Journal articles: 'Compulsive behavior – Treatment'

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Southern, Stephen. "Treatment of Compulsive Cybersex Behavior." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 31, no. 4 (December 2008): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.06.003.

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de Haas, Ria, Annelies Nijdam, Tjalke A. Westra, Martien JH Kas, and Herman GM Westenberg. "Behavioral pattern analysis and dopamine release in quinpirole-induced repetitive behavior in rats." Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 12 (December 8, 2010): 1712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110389093.

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disease with a lifetime prevalence of 2–3%. People with OCD suffer from intrusive, unwanted and recurrent thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive ritualistic behaviors (compulsions). The aim of this study is to quantify the dimensions of ritualistic ‘compulsive-like’ behavior in quinpirole-induced behavior in rats by using T-pattern behavioral analysis. In addition, we investigated whether the behavioral effects elicited by quinpirole sensitization remained after 2 weeks of cessation of treatment. Finally, to study the neurobiological underpinnings of this ‘compulsive-like’ behavior, we investigated the effect of quinpirole treatment on the extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Once established, ‘compulsive-like’ behavior is dependent upon quinpirole administration, as this behavior rapidly normalized after cessation of treatment. After a single dose of quinpirole the dopamine level decreased more in saline pre-treated animals as compared with animals given quinpirole treatment continuously. Furthermore, T-pattern analysis revealed that quinpirole-induced behavior consists, unlike OCD rituals, of a smaller behavioral repertoire. As seen in patients with OCD, quinpirole-treated animals performed these behaviors with a high rate of repetition. These findings suggest that quinpirole-induced behavior mimics only part of the compulsive behavior as shown in OCD patients.

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Mick, Thomas M., and Eric Hollander. "Impulsive-Compulsive Sexual Behavior." CNS Spectrums 11, no. 12 (December 2006): 944–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900015133.

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ABSTRACTImpulsive-compulsive sexual behavior is a little studied clinical phenomenon which affects ~5% to 6% of the population. In theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision, it is classified as an impulse control disorder not otherwise specified or a sexual disorder not otherwise specified. It may be placed in a possible new category in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Editioncalled substance and behavioral addictions.This clinical entity is reviewed and the merit of classifying it as an addiction is assessed. Information is presented regarding its diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, types of behavior it can involve, relationship to hypersexuality, comorbidities, treatment, and etiology. The data regarding this disorder and its overlap with chemical addiction is limited. If the two disorders are to be grouped together, further data are needed.

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Taylor, Steven. "Treatment of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder: Beyond Behavior Therapy." Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 34, no. 3 (September 5, 2005): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16506070510041185.

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Flygare, Oskar, Erik Andersson, Helene Ringberg, Anna-Clara Hellstadius, Johan Edbacken, Jesper Enander, Matti Dahl, et al. "Adapted cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder: A clinical effectiveness study." Autism 24, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319856974.

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder commonly co-occur. Adapted cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder in adults with autism spectrum disorder has not previously been evaluated outside the United Kingdom. In this study, 19 adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder were treated using an adapted cognitive behavior therapy protocol that consisted of 20 sessions focused on exposure with response prevention. The primary outcome was the clinician-rated Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale. Participants were assessed up to 3 months after treatment. There were significant reductions on the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale at post-treatment (d = 1.5), and improvements were sustained at follow-up (d = 1.2). Self-rated obsessive–compulsive disorder and depressive symptoms showed statistically significant reductions. Improvements in general functioning and quality of life were statistically non-significant. Three participants (16%) were responders at post-treatment and four (21%) were in remission from obsessive–compulsive disorder. At follow-up, three participants (16%) were responders and one (5%) was in full remission. Adapted cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder in adults with co-occurring autism spectrum disorder is associated with reductions in obsessive–compulsive symptoms and depressive symptoms. However, outcomes are modest; few patients were completely symptom free, and treatment engagement was low with few completed exposures and low adherence to homework assignments. We identify and discuss the need for further treatment refinement for this vulnerable group.

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Santore, Lee A., Alan Gerber, Ayla N. Gioia, Rebecca Bianchi, Fanny Talledo, Tara S. Peris, and Matthew D. Lerner. "Felt but not seen: Observed restricted repetitive behaviors are associated with self-report—but not parent-report—obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in youth with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 24, no. 4 (March 13, 2020): 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320909177.

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Repetitive behaviors are observed in autism spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinically, obsessive-compulsive disorder obsessions are thought to drive repetitive or ritualistic behavior designed to neutralize subjective distress, while restricted and repetitive behaviors are theorized to be reward- or sensory-driven. Both behaviors are notably heterogeneous and often assessed with parent- or clinician-report, highlighting the need for multi-informant, multi-method approaches. We evaluated the relationship between parent- and child self-reported obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms with parent-reported and clinician-indexed restricted and repetitive behaviors among 92 youth with autism spectrum disorder (ages 7–17 years). Regression analyses controlling for the social communication and interaction component of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder symptoms indicated child self-reported, but not parent-reported, symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder were associated with clinician-observed restricted and repetitive behaviors. Although both parent- and child self-reported obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms were associated with parent-reported restricted and repetitive behaviors, the overlap between parent-reports of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and restricted and repetitive behaviors were likely driven by their shared method of parent-reported measurement. Results suggest that children experience restricted and repetitive behaviors in ways that more closely resemble traditional obsessive-compulsive disorder-like compulsions, whereas their parents view such behaviors as symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. These findings provide guidance for better understanding, distinguishing, and ultimately treating obsessive-compulsive disorder behavior in youth with autism spectrum disorder and introduce new conceptualizations of the phenotypic overlap between these conditions. Lay abstract Youth with autism spectrum disorder often exhibit symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder; however, it can be difficult for parents and clinicians to tell the difference between the restricted and repetitive behaviors often seen in autism spectrum disorder and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. This difficulty in distinguishing symptoms may arise from the fact that these symptoms appear the same to observers but are typically differentiated based on whether the motivation for the behavior is to reduce stress (restricted and repetitive behaviors) or whether the behavior itself is stressful (obsessive-compulsive disorder). It is important to know the difference between these two symptoms as it may impact the treatment prescribed. The goal of this study was to better determine the difference between restricted and repetitive behaviors and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in youth with autism spectrum disorder. It was found that although parents and clinicians had trouble differentiating between the two, the children were able to provide insight as to their own motivations for behavior, and thus whether they were restricted and repetitive behaviors or symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It was also found that children may actually have subjective negative experiences when engaging in restricted and repetitive behaviors, which complicates their classification. These results provide guidance for better understanding, distinguishing, and ultimately treating obsessive-compulsive disorder behavior in youth with autism spectrum disorder.

