Relevant bibliographies by topics / Compressor equipment

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Compressor equipment'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 18 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Compressor equipment"

1

Glinscaya, Anna, Vadim Tynchenko, Oksana Kukartseva, Elena Suprun, and Alena Nizameeva. "Comparative analysis of compressed air production equipment." E3S Web of Conferences 549 (2024): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454905009.

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In this paper the main devices for the production of compressed air - compressors are considered. The text describes their classification according to the principle of operation and principles of operation, which shows one of the principle air circuits of the compressor system with an electric circuit control of the electric drive of the compressor on ships with the complex automation of the power plant. And also in our work provides a comparison of different models of bulk compressors to determine which compressors are needed for more comfortable and safe operation. Consequently, they noted the main advantages and disadvantages of the models under consideration. I would also like to note that compressors and compression equipment are used everywhere. It is used in all branches of industry, in construction work, car repair, food production, agriculture, as well as in any other activities of the modern man. Learn how compress or sand compression equipment work.
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Burakov, A. V., A. A. Kotlov, and A. A. Levikhin. "Compressor equipment for enhancing efficiency of solid organic waste processing plants." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering 5, no. 3 (2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2588-0373-2021-5-3-54-62.

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The article describes the experience of the Compressor holding company in the creation of compressor equipment for various industries. The use of compressors as part of complexes for the processing of organic waste in the framework of solving urgent environmental problems has been demonstrated. The process of compression of synthesis gas to increase the efficiency of the processing process has been investigated. To ensure stable parameters, reliable operation of syngas reciprocating compressors is required in wide ranges of operating parameters. Ensuring the operability of the compressor in wide ranges of parameter variation requires multivariate calculations in order to find the best design parameters of the compressor. A compressor is proposed for the most efficient implementation of the task and its characteristics are calculated.
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Liao, X., C. Wang, H. Yuan, and Z. Xing. "Experimental research on influence of interstage oil injection in a dual-motor-driven two-stage screw air compressor." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1267, no. 1 (2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1267/1/012023.

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Energy saving for compressed air production is of great importance all over the world due to its great energy cost and the indispensable utility of compressed air in the industrial sector. In recent years, oil-injected two-stage screw air compressors, especially driven by dual motors, are becoming a promising alternative to other compression equipment for their extraordinary efficiency and high reliability in a wide range of applications. However, two-stage screw air compressors have a different and complicated oil injection system compared with single-stage compressors. And an appropriate setting of oil injection parameters might result in a considerable performance improvement of the compressor. In this paper, a dual-motor-driven two-stage oil-injected screw compressor was tested under the actual service conditions and control modes experimentally. The effect of interstage oil injection on the compressor performance was studied in detail by varying the interstage oil injection flow rate and rotating speed. The performance parameters such as specific power, volumetric efficiency and adiabatic efficiency were calculated from the measured data. The results indicate that an excess amount of oil exists in the second stage compressor and reducing the oil moderately could decrease the power consumption of the two-stage air compressor unit.
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Tsutsumi, S., and J. Boone. "The Design, Selection, and Application of Oil-Injected Screw Compressors for Fuel Gas Service." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 1 (1995): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812785.

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Fuel gas compressors installed in cogeneration systems must be highly reliable and efficient machines, like the other main components, such as gas turbines, gas engines, etc. In the range of gas flow rate and pressure conditions generally required for such systems, the oil-injected screw compressor is often the most suitable compressor type for these requirements. Advantages of oil injected screw compressors are: improved compression efficiency; low discharge gas temperature; high reliability; simple mechanical construction; which all result from injection of lubricant into the compressor. Injected lubricant is discharged together with compressed gas on the high-pressure side but the oil is separated by a fine oil separation system down to a level that causes no problems for the downstream combustion equipment. The oil-injected screw compressor is equipped with an integral stepless capacity control by means of a slide valve, which makes part-load operation possible with reduced power consumption and improves overall system efficiency. As cogeneration systems, which are energy efficient and environmentally sound, are now increasing in number, so oil-injected screw compressors are expected to be used more widely.
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Aulia, Nur Fatowil, Mochamad Denny Surindra, Ahmad Hamim Su”™udy, Nanang Apriandi, Muhammad Showi Nailul Ulum, and Slamet Priyoatmojo. "Investigation of Double Screw Compressor Characteristic based on Experimental in Industry." Eksergi 19, no. 03 (2023): 76–79. https://doi.org/10.32497/eksergi.v19i03.5038.

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Large-scale compressed air equipment is the only way to meet the demand for air for production facilities such as the pharmaceutical, automotive, or combustion processes industries. As one of the main driving components in the air compressor system, the double screw determines the reliability and performance of the entire compressed air system. Double screw compressors are a promising option for use in large-scale compressed air systems due to their high efficiency and reliability. The double screw profile has been specially designed to increase compression capability over a period of more than 24 hours with a range of 400 to 385 m3 per hour. The cooling oil works well keeping the compressor temperature constant at around 100 0C, even though there are very active temperature fluctuations. On the working pressure side the compressor as a whole is constant, although there is a significant spike in the dryer pressure. The dryer pressure experienced a significant increase reaching 6.9 Bar in the sixth data collection, while the cooling oil pressure and tank pressure were the same at 6.6 Bar, and the air pressure was 6.3 Bar. The results of observing the performance of compressors during industrial operation have presented the ideal working conditions for double screw compressors reaching 58.4 kJ/kg, while the actual working conditions of compressors are 66.6 kJ/kg. Overall, the average compressor efficiency is 87.81%.
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PACAS, LUKAS. "METHODOLOGY FOR THE UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT BY AIR-COOLED COMPRESSORS." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 4 (2021): 4918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_10_2021093.

