Relevant bibliographies by topics / Compulsory military service

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Compulsory military service'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Compulsory military service"

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Rudolf, Beate. "European Union: Compulsory military service." International Journal of Constitutional Law 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moi045.

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SUBOTIĆ, MILOVAN. "RETURNING OF COMPULSORY MILITARY SERVICE – DECISION ADDENDUM." Kultura polisa, no. 45 (July 3, 2021): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51738/kpolisa2021.18.2r.4.01.

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The obligation to serve in the Serbian Armed Forces was suspended ending with the last batch of soldiers sent in 2010, and it also referred to recruits who, due to conscientious objection, replaced military service with civilian service. This decision was carried out on 1 January 2011, and since then military service has been based on the principle of voluntariness. Ten years later, judging by the statements of state officials and the extensive media space which this topic occupies, we are never closer to returning to compulsory military service. Recognising the fact that the 'thawing' of military service would have significant counteractions not only on the defense system but also on the broader context of community and individual life, this paper emphasises the importance of a nuanced approach to the problem. The experiences of the countries that have returned to military service are precious, so at the beginning of the paper, all the attention is aimed at that direction. The experiences of countries with a continuous duration of military service are also analysed, on the examples of those who carry out this service at full capacity and those who have formally compulsory military service, but whose armed forces are almost 100% replenished with volunteers. The context of the possible return of compulsory military service in Serbia is viewed from the point of several supremacist aspects important for decision-making, such as the current security situation and several complementary aspects, such as economic, functional and legal. It is important to point out that the authors do not value themselves in this paper, but the key intention of the paper is to understand a number of factors that must be taken into account when deciding on this issue.
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Lee, On, So-young Park, and Seung-seok Woo. "Comparative analysis of return rate and career of elite male athlete by type of compulsory military service." Korean Journal of Sport Science 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2020.31.3.593.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the negative effects of long-term exercise (training and competition) suspension of male elite athletes due to compulsory military service on athletic performance, and to provide a basis for enhancing the importance of providing support systems and social conditions for maintaining athletic performance. Methods In this study, 17,418 male athletes aged 18 to 21 who were registered as athletes for the Korean Sports & Olympic Committee from 2003 to 2005 were enrolled. The athlete registration data includes information about the athlete's gender, age, sport and affiliation. According to the continuity of registration and belonging information, the compulsory military service type was classified into a manipulator. According to the form of Compulsory military service performed by male elite athletes, the return rate was confirmed and the career (year) was calculated. Results As a result of the survey, 12.49% of the athletes who served as general soldiers returned to the athletes after compulsory military service, showing a relatively low return rate compared to 78.91% of the Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps, 76.55% of the National Police Agency's sports team, and 71.43% of the social service. Also, Athletes who served as general soldiers had a career of 2.46 years (± 1.94), while the Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps was 10.21 years (± 3.58), the National Police Agency's sports team was 9.45 years (± 3.26), and the social service was 5.86 years (± 4.06), The exemption was 11.08 years (± 2.27), and the compulsory military service exception was 9.79 years (± 5.55). Conclusions Male elite athletes' decrease in athletic performance after compulsory military service is a natural result, as confirmed through the results of this study, and it is necessary to seek a support system between compulsory military service to maintain athletic performance.
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Itsik, Ronen. "Compulsory military service as a social integrator." Security and Defence Quarterly 30, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35467/sdq/124710.

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Lim, Hyunjoon. "Compulsory military service, civilian wages, and retirement decision." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 106–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2016-0094.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of veteran status on civilian wages and on retirement age through employing individual-level data. Design/methodology/approach Instrumental variable (IV) estimation specifications show that, contrary to public perception, veteran status has a statistically significant positive impact on an individual’s civilian wage and thus helps him retire earlier than his non-veteran counterpart. Findings Moreover, the wage premium effect largely holds for less-educated men; however, for highly educated men, military service has adverse effects on their subsequent wages, and thus, on their retirement age. In line with this result, the effects of veteran status on retirement age largely hold for the relatively less-educated group. Originality/value This is the first finding to shed light on the link between veteran status and the decision to retire. This work is also first attempt to explore relationship between compulsory military service and subsequent civilian labor market performance, using the Korean individual-level data via relevant IV estimation methodology.
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Dudek, Justyna. "Funkcjonariusze aparatu bezpieczeństwa a obowiązek służby wojskowej w latach 1944–1956." Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 24, no. 2 (2023): 134–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2023.2(284).0004.