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Khouzam, Hani Raoul, Michael F. Mayo-Smith, Donald R. Bernard, and Jack A. Mahdasian. "Treatment of crack-cocaine-induced compulsive behavior with trazodone." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 12, no. 2 (March 1995): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(95)00001-l.

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Herring, Bill. "Ethical Guidlines in the Treatment of Compulsive Sexual Behavior." Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 8, no. 1 (January 2001): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10720160127558.

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Carnes, Patrick J. "Sexual Addiction and Compulsion: Recognition, Treatment, and Recovery." CNS Spectrums 5, no. 10 (October 2000): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900007689.

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AbstractThe management of patients with compulsive sexual behavior requires an understanding of the profile of the sexually compulsive or addicted patient. This article summarizes patient characteristics and their implications for treatment. Data from a study of the recovery of 957 patients who had problematic, sexually excessive behavior are presented. Spanning 5 years, the study shows six distinct stages patients experienced and the clinical activities that were most useful to them. A trajectory of a typical diagnosis and treatment path is provided, as well as important resources for physicians and patients.

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Furlan, Julio C., Alexandre Henri-Bhargava, and Morris Freedman. "Clomipramine in the Treatment of Compulsive Behavior in Frontotemporal Dementia." Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 28, no. 1 (2014): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wad.0b013e318265c104.

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RAHMAN, M. SADIQUR, JEFFERY J. GRACE, MICHELE T. PATO, and BARBARA PRIEST. "Sertraline in the Treatment of Clozapine-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior." American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 11 (November 1998): 1626f—1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.11.1626f.

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Röper, Gisela. "Developmental Behavior Modification for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." European Psychologist 2, no. 1 (January 1997): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.2.1.64.

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Silverman, Wade H. "Client-therapist cooperation in the treatment of compulsive handwashing behavior." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 17, no. 1 (March 1986): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(86)90009-1.

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Leppink, Eric W., and Jon E. Grant. "Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment of Compulsive Sexual Behavior/Problematic Hypersexuality." Current Addiction Reports 3, no. 4 (October 15, 2016): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0122-y.

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Montes, Andrea S., Kathryn E. Osann, June Anne Gold, Roy N. Tamura, Daniel J. Driscoll, Merlin G. Butler, and Virginia E. Kimonis. "Genetic Subtype-Phenotype Analysis of Growth Hormone Treatment on Psychiatric Behavior in Prader-Willi Syndrome." Genes 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11111250.

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Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex multisystemic condition caused by a lack of paternal expression of imprinted genes from the 15q11.2–q13 region. Limited literature exists on the association between molecular classes, growth hormone use, and the prevalence of psychiatric phenotypes in PWS. In this study, we analyzed nine psychiatric phenotypes (depressed mood, anxiety, skin picking, nail picking, compulsive counting, compulsive ordering, plays with strings, visual hallucinations, and delusions) recognized in PWS and investigated associations with growth hormone treatment (GHT), deletions (DEL) and uniparental disomy (UPD) in a cohort of 172 individuals with PWS who met the criteria for analysis. Associations were explored using Pearson chi-square tests and univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses to control for confounding exposures. This observational study of the largest dataset of patients with PWS to date suggested the following genetic subtype and phenotype correlations in psychiatric behaviors: (1) skin picking was more frequent in those with DEL vs. UPD; (2) anxiety was more common in those with UPD vs. DEL; and (3) an increased frequency of anxiety was noted in the UPD group treated with GHT compared to the DEL group. No other significant associations were found between the genetic subtype or GHT including for depressed mood, nail picking, compulsive counting, compulsive ordering, playing with strings, and visual hallucinations. Further studies will be required before any conclusions can be reached.

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Degoulet, Mickael, Alix Tiran-Cappello, Etienne Combrisson, Christelle Baunez, and Yann Pelloux. "Subthalamic low-frequency oscillations predict vulnerability to cocaine addiction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 14 (March 30, 2021): e2024121118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024121118.

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Identifying vulnerable individuals before they transition to a compulsive pattern of drug seeking and taking is a key challenge in addiction to develop efficient prevention strategies. Oscillatory activity within the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been associated with compulsive-related disorders. To study compulsive cocaine-seeking behavior, a core component of drug addiction, we have used a rat model in which cocaine seeking despite a foot-shock contingency only emerges in some vulnerable individuals having escalated their cocaine intake. We show that abnormal oscillatory activity within the alpha/theta and low-beta bands during the escalation of cocaine intake phase predicts the subsequent emergence of compulsive-like seeking behavior. In fact, mimicking STN pathological activity in noncompulsive rats during cocaine escalation turns them into compulsive ones. We also find that 30 Hz, but not 130 Hz, STN deep brain stimulation (DBS) reduces pathological cocaine seeking in compulsive individuals. Our results identify an early electrical signature of future compulsive-like cocaine-seeking behavior and further advocates the use of frequency-dependent STN DBS for the treatment of addiction.