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Compressed air is still a valid helper in many applications today, where it is necessary, for example, to move work equipment, pistons or it is used for cooling as a cooling medium. The producer of compressed air are air compressors, which need an external source for its production, usually an electric or internal combustion engine. Almost all the energy that is supplied to the compressor is always converted to heat during compression, regardless of the type of compressor. This carries the risk of overheating and therefore the cooling system must be optimally designed. Thus, during the compression of the air, a large part of the electrical energy supplied to the compressor is converted into heat, and only a small part of the supplied energy is in the compressed air. In the case of oil or water-cooled compressors, the exchangers can be used directly to obtain energy "for free". In the case of air cooling, a slight energy gain can only be achieved by modifying the exhaust hot air ducts. This energy can be used efficiently to heat water or heat buildings, instead of being uselessly ventilated. Modern compressors are already adapted for the use of waste heat, but most current companies still use older types of compressors that have not been directly adapted for the use of waste heat. In case of interest in obtaining waste heat, the reconstruction of the facility or development is inevitable.
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PACAS, LUKAS. "METHODOLOGY FOR THE UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT BY AIR-COOLED COMPRESSORS." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 4 (2021): 4918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_10_2021093.

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Compressed air is still a valid helper in many applications today, where it is necessary, for example, to move work equipment, pistons or it is used for cooling as a cooling medium. The producer of compressed air are air compressors, which need an external source for its production, usually an electric or internal combustion engine. Almost all the energy that is supplied to the compressor is always converted to heat during compression, regardless of the type of compressor. This carries the risk of overheating and therefore the cooling system must be optimally designed. Thus, during the compression of the air, a large part of the electrical energy supplied to the compressor is converted into heat, and only a small part of the supplied energy is in the compressed air. In the case of oil or water-cooled compressors, the exchangers can be used directly to obtain energy "for free". In the case of air cooling, a slight energy gain can only be achieved by modifying the exhaust hot air ducts. This energy can be used efficiently to heat water or heat buildings, instead of being uselessly ventilated. Modern compressors are already adapted for the use of waste heat, but most current companies still use older types of compressors that have not been directly adapted for the use of waste heat. In case of interest in obtaining waste heat, the reconstruction of the facility or development is inevitable.
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Utyushev, S. L., Yu N. Bobrov, V. V. Yashin, and V. N. Kosogorov. "Modern compressor equipment." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 43, no. 1 (2007): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-007-0005-y.

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Fang, Juan, Yonghong Xu, Hongguang Zhang, Zhi Yang, Jifang Wan, and Zhengguang Liu. "Experimental Research on the Output Performance of Scroll Compressor for Micro Scale Compressed Air Energy Storage System." Sustainability 15, no. 21 (2023): 15665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115665.

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Micro compressed air energy storage systems are a research hotspot in the field of compressed air energy storage technology. Compressors and expanders are the core equipment for energy conversion, and their performance has a significant impact on the performance of the entire compressed air energy storage system. Scroll compressors have the advantages of small size, low noise, light weight, low vibration, long service life, continuous and stable gas transmission, and reliable operation. This article builds a micro compressed air energy storage system based on a scroll compressor and studies the effects of key parameters such as speed, torque, current, and storage tank pressure on the temperature difference, pressure ratio, energy consumption, and efficiency of the scroll compressor. The experimental results indicate that the power consumption of the scroll compressor shows an increasing trend with the increase in current, torque, and gas storage tank pressure. The isentropic efficiency of a scroll compressor shows a decreasing trend with increasing current, torque, and storage tank pressure. The maximum values of power consumption and isentropic efficiency of the scroll compressor are 3427 W and 90.8%, respectively.
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Lipkovich, Igor, Irina Egorova, Nadezhda Petrenko, Sergey Voinash, Linar Sabitov, and Ilgam Kiyamov. "Basics of safety and organization of the workplace during the operation and repair of compressors at the enterprises of ATP." E3S Web of Conferences 392 (2023): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339201051.

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For many decades, any organization involved in the operation and maintenance of vehicles cannot imagine its activities without compressor units. Compressors are used in all sectors of the national economy, and are valued for their reliability, high efficiency, long service life. The scope of the equipment is very wide, without it the work of any large industrial enterprise is indispensable. Compressors are used in mechanical engineering, metallurgy, oil and gas industry, car services, construction and other industries. Each compressor unit is equipped with an emergency protection system that provides: automatic shutdown of the compressor; sound and light alarm. According to the requirements of the Rules, all compressor units are equipped with instrumentation: pressure gauges for measuring pressure, thermometers or other sensors for measuring temperature. The compressor is placed in a separate room, which should not be connected with the premises where explosive and chemically hazardous industries are located. In the premises of compressor units, it is not allowed to place equipment and equipment that are technologically and structurally not related to compressors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compressor equipment"

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Ільїних, Ганна Анатоліївна, Анна Анатольевна Ильиных та Hanna Anatoliivna Ilinykh. "Исследование роли термической обработки в технологии получения карбофторопластов". Thesis, Изд-во СумГУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6469.

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Захаркін, Олександр Улянович, Александр Ульянович Захаркин, Oleksandr Ulianovych Zakharkin та А. Л. Салогуб. "Повышение качества поверхности подшипниковых шеек роторов компрессорного и насосного оборудования". Thesis, Изд-во СумГУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/5454.

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Сидорець, Олександра Ігорівна, Александра Игоревна Сидоррец та Oleksandra Ihorivna Sydorets. "Анализ причин разрушения рабочих колес центробежных компрессоров газоперекачивающих агрегатов". Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40578.

