Journal articles: 'Compulsory military service'

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Rudolf, Beate. "European Union: Compulsory military service." International Journal of Constitutional Law 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moi045.

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SUBOTIĆ, MILOVAN. "RETURNING OF COMPULSORY MILITARY SERVICE – DECISION ADDENDUM." Kultura polisa, no. 45 (July 3, 2021): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51738/kpolisa2021.18.2r.4.01.

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The obligation to serve in the Serbian Armed Forces was suspended ending with the last batch of soldiers sent in 2010, and it also referred to recruits who, due to conscientious objection, replaced military service with civilian service. This decision was carried out on 1 January 2011, and since then military service has been based on the principle of voluntariness. Ten years later, judging by the statements of state officials and the extensive media space which this topic occupies, we are never closer to returning to compulsory military service. Recognising the fact that the 'thawing' of military service would have significant counteractions not only on the defense system but also on the broader context of community and individual life, this paper emphasises the importance of a nuanced approach to the problem. The experiences of the countries that have returned to military service are precious, so at the beginning of the paper, all the attention is aimed at that direction. The experiences of countries with a continuous duration of military service are also analysed, on the examples of those who carry out this service at full capacity and those who have formally compulsory military service, but whose armed forces are almost 100% replenished with volunteers. The context of the possible return of compulsory military service in Serbia is viewed from the point of several supremacist aspects important for decision-making, such as the current security situation and several complementary aspects, such as economic, functional and legal. It is important to point out that the authors do not value themselves in this paper, but the key intention of the paper is to understand a number of factors that must be taken into account when deciding on this issue.

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Lee, On, So-young Park, and Seung-seok Woo. "Comparative analysis of return rate and career of elite male athlete by type of compulsory military service." Korean Journal of Sport Science 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2020.31.3.593.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the negative effects of long-term exercise (training and competition) suspension of male elite athletes due to compulsory military service on athletic performance, and to provide a basis for enhancing the importance of providing support systems and social conditions for maintaining athletic performance. Methods In this study, 17,418 male athletes aged 18 to 21 who were registered as athletes for the Korean Sports & Olympic Committee from 2003 to 2005 were enrolled. The athlete registration data includes information about the athlete's gender, age, sport and affiliation. According to the continuity of registration and belonging information, the compulsory military service type was classified into a manipulator. According to the form of Compulsory military service performed by male elite athletes, the return rate was confirmed and the career (year) was calculated. Results As a result of the survey, 12.49% of the athletes who served as general soldiers returned to the athletes after compulsory military service, showing a relatively low return rate compared to 78.91% of the Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps, 76.55% of the National Police Agency's sports team, and 71.43% of the social service. Also, Athletes who served as general soldiers had a career of 2.46 years (± 1.94), while the Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps was 10.21 years (± 3.58), the National Police Agency's sports team was 9.45 years (± 3.26), and the social service was 5.86 years (± 4.06), The exemption was 11.08 years (± 2.27), and the compulsory military service exception was 9.79 years (± 5.55). Conclusions Male elite athletes' decrease in athletic performance after compulsory military service is a natural result, as confirmed through the results of this study, and it is necessary to seek a support system between compulsory military service to maintain athletic performance.

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Itsik, Ronen. "Compulsory military service as a social integrator." Security and Defence Quarterly 30, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35467/sdq/124710.

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Lim, Hyunjoon. "Compulsory military service, civilian wages, and retirement decision." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 106–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2016-0094.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of veteran status on civilian wages and on retirement age through employing individual-level data. Design/methodology/approach Instrumental variable (IV) estimation specifications show that, contrary to public perception, veteran status has a statistically significant positive impact on an individual’s civilian wage and thus helps him retire earlier than his non-veteran counterpart. Findings Moreover, the wage premium effect largely holds for less-educated men; however, for highly educated men, military service has adverse effects on their subsequent wages, and thus, on their retirement age. In line with this result, the effects of veteran status on retirement age largely hold for the relatively less-educated group. Originality/value This is the first finding to shed light on the link between veteran status and the decision to retire. This work is also first attempt to explore relationship between compulsory military service and subsequent civilian labor market performance, using the Korean individual-level data via relevant IV estimation methodology.