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The article discusses the issue of the fulfillment of compulsory military service by officers of the security apparatus. The author analyzes documents issued by both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Public Security and points out that exemption from military service may have encouraged some officers to join the security services in the 1940s.
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Čikalova, Oksana, Danguolė Drungilienė, and Vida Mockienė. "Privalomosios pradinės ir profesionalios karo tarnybų karių patiriamo streso analizė." Sveikatos mokslai 23, no. 1 (January 5, 2013): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2013.015.

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Very often conscripted soldiers experience heavy physical loads and mental shocks and challenges. The goal of this thesis was to analyse and to compare the factors triggering the stress to soldiers of compulsory conscription and professional military service and the ways to cope with it. Methods applied in this thesis were as follows: investigation conducted in 2010-2011 applying quantitative data accumulation and data processing methods. 233 soldiers of compulsory conscription and professional military service that were in the service in the aircraft base of Military Air Force and were selected applying the targeted sampling method participated in the inquiry. The statistic program package „SPSS 17 for Windows” was applied for data analysis. Levels of significance of statistical hypotheses were applied: where p<0,05 was statistically significant, p<0,01 was statistically very significant and p<001 was extremely statistically significant. The participants were acquainted with investigation goal and the consent of a uniformed person was received. The results of the investigation revealed that such factors as everyday routine, military discipline, constant tiredness, impossibility to change the established day time schedule, negative emotions of other soldiers and strict particular requirements triggered stress significantly more often to the soldiers of compulsory conscription service than to the soldiers of professional service. The more strong reaction of soldiers of compulsory conscription service to stress provoked the feeling of loneliness and physical and emotional exhaustion at the end of the service day, meanwhile the soldiers of professional service had some difficulties with sleep at night and emotional exhaustion. While trying to combat the stress the soldiers of professional service significantly more often than the soldiers of compulsory conscription service used the conversation with a good friend and long walks, meanwhile the soldiers of compulsory conscription service trying to suppress the stress used to smoke significantly more often than the soldiers of professional service. Smoking as the method to conquer the stress was preferred more often by the soldiers from smaller townships.
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Drăghici, Aurelia Teodora, and Adina Eleonora Spînu. "Promotion of the Military Profession, Recruitment and Selection of Candidates. Conceptual Delimitations." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0036.

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Abstract Romania’s security interests and objectives, the army missions in the current geopolitical context and Romania’s obligations as a member of NATO have imposed the continuation of the process of quantitative and qualitative restructuring of the human resources and determined the decision to renounce compulsory military service in favor of the one based on volunteering, starting with the first of January of 2007. The transition from the army based on compulsory military service to the one based on voluntary service imposed the repositioning of the military profession on the Romanian labor market, especially in relation to the competition represented by other similar institutions.
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Nikolskaya, Tatyana K. "The Genesis of the Seventh-Day Adventist Reformation Movement." Университетский научный журнал, no. 78 (February 16, 2024): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25807/22225064_2024_78_54.

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The article examines the genesis of the Seventh-Day Adventist (SDA) Reformation movement in Russia. The author examines the initial period of the Reformation movement and classifi es it as an oppositional form of Catacomb Protestantism. In the 1920s, under the pressure from the state authorities, the SDA ministers decided to permit the participation of the SDA members in compulsory military service as armed militray. This decision caused a split among the believers. Participants in the Reform movement refused military service and any compromises with state authorities. In 1989, the leadership of the offi cial SDA Church in the USSR recognised their resolution on military service as erroneous, yet the schism had not been overcome.
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Park, Kihong, and Ara Cho. "Compulsory Military Service and Employment among Young College Graduates." Journal of Economic Studies 37, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 27 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30776/jes.37.3.2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compulsory military service"

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Conway, Daniel John. "Masculinity, citizenship and political objection to compulsory military service in the South African Defence Force, 1978-1990." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008383.