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В работе выполнен обзор имеющихся результатов исследований, связанных с изучением аэроакустических явлений в центробежных компрессорах, рассмотрены основные концепции, объясняющие причины разрушения рабочих колес, а также проведен анализ возможных причин поломки на примере третьей ступени сменной проточной части компрессора газоперекачивающего агрегата.
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Дядюра, Костянтин Олександрович, Константин Александрович Дядюра, Kostiantyn Oleksandrovych Diadiura, Павло Іванович Жук, Павел Иванович Жук та Pavlo Ivanovych Zhuk. "Управління фізичними активами підприємства на прикладі компресорного обладнання". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40034.

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Проблемами машинобудівних підприємств в області управління технічним обслуговуванням і ремонтом (ТОіР) є не тільки і не стільки відсутність засобів автоматизації управління, скільки недоліки організації та проведення ТОіР, відсутність належного аналізу і систематичної роботи по поліпшенню процесів життєвого циклу виробів (ЖЦВ).
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Михалевич, О. Т. "Резерви покращення експлуатаційних параметрів складних газотранспортних систем". Thesis, Івано-Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, 2007. http://elar.nung.edu.ua/handle/123456789/4203.

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Дисертацію присвячено удосконаленню методів керування неусталеними неізотермічними режимами газотранспортних систем на компресорних станціях і в лінійній частині трубопроводу. Проведено аналітичні дослідження термогазодинамічних процесів у складних системах. Встановлено закономірності розподілу потоку газу при змінних геометричних характеристиках і характеру гідравлічного опору, що дозволило створити новий концептуальних підхід до створення моделі керування режимами: а) математичну модель транспортної мережі з використанням методу ув’язки по вузлам; б) математичну модель газотранспортної мережі без компресорних станцій з використанням методу ув’язки по контурах із урахуванням та вибором початково-граничних умов. Створена модель керування газопотоками і формування параметрів оптимального керування. Встановлено характерні зв’язки між параметрами нестаціонарних процесів у газотранспортних системах для визначення критеріїв нестаціонарності режимів роботи лінійної частини газопроводу, а також введені критерії нестаціонарності при розрахунках режимів роботи газотранспортної системи в цілому. Розроблено класифікацію експлуатаційних режимів та розроблено методику розрахунку нестаціонарних режимів за критерієм мінімальної тривалості перехідних режимів. На основі цих математичних моделей побудовані алгоритми і програми розрахунку нестаціонарних режимів роботи газопроводів при наявності компресорних станцій і відводів, а також проведено розрахунок мінімальної витрати наливного газу для підтримки заданого тиску. Проведені аналітичні дослідження процесів пуску і зупинки компресорних станцій для вибору математичних моделей нестаціонарних процесів і врахування температурних режимів з метою забезпечення оптимального керування експлуатаційними режимами. Даний підхід дозволив розробити моделі і принципи їх реалізації для режимів роботи складної газотранспортної системи, рівномірного завантаження різнотипних газоперекачувальних агрегатів на компресорних станціях з метою мінімальних витрат паливного газу при максимальних поставках газу споживачам.<br>Диссертация посвящена усовершенствованию методов управления неустановившимися неизотермическими режимами газотранспортных систем на компрессорных станциях и в линейной части трубопровода. Во вступлении обоснована актуальность темы исследований, показана ее связь с научными планами, программами, освещены научная новизна и задачи исследований, научное и практическое значение полученных результатов, дается общая характеристика работы. Приведена информация об апробации работы, ее внедрении, раскрыв личный вклад автора. Подытоживая выполненные исследования можно сделать вывод: полная математическая модель дает возможность зафиксировать ряд явлений, которые возникают во время пуска газопровода - это колебание газа в начальный момент, перемещение нагретого газа вдоль участка магистрального газопровода, колебание температуры в произвольном сечении трубы после прохождения фронта нагретого газа й много других факторов. На основании разработанных математических моделей построены алгоритмы и программы расчета нестационарных режимов работы газопроводов при наличии компрессорных станций и от водов, а также проведен расчет минимальных затрат топливного газа для поддержания заданного давления. Проведены аналитические исследования процессов пуска - остановки компрессорных станций для выбора математических моделей нестационарных процессов и учета температурных режимов с целыо обеспечения оптимальною управления эксплуатационными режимами. Данный подход позволил разработать модели и принципы их реализации для управления режимами работы сложной газотранспортной системы, равномерной загрузки разнотипных газоперекачивающих агрегатов на компрессорных станциях с целью минимальных расходов топливного газа при максимальных поставках газа потребителям.<br>Dissertation is dedicated to the improvement of gas transporting systems unsettled non-isothermal modes management methods in the compressor stations and linear parts ol the pipelines. Analytical research of the thermal-gas-dynamic processes in complex systems has been conducted. Gas streams distribution regulations under conditions of changing geometrical characteristics and the character of hydraulic resistance have been exposed, that allowed to create the mathematical model of gas-transporting network computation by using the method of binding contour and the method of binding nodes, taking into consideration various initial and boundary conditions. The mathematical model of gas streams control and optimum gas streams management parameters forming has been created. The distinctive correlation between non-stationary processes in the gas-transporting systems parameters have been determined, that allowed to establish the criteria of non-stationary behavior of the linear part of the pipeline operating modes, ai well as to determine the complete gas-transporting system operating modes non-stationari criteria. The gas-transporting systems operating modes classification has been developed as well as the methodology of computation of the non-stationary operating modes of the gas-transporting systems using the criteria of transitory modes minimal duration have beer created. The given approach allowed developing models and principles of their realization for the complex gas-transporting system operating modes, and equal load of differen types of compressor stations gas-pumping equipment with the purpose of gas fuel minimal consumption and maximal gas delivery to the customers.
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Кушвид, Леонід Віталійович, та Leonid Kushvyd. "Розробка заходів щодо надійної роботи електричного обладнання газоперекачувальної компресорної станції". Master's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, кафедра електричної інженерії,Тернопіль, Україна, 2020. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/33200.