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Flament, Martine F., Dan Geller, Metehan Irak, and Pierre Blier. "Specificities of Treatment in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 12, S3 (February 2007): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900002509.

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AbstractObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) experienced in childhood or adolescence is often a chronic disorder with high subjective distress and impairment of family and social functioning. An early comprehensive intervention schedule can have a profound effect on outcome in later years. The clinical manifestations of OCD among children and adolescents do not seem to be inherently different from those of adult patients. In younger subjects, the clinical picture tends to be dominated by compulsions, and insight can be poor, with little recognition of the symptoms as a problem.There is often a shift in symptoms over time, with some symptoms being replaced by others, while in adults, the core obsessions and compulsions tend to be more stable. In addition to depression and anxiety disorders, the spectrum of comorbid psychopathology seen in pediatric OCD patients includes tic, disruptive behavior, and specific developmental disorders. The treatment of childhood and adolescent OCD relies on cognitive-behavioral techniques of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapeutic interventions similar to those recommended in adults. The efficacy of exposure and response prevention in pediatric OCD has been shown in numerous open studies, and four controlled trials. Pharmacotherapy relies on serotonergic medication, and all have been demonstrated to be significantly superior to placebo, as reported in a recently published meta-analysis. Current concerns with the use of SSRIs in children and adolescents were explored as regards OCD and anxiety disorders, and there is no evidence for an increase in suicide or related behaviors.

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Granero, R., F. Fernández-Aranda, G. Mestre-Bach, T. Steward, M. Baño, Z. Agüera, N. Mallorquí-Bagué, et al. "Cognitive behavioral therapy for compulsive buying behavior: Predictors of treatment outcome." European Psychiatry 39 (January 2017): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.004.

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AbstractBackgroundCompulsive buying behavior (CBB) is receiving increasing consideration in both consumer and psychiatric-epidemiological research, yet empirical evidence on treatment interventions is scarce and mostly from small homogeneous clinical samples.ObjectivesTo estimate the short-term effectiveness of a standardized, individual cognitive behavioral therapy intervention (CBT) in a sample of n = 97 treatment-seeking patients diagnosed with CBB, and to identify the most relevant predictors of therapy outcome.MethodThe intervention consisted of 12 individual CBT weekly sessions, lasting approximately 45 minutes each. Data on patients’ personality traits, psychopathology, sociodemographic factors, and compulsive buying behavior were used in our analysis.ResultsThe risk (cumulative incidence) of poor adherence to the CBT program was 27.8%. The presence of relapses during the CBT program was 47.4% and the dropout rate was 46.4%. Significant predictors of poor therapy adherence were being male, high levels of depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, low anxiety levels, high persistence, high harm avoidance and low self-transcendence.ConclusionCognitive behavioral models show promise in treating CBB, however future interventions for CBB should be designed via a multidimensional approach in which patients’ sex, comorbid symptom levels and the personality-trait profiles play a central role.

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Ferreira, Gabriela M., Murat Yücel, Andrew Dawson, Valentina Lorenzetti, and Leonardo F. Fontenelle. "Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder." CNS Spectrums 22, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852916000535.

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AimsTo determine the rates and associated illness characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who describe their symptoms as either rewarding or habitual.MethodsSeventy-three treatment-seeking OCD patients had their dominant compulsive behavior assessed with a structured interview (the Temporal Impulsive-Compulsive Scale–Revised) to track the progression of rewarding (ie, gain in positive affect), aversive (ie, decrease in negative affect), and neutral (or non-affective) states and a self-report scale (the Self-Report Habit Index) to evaluate their habitual features. Additional measures included structured diagnostic interviews for axis I and II disorders, measures of OCD symptoms severity, and a battery of instruments to comprehensively assess relevant aspects of sensitivity to reward and fear.ResultsAlmost half (49%) of our OCD patients (particularly washers) endorsed that they anticipated obtaining a reward (ie, positive affect) from the enactment of their dominant compulsive behavior. Washers stood out in that their positive affects during and after compulsive behaviors were highly (and positively) correlated with duration of illness. In contrast, habit strength did not differ between washers, checkers, and arrangers, although it also correlated with duration of illness among checkers. Furthermore, the severity of OCD and comorbidity with impulse control disorders predicted up to 35% of the variance in the habit strength of OCD behaviors.ConclusionCompulsive washing may be more clearly characterized by problems in reward processing. In contrast, duration of checking, severity of OCD, and comorbidity with impulse control disorders shape compulsive behaviors by imparting them with habitual tendencies.

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Shabnam and Neelam Mishra. "Sexual obsession compulsive disorder: 11 case studies." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 5907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3248.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a long-lasting disorder characterized by cyclic feelings and compulsive behaviors which lead to momentary relief. One of the recognized feature in obsessive-compulsive disorder is sexual obsessions. Compulsive sexual behavior has not yet received wide consideration from researchers and clinicians. Till date, there have been dearth of formal studies of sexual behavior in OCD. In spite of the scarcity of research, many patients with sexual obsession do present for the treatment and mental health professionals in any setting are likely to come across patients with this disorder. The present study aims to affirm that sexual obsessions are prevalent clinical features in OCD that arise sex based symptoms. For that purpose, the data was composed from 11 patients, in which the symptoms were existent for more than 1 year. The data was collected in the form of history taking Structured Clinical Interview, that has been a part of case study method. It was found that the patients display an obsession with the sexual acts and feel discomfort if unable to control their urges which later affect their personal and social functioning. So this paper will focus and summarize sexual behavior in OCD with the help of case studies.

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Serby, Michael. "Methylphenidate-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in an Elderly Man." CNS Spectrums 8, no. 8 (August 2003): 612–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900018885.

