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1
Chen, Junhao, Han Li, Lijin Lian, and Gen Lu. "Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Sensitivity of Compressive and Flexural Strength of Artificial Frozen Sand." Geofluids 2022 (November 10, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7419030.
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Some zones of freezing curtains of subway contact channels are subjected to compression and tension. Thus, understanding the mechanical properties and relationship between the compressive and flexural strengths of frozen soil is crucial. In this regard, this study considered sandy soil from Fuzhou as an example to perform uniaxial compressive and three-point flexural strength tests under different moisture content and curing conditions. The results showed that the uniaxial compressive and three-point flexural strengths of frozen soil were directly correlated with the moisture content and inversely correlated with curing temperature. Moreover, the compressive strength was significantly higher than the flexural strength, and the ratio was between 1.68 and 3.41. The sensitivity analysis for two factors affecting the strength was performed using the grey correlation analysis method. The moisture content showed a stronger effect on the uniaxial compressive strength of frozen sand. In contrast, the curing temperature substantially affected the three-point flexural strength. This study provides a reference for optimizing the freezing scheme for subway connection channels.
2
Ramírez, Wladimir, Margarita Mayacela, Luis Contreras, Alejandra Shambi, Francisco Ramírez, and Jonatan Chacón. "Mechanical Properties of Permeable Concrete Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers for Different Water–Cement Ratios." Buildings 14, no. 9 (2024): 2935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092935.
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Permeable concrete is a material that allows water filtration, reduces surface runoff, and maintains the natural water cycle. Previous studies have shown that its mechanical properties, particularly its compressive and flexural tensile strengths, are generally lower than those of conventional concrete, with significant variability observed among similar tests. This study investigates the compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability of polypropylene fiber-reinforced permeable concrete specimens at two water–cement ratios (0.30 and 0.35). The mix design was conducted using the ACI 522R-10 method. Forty-eight cylinders measuring 200 mm × 100 mm were fabricated for permeability and compression tests. Additionally, 12 beams measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 350 mm were produced and subjected to simple flexural testing in accordance with ASTM C78 guidelines. Compressive strength versus permeability and load versus deflection graphs were plotted, and the fracture energy was calculated for various deflections. The results indicate that the addition of fibers increased permeability and tensile strength but decreased compressive strength. Furthermore, an increase in the water–cement ratio led to higher compressive and flexural tensile strengths.
3
Yeon, Kyu-Seok, Kwan Kyu Kim, Jaeheum Yeon, and Hee Jun Lee. "Compressive and Flexural Strengths of EVA-Modified Mortars for 3D Additive Construction." Materials 12, no. 16 (2019): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162600.
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The compressive and flexural strengths of mortars modified with ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) were experimentally investigated for use in three-dimensional (3D) additive construction (3DAC). EVA powder, which is available in a premix type, was employed as an admixture. The test results for the cast specimens showed that, at a curing age of 28 days, the compressive strengths ranged from 32.92 MPa to 43.50 MPa, and the flexural strengths ranged from 12.73 MPa to 14.49 MPa. The compressive and flexural strengths of the printed specimens were relatively lower: 23% to 26% and 3% to 7%, respectively. The compressive strength also decreased and the flexural strength increased when the EVA/cement ratio was increased. The results of the experiment reveal that the EVA-modified mortar had a high rate of strength development early on, making the material advantageous for use in 3DAC. It was determined that the appropriate EVA/cement ratio ranged between 5% and 15%. However, the printed specimens exhibited lower compressive and flexural strengths than did the cast specimens, and the compressive strength decreased as the EVA content was increased. This study provides the compressive and flexural strengths of common EVA-modified mortars, important data for 3DAC applications.
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Abubakar, Jibrin, Mohammed Abdullahi, James Isiwu Aguwa, Bala Alhaji Abbas, and Daniel Ndakuta Kolo. "Empirical Relationship between Compressive, Flexural and Splitting Tensile Strengths of Concrete Containing Kuta Gravel as Coarse Aggregate." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 27, no. 1 (2025): 209–18. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2025/v27i11380.
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Flexural and tensile strengths of concrete are of great importance in structural engineering. Understanding the flexural strength of concrete helps designers prevent and control development of cracks in concrete elements, ensuring durability. In addition to serviceability, shear, bond failure and flexural capacity in concrete members are directly linked to the tensile strength of the concrete. When compared to flexural and tensile strengths, determination of the compressive strength of concrete is easier to carry out in the field. It is therefore, customary to determine the compressive strength and correlate it to other strength properties. In this study, empirical relationships have been developed to relate the compressive strength to the flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete using Kuta river gravel as coarse aggregate. Using varying total aggregate to cement, coarse aggregate to total aggregate and water to cement ratios, 20 mixes were generated using Central Composite Design (CCD) in Minitab 21. The compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete samples from these mixes were determined at 28 days of age. From the strength data obtained, regression equations were developed that relate the strength properties with the aid of regression analysis tool in Microsoft Excel. The empirical models developed to predict the flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete from the compressive strength recorded R2 values of 1 for both models, P-values of and , and standard errors of 0.21 and 0.06 respectively. Furthermore, residuals from the values of predicted strength properties show that there is very slight deviation between the experimental and predicted values. It was concluded that the empirical equations developed are significant, have high predictive capabilities and can be used in predicting the flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete.
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Soulimane, Ilyas, Abderrahmane Khechekhouche, and Ali Farik. "Influence of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose on the mechanical properties of cement mortar reinforced by sawdust." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 3 (2024): e12490. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n3-036.
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This study explores the incorporation of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) and sawdust into cement mortar, focusing on their effects on the setting time and mechanical properties, such as compressive and flexural strengths. Various formulations were prepared by adding different proportions of HPMC (1% and 2%) and sawdust (2%) to a standard cement mortar mix. The setting time was assessed using the Vicat apparatus, while the compressive and flexural strengths were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of curing. Results showed that the addition of HPMC significantly improved the mortar's performance by reducing the setting time and enhancing both compressive and flexural strengths. At 28 days of curing, the mortar with 2% HPMC and 2% sawdust exhibited a compressive strength of 32.4 MPa and a flexural strength of 5.6 MPa, compared to the control sample, which had a compressive strength of 28.1 MPa and a flexural strength of 4.2 MPa. These findings suggest that incorporating HPMC and sawdust can be an effective way to improve the strength and sustainability of cement-based materials.
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Merhej, Tammam, Xin Kai Li, and De Cheng Feng. "Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Airport Rigid Pavements: Compressive and Flexural Strength." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 1601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.1601.
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This paper presents the experimental investigation carried out to study the behavior of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete (PPFRC) under compression and flexure. Crimped polypropylene fibers and twisted polypropylene fiber were used with 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% volume fractions. The influence of the volume fraction of each shape of polypropylene fiber on the compressive strength and flexural strength is presented. Empirical equations to predict the effect of polypropylene fiber on compressive and flexural strength of concrete were proposed using linear regression analysis. An increase of 27% in flexural strength was obtained when 0.6% volume fraction of twisted polypropylene fiber was added. It was also found that the contribution of fiber in flexural strength is more effective when twisted fibers were used. The compressive strength was found to be less affected by polypropylene fiber addition.
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Memon, Imtiaz Ahmed, Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial, Samiullah Sohu, Muhammad Tahir Lakhiar, and Zahid Hussain Khaskheli. "Influence of Fibre Length on the Behaviour of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Cement Concrete." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 9 (2018): 2124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091144.