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Dudek, Justyna. "Funkcjonariusze aparatu bezpieczeństwa a obowiązek służby wojskowej w latach 1944–1956." Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 24, no. 2 (2023): 134–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2023.2(284).0004.

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The article discusses the issue of the fulfillment of compulsory military service by officers of the security apparatus. The author analyzes documents issued by both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Public Security and points out that exemption from military service may have encouraged some officers to join the security services in the 1940s.

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Čikalova, Oksana, Danguolė Drungilienė, and Vida Mockienė. "Privalomosios pradinės ir profesionalios karo tarnybų karių patiriamo streso analizė." Sveikatos mokslai 23, no. 1 (January 5, 2013): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2013.015.

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Very often conscripted soldiers experience heavy physical loads and mental shocks and challenges. The goal of this thesis was to analyse and to compare the factors triggering the stress to soldiers of compulsory conscription and professional military service and the ways to cope with it. Methods applied in this thesis were as follows: investigation conducted in 2010-2011 applying quantitative data accumulation and data processing methods. 233 soldiers of compulsory conscription and professional military service that were in the service in the aircraft base of Military Air Force and were selected applying the targeted sampling method participated in the inquiry. The statistic program package „SPSS 17 for Windows” was applied for data analysis. Levels of significance of statistical hypotheses were applied: where p<0,05 was statistically significant, p<0,01 was statistically very significant and p<001 was extremely statistically significant. The participants were acquainted with investigation goal and the consent of a uniformed person was received. The results of the investigation revealed that such factors as everyday routine, military discipline, constant tiredness, impossibility to change the established day time schedule, negative emotions of other soldiers and strict particular requirements triggered stress significantly more often to the soldiers of compulsory conscription service than to the soldiers of professional service. The more strong reaction of soldiers of compulsory conscription service to stress provoked the feeling of loneliness and physical and emotional exhaustion at the end of the service day, meanwhile the soldiers of professional service had some difficulties with sleep at night and emotional exhaustion. While trying to combat the stress the soldiers of professional service significantly more often than the soldiers of compulsory conscription service used the conversation with a good friend and long walks, meanwhile the soldiers of compulsory conscription service trying to suppress the stress used to smoke significantly more often than the soldiers of professional service. Smoking as the method to conquer the stress was preferred more often by the soldiers from smaller townships.

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Drăghici, Aurelia Teodora, and Adina Eleonora Spînu. "Promotion of the Military Profession, Recruitment and Selection of Candidates. Conceptual Delimitations." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0036.

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Abstract Romania’s security interests and objectives, the army missions in the current geopolitical context and Romania’s obligations as a member of NATO have imposed the continuation of the process of quantitative and qualitative restructuring of the human resources and determined the decision to renounce compulsory military service in favor of the one based on volunteering, starting with the first of January of 2007. The transition from the army based on compulsory military service to the one based on voluntary service imposed the repositioning of the military profession on the Romanian labor market, especially in relation to the competition represented by other similar institutions.

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Nikolskaya, Tatyana K. "The Genesis of the Seventh-Day Adventist Reformation Movement." Университетский научный журнал, no. 78 (February 16, 2024): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25807/22225064_2024_78_54.

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The article examines the genesis of the Seventh-Day Adventist (SDA) Reformation movement in Russia. The author examines the initial period of the Reformation movement and classifi es it as an oppositional form of Catacomb Protestantism. In the 1920s, under the pressure from the state authorities, the SDA ministers decided to permit the participation of the SDA members in compulsory military service as armed militray. This decision caused a split among the believers. Participants in the Reform movement refused military service and any compromises with state authorities. In 1989, the leadership of the offi cial SDA Church in the USSR recognised their resolution on military service as erroneous, yet the schism had not been overcome.