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ABSTRACTAn 82-year-old man with treatment-resistant depression and early Alzheimer's disease was started on methylphenidate. Significant obsessive-compulsive behavior ensued but diminished over several weeks when methylphenidate was replaced by fluvoxamine. The patient had no prior psychiatric history, but he had a sister with obsessive-compulsive disorder. It appears that methylphenidate precipitated the patient's pathological behavior.

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Benson, Rodney, Laurie Stickney, Joseph Smetter, and Jeremy Steglitz. "Modified Exposure and Response Prevention for the Treatment of Comorbid OCD-Like Repetitive Behavior and Developmental Disability." Clinical Case Studies 15, no. 6 (September 30, 2016): 484–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534650116672006.

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Adults with developmental disabilities are particularly vulnerable to experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the application of evidence-based treatments such as Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) to individuals with comorbid OCD and developmental disabilities is a relatively new and emerging field of study. The present article presents a case study of modified ERP for the treatment of an adult woman with comorbid OCD-like repetitive behavior and developmental disabilities. Target behaviors, including OCD-like repetitive behavior, verbal agitation, and physical aggression, decreased over the course of the 7-month active treatment phase, and reductions in physical aggression and verbal agitation were maintained during follow-up. This case study provides important lessons about the individual-level and systems-level assessment and treatment of comorbid OCD-like repetitive behavior and developmental disabilities.

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Moura, A., V. Gonzalez, L. Cif, A. Ionita, E. Sanrey, and P. Coubes. "Refractory compulsive disorders and multi target areas treated with deep brain stimulation." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71878-8.

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BackgroundObsessive compulsive -disorder (OCD) is a group of highly debilitating condition characterized by intrusive troubling thoughts, repetitive, compulsive behaviours or mental rituals. According to the OMS, this is the tenth disease which produces a social incapacity. This behavior is associated with other diseases of the motor pathway as Parkinson, Tourrete, Lesh-Nyhan, PKAN, Huntington disease. A notable percentage of patients are refractory to pharmacological treatment and cognitive behaviour therapy. Increasing attention has been paid to the efficacy of DBS therapies in alleviating pharmacoresistant psychiatric disorders including OCD.PurposeThis prospective study was to determine the efficacy of DBS using multiple targets in a pharmacoresistant compulsion behavior population with heterogeneous symptoms in a multidisciplinary team.Population and methodsFive patients. Patients were classified according to their prominent features as follows: contamination/cleaning, symmetry/checking, exactness/counting and forbidden thoughts. The entire surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia. Direct targeting based on sterotactic MRI without microelectrode recordings was done. A combination of two of the following targets was simultaneously implanted for all 5 patients: subthalamic nucleus, accumbens nucleus and bed nucleus of stria terminalis, limbic globus pallidus internus.All the patients have been assessed pre-and postoperatively using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale.ResultsMean age at surgery was of 42.6 ± 12.68 years. Mean follow-up with DBS was of 21 ± 14.88 months.Mean preoperative Y-BOCS scores was 31.6 ± 2.70 and of 11 ± 7.97 postoperative (p = 0,057, Wilcoxon signed Rank test). Conclusion: Subthalamic nucleus and accumbens nucleus targets seem to be comparable in alleviating several subtypes of compulsions (checking, cleaning, counting) as well as obsessions.

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Savard, Josephine, Katarina Görts Öberg, Andreas Chatzittofis, Cecilia Dhejne, Stefan Arver, and Jussi Jokinen. "A Feasibility Study of Naltrexone Treatment for Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder." Biological Psychiatry 87, no. 9 (May 2020): S354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.909.

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Giasuddin, Noor Ahmed, and Md Jahangir Hossain. "Understanding Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Management Options." Faridpur Medical College Journal 15, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v15i1.49009.

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Obsessive compulsive disorder is a common mental health problem. It is characterized by obsession and compulsion. Obsession can be defined as unwanted, intrusive, recurrent and persistent thoughts, images or impulses which are not voluntarily produced, but are experienced as events that invade a person's consciousness. Compulsion can be defined as repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior that is performed according to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion and is not an end in itself but is usually intended to prevent some event or situation. The obsessions or compulsions interfere significantly with the person's normal routine, occupational functioning, usual social activities, or relationships. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and several related disorders are now put together into separate chapter in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). Literature search was performed with the key words "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder", "Obsession", "Compulsion", "Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". Representative and leading researches from last 25 years were included in the study. Modern concepts of OCD began to evolve in the nineteenth century. Obsessions, in which insight was preserved, were gradually distinguished from delusions, in which it was not. The core features of OCD are remarkably similar from one country to the next, but its manifestations may differ for reasons of culture and experience. OCD is typically a chronic disorder with a waxing and waning course. In classical psychoanalytic theory, OCD was considered a regression from the Oedepal phase to the anal psycho-sexual phase of development. Functional brain imaging studies have produced a model for pathophysiology of OCD which involves hyperactivity in certain subcortical and cortical regions. The idea that abnormality in serotonergic neurotransmission underlies OCD arose from the observation that clomipramine, which inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, relieved symptoms, whereas noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors did not. During the last 40 years there has been considerable progress in the pharmacological management of OCD. Behavioral therapy is also considered as an effective way of controlling OCD. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a well-documented intervention for children, adolescents, and adults with OCD. Other biological approaches for obsessive-compulsive disorder include neurosurgery, deepbrain stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. The neurosurgical techniques of cingulotomy and capsulotomy may provide clinical improvement among some patients with treatmentrefractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Overall, stereotactic surgery should be viewed as a last option in treating refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2020;15(1): 38-42

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Sousa, Avinash De. "Compulsive Pornography Use in Late Life: A Case Report." Journal of Psychosexual Health 1, no. 3-4 (July 2019): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631831819890766.