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На основі обчисленої потужності 630 кВт здійснено вибір двигуна компресора типу 4АЗМО – 630 / 60002УХЛ4 з ККД 95.7% та cos =0.88. Здійснено розрахунок електродвигуна по нагріву та перевантаженню. Здійснено розрахунок перерізів проводів мережі живлення та розподільної мережі. Проведено розрахунок освітлення. Запропоновано загальну рівномірну систему освітлення. Освітленість становить 75 лк. Як джерело світла прийнята лампа ДРЛ потужністю 400 Вт з світловим потоком 23500 Лм. Також проведено розрахунок аварійного освітлення. Проведення вибір обладнання станції, а саме: автоматичні вимикачі АП  50 для кіл керування, контактори КМВ  5211, вакуумні вимикачі BB / TEL 10 для силових кіл.<br>В кваліфікаційній роботі проведено обчислення потужності та здійснення вибору двигуна компресора, запропоновані зміни в схемі керування компресором, проведено розрахунок електродвигуна по нагріву та перевантаженню, здійснено розрахунок освітлення, проведена оцінка зорових робіт, здійснено вибір системи освітлення та джерел світла, здійснено розміщення світильників та вибір їх типу, а також вибір ламп, пораховано аварійне освітлення приміщення, здійснено розрахунок освітлення точковим методом, проведена перевірка заземлення на установці. Також проведено вибір апаратури, вибір перерізу проводів кабелів живлення, здійснено опис спроектованої схеми керування, розглянуто захист виробничого цеху<br>In the qualification work the calculation of power and selection of the compressor motor is carried out, changes in the control scheme of the compressor are offered, the electric motor on heating and overload is calculated, lighting is calculated, visual works are estimated, lighting system and light sources are selected, lamps are placed and selected. type, as well as the choice of lamps, the emergency lighting of the room is calculated, the calculation of spot lighting is performed, the grounding check on the installation is carried out. Also the choice of the equipment, the choice of section of wires of power cables is carried out, the description of the designed control scheme is carried out, protection of production shop is considered<br>ЗМІСТ ВСТУП...6 1 АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ РОЗДІЛ...8 1.1 Автоматизація технологічних енергоустановок для ефективного транспорту газу...8 1.2 Автоматизація електроприводних газоперекачувальних агрегатів 11 1.3 Апарати повітряного охолодження газу із стабільною вихідною температурою...13 1.4 Висновки до розділу...19 2 РОЗРАХУНКОВО-ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКИЙ РОЗДІЛ...20 2.1 Обчислення потужності та здійснення вибору електродвигуна компресора...20 2.2 Зміни в схемі керування компресором...21 2.3 Розрахунок електродвигуна по нагріву та перевантаженню...22 2.4 Розрахунок освітлення...24 2.5 Оцінка зорових робіт...25 2.6 Вибір системи освітлення та джерел світла...26 2.7 Розміщення світильників та вибір їх типу...27 2.8 Вибір ламп...29 2.9 Схема живлення, вибір типу щитків...30 2.10 Перерізи мережі живлення та розподільної мережі...33 2.11 Аварійне освітлення приміщення...35 2.12 Розрахунок освітлення точковим методом...37 2.13 Перевірка заземлення на установці...39 2.14 Висновки до розділу...3 ПРОЕКТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКИЙ РОЗДІЛ...43 3.1 Вибір обладнання...43 3.2 Вибір перерізу проводів кабелів живлення...45 3.3 Опис спроектованої схеми керування...45 3.4 Захист виробничого цеху...48 3.5 Принципова схема управління електродвигуном компресора. Управління релейним захистом...48 3.5.1 Принцип дії схеми управління...48 3.5.2 Вибір апаратів для схеми управління...50 3.6 Висновки до розділу..54 4 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ...55 4.1 Захисне відключення...55 4.2 Організаційні заходи щодо попередження електротравм...56 4.3 Забезпечення оповіщення персоналу та населення у разі виникнення аварій на потенційно небезпечних об’єктах...59 4.4 Джерела виникнення та уражаюча дія електромагнітного імпульсу...60 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ...63 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ...64 ДОДАТКИ...1 Додаток А. Захист виробничого цеху...2
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Кривошея, Сергій Олександрович, Сергей Александрович Кривошея, Serhii Oleksandrovych Kryvosheia та ін. "Повышение качества ремонта и технического обслуживания компрессорно-энергетического оборудования на основе автоматизации процессов эксплуатационно-ремонтных служб". Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/66583.

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Повысить эффективность организаций в условиях инвестиционного кризиса невозможно без совершенствования принципов и методов технического обслуживания и ремонта оборудования и управления производственными фондами. Большинство организаций признают реальную отдачу от использования специализированных систем автоматизации для этих целей, качество бизнеспроцессов находится на весьма низком уровне.
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8

Gattis, Sherri L. "Ruggedized Television Compression Equipment for Test Range Systems." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615062.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1988 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>The Wideband Data Protection Program was necessitated from the need to develop digitized, compressed video to enable encryption.
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Navickas, T. A., and S. G. Jones. "PULSE CODE MODULATION DATA COMPRESSION FOR AUTOMATED TEST EQUIPMENT." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612065.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / November 04-07, 1991 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>Development of automated test equipment for an advanced telemetry system requires continuous monitoring of PCM data while exercising telemetry inputs. This requirements leads to a large amount of data that needs to be stored and later analyzed. For example, a data stream of 4 Mbits/s and a test time of thirty minutes would yield 900 Mbytes of raw data. With this raw data, information needs to be stored to correlate the raw data to the test stimulus. This leads to a total of 1.8 Gb of data to be stored and analyzed. There is no method to analyze this amount of data in a reasonable time. A data compression method is needed to reduce the amount of data collected to a reasonable amount. The solution to the problem was data reduction. Data reduction was accomplished by real time limit checking, time stamping, and smart software. Limit checking was accomplished by an eight state finite state machine and four compression algorithms. Time stamping was needed to correlate stimulus to the appropriate output for data reconstruction. The software was written in the C programming language with a DOS extender used to allow it to run in extended mode. A 94 - 98% compression in the amount of data gathered was accomplished using this method.
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Izmirliev, Antoan. "Methods for improving quality of block based compressed still and video images." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366928.