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This thesis conceptualises compulsory military service and objection to it as public performative acts that generate gendered and political identity. Conscription was the primary performance of citizenship and masculinity for white men in apartheid South Africa. Conscription was also a key governance strategy both in terms of upholding the authority of the state and in engendering discipline in the white population. Objection to military service was therefore a destabilising and transgressive public act. Competing conceptualisations of masculinity and citizenship are inherent in pro and anti-conscription discourses. The refusal to undertake military service places men outside the accepted means of graduating to ' real' manhood and patriotic citizenship. Although objection can be an iconic and transgressive act, objectors have an essentially ambivalent subjectivity in the public realm. Objectors are 'strangers' in a socially constructed and gendered binary of 'insiders' and 'outsiders' . This ambivalent status creates opportunities but also constraints for the performance of objection. The thesis analyses the effectiveness of objectors' performances and argues that there is a distinction between a radical challenge to hegemonic conceptions of militarised masculinity and citizenship and assimilatory challenges. The tension between radicalism and assimilation comes to the fore in response to the state's attacks on objectors. The militarised apartheid state is defined as not only masculine but heteronormative terms and it is the deployment of sexuality that is its most effective means of stigmatising and restricting the performance of objection. The thesis uses interview material, archival data and case studies and concludes that objectors (and their supporters) weaved multiple narratives into their performances but that as the 1980s progressed, the performance of objection to conscription became assimilatory and this demonstrates the heteronormativity of the state, military service and the public realm.
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Martin, Stephen. "Did your country need you? : an oral history of the National Service experience in Britain, 1945-1963." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683142.

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Byers, Daniel Thomas. "Mobilizing Canada : the National Resources Mobilization Act, the Department of National Defence, and compulsory military service in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36881.

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Compulsory military service took on the most organized, long-term form it has ever had in Canada during the Second World War. But few historians have looked beyond the politics of conscription to study the creation, administration, or impact of a system that affected more than 150,000 men. This thesis examines the Army's role in creating and administering the compulsory military training system, and particularly the influence of Major-General H. D. G. Crerar and other senior officers. Faced with the federal government's policy of conscripting manpower only for home defence in 1940, and influenced by their own personal and professional desires to create a large, powerful Army that could take a leading role in the fighting overseas, Army leaders used conscripts raised under the National Resources Mobilization Act to meet both purposes. In this development can be found the origins of the "big army" of five divisions that fought for Canada overseas. Ultimately, thanks to the burden created by the "big army," and the entry of Japan into the war in late 1941, the NRMA failed to meet the huge demands imposed on the nation's manpower resources. The result was the political crisis that almost brought down the federal government in October and November 1944.
This thesis also explores the origins and background of the conscripts themselves, and the impact of the NRMA on their lives. As the NRMA became more and more central to the Army's plans after 1941, conscripts were exposed to a number of pressures designed to convince them to volunteer for overseas service. By late 1944, the only ones who remained were those who had most strongly resisted these efforts, a fact that the country's generals understood better than its politicians. The events of late 1944 brought the Cabinet to an awareness of the situation, but only at the cost of the prestige and influence that the Army had built up over the earlier years of the war. Thus, the way that the Army managed the NRMA came very much to shape the political debates that took place, and the place of the Army in Canada after the war.
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PARK, KIHONG. "Three Essays on Empirical Studies of Wages in the Korean Labor Market." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202992.

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My dissertation follows a coherent theme on three important and interesting issues for the Korean labor market as follows: Chapter 1 using data from the 2008 Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled (PSED) investigates gender wage differentials among the disabled. The selectivity corrected decomposition framework is employed to examine what factors - endowments, discrimination, and selectivity - account for the wage gap. The main results are as follows: (1) the gender wage gap among the disabled is sizable: (2) the wage gap is significantly attributable to discrimination: (3) the endowments factor plays an important role in explaining gender wage differentials, as well: and (4) the presence of selection effects raises the observed wage gap. Such evidence suggests that Korean disabled female workers are more likely to be disadvantaged than their male counterparts in terms of wages.Chapter 2 using the 2007 Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey (KLIPS) examines the impact on wages of skills-job mismatch between acquired and required English language proficiency in Korean workplaces. The main findings of this study reveal (1) job mismatch in terms of English language skills has a strong statistically significant impact on wages: (2) the returns to over-skilling are negative (the wage penalty), while the returns to under-skilling are positive (the wage premium): and (3) the wage penalty associated with over-skilling is stronger than the wage premium associated with under-skilling.Chapter 3 using the KLIPS data from 1998 through 2008 investigates the causal relationship between veteran status and post-service labor market outcomes by examining the wage experience of veterans and nonveterans. The major empirical findings can be summarized as follows: (1) contrary to the general perception, veteran status has a significant positive impact on wages after completion of military service, inducing a veteran wage premium: and (2) in terms of the veteran wage premium in subgroups based on educational attainment at the time of entry into military service, less-educated veterans have a greater wage premium relative to their nonveteran counterparts of similar backgrounds than is the case for more-educated veterans. It suggests that military service could be particularly important for less-educated veterans.
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Chiang, Hock Woon. "Young Singaporeans’ perspectives of compulsory military conscription : how they manage the National Service experience in relation to their education, development and careers." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10171.