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Park, Kihong, and Ara Cho. "Compulsory Military Service and Employment among Young College Graduates." Journal of Economic Studies 37, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 27 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30776/jes.37.3.2.

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Bauer, Thomas K., Stefan Bender, Alfredo R. Paloyo, and Christoph M. Schmidt. "Evaluating the labor-market effects of compulsory military service." European Economic Review 56, no. 4 (May 2012): 814–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.02.002.

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Torun, Huzeyfe. "Ex-ante labor market effects of compulsory military service." Journal of Comparative Economics 47, no. 1 (March 2019): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2018.12.001.

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Starčević, Srđan. "Return of compulsory military service in Europe: Social determinism and perspectives." Politika nacionalne bezbednosti 26, no. 1 (2024): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pnb26-50140.

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In the period between 1995 and 2012, a number of European countries suspended mandatory military service upon which European national standing armies were based, from the 19th to the end of the 20th century. The Second Crimean crisis, which yielded the renewed perception of Russia as a threat to the West, caused a narrative shift regarding military organization in Europe placing public expression of concern for efficiency of its military and its deterrence capability on the public agenda. The subject of this paper is the analysis of social facts that obstruct political decision-making on military conscription in European societies or hinder the process of reinstating mandatory military service in European countries. The aim is to point out the social determinisms that discourage the introduction of mandatory military service in Europe while favouring the professional military as the basic type of military organization of modern European societies with private military companies as its "subcontractors" and auxiliary forces. The hypothesis proven by the paper is that social changes that took place at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century shaped modern European societies using dominant social values in contrast to the social values traditionally implied by mandatory military service and conscription. Zygmunt Bauman's theory of fluid modernity was used for the purposes of the paper, supplemented with Giovanni Sartori's theoretical considerations on the rights-claiming society. Hypothetical-deductive and historical-comparative methods were used in the paper. The introduction explains the conditions under which mandatory military service was introduced in European countries as well as the criticism it faced previous to its suspension. The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for reintroducing mandatory military service. In the second chapter, the social facts that resist the return of mandatory military service are analysed. These facts include: decline of power of nation states and redefinition of the concept of sovereignty during globalization, the rise of a type of society that can be called consumerist, atomized, and rights-claiming society, and the shaping of culture with a hedonistic cultural strategy. Social values of modern society are in contrast to social values on which conscription societies counted on: supremacy of the collective over the individual, disciplined repetition of routines, awareness of continuance of the nation as a higher form of shared existence for which a certain absence of comfort must be endured, along with the willingness to make personal sacrifices for the common good. Based on historical experience, the multipolar world will be a world of military competition and it is expected that many countries will attempt to reintroduce conscription. States which are able to convince their citizens that the danger to the country's freedom is realistic, will introduce this obligation provided that it takes a looser form than the one that was in force in the last century. Those countries that have suspended the obligation to serve in the military and wish to restore it but fail to convince their citizens of the reality of the threat, will face clear discontent of their citizens.

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Fatemi, Mohammad Hossein, Mohsen Mehrara, and Ali Taiebnia. "How Much are Iranian Men Willing to Pay for Exemption from Military Service?" Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 28, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2021-0014.

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Abstract Compulsory military service, due to its timing in the lives of men (at a young age, which is the key period for increasing human capital) and its length (in many cases, about a year and a half to two years), implies a significant cost (explicit or implicit) for them. Individual costs incurred as a result of compulsory military service is an important aspect to consider when measuring the economic and social costs of enforcing conscription. Compulsory military service has been a part of Iranian government policy since 1925. Accordingly, an attempt to estimate the cost for men in Iran is the main subject of this paper. We will estimate the willingness of men to pay for exemption from compulsory military service based on the dichotomous choice contingent valuation model (One-and-One-Half Bounded approach). The mean of willingness to pay is estimated at 1.61 billion Rials (38,000 USD) while the median of willingness to pay is 1.64 billion Rials. A calculation of the median of willingness to pay for sub-groups of respondents shows that individuals with an income of more than 70 million Rials (1670 USD) per month have the highest median of willingness to pay, followed by those with a Ph.D. degree, and finally, undergraduates are individuals with the lowest median of willingness to pay.