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Books on the topic "Compressor equipment"

1

United States International Trade Commission. Engineered process gas turbo-compressor systems from Japan. U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997.

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United States International Trade Commission. Engineered process gas turbo-compressor systems from Japan. U.S. International Trade Commission, 1996.

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A, Engeda, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Process Industries Division., and International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (2000 : Orlando, Fla.), eds. Challenges and goals in industrial and pipeline compressors: Presented at the 2000 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 5-10, 2000, Orlando, Florida. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000.

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Kirsch, F. William. Waste minimization assessment for a manufacturer of compressed air equipment components. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1991.

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Kirsch, F. William. Waste minimization assessment for a manufacturer of compressed air equipment components. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, 1991.

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Centre for the Development of Industry., ed. Compressed earth blocks: Production equipment. Centre for the Development of Industry, 1994.

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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Studies in Canadian export opportunities in the U.S. market: Telecommunications equipment. Dept. of External Affairs, 1988.

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American Institute of Chemical Engineers. AIChE equipment testing procedure: Centrifugal compressors : a guide to performance evaluation and site testing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

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American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Equipment Testing Procedures Committee. AIChE equipment testing procedure: Trayed & packed columns : a guide to performance evaluation / Equipment Testing Procedures Committee of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Wiley-AIChE, 2014.

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Canada. Dept. of External Affairs. Studies in Canadian export opportunities in the U.S. market: Compressors, fans and blowers. Dept. of External Affairs, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Compressor equipment"

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Unnikrishnan, G. "Bayesian Network for Centrifugal Compressor Damage." In Oil and Gas Processing Equipment. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429287800-7.

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Liu, Zhenghui, Zhongli Chen, Lijuan Qian, Jian Lin, and Yongqing Liu. "Flow Characteristic of Scroll Compressor with Combined Profile Scroll." In Intelligent Equipment, Robots, and Vehicles. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7213-2_64.

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Liu, Xiao-Ming, Zhilong Liu, Yang Yu, and Shunzeng Wang. "Mechanical Behavior and Failure Analysis of Diaphragm in Diaphragm Compressor for Hydrogen Refueling Station." In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_4.

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AbstractDiaphragm compressor is widely used to pressurize hydrogen and is one of the key equipment in hydrogen refueling station. And the Diaphragm is one of the wearing parts of diaphragm compressor. The failure of the diaphragm makes the maintenance cost of diaphragm compressor high. Because of the large deflection of the diaphragm in the diaphragm compressor, its mechanical behavior has strong nonlinear characteristics, especially after considering the constraints on the diaphragm by the cavity of the cylinder head, it is difficult to accurately calculate with the analytical method. Therefore, considering the constraint condition of the cylinder, the finite element model of the diaphragm working in the diaphragm compressor is established. By the calculations of the diaphragm deformation and stress, the fractures of the hydrogen side of the diaphragm in the fault cases are analyzed. The results of static structure analysis and dynamic analysis are compared with diaphragm fault cases respectively, which shows the necessity of dynamic analysis in the failure analysis of diaphragm. Besides, the mechanical behavior of the diaphragm’s deformation indicates that the inertial effect of the diaphragm and collision between the diaphragm and the cavity cannot be ignored.
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Thabet, Mohamad, David Sanders, and Victor Becerra. "Analytical Model for Compressed Air System Analysis." In Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_13.

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AbstractThis paper presents a simple analytical model for a compressed air system (CAS) supply side. The supply side contains components responsible for production, treatment and storage of compressed air such as a compressor, cooler and a storage tank. Simulation of system performance with different storage tank size and system pressure set-point were performed. Results showed that a properly sized tank volume reduces energy consumption while maintaining good system pressure stability. Moreover, results also showed that reducing system pressure reduced energy consumption, however a more detailed model that considers end-user equipment is required to study effect of pressure set-point on energy consumption. Future work will focus on developing a supply-demand side coupled model and on utilizing model in developing new control strategies for improved energy performance.
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Evstifeev, Andrew A., Margarita A. Zaeva, and Nadezhda A. Shevchenko. "The Control Algorithm of Compressor Equipment of Automobile Gas-Filling Compressor Stations with Fuzzy Logic Elements." In Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96993-6_69.

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Sitaram, N., and Chikezie Nwaoha. "Process Compressors." In Process Plant Equipment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118162569.ch9.

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Matthews, Clifford. "Compressors and Turbocompressors." In Engineers' Guide to Rotating Equipment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118903100.ch8.

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Lv, Xianxian, and Yueli Hu. "Compression of YOLOv3-spp Model Based on Channel and Layer Pruning." In Intelligent Equipment, Robots, and Vehicles. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7213-2_16.

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Leahu, Cristian-Ioan, Dan Mihai Dogariu, Anghel Chiru, George-Radu Toganel, and Gabriel Mitroi. "Measurement Equipment for Research of the Pressure Wave Compressors." In Proceedings of the European Automotive Congress EAEC-ESFA 2015. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27276-4_58.

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Zhou, Dan, and Erlei Wang. "Experimental study on a concrete-filled round-ended steel tube under eccentric compression." In Advances in Energy Science and Equipment Engineering II. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315116174-62.

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Conference papers on the topic "Compressor equipment"

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Pereira dos Santos, Sidney. "Gas Compressor Service With Turbo Compressors." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0183.