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The aim of this study is to generate a substantive theory concerning how Singaporean conscripts manage their national service (NS) experience in relation to their development, education, and careers. It addresses three main research questions: What are conscripts’ perspectives on NS in relation to their personal lives and careers and their education and development needs prior to enlistment? How do conscripts perceive and cope with the two-year conscription experience? In what ways, if at all, do conscripts believe the conscription experience will influence their subsequent personal lives and careers? A grounded theory methodology was adopted. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews with a group of 21 conscripts in the Army. Other data sources included participants’ reflection journals and performance records. The major outcome of the study was the generation of the Theory of Selective Commitment, which posits that commitment (with its associated features) to NS is the key factor that determines how conscripts manage, appraise, and assimilate their NS experiences. Among the major findings are that - how the conscripts internalised the significance of service in NS was dependent on how the conscripts coped during training, how they appraised their NS experience and how they assimilated their roles as citizen soldiers. This in turn determined their level of commitment in terms of time and energy devoted to serving NS. Accordingly, a typology comprised of five types of conscripts was identified: advocates, adventurers, careerists, play-safes and challengers. Major implications for policy formulation, practice, and future research are drawn from the study.
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Borgefeldt, Therése, and Ingrid Entin. "Att tala och att komma till tals : En undersökning om vilka som kom till tals i 1940 års skolutredning." Thesis, Södertörn University College, Lärarutbildningen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1029.

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The purpose of this study is to examine who were given the opportunity to express their opinions in the government proposition concerning the future of the school system – particularly regarding the proposal that pupils do compulsory military service - submitted to the Swedish parliament 21 March 1941. Our focus is mainly on three parts of the proposition: the proposal to introduce shooting- and grenade practice for all pupils, the proposal to introduce an obligatory military leadership training course for teachers and the proposal to introduce an obligatory summer camp for all pupils.

Using primarily a qualitative method we examine how different opinions and views are expressed in the statements and utterances responding to the pending proposition and who the responders are. We will attempt to clarify who were considered to be undisputed authorities and experts, and whose opinions, for that reason, carried a lot of weight in the decision making process, comparing them to the statements and utterances submitted on a voluntary basis by non-experts. And finally, to what extent the opinions in the statements and utterances were allowed to guide the propositional work.

Results show that the statements and utterances were submitted by authorities, chapter, county administrative boards and religious, non-profit and political organizations as well as different types of schools, representatives from the Board of Education and elementary school boards not a part of county councils or other types of associations. Government authorities, chapter and county administrative boards were given priority in the proposition and it was their opinions that the proposition came to rely on. The rest were seen as “guiding” rather than deciding factors, and then only selectively, as they were generally lumped together and treated collectively. Most of the time, their opinions were not heard, and when they were it was usually to support and corroborate decisions already made by the decision making and implementing instances.

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Ilhan, Bengi Yanik. "Youth In The Labor Market And The Transition From School To Work In Turkey." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614179/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, we examine labor market outcomes for the youth (ages 15-29) using microdata from several rounds of the Turkish Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS). We begin by examining demographic trends. We then rely on synthetic cohorts. The fact that the HLFS sample frame targets the civilian non-institutional population brings about difficulties in interpreting labor market indicators. We show that a more reasonable picture of schooling and work choices emerges when a simple correction for &lsquo
missing males&rsquo
who are doing their CMS and examine the effect of Compulsory Military Service (CMS) on the transition from school to work by using discrete hazard models. We also investigate the time it takes to find the first permanent job to shed light on the recent evolution of the transition from school to work.Using Cox Proportional Hazard Model, we examine the effects of structural reforms and macro-economic conditions, and the permanence of these effects. We are able to study the differences in the hazard of obtaining the first permanent job by education levels non-parametrically. Finally, we investigate the changes in the cumulative baseline hazards over time and test for the presence of gender differences in the hazard rates by using time varying covariates. With the help of these covariates, we are able to compute the time needed for the closure of the gender gap.
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Yoshioka, Aiko. "Analysing representations of the comfort women issue : gender, race, nation and subjectivities /." Title page, table of contents and preface only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09army65.pdf.