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Concrete being a mixture of cement, aggregates (fine and coarse) and water, can be used in vast range of applications. It has excellent durability and availability which are its main advantages. Though, concrete is strong in compression it is comparatively weak in tensile loading. Over the years various materials have been used to reinforce concrete to withstand the tensile stresses. Polypropylene fibre is one such fibre which comes in varied sizes, is nowadays being utilized to reinforce concrete. In this study, three PP fibres were used at 0.20%, 0.25% and 0.30% content by weight. The flexural and compressive strengths were determined. Based on the results, it was observed with increase in size of fibre the compressive strength decreased significantly though it was still higher than the controlled sample. The length of PP fibres had significant effect on the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete. Short PP fibres showed relatively higher compressive strength but lower flexural strength when higher fibre content is used, while long PP fibres achieved lower compressive strength but higher flexural strength than shorter PP fibres. The optimum dosage for both PP fibre sizes was 0.25% at which it achieved increased strength as compared to control sample.
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Zheng, Wan Hu, Li Juan Li, and Feng Liu. "The Compressive and Flexural Deformation of Rubberized Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 1788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.1788.
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The deformation of rubberized concrete under uniaxial compression and three-point flexure is studied in this paper by test, and the load-deflection curves and load-strain curves under three-point flexure are obtained. Three rubberized concrete, with 5%, 10% and 15% rubber contents, were tested. The test results show that rubber powder influences the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete. The greater of the rubber dosage, the greater of the strength decreasing of concrete. The decline of compressive strength is greater than flexural strength, the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength of rubberized concrete is 1.08, 1.16, 1.26 times of the normal concrete for three different rubber contents respectively. And the ultimate tensile strain of rubberized concrete is 1.62, 2.25, 2.80 times of the normal concrete respectively. The addition of rubber improved the toughness and deformation ability of the normal concrete.
9
Malumyan, Suren. "Influence of Carbon Nanotubes Concentration on the Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortars." Journal of Architectural and Engineering Research 5 (December 21, 2023): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54338/27382656-2023.5-006.
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In recent decades, mechanical properties of composite materials containing carbon nanoparticles, in particular single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs or MWCNTs), have been researched, taking into account their excellent physical and mechanical characteristics. In this work, the influence of the concentration of MWCNTs (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.35 wt.%) on compressive and flexural strengths of the cement mortar was investigated. The results of the research show that the compressive and flexural strengths of the 7 and 28-day curing period samples reach their maximum value at 0.3% of nanotube concentration. In comparison to the control sample, the compressive strength increased by 10.93% within 7 days and by 32.0% within 28 days. And in the case of flexure, the strength of the test samples increased by 33.67% within 7 and by 36.50% within 28 days. It can be concluded that in the case of the selected carbon nanotubes and the material composition at 0.3% of MWCNTs, the compressive and flexural strength reach their maximum values.
10
Yasin, Ansari, and Hashemi AmirHossein. "Neural Network Approach in Assessment of Fiber Concrete Impact Strength." Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application 1, no. 3 (2017): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.15412/J.JCEMA.12010301.
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Use of neural network approaches in order to estimate mechanical and characteristics of concrete are common, in this regard, after making concrete samples in a laboratory the results of the laboratory are estimated by neural network. A drop impact test is used in order to evaluate impact strength of concrete samples; data obtained from the test usually has high dispersion. Various researches have been conducted to evaluate impact strength of concrete samples but no effort has made yet to predict impact strength of concrete by compressive, flexural strength. In the research, using neural network approach of ANN the impact strength of concrete is predicted from mixture design, compressive and flexural strength. In this regard, a numerical relation and range between compressive, flexural and impact strength have been predicted by collecting laboratory data from previous researches. Results for using neural network to estimate the compressive and flexural strength of concrete has shown that using this tool for estimating compressive and flexural strength of concrete is appropriate because the correlation coefficient between the estimated data and the laboratory data is near to 1.
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Hong, Xinghua, Hui Wang, and Feiting Shi. "Influence of NaCl Freeze Thaw Cycles and Cyclic Loading on the Mechanical Performance and Permeability of Sulphoaluminate Cement Reactive Powder Concrete." Coatings 10, no. 12 (2020): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121227.
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This paper aimed to investigate the coupling effects of NaCl freeze–thaw cycles and cyclic loading on the mechanical performance and permeability of sulphoaluminate cement reactive powder concrete (RPC). Firstly, the compressive and flexural strengths of sulphoaluminate cement RPC were investigated. Then, the chloride ion permeability, mechanical strengths (compressive and flexural strengths) and mass loss were determined. Results indicated that the increased steel fibers content and curing age played positive roles in the mechanical strengths. The threshold values of steel fibers and curing age were 3.0% and 14 days. Sulphoaluminate cement RPC with early curing age (5 h) showed relatively high mechanical strengths: flexural strength (8.69~17.51 MPa), and compressive strength (34.1~38.5 MPa). The mass loss, the chloride migration coefficient, and the compressive strength loss increased linearly with NaCl freeze–thaw cycles. Meanwhile, the flexural strength loss increased with the exponential function. The relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of specimens decreased linearly with the increased freeze–thaw cycles. Finally, it was observed from this paper, cyclic loading demonstrated negative roles on the mechanical strengths and resistance to chloride penetration.
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Li, Bixiong, Xin Wei, Zhibo Zhang, and Bo Peng. "The Influence of Excitation Method on the Strength of Glass Powder High-Strength Cementitious Materials." Buildings 14, no. 3 (2024): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030569.
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Recycling economy and the re-utilization of solid waste have become important parts of sustainable development strategy. To improve the utilization rate of waste glass, glass powder high-strength cementitious material (GHSC) was prepared by replacing part of the cement in the cementitious material with ground waste glass powder. Firstly, the effect of glass powder particle size on the flexural and compressive strength of GHSC was investigated by the gray correlation method, and the optimal grinding time was obtained. Additionally, the effect of the magnitude of steam curing temperature and the length of steam curing time on the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC was investigated, and the mechanism of the effect of the curing regime on the strength was explored by examination of the microstructure. Finally, to simplify the curing process of GHSC, the effects of Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 as excitation agents on the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC at different dosing levels were compared. The results showed that glass powder with a particle size of less than 20 μm would improve the compressive strength and flexural strength of the specimen. Steam curing can significantly improve the flexural strength and compressive strength of GHSC specimens. At a steam curing temperature of 90 °C for a duration of three days, the compressive strength and flexural strength of GHSC increased by 76.7% and 98.2%, respectively, compared with the standard curing specimens. Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 as excitation agents significantly enhanced the compressive and flexural strengths of GHSC under standard curing conditions.
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Shakir Muwashee, Rawa, Hamid Athab Al-Jameel, and Qusay Abdulhameed Jabai. "Investigating the Behavior of Concrete and Mortar Reinforced with Aluminum Waste Strips." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (2018): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24103.
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Composite concrete such as fiber reinforced concrete is widely used in structures because of its excellent properties such as compressive, flexural and tensile strengths and also high modulus of elasticity because it gives lower strain values under loading and too fewer cracks propagation. In this study, Aluminum strips was prepared by cutting the Coca- Cola cans as strips in concrete. The reason of using Aluminum strip is low density and good tensile strength (about 310 MPa) and also has a good ductility. The results of this study show good improvements in compressive, tensile and flexural strengths using 117 tested specimens for both concrete and mortar. In brief, about 22 % increment in compressive strength of Aluminum strip concrete and flexural strength increases from 3.31 MPa to 11.20 MPa when using Aluminum strips with 2.5 % by volume of concrete. The reinforced mortar with Aluminum strips demonstrates significant increments which are 27% for compressive strength and more than 100% for both flexural and tensile strengths comparing with reference mix.