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Gas pipeline projects are capital intensive and normally are developed under scenarios of uncertainty. Such uncertainties vary from closing take-or-pay, ship-or-pay or delivery-or-pay agreements to those uncertainties related to the acquisition of equipments, material and construction and assembling contracts. Natural gas compression service contracts with compressor station using gas motors and reciprocating compressors have been widely adopted at PETROBRAS as economically feasible against holding the stations as part of the pipeline asset as well as providing an effective approach to mitigate risks inherent to the gas business and associated to the compressor stations. Although compression service contracts with turbo compressors (gas turbine drivers and centrifugal compressors) have not yet been accomplished at PETROBRAS for gas pipeline projects, studies and preliminaries discussions shows that, taken into consideration certain relevant aspects, they will also present great opportunity to be adopted and will generate the same advantages already perceived for the compression service contracts with stations that uses gas motor drivers and reciprocation compressors. This paper has the objective of presenting an economic approach and a business model addressing the main points that must be considered while doing feasibility analysis between the alternatives of holding property of the compression station asset against the opportunity of having a compression service contract as operating cost for the project. Questions such as how to address depreciation, overhaul costs and tailor made equipment, such as centrifugal compressors, are raised and answered.
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Kurz, Rainer, Robert C. White, and Klaus Brun. "Upstream and Midstream Compression Applications: Part 2—Implications on Operation and Control of the Compression Equipment." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68006.

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Different upstream and midstream applications lead to different compression system characteristics and control requirements that are the result of compressor requirements (eg high pressure ratio, wide operating range) and the process requirements. Multiple unit installations, or installations with multiple compressors per train require specific process control considerations to match the compressors with the process system behavior and the objectives of the station or system operator. This paper explains the impact of the interaction between system characteristics and compressor characteristics, both under steady state and transient conditions. Also considered are concepts to optimize and control the units.
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Beck, Griffin, Nathan Andrews, A. Grey Berry, and Amy McCleney. "Wet Gas Formation and Carryover in Compressor Suction Equipment." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59353.

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Abstract In gas processing, boosting, and gathering applications, gas-liquid separator equipment (typically referred to as a scrubber) is placed upstream of each reciprocating compressor stage to remove water and hydrocarbon condensates. However, field experience indicates that liquids are often still present downstream of the separation equipment. When liquids are ingested into the reciprocating compressor, machinery failures, some of which are severe, can result. While it is generally understood that liquid carryover and condensation can occur, it is less clear how the multiphase fluid moves through equipment downstream of the scrubber. In this paper, mechanisms responsible for liquid formation and carryover into reciprocating compressors are explored. First, the effects of liquid ingestion on reciprocating compressors reported in the open literature are reviewed. Then, the role of heat and pressure loss along the gas flow path is investigated to determine whether liquid formation (i.e., condensation) is likely to occur for two identical compressors with different pulsation bottle configurations. For this investigation, conjugate heat transfer (CHT) models of the suction pulsation bottles are used to identify regions where liquid dropout is likely to occur. Results of these investigations are presented. Next, liquid carryover from the upstream scrubber is considered. Multiphase models are developed to determine how the multiphase fluid flows through the complex flow path within the pulsation bottle. Two liquid droplet size distributions are employed in these models. Descriptions of the modeling techniques, assumptions, and boundary conditions are provided.
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Zampieri, Giuliano, and Vanni Damiani. "Italian Compressor Stations for Gas Storage." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-364.

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In Italy the gas transmission network, more than 23.000 km long, has 21 compressor stations with a total power of 500 MW. Some of the stations are used only for transmission purposes while others can also be used alternately or at the same time to compress gas into storage fields (Fig.1). Italy has one of Western Europe’s biggest gas reserves in storage fields: in fact the working gas used at the moment is about 12 Gm3 and the gas in place is about 24 Gm3. The total compression capacity is about 90 Mm3/d with discharge pressures of up to 150 bar. All the stations are remote controlled with no personnel on site. For this, very reliable station control systems are used to control plant, engines and all the station’s auxiliary equipment. A compressor unit consists of a centrifugal compressor driven by a gas turbine. The heavy duty gas turbines have an output of between 3.7 and 10.4 MW, while the jet derivative turbines have an output of 20.5 MW. The gas compressors have two separate stages (sections) that can be put in series or in parallel according to the required compression ratio and flow. The special configuration of the stations gas piping is designed to match operating requirements. Examples of series/parallel configurations of the compressors and of the gas piping are given with an explanation of the pros and cons.
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"Analysis of an Existing Compressor Foundation with Excessive Local Vibration." In SP-348: Foundations for Dynamic Equipment. American Concrete Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51732679.

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Ebisawa, Naoto, Yasuo Fukushima, and Hideaki Orikasa. "Dynamic Simulation of Centrifugal Compressor Startup With Inlet Guide Vane." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45810.

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To achieve safe and efficient operation of centrifugal compressors, understanding the transient behavior of the compression system and reflecting such characteristics into the design of compressors and peripheral equipment early in the plant engineering stage are important. Since such transient states cannot be completely studied by static analysis alone, additional analyses using plant’s dynamic model are desired. To utilize for compressor design and process verification in the engineering phase, a dynamic simulator specialized for compressor systems has been developed. The presented work demonstrates an example of the way the simulator was used for a preparatory investigation of the Mixed Refrigerant (MR) compressor start up in an LNG plant. The simulation results showed that motor acceleration could be successfully accomplished by using the throttled inlet guide vanes (IGVs) for lowering the load torque and that the compressor could generate the required liquefaction pressure at settle out condition.
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Abdelwahab, Ahmed. "An Investigation of the Use of Wet Compression in Industrial Centrifugal Compressors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90695.