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Murph, Karen S. "Negotiating the master narratives of prostitution, slavery, and rape in the testimonies by and representations of Korean sex slaves of the Japanese military (1932-1945)." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/451026166/viewonline.

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Drongiti, Angeliki. "Les suicides d'appelés dans l'armée de terre grecque : étude d’un fait social au prisme des institutions totalitaires et de l’ordre sexué." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080032.

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Le service militaire d’une durée de 9 mois constitue une obligation légale pour les jeunes hommes grecs. Cette conscription constitue une étape incontournable dans la vie sociale des Grecs: après le service, les jeunes sont considérés comme des hommes socialement validés, prêts à trouver un emploi stable et à fonder une famille. Toutefois, il s’avère qu’un nombre important de conscrits se suicident durant le service. Ce phénomène tabou relève d’un paradoxe: comment une institution qui prétend fabriquer les «vrais» hommes et les préparer à la vie civile peut-elle provoquer des comportements suicidaires? Par le choix (et la nécessité) d’une méthodologie plurielle permet d’analyser ce fait: entretiens semi-directifs de conscrits, parmi lesquels des appelés ayant fait une tentative de suicide, d’officiers et de sous-officiers de carrière qui ont vécu le suicide d’un appelé, de parents dont le fils s’est suicidé durant son service militaire, de psychiatres militaires, de militants et de journalistes; analyses des statistiques disponibles venant de sources multiples; analyse de contenu d’articles de presse et d’archives militaires; enfin, observation participante réalisée au cours d’un stage de trois mois dans l’un des trois hôpitaux militaires du pays. Inspirée par l’approche durkheimienne étudiant le suicide comme un fait social, l’analyse s’appuie sur la théorie des rapports sociaux de sexe et sur le concept d’institution totalitaire. Cette thèse se situe ainsi au croisement d’une sociologie du suicide, d’une sociologie de l’armée et d’une sociologie du genre pour éclairer à la fois les causes du suicide dans l’armée et le traitement social qui en est fait par l’institution
Completing their nine-month military service is a legal obligation for young Greek men. Conscription is an essential step in Greek men’s social life: after being released from the army, they are socially validated as independent adult males, who are ready to find stable employment and to start a family. Nonetheless, a good number of conscripts take their own lives during military service. This PhD thesis examines the taboo phenomenon of suicide, which is highly paradoxical. Indeed, how can an institution claiming to make ‘real men’ and prepare them for civilian life can at once trigger suicidal behaviour? Drawing from a plurality of methodologies, this study uses a mosaic of complementary data to analyse the phenomenon, including semi-structured interviews with conscripts (among whom conscripts having attempted suicide, officers and sub-officers who experienced a conscript’s suicide, parents whose sons took their own lives, military psychiatrists, militants and journalists), an analysis of available statistical data on suicide from a variety of sources, as well as newspaper articles and military archives, and finally, the author’s participant observation during her internship is one of Greece’s three military hospitals. Taking its inspiration from the Durkheimian concept of suicide as social fact, the analysis relies upon the theory of gender relations and Goffman’s framework of total institutions. This thesis therefore stands at the crossroads of a sociology of suicide, a sociology of the army and a sociology of gender to throw light both on the root causes of suicide in the army and on the institution’s approaches to tackling suicide
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Books on the topic "Compulsory military service"

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Royle, Trevor. The best years of their lives: The National Service experience 1945-63. Sevenoaks: Coronet, 1988.

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Royle, Trevor. The best years of their lives: The National Service experience 1945-63. London: Joseph, 1986.

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Gros-Verheyde, Nicolas. Le nouveau service national. [Héricy, France]: Éditions du Puits Fleuri, 1998.

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Lewis, Naphtali. The compulsory public services of Roman Egypt. 2nd ed. Firenze: Edizioni Gonnelli, 1997.