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Compulsive pornography use is on the rise and is a common compulsive sexual behavior being seen in the younger age groups between 18 and 30 years of age. The treatment of the same involves a combination of medical and behavioral management. We present herewith a case of a 69-year-old male who developed compulsive pornography usage for the first time and that responded well to psychotherapy and medication.

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Chiappini, Erika A., Carisa Parrish, Elizabeth Reynolds, and Joseph F. McGuire. "Overcoming barriers in cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Addressing parent behaviors." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 85, no. 3 (September 2021): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2021.85.3.231.

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Exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a well-established treatment for anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in youth. Although a majority of youth respond to CBT, a substantial portion remain symptomatic and/or experience a return of symptoms after completing a course of treatment. This highlights the need for further improvements to this evidence-based treatment. Given that parent behaviors can negatively influence treatment, addressing parental behaviors in CBT serves as a novel and promising treatment target to improve youth's therapeutic outcomes. The authors review three common parent behaviors that influence anxiety and treatment outcomes: family accommodation, parent anxious behaviors, and management of disruptive behaviors. The authors then discuss each behavior, its effect on anxiety/OCD and treatment, and how to address the behavior within the context of CBT. In doing so, therapeutic learning can be optimized to improve CBT outcomes for youth with anxiety disorders and/or OCD.

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Aly, R. "Remote Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Egypt: A Randomized Trial." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1992.

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IntroductionRecently, cognitive behavior therapy has gone from being a promising new treatment to the most well established psychological treatment. In several hundreds of randomized controlled trials, it has shown effectiveness in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition, CBT is thus a highly promising treatment from a societal cost-effectiveness perspective.ObjectivesSeveral forms of CBT have been developed using remote communication methods, the general idea is that CBT delivered through the Internet or using telephone communication reflects the content of conventional CBT, but is administered as a form of therapist-guided treatment protocol.AimsEstimation of applicability and efficacy of remote cognitive behavior therapy for treating patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder in Egypt.MethodsA group of patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder was randomized into two groups; one received CBT as usual and the intervention group received CBT using telephone and/or the Internet. Both groups were assessed pre– and post treatment using the Yale Brown Scale for OCD symptom severity and Beck depression inventory for symptoms of associated depression. The quality of life scale was also applied to all patients participating in the study.ResultsPre– and post-study measures indicated a statistical and clinically relevant change in patients of two groups.ConclusionsDelivering CBT for patients suffering from OCD in Egypt using remote communication methods appears to be effective in alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life. Yet some adaptations to the standardized treatment protocol are mandated to render the protocol applicable through remote communication and enhancing cultural reception.

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Hohagen, Fritz. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Integrated Approaches in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 4, S3 (May 1999): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900007409.

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AbstractObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has long been considered a treatment-refractory mental condition. Neither pharmacologic nor psychodynamic therapy has been proven to treat OCD effectively. Yet the prognosis for OCD has changed dramatically in recent years with the introduction of behavior therapy and the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Many studies have shown that behavior therapy, especially exposure with response prevention, and SSRIs reduce obsessive-compulsive symptoms significantly. Still, many unanswered questions—including the role of cognitive therapy in the treatment of OCD, exposure therapy vs multimodal behavioral therapy, individual versus group therapy, outcome predictors in adults, adolescents, and children, and the role of combination treatment using an SSRI and cognitive-behavioral therapy—remain. This article will explore these issues as well as suggest directions for further research into OCD.

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Yen, Po Yu, Muhammad Zaidi, and Syed Naqvi. "188 Challenges in Differentiating Between Obsession and Delusion in Schizophrenic Patients: A Case Report." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 2 (April 2020): 318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920001030.

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Abstract:Schizophrenia is a serious, chronic mental illness that manifests a variety of symptoms: hallucinations, delusion of grandiose, disorganized behaviors, and neurocognitive decline after each episode. Among the patients with schizophrenia, obsessive- compulsive symptoms (OCS) or obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) are two relatively common comorbidities (25% and 12.5%, respectively). The appearance of these comorbidities complicates patient management: selecting the suitable pharmacological treatment may be challenging as delusion and obsession have similar presentation in this population. We would like to present a case which we suggest that differentiation between obsession and delusion will result in a positive impact on disease management.Patient was a middle- aged male with history of Schizophrenia and status post skin grafting. He presented with delusions, auditory hallucinations and disorganized behavior. During his hospitalization, he spent much portion of a day slapping or hitting his wound. He would not follow staffs’ recommendations regarding wound care as he believed that his behavior would lead to diminishing his pain from skin grafting and shorten the recovery time. He was treated with psychotropic medications, anti-depressants aided with medication for pain. Despite adequate pain management, appropriate dosage of anti-depressants and psychotherapy his self- injurious behavior persisted throughout the course of his hospitalization.In this report, we presented the challenges in managing compulsive behavior in a patient with Schizophrenia. To date, OCD and OCS are diagnosed based on clinical presentations, which results in difficulty in patient management especially when the illness is complicated by Schizophrenia. Patient was accessed with Yale- Brown Obsessive- Compulsive Scale on multiple occasions which the results indicated that he had subclinical OCD. However, the validity of the test is questionable as it is a test for severity of OCD; If his compulsive behavior was due to delusion rather than obsession, YBOCS should not be applied since it is limited to the patients with OCD.We propose that there is a necessity of developing a diagnostic intervention that may aid the differentiation between delusion and obsession in Schizophrenic patients. Genetic testing, for example, may be one of the potential diagnostic interventions to utilize clinically: A recent study, “Serotonin system genes and obsessive- compulsive trait dimensions in a population- based, pediatric sample: a genetic association study” by Sinopoli et al, has demonstrated a possible correlation between obsessive- compulsive spectrum disorders and serotonin gene variants. Although genetic testing of OCD is at its early stages and many aspects are yet to be discovered, it is optimistic to believe that potential benefits of the genetic test is tremendous as it will provide physicians a clearer picture in designing a treatment plan for this patient population.