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Basavaraj, Gudadappanavar, K. Kulkarni D, and S. Shivakumar Gouda P. "Influence of Basalt and Geo-Textile Fiber Wrapping on Compressive and Flexural Strengths of HDPE-filled Reinforced Concrete." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16, no. 18 (2023): 1349–56. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v16i18.676.
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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> To investigate the combined effect of filler and Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) wrapping on the compression and flexural behavior of concrete beam structure. <strong>Methods:</strong> In this study, High-Density Polyethylene Fiber (HDPE) is used as filler in concrete ranging from 0.5 to 3% in the M30 grade concrete. The Basalt and Geotextile FRP mats were wrapped on to the concrete beams to estimate the influence of HDPE filler and fiber wrapping on compression and flexural strengths.<strong> Findings:</strong> The addition of 0.5 % and 1% of HDPE fillers in M30 grade concrete has a significant impact on compressive strength by up to 6% and flexural strength by 20% when compared to conventional concrete. Improvement: Wrapping concrete beam samples with Basalt and Geotextile fiber along with HDPE fillers exhibits an increase in compressive strength by 30% and Flexural strength by 60% with respect to pristine concrete beam samples. <strong>Novelty:</strong> Inadequate studies were found on the effect of filler and FRP wrapping on the compression and flexural strength of concrete beams. Hence, a new method of avoiding the complete failure of concrete beams by adopting a filler/fiber wrapping technique to enhance the load-carrying capacity in the concrete. Further, a greater attention was made through morphological studies to know the cumulative effect of both constituents on the strength of concrete samples. <strong>Keywords:</strong> HDPE; Basalt Fiber; Geo-Textile fabric; Compressive Strength; Flexural Strength
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Mojeeburahman, Mashal, and Mujtaba Ishanzadah Said. "Effects of S2 Glass Fiber on Strength Properties of Normal Strength Concrete." Journal of Building Construction 4, no. 3 (2023): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7507037.
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This study investigates the effects of S-2 glass fiber (S2-GF) with various contents on strength properties of normal strength concrete. The cement used in this study is ordinary type 1 Portland cement. Four series of concrete mixtures with 0.00%, 0.35%, 0.70%, and 1.05% by the weight of cement of S2-GF were prepared. The mixtures were then tested at 7, 14, and 28 days for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength according to ASTM standards. Tests results showed that all compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths increase with an increased amount of S2-GF contents. For an increase of 0.00% to 1.05% of S2-GF, the strengths were increased as: The 28 days compressive strength was increased from 37.32 MPa to 41.89 MPa showing an 12.25% increase in strength, the 28 days split tensile strength was increased from 3.56 MPa to 5.43 MPa showing a 52.58% increase in the strength, and the 28 days flexural strength was increased from 4.68 MPa to 6.48 MPa showing a 38.50% increase in flexural strength. The test samples with increased amount of S2-GF tolerated increased amount of strains and showed relatively uniform crack distribution compared to the controlling test specimen. Addition of S2-GF resulted in relatively ductile failure of the test samples.
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Harahap, Farid Muhamad, Anisah Anisah, and Ririt Aprilin. "THE UTILIZATION OF CONCRETE WASTE AS AN AGGREGATE SUBSTITUTE AND THE ADDITION OF DENIM FABRIC FIBERS ON COMPRESSIVE AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE." Jurnal PenSil 14, no. 2 (2025): 331–42. https://doi.org/10.21009/jpensil.v14i2.53724.
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Concrete is one of the construction materials used in building structures, bridges, roads, and others. The material components that make up concrete consist of fine aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates (gravel), water, and cement. However, the drawbacks of concrete include low tensile strength, heavy weight, high sound reflection, and difficulty in reshaping after it has been formed. Adding fibers is one way to increase the flexural strength of concrete. This study aims to determine the utilization of concrete waste and the addition of denim fabric fibers in improving the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete, using fiber lengths of 100 mm and widths of 5 mm with variations of fiber addition at 1% and 2%. The test results at 28 days show the compressive strength values of control concrete, concrete with 1% fiber proportion, and 2% fiber proportion are 10,27 MPa, 8,3 MPa, and 5,44 MPa, respectively, with the optimum compressive strength being 10,27 MPa for the control concrete. Therefore, none of the compressive strengths reached the design compressive strength of 40 MPa. The flexural strength values from the tests are 3,52 MPa, 4,32 MPa, and 2,98 MPa, with the optimum flexural strength being 4,32 MPa at the 1% fiber proportion. The flexural strength values range between 34,27% to 54,77% of the compressive strength values.
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Chang, Chenggong, Lingyun An, Rui Lin, et al. "Effect of Calcination Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement." Materials 15, no. 2 (2022): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020607.
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In order to make full use of magnesium chloride resources, the development and utilisation of magnesium oxychloride cement have become an ecological and economic goal. Thus far, however, investigations into the effects on these cements of high temperatures are lacking. Herein, magnesium oxychloride cement was calcinated at various temperatures and the effects of calcination temperature on microstructure, phase composition, flexural strength, and compressive strength were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and compression testing. The mechanical properties varied strongly with calcination temperature. Before calcination, magnesium oxychloride cement has a needle-like micromorphology and includes Mg(OH)2 gel and a trace amount of gel water as well as 5 Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O, which together provide its mechanical properties (flexural strength, 18.4 MPa; compressive strength, and 113.3 MPa). After calcination at 100 °C, the gel water is volatilised and the flexural strength is decreased by 57.07% but there is no significant change in the compressive strength. Calcination at 400 °C results in the magnesium oxychloride cement becoming fibrous and mainly consisting of Mg(OH)2 gel, which helps to maintain its high compressive strength (65.7 MPa). When the calcination temperature is 450 °C, the microstructure becomes powdery, the cement is mainly composed of MgO, and the flexural and compressive strengths are completely lost.
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Wilson, H. S. "Performance of ilmenite concrete at sustained elevated temperatures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 5 (1988): 776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-102.
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Two similar mixes were made with cement contents of about 350 kg/m3 and a water–cement ratio of 0.50. The concrete specimens, moist cured for 7 days, were cured in air for 28 and 120 days, respectively, prior to heating. The exposure temperatures were 75, 150, 300, and 450 °C. The periods of exposure at each temperature were 2, 30, and 120 days.The compressive strengths, before heating, of the specimens cured for 35 and 120 days were 41.0 and 46.2 MPa, respectively, and the flexural strengths were 4.9 and 5.8 MPa. Compared with those strengths, the strengths of the specimens heated for 30 days or more increased at 75 °C but decreased at higher temperatures. The losses increased with increase in temperature, reaching about 30% at 450 °C.The flexural strength of the concrete cured in air for 28 days was more adversely affected than was the compressive strength. The flexural and compressive strengths of the concrete cured in air for 120 days were affected to about the same degree. The longer curing period had little effect on the relative losses in compressive strength, but the longer curing period reduced the loss in flexural strength. In most applications, the loss in strength could be compensated by proportioning the mix to overdesign for strength. Key words: high-density concrete, ilmenite, aggregates, high temperature, mechanical properties, nondestructive tests.
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Bansal, Manik, Indra Vir Singh, Bhanu K. Mishra, Kamal Sharma, and IA Khan. "A numerical prediction of flexural strength probability for NBG-18 nuclear grade graphite using strength pair model." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 52, no. 3 (2017): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324717698609.