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Jahāngīr, Manṣūr, ed. Qavānīn va muqarrarāt-i Khidmat-i vaẓīfah-ʾi ʻumūmī: Niẓām-i vaẓīfah, muʻāfiyatʹhā. Tihrān: Nashr-i Dīdār, 2007.

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William, Zimmerman. Regime goals, working the system, and the Soviet military manpower policy. [Urbana]: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1988.

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Çatma, Erol. Asker işçiler. Levent, İstanbul: Ceylan Yayıncılık, 1998.

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Morgan, D. H. J. "It will make a man of you": Notes on national service, masculinity and autobiography. Manchester: Sociology Dept., University of Manchester, 1987.

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Merritt, William Hamilton. Canada and national service. Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada, 1995.

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Han-Il Minjok Munje Hakhoe. Kangje Yŏnhaeng Munje Yŏnʾgu Punkwa., ed. Kangje yŏnhaeng, kangje nodong yŏnʾgu killajabi. Sŏul-si: Sŏnin, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Compulsory military service"

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"Enshrining the NRMA: Compulsory Military Service, 1940–41." In Zombie Army, 71–93. University of British Columbia Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.59962/9780774830539-006.

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Burton, Kevin M. "Adventists and the Military." In The Oxford Handbook of Seventh-day Adventism, 525–40. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197502297.013.34.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the Seventh-day Adventist Church and its relationship with the state and its military around the globe. The first part analyzes the reinvention of Adventism in America by tracing its roots in radical dissenting politics in the abolition movement to its embrace of conscientious cooperation during the World War I era that culminated in the church-state alliance that produced Operation Whitecoat. The second part of this chapter explores the variety of challenges Adventists have faced around the globe in relation to the state and its military. Beyond the challenges of the draft and compulsory military service, attention is given to how denominational policy crafted in the American context has allowed Adventists to go to war with each other in international conflicts. Finally, this chapter documents the common narrative of state oppression that the global church has faced and the variety of Adventist responses to these challenges.
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Present, Colonial Times to the. "Conscientious Objectors and the American State from." In The New Conscientious Objection, 23–46. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195079548.003.0002.

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Abstract John Whiteclay Chambers II Modem conscientious objection first emerged in America. It did so because of the importance of pacifist religious faiths in the settlement of the British North American colonies and because of the significance of ideas of individualism, freedom of conscience, and religious toleration. Except for some compulsory militia training and occasional temporary drafts in wartime, Americans have mainly had a volunteer military tradition. Whenever American governments have resorted to compulsory military training or service, however, they have also faced dissenters who refused to accept the military obligation that the state sought to impose. Religious pacifists, such as the Quakers, were first known as “nonresisters” (for their refusal to use violent means to resist or defend against violence). In the twentieth century they and others who refused on principled grounds to bear arms were called “conscientious objectors” or COs.
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Kuhlmann, Jürgen, and Ekkehard Lippert. "The Federal Republic of Germany: Conscientious Objection as Social Welfare." In The New Conscientious Objection, 98–105. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195079548.003.0007.

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Abstract The right to conscientious objection is more unequivocably specified in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany than in any other country in the world. Article 4 of the Basic Law of 1949 states: “No one shall be forced to do war service with arms against his conscience.” This fundamental right became operative in 1956 with the formation of the Bundeswehr and the introduction of male conscription. Subsequent judicial and administrative rulings have made the right of conscientious objection equally applicable to both peacetime military service and war service. In German constitutional law the right to object to military service for reasons of conscience takes priority over the principle of compulsory military service. This right extends to the service member already in uniform as well as to the potential draftee. From a legal standpoint, a person’s conscience is considered to be “an inner moral conviction of what is right and wrong and the resulting obligation to act or not act in a certain way. ... 5,1 Selective conscientious objection, however, is not allowed under German law. A German CO must, in theory if not in actuality, be against the use of all armed force.
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Çaltekın, Demet Asli. "Curious Women Conscientious Objectors to Military Service in the Male Conscription System in Turkey." In Conscientious Objection in Turkey, 120–36. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474496490.003.0007.