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Shahova, I. S. "Inspiring Patriotism in Soldiers of Compulsory Military Service during Their Army Service." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Psychology 25 (2018): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2304-1226.2018.25.89.

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Hamdan, Maisan. "Compulsory Military Service and Gender in Druze Communities under Occupation." Kohl: A Journal for Body and Gender Research 2, Summer (June 1, 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36583/kohl/2-1-6.

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Burk, James. "The decline of mass armed forces and compulsory military service." Defense Analysis 8, no. 1 (April 1992): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07430179208405523.

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Barany, Zoltan. "Soldiers of Arabia: Explaining Compulsory Military Service in the Gulf." Journal of Arabian Studies 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 118–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2018.1551471.

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Hlaváček, Jiří. "Základní vojenská služba po roce 1968 jako nástroj výchovy k občanství: indoktrinace a ideologizace v narativní reflexi." Kulturní studia 2021, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/ks.2021.170206.

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The aim of this study is to analyse the narratives of conscripts focused on the relationship between the army and ruling ideology between 1968 and 2004. The first part is devoted to the reflection of various forms of interaction between the army and ideology at the level of official and public discourse. The second part is focused on the mapping of specific forms and narratives related to the phenomenon of compulsory military service, including the question of its importance for conscripts. The main sources of analysis are narrative and semi-structured oral history interviews with 100 conscripts, who had experience with compulsory military service between 1968 and 2004.

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Yildirim, Mine. "Conscientious Objection to Military Service: International Human Rights Law and the Case of Turkey." Religion & Human Rights 5, no. 1 (2010): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187103210x513639.

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AbstractThe assessment of claims of conscientious objection to military service under freedom of religion or belief provisions has been an evolutive process in international human rights law. In Turkey, the right to conscientious objection to military service is not recognized, nor is there a specific punishment due for non-performance of military service on grounds of religious or philosophical beliefs. Military service is compulsory for every Turkish male citizen. The article in hand aims, firstly, to provide a survey on the status of the right to conscientious objection to military service in international human rights law and to propose a harmonizing interpretation that would allow for the evaluation of cases of conscientious objection under relevant provisions protecting freedom of religion or belief and secondly, to evaluate the Turkish legislation in relation to conscientious objection to military service and highlight human rights issues that arise due to a lack of legal regulation on conscientious objection to military service.

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Ragozin, Andrei Vasil'evich. "Integration of military medical services and civilian health careas a key condition for the provision of medical care to military personneland the population in the event of a large-scale military conflict." Национальная безопасность / nota bene, no. 5 (May 2022): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2022.5.38892.

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The escalation of the military conflict in Ukraine threatens with a shortage of resources for the military medical service. The solution may be the integration of civil and military medicine - it is provided for by the military medical doctrine of NATO, but does not have a systematic implementation in the Russian Federation, which even in peacetime limits the availability of medical care to military personnel, and in the event of an escalation of the conflict in Ukraine threatens to overload the military medical service . Attempts to integrate civilian and military medical infrastructure were unsuccessful due to the lack of a systematic approach to their interaction and the inability of the departments concerned to reach an agreement on the mechanisms and sources of funding.The authors propose to return to the principles of organizational integration between military and civilian medicine, which were first proposed in the ХIX century by N.I. Pirogov, successfully used by the health care of the USSR during the civil and second world wars and forgotten after the collapse of the Soviet Union. For financial and economic integration, it is proposed to include military personnel in the CHI system for medical care that military medical institutions cannot provide due to their overload, remoteness or lack of necessary specialists.It is proposed to solve the problem of paying compulsory medical insurance contributions for military personnel by replacing the compulsory medical insurance contributions paid by employers (for employees) and the subjects of the Federation (for the non-working population) with a universal compulsory medical insurance contribution automatically withheld at the same rate for all legal entities and individuals from all non-cash transactions - thereby financing additional medical guarantees for military personnel, leveling the “free rider effect” in the CHI system.