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In this work, a strength pair model has been proposed for the numerical prediction of flexural strength probability of NBG-18 nuclear grade graphite. The input to the proposed model is a random strength pair of tensile and compressive strengths whose value is based on its probability of occurrence in the experimental data. A finite element–based deterministic numerical approach has been implemented. To account for the large difference in tensile and compressive strengths, Drucker–Prager failure criteria has been implemented. The failure envelope of the Drucker–Prager failure criteria is assumed to have uniaxial fit with Mohr–Coulomb model in the principal stress space. A total of 292 simulations with random pairs of tensile and compressive strength are performed on a three-point bend specimen to obtain a set of flexural strength data. The flexural strength data obtained through numerical simulations are fitted using normal and Weibull distributions. The flexural strength probability obtained from the proposed model is found on conservative side. A goodness-of-fit test concludes that Weibull distribution fits the numerical data better than normal distribution.
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Zhang, Hao, Yi Gao, and Chang Hong Huang. "Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Mortar." Materials Science Forum 1001 (July 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1001.47.
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It is studied that effects of different amounts of steel fiber and glass fiber on the compressive strength, flexural strength, and compression ratio and bond strength of styrene-acrylic emulsion modified mortar under different ages. The results show that the compressive strength, flexural strength and bond strength of mortar increase with the increase of steel fiber content, and the toughness improvement effect is obvious. With the increase of glass fiber content, mortar compressive strength, flexural strength and bond strength first increases and then decreases. Combined with SEM analysis and theoretical calculation to analyze the mechanical strength mechanism of fiber reinforced polymer mortar.
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Fortuna, Anisa Feby, Syahrul Sariman, and Hijriah Hijriah. "Analisis Penambahan Larutan Gula Terhadap Kuat Tekan dan Kuat Lentur Beton yang Mengandung Arang Briket." Jurnal Penelitian Teknik Sipil Konsolidasi 1, no. 2 (2023): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56326/jptsk.v1i2.1609.
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Concrete is frequently used as the primary component of building construction. Given its role as a former, concrete plays a significant role in the construction industry. To make pozzolanic concrete more useful as a mineral ingredient for concrete, coal briquette charcoal ash, and sugar solution are added to the mixture. The aim of this study was to determine the impact on concrete's compressive strength and flexural strength by adding 0.10%, 0.20%, and 0.30% sugar solution containing 5% charcoal briquettes. There were 39 specimen samples, including 16 samples of variance concrete and 23 samples of regular concrete. Concrete on the test object is treated by immersing it for 28 days. When the specimen was 28 days old, the concrete's compressive and flexural strengths were evaluated. According to the test's findings, variation concrete has greater compressive and flexural strengths than regular concrete. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete mixture increase with the amount of sugar solution added
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Wei, Hui, Yang Liu, Tao Wu, and Xi Liu. "Effect of Aggregate Size on Strength Characteristics of High Strength Lightweight Concrete." Materials 13, no. 6 (2020): 1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061314.
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Effects of aggregate size on the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete (LC) were investigated. Four gradings of lightweight aggregate (LWA) were designed and used to prepare the specimens for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength tests. An estimating method for compressive strength of LC was then established. The compressive strength of tested LC was up to 95 MPa at 90-day curing time. The test results suggested that the absence of medium-size particles decreased the compaction of LC, therefore the density and compressive strength were negatively affected. Specimens having single size of aggregate showed lower splitting tensile and flexural strengths than that having three sizes of LWA. The parameters of the estimating model were determined according to the test results, and the compressive strength predictions of estimation model were compared with the results from other literature.
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Intarabut, Darrakorn, Piti Sukontasukkul, Tanakorn Phoo-ngernkham, et al. "Role of Slag Replacement on Strength Enhancement of One-Part High-Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer." Civil Engineering Journal 10 (December 16, 2024): 252–70. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-sp2024-010-013.
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This paper reports the effect of slag (SL) replacement and water-to-binder (w/b) ratio on properties of one-part geopolymer derived from high-calcium fly ash (FA) and sodium silicate powder (NP). The FA was replaced by SL at the rates of 20% and 40%, respectively. This study focused on conducting experimental tests to evaluate the relative slump, setting time, compressive strength, and flexural strength of one-part FA-based geopolymer. The relationship between compressive and flexural strengths of one-part geopolymer mortar was expressed using the simplified linear regression model, whereas the normalization of compressive and flexural strengths with SL replacement by the strength of one-part geopolymer mortar without SL as the divisor was also evaluated. Experimental results showed that the increase of SL replacement and w/b ratio significantly affected the workability and strength development of one-part geopolymer mortar. Higher SL replacement exhibited a positive effect on their compressive and flexural strengths; however, a reduction in its setting time was obtained. The enhancement in strength development of one-part geopolymer was primarily due to the increased calcium content of SL. Similarly, reducing the w/b ratio in the production of one-part geopolymer resulted in a decrease in setting time and an increase in strength development. Based on the relationship between compressive and flexural strengths, the prediction coefficient value (R2) obtained from the curve fitting procedure was 0.835, indicating a good level of reliability and acceptability for engineering applications. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2024-010-013 Full Text: PDF
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Yan, Jinqiu, Yongtao Gao, Minggao Tang, et al. "Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Spiral Steel Fiber-Reinforced Rubber Concrete." Buildings 14, no. 4 (2024): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040897.
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Recycled rubber (RR) and recycled spiral steel fiber (RSSF) were added to plain concrete (PC) to prepare recycled spiral steel fiber rubber concrete (SSFRC) with matrix strengths of C30, C40, and C50. Strength tests on the PC, rubber concrete (RC), and SSFRC were carried out, including the cube compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. The effects of RSSF and RR on the mechanical properties of concrete were analyzed. Simultaneously, the stress–strain curve of the SSFRC was obtained through axial compressive testing, and the toughness of SSFRC was evaluated by three indexes: the tensile compression ratio, bending compression ratio, and toughness index. The results show that adding RR to PC results in a decrease in the mechanical properties of concrete with different matrix strengths, and the addition of RSSF can make up for the strength loss of the rubber. The mechanical strength of SSFRC with different matrix strengths increased first and then decreased with the increase in RSSF content. The cubic compressive strength reached its peak value when the content of RSSF was 1%, and the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength reach their peak values when the content of RSSF was 1.5%. RSSF works best with rubber particles at the right dosage to further increase the toughness of the concrete. When the rubber content is 10%, and the RSSF content is 1.5%, the mechanical strength enhancement effect of SSFRC is at its best, and the toughness is also at its best.
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A.M. Mhamoud, Hassan, and Jia Yanmin. "Effect of different additives on high temperatures of concrete." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 9, no. 2 (2018): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-01-2017-0021.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of different additives (individual effects) in improving the strength of concrete to resist temperatures of up to 60ºC. Design/methodology/approach In all, 13 different mixtures with a constant water/binder ratio of 0.36 and grade M40 were prepared by using ordinary Portland concrete alone, or with partial replacement by fly ash (FA), blast-furnace slag, silica fume (SF) and a combination of all three. After 7 and 28 days under water, their strength and residual strength were measured. Findings The results of testing revealed that the addition of 10 per cent SF was found to result in the greatest increase in compressive strength and flexural strength along with decreased the residual strengths. The addition of FA increased the compressive strength and enhanced the residual compressive strength. However, it also decreased the residual flexural strength. Originality/value The addition of slag achieved better flexural strength and the best residual compressive strength. The combination of additives also enhanced the compressive strength but was not found to be better than using SF alone.
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Malagavelli, Venu, and Neelakanteswara Rao Paturu. "Polyester Fibers in the Concrete an Experimental Investigation." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.125.