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Chapter 6, utilising Cynthia Enloe’s feminist curiosity, provides empirical evidence to show how the link between militarism, gender and conscientious objection is understood and challenged in Turkey, where women are not conscripted yet they declare their conscientious objection. It explores the impacts of militarism on women and offers a picture of women’s demilitarisation attempts in Turkey. It illustrates how conscription constitutes only a single dimension of militarism and how militarism also affects women’s lives, even though they are not subject to compulsory military service. Therefore, by studying curious women conscientious objectors in the male-conscription system, this chapter approaches conscientious objection from a wider perspective and broadens the discussion on the right to conscientious objection by studying those who have previously been assumed to be ‘irrelevant’.
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Brown, Thomas J. "Beyond the Iconoclastic Republic." In Civil War Monuments and the Militarization of America, 1–12. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653747.003.0001.

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This introduction traces antebellum American skepticism about public monuments to the distrust of standing armies that was central to the ideology of the American Revolution. The popularity of Independence Day illustrates the iconoclasm of the early republic, which paralleled a widespread resistance to compulsory military service. Remembrance of the Civil War vastly increased the number of public monuments in the United States. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, these memorials became a vehicle for the militarization of American culture.
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Rutenberg, Amy J. "“Digging for Deferments”." In Rough Draft, 13–22. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739361.003.0002.

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This chapter argues that proposals for universal military training (UMT) for all American men failed for several reasons. Opponents of UMT attacked the idea’s efficacy for national defense, but they also questioned the assumptions that military training made men or should be an obligation of citizenship. Despite the support of the War Department, three presidents, and the majority of American citizens, UMT failed to gain legislative traction, in part because Americans did not share a common definition of masculine citizenship. The failure of UMT confirmed that military service in the United States would be selective rather than compulsory and that it would not be directly tied to masculine forms of citizenship. Its failure reinforced the notion that there were alternative acceptable ways of being a man and a citizen in the United States.
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"Introduction." In Utopia of the Uniform, 1–21. Duke University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478027805-001.

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The introduction provides a framework for an exploration of meanings of military service that escapes “large” categories of (militarized) masculinity, violence, patriarchy, and the hegemony of the event-aftermath paradigm. It brings together archives, their forms, and feelings that persist through ruptures in time and space. The introduction explores the place of repetitive, performative, and ritualized forms in attempts to understand socialism as a historical experience and its demise. The authoritative power of the socialist state used these same forms for the intentional formation of affective communities, and the Yugoslav military, despite being a total, compulsory, all-male, oppressive, and strictly hierarchical institution, was explicitly engaged in this affective work, oriented toward building friendships, solidarities, and ties across ethnic, class, and gender divisions.
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Seegers, Annette. "South Africa: From Laager to Anti-Apartheid." In The New Conscientious Objection, 127–34. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195079548.003.0010.

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Abstract Beyond the legal demise of apartheid, the future of South Africa remains unknown. However, with its polarized racial situation and its divided white minority, South Africa has traditionally had a particular problem with compulsory military service and conscientious objection. South Africa’s experience with conscientious objection can best be understood by dividing its history into four periods. The first starts with the years between the creation of the Union of South Africa—in 1910—and 1961, when the Republic of South Africa left the British Commonwealth and assumed for the first time sole responsibility for its own defense. The second period, from 1960 to 1983, represents the first policy towards conscientious objectors by the newly independent South African military. In the third period, from 1983 to 1990, a new policy is introduced: alternative service for COs. The final period, from 1990 on, heralding the dismantling of apartheid, portends a new era for COs as well as for all of South Africa.
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Ludovic, Hennebel, and Tigroudja Hélène. "Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.6: Freedom from Slavery." In The American Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on Article 6 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which protects one of the most important values in modern international human rights law, that is, the freedom from slavery. Article 6 is structured in three paragraphs that reflect the difficulty to draw the line between absolutely prohibited practices (slavery, involuntary servitude, trafficking, slave trade, forced and compulsory labor) and other forms of duties that might not be considered as forbidden (detainee’s work, military service, civic obligations, and so on). Therefore, the first paragraph contains a rule of absolute prohibition—or put positively, a rule of absolute protection of persons, with a special reference to women. The second and the third paragraphs delimit the scope of the prohibition. Paragraph 2 affirms the exception of forced labor “imposed by a competent court”; while Paragraph 3 enumerates four situations of compulsory work that do not constitute a prohibited conduct under Paragraph 1.
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Reports on the topic "Compulsory military service"

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Card, David, and Ana Rute Cardoso. Can Compulsory Military Service Increase Civilian Wages? Evidence from the Peacetime Draft in Portugal. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17694.

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