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Asali, Muhammad. "Compulsory Military Service and Future Earnings: Evidence from a Natural Experiment." Defence and Peace Economics 30, no. 4 (May 13, 2017): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2017.1327294.

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Girsh, Yaron. "Negotiating the Uniform: Youth Attitudes towards Military Service in Israel." YOUNG 27, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308818787647.

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Military service is one of the key milestones in Jewish Israelis’ transition to adulthood. Given the dominant role of the military in Israeli society, an understanding of young adults’ attitude towards the importance of the military and the nature of their service is needed. Based on 44 group interviews with 132 Jewish Israeli high school students, the study follows the differential attitude of youths towards compulsory military service, along socioeconomic lines. It concludes that (a) despite changes in Israeli society, young people still consider soldiers as the ultimate models of heroism, and view military service as a necessary component of normative citizenship and (b) they negotiate the nature and content of their military service based on its expected contribution to future mobility opportunities. The findings indicate that within the shared cultural script of the military’s importance, alternative paths play out without directly challenging the dominant consensus within Israeli society.

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Susdarwono, Endro Tri. "ANALISIS TERHADAP WAJIB MILITER DAN RELEVANSINYA DENGAN RANCANGAN UNDANG-UNDANG KOMPONEN CADANGAN." Khatulistiwa Law Review 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/klr.v1i2.86.

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Abstrak Komponen cadangan merupakan sumber daya nasional di bidang pertahanan yang berasal dari sumber daya manusia, sumber daya alam, sumber daya buatan, serta sarana dan prasarana. Kebutuhan akan komponen cadangan memiliki landasan konstitusional serta amanat UU Pertahanan Negara. Namun, pembahasan RUU Komponen Cadangan menimbulkan pro kontra sehingga formulasinya membutuhkan argumentasi yang kuat terutama mengenai asumsi wajib militer bagi warga negara. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini untuk membahas ketentuan wajib militer yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Wajib Militer dan relevansinya dengan pengaturan komponen cadangan. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa kebuntuan pembahasan pada RUU Komponen Cadangan melahirkan reformulasi baru ke dalam UU PSDN. Selain itu, terjadi pergeseran konsep wajib militer dari yang sebelumnya diwajibkan kepada setiap negara sesuai UU Wajib Militer, menjadi pelatihan dasar kemiliteran bagi setiap warga negara yang lulus sebagai komponen cadangan. Untuk pola perekrutan, komponen cadangan menerima setiap warga negara yang ingin menjadi calon anggota secara sukarela sesuai dengan persyaratan dengan mengikuti seleksi administrasi dan seleksi kompetensi. Sedangkan pada wajib militer diwajibkan bagi setiap warga negara mulai dari usia 18 (delapan belas) tahun sampai dengan 40 (empat puluh) tahun. Pola pelatihan dan pendidikan juga berbeda. Pada komponen cadangan, anggota hanya melaksanakan pelatihan dasar kemiliteran, sedangkan pada wajib militer adalah pelatihan militer. Abstract The reserve component is a national resource in the defense sector originating from human resources, natural resources, man-made resources, and facilities, and infrastructure. The need for a reserve component has a constitutional basis and the mandate of the State Defense Law. However, the discussion of the Draft Reserves Component Bill raises pros and cons so that its formulation requires strong arguments, especially regarding the assumption of compulsory military service for citizens. Therefore, this research aims to discuss the provisions of military service as stated in the Military Compulsory Law, and their relevance to the regulation of reserve components. The results of the study revealed that the deadlock in deliberations on the Reserve Components Bill gave birth to new reformulations into the PSDN Law. Besides, there has been a shift in the concept of compulsory military service from what was previously required for every country, to basic military training for every citizen who passes as a reserve component. The reserve component accepts every citizen who wants to become a candidate for membership voluntarily under the requirements by following administrative selection and competency selection. Meanwhile, compulsory military service is compulsory for every citizen from the age of eighteen to forty years.