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Grant, Jon E., Judson A. Brewer, and Marc N. Potenza. "The Neurobiology of Substance and Behavioral Addictions." CNS Spectrums 11, no. 12 (December 2006): 924–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s109285290001511x.

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ABSTRACTBehavioral addictions, such as pathological gambling, kleptomania, pyromania, compulsive buying, and compulsive sexual behavior, represent significant public health concerns and are associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and mortality. Although research into the biology of these behaviors is still in the early stages, recent advances in the understanding of motivation, reward, and addiction have provided insight into the possible pathophysiology of these disorders. Biochemical, functional neuroimaging, genetic studies, and treatment research have suggested a strong neurobiological link between behavioral addictions and substance use disorders. Given the substantial co-occurrence of these groups of disorders, improved understanding of their relationship has important implications not only for further understanding the neurobiology of both categories of disorders but also for improving prevention and treatment strategies.

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Twohig, Michael P., Maureen L. Whittal, and Katherine A. Peterson. "Treatment of Monozygotic Twins with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Using Cognitive Therapy and Exposure with Ritual Prevention." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 37, no. 4 (June 29, 2009): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465809990117.

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Background: Assessment and treatment of cohabiting monozygotic (MZ) twins with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a possible challenge for clinical psychologists. Aims: This study aims to present a detailed history of two sets of cohabiting MZ twins with OCD, and describe the adaption of cognitive behavior therapy in their treatments. Method: Two sets of cohabiting MZ twins completed a structured intake and the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale as well as measures of depression, anxiety, a measure of obsessive beliefs, and thought action fusion. One set received cognitive behavior therapy and exposure with ritual prevention (ERP) simultaneously and the other received ERP separately. Pre-, post-treatment and follow-up assessments occurred for both sets of twins. Results: All four individuals showed notable decreases in OCD, and results were maintained for three of the four participants at follow-up points. Conclusions: This study highlights the developmental course of OCD that can occur in cohabiting twins, and the clinical adaption that may be necessary.

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Schupak, Cynthia. "Case report: Lamotrigine/fluoxetine combination in the treatment of compulsive sexual behavior." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 31, no. 6 (August 2007): 1337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.011.

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McLean, Peter D., Maureen L. Whittal, Dana S. Thordarson, Steven Taylor, Ingrid Söchting, William J. Koch, Randy Paterson, and Kent W. Anderson. "Cognitive versus behavior therapy in the group treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive disorder." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 69, no. 2 (2001): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.205.

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Quadland, Michael C. "Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Definition of a Problem and an Approach to Treatment." Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 11, no. 2 (June 1985): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00926238508406078.

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Minichiello, William E., Lee Baer, and Michael A. Jenike. "Behavior therapy for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Theory and practice." Comprehensive Psychiatry 29, no. 2 (March 1988): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(88)90005-3.

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Bush, William W., Christina S. Barr, Mark M. Stecker, Karen L. Overall, Noemie M. Bernier, Edwin W. Darrin, and Adrian R. Morrison. "Diagnosis of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Disorder With Electroencephalography and Treatment With Tricyclic Antidepressants in a Dog." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 40, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0400495.

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A 9-month-old, female Labrador retriever mix was presented for two types of seizure-like episodes, one of which occurred only during sleep. The two types of episodes were morphologically distinct. An electroencephalogram (EEG) demonstrated that the sleep-associated episodes occurred during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, supporting a diagnosis of a REM behavior disorder. Based on their morphology and response to antiseizure medications, the waking episodes were diagnosed as seizures. The animal was also diagnosed with an obsessive-compulsive and generalized anxiety disorder. The REM behavior disorder and anxiety-related behaviors improved with tricyclic antidepressant therapy.

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Neziroglu, Fugen, Jonathan Hoffman, Jose A. Yaryura-Tobias, David Veale, and Jean Cottraux. "Current Issues in Behavior and Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 1, no. 1 (September 1996): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900000687.

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AbstractExposure and response prevention (ERP), a form of behavior therapy, is widely recognized as the most effective psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive therapy (meaning rational emotive behavior therapy [REBT], or the Salkovskis model for this article) has received increased attention as an effective method for OCD treatment. These methods have renewed hope for patients suffering with what had long been thought to be a treatment refractory condition. Yet many important issues require further discussion and investigation. At the Second International Conference on OCD, which was held in Guadeloupe, February 14–16, 1996, the following issues were highlighted:1. Which psychotherapies are effective in the treatment of OCD?2. What psychological strategies may be used to increase patient motivation during treatment?3. Are relapse prevention strategies necessary after improvement?4. How do economic factors affect the use of behavior therapy? How is OCD treatment uniform or varying from specialty providers to mental health generalists to primary care physicians? How do self-administered and therapist-administered ERP compare?5. How does the efficacy of ERP or cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy (either alone or in combination) compare?6. Is ERP effective for complex forms of OCD?7. In OCD treatment, is medication compliance improved if ERP or cognitive therapy is also used, and vice versa? How does this affect relapse rates? In addition, can doses of medications be lowered with the addition of ERP or cognitive therapy?8. What is known about the brain function and biological changes associated with ERP and cognitive therapy?

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Wilhelm, Sabine, Gail Steketee, Noreen A. Reilly-Harrington, Thilo Deckersbach, Ulrike Buhlmann, and Lee Baer. "Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Open Trial." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 19, no. 2 (June 2005): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.19.2.173.66792.