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Construction field has experienced a growing interest in Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) due to its various advantages. The disposal of industrial waste especially non biodegradable waste is creating a lot of problems in the environment. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made by using non biodegradable waste (polyester fibers) in the concrete to improve the crack resistance and strength. Concrete having compressive strength of 25MPa is used for this study. Samples were prepared by using various fiber contents starting from 0 to 6% of with an increment of 0.5% for finding Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strengths. It is observed that, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strengths of concretes is increasing as the fiber content is increased up to some extent.
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Akbari, Jalal, and Amirhossein Abed. "Experimental Evaluation of Effects of Steel and Glass Fibers on Engineering Properties of Concrete: Engineering Properties of Concrete." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 14, no. 54 (2020): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.54.08.
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This paper experimentally investigates the effect of steel and glass fibers on the engineering properties of concrete. To achieve this, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% by volume fraction of steel and glass fibers are added in concrete mixtures with water-to-cement (W/C) ratios 0.35 and 0.45. For each ratio of water to cement, 21 cubic samples for compressive strength tests, 14 cylindrical samples for tension strength tests, and also 14 prismatic samples for three-point flexural strength tests were prepared. The experimental results show that adding 0.3% to 0.9% % steel fibers for concrete increases simultaneously the compressive, tension, and also flexural strengths in comparison with plain concrete. Adding glass fibers only between 0.3% to 0.6% increases the compressive strength. The results reveal that the best range for reinforcing concrete with steel fiber is 0.3% to 0.9 % and glass fiber is 0.3% to 0.6 % by volume fraction of fiber to improve the engineering strengths concrete. As a rule of thumb, the tension and flexural strengths of concrete could be explained as 8% and 13% of the compressive strength, respectively.
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Kim, Yeon, Lee, and Yeon. "Strength Development Characteristics of SBR-Modified Cementitious Mixtures for 3-Demensional Concrete Printing." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (2019): 4164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154164.
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The properties of normal cementitious mixtures currently employed to the construction projects cannot be used to the three-dimensional concrete printing technology. This study experimentally investigated the compressive and flexural strength development of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-modified cementitious mixtures for use as basic three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) materials. The SBR/cement ratio was a variable of the mix proportion used to produce cast and printed specimens. Experiments were conducted using these specimens to determine the compressive and flexural strength levels of the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures. The results indicated that the compressive strengths of the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures proposed in this study were never less than those of existing 3D concrete printing materials previously introduced for 3DCP applications. It was confirmed that the addition of SBR latex effectively improved the strength of the cementitious mixtures because the relative compressive and flexural strengths increased with increases in the SBR/cement ratio. Moreover, the higher early (i.e., 1-day) strength indicates that the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures would be advantageous to the 3DCP process. However, the compressive and flexural strengths of the printed specimens were weaker than those of the cast specimens.
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Akçaözoğlu, Semiha. "The effect of elevated temperature on the lightweight concrete containing waste PET aggregate." International Journal of Business & Technology 6, no. 3 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2018.6.3.20.
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In this study, the effect of waste PET as lightweight aggregate (WPLA) replacement with conventional aggregate on the some physical and mechanical properties and residual compressive strength of concrete was investigated. For this purpose, five different mixtures were prepared (the reference mixture and four WPLA mixtures including 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% waste PET aggregate by volume). The fresh and dry unit weights, compressive strengths, flexural-tensile strengths, water absorption and porosity ratios of the mixtures were measured. In addition the specimens exposed to elevated temperatures at 150, 300 and 450 °C and the residual compressive strengths were measured. Test results indicated that the unit weight, compressive strength and flexural-tensile strength of the specimens decreased as the amount of WPLA increased in concrete. After exposing to elevated temperature, WPLA mixtures retained their structural integrity and compressive strengths at 150 °C and 300 °C. However there was a significant decrease in the residual compressive strength values of WPLA mixtures at 450 °C.
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Yeo, J. S., S. Koting, C. C. Onn, and K. H. Mo. "Optimisation of mix design of concrete paving block using response surface methodology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2521, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2521/1/012012.
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Abstract This study investigated the optimal water/binder (w/b) and aggregate/binder (a/b) ratios in producing a concrete paving block. The w/b and a/b ratios in the concrete paving block were optimised using the response surface methodology (RSM), considering the performances of the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), flexural, and compressive strengths. Regression modelling was conducted to represent the relationships between the UPV and compressive strength and the compressive and flexural strengths. Generally, the UPV, flexural, and compressive strengths increased with the increment of w/b ratio and reduction of a/b ratio. The RSM suggested optimal ratios of 0.35 for w/b and 3.50 for a/b, that the paving block could exhibit UPV, flexural, and compressive strengths of 4.11 km/s, 4.13 MPa, and 33.2 MPa, respectively. The predicted values from the RSM varied less than 6% compared to the experimental values. The polynomial regression model could effectively represent the relationship between the UPV and the compressive strength and the relationship between the compressive and flexural strengths of the concrete paving block.
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Al-Ameri, Abdulrahman, Othman Y. Alothman, Omar Alsadon, and Durgesh Bangalore. "An In-Vitro Evaluation of Strength, Hardness, and Color Stability of Heat-Polymerized and 3D-Printed Denture Base Polymers After Aging." Polymers 17, no. 3 (2025): 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17030288.
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This study evaluated the strength, hardness, and color stability of 3D-printed denture base resins and compared the outcome with conventional heat-cured denture base resins after aging by thermocycling. A total of 72 specimens from conventional and 3D-printed materials were fabricated in different shapes and dimensions based on the mechanical and color tests performed. The specimens were divided into five groups: flexural, tensile, and compressive strengths (n = 20), hardness, and color stability (n = 6). In all these groups, half of the specimens were stored in a distilled water bath at 37 °C for 24 h, and the remaining half of the specimens were subjected to aging by thermocycling. The 3D-printed specimens demonstrated the highest means of tensile strength (32.20 ± 3.8 MPa), compressive strength (106.31 ± 4.07 MPa), and Vickers hardness number (24.51 ± 0.36), and the lowest means of flexural strength (54.29 ± 13.17 MPa) and color difference (ΔE = 2.18 ± 1.09). Conventional heat-cured specimens demonstrated the highest means of flexural strength (59.96 ± 8.39 MPa) and color difference (ΔE = 4.74 ± 2.37) and the lowest means of tensile strength (32.17 ± 9.06 MPa), compressive strength (46.05 ± 4.98 MPa), and Vickers hardness number (10.42 ± 1.05). Aging significantly reduced the flexural strength (−27%), tensile strength (−44%), and hardness (−7%) of 3D-printed resins in contrast to the conventional resin’s compressive strength (−15%) and color stability (p < 0.05). The 3D-printed resin had comparable flexural and tensile strength and significantly superior compressive strength, hardness, and color stability compared with conventional resins. Aging significantly and negatively affected the flexural strength, tensile strength, and hardness of 3D-printed resin.
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Dev, Karan, Sunil Kumar Er., and Vikram Er. "Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ash." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 4 (2019): 1514–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3591308.
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The prime objective of the study was to evaluate the structural properties and potential of concrete containing coal fly ash that of concrete containing no coal fly ash of corresponding mix proportions and strength. The cubes were tested for the compressive strength and beams specimens were tested for flexural strength. Splitting tensile strength tests were conducted on cylinder specimens. The total numbers of 60 cubes, 40 beams specimens and 40 numbers of cylinders were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength respectively at different ages to study the following aspect. The effect on unit weight of concrete after incorporating varying proportions of bottom ash. The effect of coal fly ash on workability C.F of fresh concrete. The effect on compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength using bottom ash in varying percentages as a partial replacement of fine aggregates. Mix containing 30 and 40 bottom ash, at 90 days, attains the compressive strength equivalent to 109.13 and 105.17 of compressive strength of normal concrete at 28 days and attains flexural strength in the range of 112 116.3 at 90 days of flexural strength of normal concrete at 28 days. Dev Karan | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram "Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25191.pdf
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Wang, Ru, Li Wang, Pei Ming Wang, and Gang Xu. "Influence of White Cement Content on the Performance of Decorative Mortar in the Presence of Microemulsion." Advanced Materials Research 687 (April 2013): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.687.249.