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Starčević, Srđan, and Srđan Blagojević. "The military service as part of the social ideal in Serbia." Srpska politička misao 80, no. 2 (2023): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spm80-44254.

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Compulsory conscription in Serbia was established in the 19th century, and the military as a social institution rapidly became an indispensable part of the socialization process of citizens. It remained so until 2011, which lent credibility to the strategic considerations of deterrence and total defense of that time. The return of war to European soil actualizes the issue of society's readiness for defense in many European countries. Serbian society has changed significantly in the two previous decades, becoming largely described by Bauman's fluid modernity, and the capacity of citizens for armed and unarmed resistance in the event of war has significantly declined. Starting from the assumption that the suspension of the compulsory conscription remains valid, the authors examine the possibilities for increasing the interest of young people in voluntary military service, which is the subject of this paper. The aim of the paper is to show the necessity, justification and content of state incentives for young people who opt for military service, as well as to point out their probable social consequences. The theoretical framework of the work is the theory of the network society of Manuel Castells and his understanding of individuation as a cultural tendency of modern society that differs from individualism. The authors conclude that increasing interest in voluntary military service is possible by connecting individual projects of citizens with military service as part of a common, social ideal in Serbia. State incentives for voluntary military service and, subsequently, participation in the active and passive reserves, could be divided into three groups. The first would be incentives related to employment, the second would be cooperation between the state and civic initiatives and organizations, and the third would be incentives related to business and tax incentives.

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Twomey, Christina. "The National Service Scheme: Citizenship and the Tradition of Compulsory Military Service in 1960s Australia." Australian Journal of Politics & History 58, no. 1 (March 2012): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2012.01624.x.

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XHARO, Kristaq, and Blendi LAMI. "Changing the perspective on military service." Jus & Justicia 14, no. 1 (2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/rlue5448.

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Recently, there has been a significant development in the realm of regional security involving both NATO and the EU, signifying a deliberate push to enhance their capabilities in terms of military strength. This collaboration marks a pivotal juncture where the policies of the EU and NATO are converging, leading to a departure from the EU’s erstwhile characterization as a soft power and its evolution into what can be aptly described as a smart power – a strategic amalgamation of both robust and diplomatic influence. This transformation is likely to set a precedent, influencing even aspirant nations to adopt a similar trajectory. A notable manifestation of this joint effort is the bolstering of military and technical capacities, particularly evident in the augmentation of military capabilities. Within this context, an area of focus is compulsory military service, a subject that has triggered substantial deliberation in light of the ascendancy of professional armed forces. This shift has catalyzed a vibrant discourse among advocates and detractors of this transition. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the myriad benefits that military service can offer to individuals, communities, societies, states, and nations. The ongoing discourse regarding this issue is not confined to a specific region but rather extends across the Western world. In this context, the present paper endeavours to explore and analyze these dynamics within the context of Albania, thereby adding to the broader conversation.

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Pocienė, Aušra. "Possibilities to Attract Lithuanian Young People to Permanent Compulsory Primary Military Service." Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review 16, no. 1 (December 9, 2018): 373–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lasr-2018-0013.

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Maksimov, Konstantin. "The Problem of the Kalmyks’ Military Service in the Context of the Reform of the Red Army in the 1920s." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 1-1 (January 1, 2022): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202201statyi49.

