls subjected to impact and abrasion from navigational vessels. This UHPC, referred to as Lock-Tuf, has been designed for use in a precast environment with ambient curing methods and serves as a material proof-of-concept for future lock wall rehabilitations. Mechanical properties such as unconfined compressive strength, flexural response, tensile capacity, impact resistance, and abrasion resistance have been quantified experimentally.
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Weiss, Charles, William McGinley, Bradford Songer, Madeline Kuchinski, and Frank Kuchinski. Performance of active porcelain enamel coated fibers for fiber-reinforced concrete : the performance of active porcelain enamel coatings for fiber-reinforced concrete and fiber tests at the University of Louisville. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40683.

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A patented active porcelain enamel coating improves both the bond between the concrete and steel reinforcement as well as its corrosion resistance. A Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program to develop a commercial method for production of porcelain-coated fibers was developed in 2015. Market potential of this technology with its steel/concrete bond improvements and corrosion protection suggests that it can compete with other fiber reinforcing systems, with improvements in performance, durability, and cost, especially as compared to smooth fibers incorporated into concrete slabs and beams. Preliminary testing in a Phase 1 SBIR investigation indicated that active ceramic coatings on small diameter wire significantly improved the bond between the wires and the concrete to the point that the wires achieved yield before pullout without affecting the strength of the wire. As part of an SBIR Phase 2 effort, the University of Louisville under contract for Ceramics, Composites and Coatings Inc., proposed an investigation to evaluate active enamel-coated steel fibers in typical concrete applications and in masonry grouts in both tension and compression. Evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of coated fibers into Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) was examined using flexural and compressive strength testing as well as through nanoindentation.
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Huang, Dan, Mirian Velay-Lizancos, and Jan Olek. Improving Scaling Resistance of Pavement Concrete Using Titanium Dioxide (TiO2 ) and Nanosilica. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317583.

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This project focused on the evaluation of the influence of nanoadditives on the hydration kinetics, mechanical properties, and durability of concretes with and without supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The types of nanomaterials used in the course of this study included nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and two forms of nanosilica. A series of experimental tasks, including fabrication, curing, and conditioning of specimens, microstructure analysis, mechanical strength testing, and durability testing were conducted in the laboratory. Based on experimental results, it can be concluded that the addition of nanoparticles can accelerate the early-age hydration process of cementitious pastes, especially those containing fly ash and cured at low temperatures. Both the compressive and flexural strength of mortars and concretes were also enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles. In addition, incorporation of nanoparticles reduced the total amount and connectivity of pores present in concretes. That resulted in lowering the water permeability of concretes, regardless of the cementitious systems and curing temperatures used. The resistance of concretes to freeze-thaw cycles and scaling was also improved by the addition of nanoparticles, especially those containing fly ash. However, an excess of nanoparticles additions may reduce the scaling resistance of concretes.
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Trammell, Michael, Timothy Burchell, and Joe Strizak. PCEA Baseline Characterization: Billet XCP01S8 11 Compressive, Tensile, and Flexure Strengths. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2320363.

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Onishi, Yasuo, Ellen BK Baer, Jaehun Chun, et al. Development of K-Basin High-Strength Homogeneous Sludge Simulants and Correlations Between Unconfined Compressive Strength and Shear Strength. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1027186.

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E. Cikanek, T. Grant, and R. Blakely. DATA QUALIFICATION AND DATA SUMMARY REPORT: INTACT ROCK PROPERTIES DATA ON UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, TRIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, FRICTION ANGLE, AND COHESION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838662.

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