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This study examined the effectiveness of a new type of purely Beckian cognitive treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The manualized treatment used a flexible format permitting therapists to choose among several modules developed to address specific OCD belief domains identified by the Obsessive-Compulsive Cognition Working Group (1997). Fifteen participants diagnosed with OCD were treated individually for 14 weekly sessions. Ten participants had never received behavior therapy, and 5 participants had failed to benefit from exposure and response prevention (ERP) in the past. Participants improved with respect to their depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms over the course of the treatment. However, those who had never received ERP improved more than those who had failed to benefit from prior ERP. Implications of the study are discussed.

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Meyer, Sebastian, Karsten Mueller, Christin Gruenewald, Kristin Grundl, Anke Marschhauser, Solveig Tiepolt, Henryk Barthel, Osama Sabri, and Matthias L. Schroeter. "Citalopram Improves Obsessive-Compulsive Crossword Puzzling in Frontotemporal Dementia." Case Reports in Neurology 11, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495561.

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Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is characterized by severe changes in personality/behavior. Recent studies have provided evidence that a decrease in serotonin receptors and neuronal loss in the raphe nuclei play a role in the bvFTD pathology. Serotonergic antidepressants have been reported to diminish behavioral disturbances in bvFTD, particularly repetitive behaviors, disinhibition, apathy, sexually inappropriate behaviors, and hyperorality. Here, we present the case of an 80-year-old Caucasian male patient with clinically and biomarker supported bvFTD (“probable” bvFTD; disease-specific alterations in 18F-fluorodesoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging). The patient exhibited behavioral disinhibition, apathy, a loss of empathy, perseverative behavior during testing, hyperorality, changes in diet, and executive deficits in neuropsychological testing. Remarkably, he failed in solving crosswords by systematically filling in the blanks by letters in alphabetical order (A, B, C, D, etc.), indicating obsessive-compulsive behavior. One year later, the patient visited the clinic again for a follow-up investigation. He had taken 20 mg of citalopram per day for 1 consecutive year. Remarkably, he had regained the ability to fill in crossword puzzles correctly, although the neuropsychiatric inventory showed overall only small improvement in behavioral impairment. A regimen of 20 mg citalopram per day over the course of 1 year led to a specific improvement in one of the bvFTD core symptoms, obsessive-compulsive behavior, most pronounced in solving crossword puzzles. This case contributes to the understanding of the neuropharmacological correlates of bvFTD and supports the treatment of bvFTD’s behavioral symptoms with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

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Husain, Rohayah, and Khairi Che Mat. "Hypochondriacal and Persecutory Ideas in A Man with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Managed via Cognitive Behavioural Hypnotherapy." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 13, no. 2 (March 10, 2014): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i2.18308.

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This case report illustrates the management of a patient with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder who presented with hypochondriacal and persecutory ideas. Cognitive behavioural hypnotherapy approaches were applied in the management as the patient not keen for pharmacological treatment. Obsessive thoughts were managed via distraction technique, thought stopping and modified it to a more helpful compulsive behavior via direct suggestion during hypnotic state. The compulsive behavior was managed via hypno-behavioural approaches, reinforced by direct suggestion and pseudo-orientation in time. The Subjective Unit of Distress Scale (SUDS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scales were used to measure the progress of anxiety and depressive symptoms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i2.18308 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(2) 2014 p.221-223

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Peter, Helmut, Susanne Tabrizian, and Iver Hand. "Serum Cholesterol in Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder during Treatment with Behavior Therapy and SSRI or Placebo." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 30, no. 1 (March 2000): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/apwf-n1xu-y7a0-tcbw.

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Objective: Patients with panic disorder are reported to have elevated cholesterol levels. There is also some evidence that cholesterol elevation is not so much a specific condition in panic disorder but is generally associated with anxiety. So far, there is little data on cholesterol levels in patients with obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) which is also classified as anxiety disorder. Method: Thirty-three patients with OCD participated in the study. Serum cholesterol was measured as pretreatment and at the end of a ten-week treatment-period. All patients received behavior therapy and, in a double-blind fashion, fluvoxamine or placebo. Severity of OCD was assessed by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Results: Pretreatment cholesterol values of OCD patients were compared with cholesterol levels of thirty panic disorder patients and thirty normal controls. OCD patients had elevated cholesterol levels comparable with those of panic disorder patients. Cholesterol levels decreased significantly from pre- to posttreatment. OCD patients with high cholesterol levels (≥ 240 mg/dl, n = 7) could make best use of the treatment whereas patients with desirable cholesterol levels (< 200 mg/dl, n = 11) did not change their cholesterol during treatment. Conclusions: Our data support the assumption that not only panic disorder but also other anxiety disorders, e.g., obsessive compulsive disorders, may be associated with serum cholesterol elevations. Effective treatment (behavior therapy and/or treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI]) seems to decrease cholesterol levels, especially in patients with pathological cholesterol elevations.

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Paholpak, Pongsatorn, and Mario F. Mendez. "Trichotillomania as a Manifestation of Dementia." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9782702.

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Pathological hair-pulling or trichotillomania, which is commonly associated with anxiety and depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and neurodevelopmental disorders, has been rarely associated with dementing illnesses. Investigators have not clarified the neural correlates and treatment of trichotillomania in dementia. We report a patient who developed an early-onset cognitive decline with genetic, cerebrospinal fluid biomarker and structural and functional neuroimaging studies consistent with Alzheimer’s disease. Eight years into her disease, she developed severe, repetitive hair-pulling behavior leading to marked hair loss, along with other repetitive and “frontal” behaviors. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were ineffective in controlling her hair-pulling behavior, which subsequently responded to quetiapine 150 mg/day. This patient and a review of the literature suggest that trichotillomania may be a compulsive-related symptom in dementias of different etiologies as they involve frontal areas and release primitive grooming behavior from frontostriatal dysfunction. Dopamine blockade, rather than SSRIs, may be effective in managing trichotillomania in dementia.