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The influence of white cement content on the compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile bond strength, water capillary absorption, anti-efflorescence and stain resistance of decorative mortar in the absence or presence of microemulsion were studied in this paper, meanwhile the effect of the microemulsion was analyzed. The results showed that the increasing white cement content increases the compressive and flexural strengths, reduces the water capillary absorption, and improves the stain resistance of the decorative mortar, but has adverse effect on the anti-efflorescence. While the tensile bond strength first increases and then decreases with the increase of the white cement content, and as the content of which is 7%, there appears a maximum value of tensile bond strength. The microemulsion improves the performance of the decorative mortar, particularly significantly enhancing the anti-efflorescence and stain resistance, except for the improvement of compressive and flexural strengths.
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Song, Xinlei, Quanbiao Xu, Hailong Wang, Xiaoyan Sun, and Feng Xue. "Flowability-Dependent Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Concrete: Experimental and Theoretical Study." Applied Sciences 15, no. 11 (2025): 6070. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116070.
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Three-dimensional printing concrete (3DPC) has garnered significant attention for its construction efficiency and complex geometric capabilities. However, its mechanical properties differ markedly from cast-in-place concrete due to interlayer/intralayer interface weakening and pore anisotropy. Flowability directly regulates printability and pore distribution, thereby influencing mechanical properties. This study systematically examines flowability’s effects on 3DPC mechanical properties through compressive, flexural, and interfacial splitting tensile tests, integrated with Griffith’s fracture theory and stress intensity factor calculations. The key findings are as follows: (1) 3DPC exhibits pronounced anisotropy—compressive strength (X > Y > Z), flexural strength (Y ≈ Z > X2 > X1), and splitting tensile strength (C > T). Increased flowability enables compressive and Y/Z direction flexural strengths to approach cast concrete levels. (2) The anisotropy coefficient Ia decreases significantly with flowability (66.7% for compressive, 66.8% for flexural strength). Flexural strength shows greater sensitivity to interfacial defects than compressive strength. (3) The aspect ratio of ellipsoidal pores directly influences the anisotropic compressive behavior. Increased flowability promotes morphological transformation of elliptical pores toward more spherical geometries with reduced flattening, thereby mitigating the anisotropy in compressive performance. These results establish a theoretical framework for optimizing and predicting 3DPC mechanical performance, supporting its practical application in construction.
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Safi, Hedayat Ullah, Mohammad Mukhlis Behsoodi, and Mohammad Naseer Sharifi. "A Comparative Analysis of Compressive and Flexural Strength in Concrete with Partial Cement Replacement using Waste Glass Powder." Indonesian Journal of Material Research 2, no. 1 (2024): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/ijmr.20242120.
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This experimental inquiry delves into the evaluation of compressive and flexural strengths in concrete through the utilization of waste glass powder as a partial substitute for cement. Compressive strength is a key metric, indicating the concrete’s ability to effectively support structural axial loads, while flexural strength signifies its capacity to withstand deformation under bending, specifically the maximum tensile stress it can endure without fracturing when subjected to a bending moment. Certain pozzolanic materials have demonstrated the ability to enhance the mechanical strength of concrete when used as a cement replacement, and waste glass powder is among them. To address this, the experimental investigation included the substitution of cement with glass powder at different proportions (0%, 10%, 15%, 17.5%, and 20%) in both cubic and prismatic samples. Compressive strength and flexural strength tests were made following the curing of the samples for 7, 14, and 28 days. The findings indicated that the 17.5% cement replacement level exhibited a 6.07% over-strength for compressive strength and a 6.85% over-strength for flexural strength on the 28th day. However, the 15% replacement showed superior strength compared to a 10% replacement, and the 10% replacement was stronger than a 0% cement replacement. Notably, the 20% cement replacement displayed negative over-strength percentages, specifically -2.42% in compressive strength and -1.42% in flexural strength on the 28th day. This deviation raises concerns about its suitability for use in concrete applications, signifying that a 20% replacement may not be recommended.
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Canseco-Tuñacao, H. A. R., K. Remoto, K. Melendres, and I. M. Deguzman. "Recycled Coarse Aggregate from Concrete Waste Using DMDA for Concrete." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 999, no. 1 (2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/999/1/012003.
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Abstract This study investigates the effect of the replacement of recycled concrete as coarse aggregates using the Densified Mixture Design Algorithm Method (DMDA) in unconfined concrete behavior. DMDA was applied to produce concrete with the least void. Compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength tests were conducted on 7-, 14-, 28- and 56-day old specimens. Compressive strength test results showed that specimens with 20, 30, and 40% RCA replacements at 56 days are relatively lower compared to the control and with 10% RCA replacement specimens. The compressive strengths of the specimens with RCA replacements decreased as the amount of RCA increased. However, the 10% replacement specimens showed promising performance with an average strength of 3275 psi at 56 days with an 11.2% difference in compressive strength with the control with 0% replacement. A significant increase in compressive strengths between the 28- and 56-day specimens for all specimens was observed and accounted due to the pozzolanic activity of the type C fly ash used as filler. For flexural and splitting tensile strength, results showed that specimens with 40% replacement showed best performance with a 9.87% difference and roughly 1% greater with the control in terms of its flexural and splitting tensile strength, respectively.
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Mudiyono, Rachmat, and S. Sudarno. "The Influence of Coconut Fiber on the Compressive and Flexural Strength of Paving Blocks." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 5 (2019): 4702–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3510252.
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The aim of this study is to determine the influence of coconut coir fiber on the compressive and flexural strength of paving blocks. The research was carried out using paving blocks with dimensions of 20cm×10cm×6cm, mixed with coir fiber by 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% by weight. The results showed that no addition of coconut coir fiber resulted in compressive strength of 24.49Mpa, while the addition of 0.1% coconut coir fiber resulted in compressive strength of 25.39Mpa after 7 days. A mixture with no coconut coir fiber resulted in flexural strength of 31.5Mpa while the addition of 0.1% coconut coir fiber gave a flexural strength of 33Mpa in the age of 14 days. The conclusion of this study is that the addition of 0.1% coconut coir fiber in a paving block mixture can increase its compressive and flexural strength.
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Alanazi, Khalid K., Abdulaziz A. Alzaid, Ali A. Elkaffas, et al. "Mechanical Assessment of CAD/CAM Fabricated Hybrid Ceramics: An In Vitro Study." Applied Sciences 14, no. 17 (2024): 7939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14177939.
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The current study aimed to compare the mechanical properties of CAD/CAM fabricated hybrid ceramic restorative materials. The current study assessed the mechanical properties of additively and subtractively manufactured CAD/CAM fabricated hybrid ceramic by conducting flexure strength test, compressive strength test, and Vickers hardness test. Flexural samples were subjected to a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine until the samples showed fracture. Moreover, samples for the compressive strength test were subjected to compression tests using a universal testing machine until samples were fractured. Samples for the Vickers hardness was tested using the Vickers hardness testing machine to determine the sample’s hardness values. There were significant differences (p = 0.0001) were observed among the additive and subtractive groups in terms of flexure strength and compressive strength test. Regarding the Vickers hardness test, significant differences (p = 0.0001) were observed between the polished and unpolished groups in additive manufacturing. However, no significant (p = 0.681) differences were observed in the subtractive manufacturing technique. The subtractive group achieved ISO specifications in terms of flexural strength and was superior to additive groups in hardness while exhibiting lower performance in compressive strength. Moreover, printing orientation had a significant influence on the performance of additive groups. Flexural strength and hardness were improved when the printing orientation was in alignment with the direction of load (90°) while compressive strength was improved when the printing orientation was perpendicular to the direction of load (0°).