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Industrial centrifugal compressors generally comprise a number of low pressure ratio intercooled stages. This is done primarily for the purpose of reducing the compressor power requirements and improving the operating range of the multi-stage compressor. In recent years, however, rapid increases in the per-kilowatt-hour prices both domestically and worldwide has led to renewed research efforts to further reduce the power requirements of this type of compression equipment. Several attempts have been made to use direct water injection as a means to overspray the compressor inlet to further reduce its power requirement. This paper presents an investigation into the use of this technology in industrial centrifugal compressors. A simple numerical method is presented for the computation of wet compression processes. The method is based on both droplet evaporation and compressor mean-line calculations. An assessment, based on the developed model, of the effectiveness of evaporative processes in reducing the compressor power consumption per stage is presented. The impacts on stage efficiency and operating range are also presented.
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Isac, Robert, Teodor Stănescu, and Valentin Petrescu. "Infrared Thermography - Extending Operating Life of Natural Gas Compression Equipment with Screw Compressor." In 2023 11th International Conference on ENERGY and ENVIRONMENT (CIEM). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciem58573.2023.10349727.

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Schmidt, Klaus D., Werner Scholz, and Hartmut Schlüter. "Gas Turbine Compressor Unit Application in Sour Gas Field Operation." In ASME 1986 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/86-gt-113.

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The use of sour gas as primary energy requires constant supply pressure and flow to the gas treatment plant as well as to the pipeline distribution network and consumers. During exploitation of gas fields, when the well head pressure and flow decreases, production continues at increased cost. Application of gas compression equipment is required for continuation of supply pressure and flow to the sour gas treatment plant and to customer connection flanges. The design and layout of sour gas compression equipment has to guarantee high operational availability and reliability for continuous duty. To properly select equipment for sour gas applications, including the compressor, its driver and auxiliary and ancillary systems, the specific requirements and standards have to be taken into consideration. This paper will report about a situation in the sour gas fields in the northern part of West Germany and will describe the design objectives, station layout and equipment selection for a sour gas compressor station including operating experiences.
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Janßen, Stefan, Peter Pätzold, Axel Emde, and Rainer Kurz. "Modernization of the Equipment of a Head Compressor Station." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25135.

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The Waidhaus compressor station in Germany is a key compressor station for the supply of Natural Gas from Russia into the German and the European market. The required flexibility, together with the goal of a small environmental footprint, has led to some unique, but widely applicable solutions. Since this head compressor station of the MEGAL pipeline system is of highest importance for the European gas supply, requirements for high availability and reliability of the equipment are significant. The paper consists of two parts: In the first part it describes the challenges of installing new equipment in an existing compressor station, details the characteristics of the installed equipment, and, in particular, discusses the steps that have been taken to assure the required high availability, high reliability, and high flexibility. In the second part, the acceptance test is described, taking into account site specific limitations, and how a highly accurate site test can be executed. The tested unit was accepted based on the acceptance test described. The methodology is useful for the conduct and execution of site performance tests. The paper thus provides insight into the decision making, installation, and acceptance process for the specific situation of a strategically important brownfield compressor station.
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Reports on the topic "Compressor equipment"

1

Choquette, Gary. PR-000-16209-Z01 Demonstration of Continuous Equipment Performance Monitoring. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011030.

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The Pipeline Research Council International has funded multiple projects focusing on using reciprocating engine operating data to diagnose combustion problems. This effort extends those techniques on reciprocating compressor units including the gas compressor, main bearings, and ancillary equipment (e. g., turbocharger, aftercooler, pumps). In addition, additional combustion monitoring techniques are described that can be implemented on most existing mainline compressor units used in the industry. Includes macro enabled spreadsheets that perform modeling fits for turbocharger and power cylinder exhaust temperatures.
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Jay. L51723 Guidelines for Sound Power Level Measurements Compressor Equipment. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010419.

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Increasing legislation and public awareness of noise are intensifying the efforts of industries today to reduce the noise. The natural gas industry has proved that it is one of the industrial leaders in its awareness of noise problems and has maintained a vigorous research program in noise control for over 30 years. A noise survey can be done in several ways: point measurements, grid point methods, contour methods, scanning techniques, etc. The selection of the method depends on the accuracy required, available personnel, expertise etc. For the most accurate determination of sound power, the scanning method using sound intensity measurements is considered to be the best available in present day circumstances. This method is discussed in detail in later chapters. Point and grid point measurements are useful to determine the Sound Pressure Level, but are of limited use in quantifying the Sound Power Level of a noise source in a complex and multi-source environment such as a compressor station. Guidelines for Sound Power Level Measurements for Compressor Station Equipment Report documents the development of guidelines for in-situ sound power level measurements for compressor station equipment, with sample calculations. Measurement of equipment noise levels in a complex, multi-source environment is very difficult and may be accomplished by several methods. These guidelines specify the sound intensity approach that can be used in almost any field situation. The sound power guidelines described in this report specify the sound intensity approach as the primary measurement method since it can be used in almost any field situation to determine the sound power of a source. In open spaces without reflecting surfaces (except the ground plane) sound pressure measurements may give satisfactory estimates of the sound power of noise sources if background noise is low and other sources can be turned off. Inside a compressor building, the modified reverberation room approach may be allowed, but then only the total sound power can be determined unless background sources can be controlled or other sources turned off. Lastly, the standard guidelines developed were used to conduct field measurements of the sound power of four equipment noise sources including: a) turbine casing, b) turbine air inlet, c) cooler and d) exhaust stack.
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3

Harrell, J. P., and A. J. Smalley. L51770A Analysis of Compressor Station Maintenance Costs for 1995-1996. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012028.

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4

Crocker, Malcolm, P. Raju, and S. Yang. NPR199201 Standard Sound Power Level Specification and Measurement Procedure. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011640.