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Boyd, Brian A., Cooper R. Woodard, and James W. Bodfish. "Modified Exposure and Response Prevention to Treat the Repetitive Behaviors of a Child with Autism: A Case Report." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/241095.

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We report the case study of a school-aged child with autism whose repetitive behaviors were treated with a modified version of a technique routinely used in cognitive behavior therapy (i.e., exposure response prevention) to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. A trained behavioral therapist administered the modified ERP treatment over the course of an intensive two-week treatment period with two therapy sessions occurring daily. The treatment was successful at decreasing the amount of child distress and cooccurring problem behavior displayed; however, the child's interest in the repetitive behavior eliciting stimulus (i.e., puzzles) remained. The case study demonstrates specific ways that exposure response prevention strategies can be adapted to the unique kinds of repetitive behaviors that present clinically in autism. A larger clinical trial is needed to substantiate these findings.

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Antsyborov, Andrey Viktorovich, and Irina Vladimirovna Dubatova. "Compulsive shopping as a private variant of behavioral addiction. The current state of the problem." Interactive science, no. 4 (38) (April 21, 2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-496503.

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Compulsive shopping, or compulsive buying disorders (CBD in English-language literature) is characterized by excessive, unnecessary spending, also known stereotypical «consumer behavior», which entails the development of various emotional disturbances and economic problems. The prevalence of disorder varies widely among countries and depends on socio-economic and cultural factors. Scattered data for Russia does not allow to reliably estimate the scale of the problem. Comorbidity of compulsive shopping is associated with various mental disorders: affective disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and other pathology of impulse control. The generality of the pathogenetic mechanisms, the clinical picture, the treatment approaches makes it possible to attribute compulsive shopping to one of the variants of non-chemical dependence.

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Chatterjee, Pranab, and Kathleen J. Farkas. "Spending Behaviors: Implications for Human Service Practitioners." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 73, no. 10 (December 1992): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949207301005.

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Recent studies in consumer behavior have focused on characteristics of a group of “compulsive consumers” and the urge to buy in a general population. However, little has been published on the assessment or treatment of dysfunctional spending behaviors. This article (1) sets forth a heuristic continuum of spending behaviors, (2) provides several case examples to illustrate the continuum, (3) offers suggestions for assessment and therapeutic intervention, and (4) sets forth an agenda for practice-based research on spending behaviors.

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Chong, S. A., E. Abdin, C. Sherbourne, J. Vaingankar, D. Heng, M. Yap, and M. Subramaniam. "Treatment gap in common mental disorders: the Singapore perspective." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 4, 2012): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000771.

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Aims.The problem of wide treatment gaps in mental disorders is endemic world wide. The study aims to establish the treatment gap of common mental disorders in Singapore.Methods.A national sample of 6616 persons aged 18 years and above was surveyed with the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview in which for each diagnostic module, respondents were asked a series of questions regarding treatment contact.Results.Treatment gap varied considerably between disorders; alcohol abuse had the largest treatment gap (96.2%), followed by obsessive compulsive disorder (89.8%) and alcohol dependence (88.3%). The disorder for which people were most likely to seek help was major depressive disorder. Women with dysthmia were more likely than men to seek help but this help seeking behavior was reversed among those with alcohol abuse and dependence. Age of onset was significantly associated with treatment contact with those who had an earlier age of onset less likely to have treatment contact than those with late age of onset for all disorders except obsessive compulsive disorder.Conclusions.Our findings suggest that treatment gaps are wide even in an economically developed country like Singapore and other than sociodemographic factors, cultural influences might play an important role in help seeking behavior.

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Freeman, Cecilia G., Antanoid J. Langeveldt, and Robyn R. Miller. "A Diagnostic Dilemma of Antiglutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (Anti-GAD 65) and Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Antibodies in a Girl Presenting with Acute-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2021 (March 19, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6672028.

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Acute-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder can be challenging, especially when triggered by an underlying disease process. Clinicians often turn to Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS), but it is important to consider a broad differential in these patients. We present a case of a 9-year-old girl with acute-onset obsessive-compulsive behavior likely triggered by a post-infectious phenomenon that ultimately resolved following treatment with plasmapheresis.

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Rodríguez Andrés, L., A. Rodriguez Campos, I. Sevillano Benito, H. De la Red Gallego, C. Noval Canga, P. Marques Cabezas, and F. Uribe Ladron de Cegama. "Application of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy in a Case of Obsessive-compulsive Disorder." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1067.

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We present the case report of a 46-year-old woman who experienced obsessive-compulsive symptoms for over twenty years, with multiple relapses, severe depressive symptoms and many hospitalizations in the psychiatric Inpatient Unit. Treatment with different SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics and even electroconvulsive therapy were administered with poor results.After her last hospitalization a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, including exposure and response prevention and cognitive therapy, is initiated combined with medication, improving depressive symptoms, the ritual behaviors and levels of anxiety.Modern treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) have radically changed how the disorder is viewed. While in the past OCD was regarded as chronic and untreatable, a diagnosis of OCD may now be regarded with hope. Cognitive and behavior therapy and antidepressant medications are currently used to treat the disorder. They can be used to control the symptoms and enable people with OCD to restore normal function in their lives.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Scanavino, Marco de Tubino, Ana Ventuneac, Carmita Helena Najjar Abdo, Hermano Tavares, Maria Luiza Sant'Ana do Amaral, Bruna Messina, Sirlene Caramello dos Reis, João Paulo Lian Branco Martins, and Jeffrey T. Parsons. "Compulsive sexual behavior and psychopathology among treatment-seeking men in São Paulo, Brazil." Psychiatry Research 209, no. 3 (October 2013): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.021.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Compulsive behavior – Treatment'

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