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Sisman, Mehmet, Egemen Teomete, Jale Yanik, Ugur Malayoglu, and Gozde Tac. "The effects of apricot kernel shell nanobiochar on mechanical properties of cement composites." Cement Wapno Beton 28, no. 1 (2023): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2023.28.1.1.
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Valorization of agricultural wastes is important both economically and environmentally. This study aimed to investigate the use of biochar as a filler to improve the mechanical properties of mortar and to help sequestrate CO2. The biochar was produced by pyrolysis of apricot kernel shell at 500 °C. Nanobiochar particles with dimensions less than 500 nm were obtained by high-energy ball milling process. Scanning electron microscope was used for determining the morphology of nanobiochar. The nanobiochar at different volume percentages [0.00-0.04-0.06-0.08-0.12-0.15%] was added to mortar. The mortar was casted into 40x40x160 mm molds. After water curing at 20°C for 28 days, compressive strength and flexural strength tests were performed. The mixture containing 0.04% nanobiochar by volume had an increase in flexural and compressive strengths by 5% and 15% respectively, while its fracture energies for flexure and compression increased by 98% and 38% respectively compared to the reference mortar. Furthermore, the mixture having 0.12% volume had an increase in flexural and compressive strengths by 32% and 11%, respectively, while the increase in fracture energies for flexure and compression was 52% and 25%, respectively, compared to the reference mortar. The mechanisms of nanobiochar effect on flow, strength, and fracture energy were enlightened. The nanobiochars bridge the cracks, divert the cracks, act as hydration nucleation sites, enhance the matrix by its porous structure, and developed internal curing that led to increase in strength and fracture energy. This study suggests that the biochar produced from the apricot kernel shell has the potential to be used as a carbon sequestering mixture to improve performance of mortar and thereby utilizing waste as a construction material, contributing to the economy and environment.
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Sumarno, Agung, Syafwandi, and Kevin Deodatus, leonardus. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ADDING POLYPROPYLENE FIBER TO COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE." Neutron 19, no. 2 (2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/neutron.v19i2.28.
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Concrete is one of the most frequently used materials in the construction world, concrete is generally composed of a mixture of fine aggregate composition. Coarse aggregate, water and cement. However, concrete has a weakness to the ability to withstand the flexural force, today concrete has experienced a lot of innovations, one of which is fiber concrete. Polypropylene fiber is a type of fiber that can be used as an added material in concrete. This research was conducted to determine the effect of adding polypropylene fiber on compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete. Tests in this study were carried out according to SNI (Indonesian national standard) and ASTM (American standard testing and material), from the results of the experiment of adding polypropylene fiber with variations of 0%, 1%, 1.2%, and 1.4% known to have an effect to the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete. The highest compressive strength and flexure obtained in concrete variations of 1%. By using cylindrical and beam test specimens.
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Yusuf, K. O., T. D. Akpenpuun, S. O. David, and C. H. Oluwayemi. "Impact of Magnetically Treated Water on Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 18, no. 3 (2021): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v18i3.10.
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of Magnetically Treated Water (MTW) on compressive, flexural and impact strengths of concrete. The compressive strength, flexural and impact test were determined using 100 mm cube, 100x100x500 mm, 100mm diameter and 64 mm high, respectively. MTW was produced by passing water through magnetic flux densities: 400(T1), 600(T2), 800(T3) and 997G(T4) as the treatments while Non-MTW (NMTW, T0 as control). The ratio of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate was 1:2:4 and curing duration for the concretes were 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Universal Testing Machine was used to determine the compressive and flexural strengths while drop weighing impact tester was used for determining the impact strength of the concrete. The mean forces at peak to break the concrete cured for 28 days for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 106.79, 121.25, 114.15, 107.06 and 196.68 kN, while the compressive strengths were 10.68, 12.13, 11.42, 10.71 and 19.67 Nmm-2, respectively. The maximum compressive, flexural and impact strengths of the concrete were 84.17, 22.37 and 96.93%, respectively. The effect of MTW was statistically significant on compressive, flexural and impact strengths and is recommended for use.
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Kang, Su Tae, Jung Jun Park, Gum Sung Ryu, Gyung Taek Koh, and Sung Wook Kim. "Comparison of Tensile Strengths with Different Test Methods in Ultra High Strength Steel-Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHS-SFRC)." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.649.
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Ultra High Strength Steel-Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHS-SFRC) is characterized by very high compressive and tensile strength that is about 8 times of ordinary concrete, and high ductility owing to the addition of steel fibers. This paper investigates the relationship existing among the direct tensile strength, flexural tensile strength and splitting tensile strength of UHS-SFRC. Differently from ordinary concrete, it is found that the first cracking strengths in UHS-SFRC obtained through direct tensile test and splitting tensile test are similar, while the strength obtained from flexural tensile test is significantly larger than those from other tests. Based on the experimental results, relationships between the direct tensile strength and flexural tensile strength, between the first cracking strengths in direct tensile test and in flexural tensile test, and between the first cracking strength in direct tensile test and the flexural tensile strength are proposed.
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Zhang, Lijuan, Jun Zhao, Cunyuan Fan, and Zhi Wang. "Effect of Surface Shape and Content of Steel Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Concrete." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 21, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8834507.
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Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has gained popularity in the last decades attributed to the improvement of brittleness and low tensile strength of concrete. This study investigates the effect of three shapes of steel fibers (straight, hooked end, and corrugated) with four contents (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) on the mechanical properties (compression, splitting tension, shear, and flexure) of concrete. Thirteen groups of concrete were prepared and investigated experimentally. Test results indicated that steel fiber had significant reinforcement on mechanical properties of concrete. When the steel fiber content increases from 0.5% to 2.0%, the compressive strengths increase about 4–24%, splitting tensile strengths increase about 33–122%, shear strengths increase about 31–79%, and flexural strengths increase about 25–111%. Corrugated steel fiber has the best reinforced effect on strength of SFRC, hooked end steel fiber takes the second place, and straight steel fiber is the least. Calculated formulas of compressive, splitting tensile, shear, and flexural strengths were established with consideration of the bonding properties between concrete and steel fiber. Influence factors of steel fiber αf and concrete matrix strength αc were put forward and determined by regression analysis of experimental data. Calculated results agree well with the experimental results.
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Smarzewski, Piotr. "Comparative Fracture Properties of Four Fibre Reinforced High Performance Cementitious Composites." Materials 13, no. 11 (2020): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112612.
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This study investigates the fracture properties of high performance cementitious composites (HPCC) with four different types of fibres and with volume fraction content 3%. The four fibres are steel hooked end (S), polypropylene crimped (PP), basalt chopped (B), and glass (G) fibres. The tests were carried out in accordance with the RILEM recommendations. In order to examine the fresh properties of HPCC the slump flow tests were performed. Twelve fibre reinforced HPCC beam specimens with notch were cast and tested using central point loading experiments. In addition, experimental tests of the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were carried out. The test results made it possible to obtain representative fracture parameters, such as the equivalent strengths, residual strengths, and fracture energy of fibre reinforced HPCC. The S fibre specimens showed the best performance in terms of workability, compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, and fracture energy at large deflection. On the other hand, G fibre specimens exhibited the best performance in terms of flexural strength, equivalent flexural strength at higher deflection, and residual flexural strength at lower deflection. In terms of equivalent flexural strength at lower deflection and residual flexural strength at higher deflection, basalt fibre specimens performed the best. On the contrary, polypropylene fibre reinforced beam specimens revealed the highest deflection capacity.