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These guidelines describe a method for in-situ determination of the sound power level of the noise sources in indoor or outdoor environments for gas compressor station equipment using sound intensity measurements. The guidelines contain information on instrumentation, installation and operation of the source, procedures for the selection of a measurement surface, procedures for the sampling of sound intensity on the measurement surface, procedures for the calculation of sound power level, and techniques that can be used to qualify the measurement environment. Typical results obtained for different types of equipment in a gas compressor station using these guidelines are summarized.
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5

Smalley. L51984 Engine-Compressor Performance Data Normalization. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011172.

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This report defines methods for normalizing parameters which relate to performance and integrity of compression equipment. As a basis for normalization, the project compares each parameter as recorded or derived during operation to a corresponding expected value. The report presents a method to characterize operational behavior by mapping, and by linear regression to develop a model which predicts the expected value as a function of certain independent variables. The report discusses active and passive options for mapping. The project has focused considerable attention on the choice of both dependent and independent variable(s) for the mapping process (guided both by knowledge of the physics involved, and by typical data from various sources for most of the parameters). The report presents a basis for assessing the statistical significance of a deviation between measured and expected values and, where appropriate, for evaluating the economic significance. In addition, the report gives trouble-shooting guidelines for use by operators in the event a significant deviation between a measured and expected parameter is identified.
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6

Burkey, Russell, Kelsi Katcher, and Luis Gutierrez. PR-015-21208-R01 Improvements in Compressor and Pump Station Facility Efficiency. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012244.

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This research effort focused on identifying equipment and processes that can be applied at compressor and pump stations to improve station operating efficiency, thereby reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The project approach included a literature review and a PRCI member-company survey followed by evaluation and analysis and reporting tasks. This report has a corresponding webinar.
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7

Lawson. L51597 Feasibility Study of New Technology for Intake Air Filtration. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010105.

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Inlet air filters are widely used to remove solids and liquid droplets from the ambient air before it enters the compressor of a gas turbine. Clean inlet air provides many advantages: Less corrosion of the compressor and of gas-path hot parts, such as the turbine, decreased compressor fouling, less erosion of the compressor bladeThese in turn prevent deterioration of output and heat rate, and reduce maintenance costs. Compressor fouling is caused by the ingestion of substances that deposit and adhere to blade surfaces, resulting in reduced aerodynamic efficiency and decreased available output. Air contamination could be significantly reduced by the use of more efficient air filtration systems, especially through the reduction of the quantity of smaller particles ingested. The consequent lower loss of output power and decreased cleaning efforts provide lower costs of operation and increased shaft power. This work was composed of three major efforts: 1) A literature search was performed to establish the state of the art for particle removal from gases, particularly by electrostatic precipitation, and to identify the leading vendors of the equipment-considering both experience and technical expertise. 2) Two chosen companies were visited to determine their technical capabilities as they apply to gas turbine inlet air filtration. 3) A representative gas turbine was specified by PRCI as being the equivalent of a GE Model 3002J turbine, with airflow of 91,200 acfm. A specification based upon that airflow was prepared and submitted to the two vendors. Each vendor prepared a proposal for a filter system compliant with the specification. The proposed air filtration equipment is sufficiently different from existing products that it was judged not beneficial to visit manufacturing facilities. Both vendors are reputable suppliers of air filtration equipment. This study is intended to provide definitive information relative to the use of new technology for air inlet filtration on gas turbines in gas pipeline pumping applications.
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8

Unknown, Author. PR-215-9129-R01 Preferred Characteristics of Future Compression Stations - A Pipeline Industry Survey. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012062.

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An industry survey of a representative group of gas transport experts in the pipeline industry. This survey was undertaken primarily to define and measure their perceptions of the relative rankings of the important factors considered in purchasing compressor station equipment; this information will be used subsequently to help screen technology ideas. Secondarily, the survey was designed to obtain some insight as to the types of equipment in use, when and with what it might be replaced or extended, and what new technologies could be of interest.
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9

Jones, Byron. PR266-18201-R01 CEPM for Turbochargers. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012250.

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Documents methods and data necessary to identify a decline in turbocharger performance based on real-time and near-real-time operating data. The techniques allow for the identification of performance issues well in advance of critical performance loss. This continuous equipment performance monitoring allows for a managed overhaul rather than an unplanned outage. The techniques were evaluated to determine their applicability to monitor performance of gas turbines with a focus on the axial compressor. The methods were verified against field data with induced abnormal operating conditions to validate the efficacy of the models and to help the equipment operators diagnose the underlying conditions contributing to the performance decline.
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10

George and Hawley. PR-015-10602-R01 Effects of Liquid Contamination on Ultrasonic Flow Meter Performance. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010787.

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A known cause of error in in-line ultrasonic meters is the presence of liquid contamination on transducer faces. These liquids can come from unconventional or poor-quality gas supplies, but compressor oil or glycol can also enter the natural gas stream due to problems with upstream equipment. It has been suspected that liquid contamination produces a fundamental measurement error in ultrasonic pulse transit time, which leads to biases in the measured sound speed of the gas and, ultimately, flow measurement errors. Operators presently observe such differences in measured sound speeds, but often do not understand that they may be linked to the presence of liquids. Having such an understanding could lead to solutions to manage the problem, such as diagnostics to identify the cause of the liquid contamination and prompt maintenance on the equipment producing the liquids. Such diagnostics could reduce the resulting measurement errors and related lost-and-unaccounted-for (LAUF) gas amounts. This report documents a research project to characterize ultrasonic meter response to liquid contaminants produced by pipeline operations, particularly compressor oil and glycol. Tests were performed using multiple brands of ultrasonic meters and multiple types of transducers, with flow data and diagnostics collected from each meter. The data were analyzed to answer three questions: (1) how the diagnostic ability of the meter depends upon the meter and transducer designs, (2) whether ultrasonic meter diagnostics can identify liquid contaminant types, and (3) how various liquid contaminants affect measurement accuracy.
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