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Li, Leo Gu, Bo-Feng Xiao, Cong-Mi Cheng, Hui-Zhu Xie, and Albert Kwok Hung Kwan. "Adding Glass Fibers to 3D Printable Mortar: Effects on Printability and Material Anisotropy." Buildings 13, no. 9 (2023): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092295.
Full textAbstract:
Adding fibers is an effective way to enhance the printability and mechanical performance of 3D printable cementitious materials. Glass fibers are commonly used owing to their sound mechanical properties, high durability and affordable price. However, there is still a lack of systematic and in-depth research on the effects of adding glass fibers to cementitious materials. In this study, a series of 3D printable mortars with varying glass fiber content and water/cement (W/C) ratio were produced to evaluate their printability, flexural strength and compressive strength. The results showed that decreasing the W/C ratio generally has positive effects on printability and mechanical performance, whereas increasing the glass fiber content from 0% to 1% would substantially improve the extrudability, dimensional stability and buildability; increase the flexural strength by up to 82%; but decrease the compressive strength by up to 35%. Such large differences in the effects of glass fibers on the flexural and compressive strengths indicate significant material anisotropy. In fact, comparison of the strength results of printed specimens to those of un-printed specimens reveals that the printing process could increase the flexural strength by 98% but decrease the compressive strength by 47%.
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Zhang, Yan Kun, Yu Cheng Wang, and Xiao Long Wu. "Experimental Study on Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Combined Aggregate Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1899.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, the flexural strength of combined aggregate concrete with four kinds of water-cement ratio (0.3,0.35.0.4, 0.45), and six ceramsite replace rate (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 60%) are studied with comprehensive test method. Experiment shows that the ceramsite replace rate of combined aggregate has greater influence on the flexural strength than the water-cement ratio. The flexural strength increases with the increasing of compressive strength, and the formula of the flexural strength and compressive strength of combined aggregate concrete is given.
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Salas-Montoya, Andrés, and Beatriz E. Mira-Rada. "Evaluation of key aggregate parameters on the properties of ordinary and high strength concretes." VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability 8 (May 11, 2023): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2023.19596.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reports the results of a study conducted to determine the influence of coarse aggregate type on the workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength of normal and high strength concretes with target 28-day compressive strengths of 30 and 60 MPa and two water/cement ratios of 0.44 and 0.27. The concretes were prepared using four types of natural coarse aggregates, namely diabase, calcareous, river gravel, and basalt, with maximum particle sizes of 12.7 and 19.1 millimeters. Silica fume was added to the high-strength concretes at a replacement ratio to Portland cement of 10% by mass. The results showed that among all aggregates, basaltic aggregate with a maximum particle size of 12.7 millimeters produced concrete with the highest compressive and flexural strength, followed by limestone and river aggregate, indicating that particle size, surface texture, structure and mineralogical composition play a dominant role in the behavior of concretes, especially high strength concretes. Normal strength concretes showed similar compressive strengths, while the concrete containing limestone gave slightly higher strength. These results show that for a given water/cementitious material ratio, the influence of the type of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of the concrete is more important for high strength concrete than for normal strength concrete.
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Salas-Montoya, Andrés, and Beatriz E. Mira-Rada. "Evaluation of key aggregate parameters on the properties of ordinary and high strength concretes." VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability 8 (May 11, 2023): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vitruvioijats.2023.19596.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reports the results of a study conducted to determine the influence of coarse aggregate type on the workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength of normal and high strength concretes with target 28-day compressive strengths of 30 and 60 MPa and two water/cement ratios of 0.44 and 0.27. The concretes were prepared using four types of natural coarse aggregates, namely diabase, calcareous, river gravel, and basalt, with maximum particle sizes of 12.7 and 19.1 millimeters. Silica fume was added to the high-strength concretes at a replacement ratio to Portland cement of 10% by mass. The results showed that among all aggregates, basaltic aggregate with a maximum particle size of 12.7 millimeters produced concrete with the highest compressive and flexural strength, followed by limestone and river aggregate, indicating that particle size, surface texture, structure and mineralogical composition play a dominant role in the behavior of concretes, especially high strength concretes. Normal strength concretes showed similar compressive strengths, while the concrete containing limestone gave slightly higher strength. These results show that for a given water/cementitious material ratio, the influence of the type of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of the concrete is more important for high strength concrete than for normal strength concrete.
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Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk, Beata, and Dominik Smyczek. "The Effect of Mineral Wool Fiber Additive on Several Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity in Geopolymer Binder." Materials 17, no. 2 (2024): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020483.
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The article discusses the effect of additives of waste mineral wool fibers on geopolymer binder. This is an important study in terms of the possibility of recycling mineral wool waste. The paper describes an effective method for pulverizing the wool and the methodology for forming geopolymer samples, labeled G1 for glass-wool-based geopolymer and G2 for stone-wool-based geopolymer. The compressive and flexural strengths and thermal conductivity coefficient of the geopolymer with the addition of mineral fibers were determined. The key element of the article is to verify whether the addition of mineral wool fibers positively affects the properties of the geopolymer. The results obtained prove that the addition of fibers significantly improves the flexural strength. For the G1 formulation, the ratio of compressive strength to flexural strength is 18.7%. However, for G2 samples, an even better ratio of compressive strength to flexural strength values of 26.3% was obtained. The average thermal conductivity coefficient obtained was 1.053 W/(m·K) for the G1 series samples and 0.953 W/(m·K) for the G2 series samples. The conclusions obtained show a correlation between the porosity and compressive strength and thermal conductivity coefficient. The higher the porosity, the better the thermal insulation of the material and the weaker the compressive strength.
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Suryanto, Andy, Antonius, and Rita Irmawaty. "Utilizing Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste in Geopolymer Concrete Applications." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 15, no. 2 (2025): 21037–44. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.9761.
Full textAbstract:
Concrete has experienced a marked increase in usage for road construction over the past decade, largely due to its durability. This study proposes an innovative method for producing eco-friendly and sustainable cement mortar, using municipal waste and industrial by-products. The study investigates the use of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic waste as a fiber to enhance the mechanical characteristics of geopolymer concrete, which is based on Fly Ash (FA) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). The investigation focused on the mechanical characteristics of geopolymer concrete, including its flexural and compressive strengths. The study incorporated four distinct geopolymer concrete mixtures containing PET plastic waste into the fly ash and rice husk ash-based geopolymer concrete: 0% PET plastic waste (SN), 0.25% PET plastic waste (SA), 0.50% PET plastic waste (SB), and 0.75% PET plastic waste. Using a 100 mm x 100 mm x 400 mm block for flexural strength testing and a 10 cm x 20 cm cylinder for compressive strength testing, the tests were conducted seven- and twenty-eight-days following air curing. The flexural test results indicated a decline in average flexural strength value with every 0.25% PET addition, reaching a 6.48% decrease. Compression testing revealed a negative correlation between the addition of PET and the compressive strength of the material. Specifically, an increase of 0.25% to 0.5% in the PET content resulted in an average reduction of 24.22% in compressive strength. Conversely, the compressive strength exhibited an increase of 10.91% between the 0.75% and 0.5% range of PET.