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For the first time on the basis of archival materials, the article examines the issue of attracting Kalmyks to active military service in the 1920s as part of the Red Army units. From the middle of the 17th and almost to the end of the 18th century. Kalmyks participated in all the wars of Russia in their national military units as part of the Russian army, then - in the Patriotic War of 1812, the Civil War of 1918-1920. Therefore, with the creation of the Red Army on the basis of compulsory military service of citizens of Soviet Russia, difficulties arose with the recruitment of Kalmyks for military service due to low literacy and the language barrier, although their fighting qualities were not in doubt. The problems of conscription of Kalmyks for active military service were solved during the reform of the Red Army in the 1920s, which coincided with the economic, socio-political, cultural development of the Kalmyk Autonomous Region.

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Hirvasoja-Korkee, Heidi, Leena Holopainen, Asko Tolvanen, and Jukka Leskinen. "The Relation Between Finnish Conscripts’ Reading Difficulties (Rd), Cognitive Abilities And The Length Of Service Period." Journal of Military Studies 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jms-2016-0179.

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Abstract In this study, the existence of reading difficulties (RD) among young adults and the relation between RD, cognitive abilities and length of service period were examined. The aim was to study the manifestation of reading difficulties with young adult males, the connection between different cognitive abilities and reading comprehension and decoding skills, and to determine whether the membership of different reading skills groups was related to the length of the service period, which is partly dependent on the scores of cognitive assessment in military service, Basic Test 1. The participants in this study (N=1399) were Finnish adolescents (mean age 20 years, sd .61) participating in compulsory military service. Every Finnish male citizen is obligated to undergo military service and because RD is more common in males than females, warfare becomes more technological and military training is increasingly based on written material that requires reading skills, it is very reasonable to study RD with persons in military service. Results showed that reading difficulties persist into adulthood, but some regional differences were found, and reading difficulties (especially decoding difficulties) had only a minor direct connection to the length of the service period.

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Madjid, Abdul. "Sentencing over Objection to Mobilization as Military Reserve: An analysis of National and International Laws." Brawijaya Law Journal 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2022.009.01.01.

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Law Number 23 of 2019 concerning National Resource Management for State Defense does not regulate conscientious objection, which refers to the right of a person to refuse to participate in a war or military service on the grounds of religion and morality. Their absence in such services is replaced by other responsibilities such as working in public health services, providing security, and being involved in other social services. Article 77 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 23 of 2019 expressly provides for sentences that should be imposed on those who refuse to serve as a military reserve, where the rule is not in accordance with the principle of conscientious objection which gives a person the right to refuse on the basis of conscience. This research discusses the legal consequences of the enactment of two rules regarding military service and the application of different conscientious objections. This study applied normative juridical methods and approaches to examine the consistency and relevance of various statutes and government regulations that govern conscientious objection. This study also used conceptual and statutory approaches to explore why conscientious objection is considered a ground for refusal to participate in conscription according to International Human Rights Law. The findings revealed that the conception of defense and compulsory military service in Indonesia does not leave any chance to guarantee the rights of citizens to refuse to participate in military service according to the conscience and belief of every individual (conscientious objection). This is in contrast to the regulatory provisions of international human rights ratified by Indonesia under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Additionally, there is a need for clear arrangements regarding conscientious objection and the requirements that must be met by citizens who submit these principles for the rejection of military service in Indonesia.

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Byers, Daniel. "Mobilising Canada: The National Resources Mobilization Act, the Department of National Defence, and Compulsory Military Service in Canada, 1940-1945." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 175–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031107ar.

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Abstract Compulsory military service took on the most organized, long-term form it has ever had in Canada during the Second World War. But few historians look beyond the politics of conscription to study the creation, administration or impact of a training system that affected more than 150,000 people. Faced with the Mackenzie King government's policy of conscripting manpower only for home defence, and their own need for overseas volunteers, Army leaders used conscripts raised under the National Resources Mobilization Act to meet both purposes. This paper explores the Army's role in creating and administering the compulsory military training system during the war, the pressures put on conscripts to volunteer for overseas service, and the increased resistance to volunteering that resulted by 1944. The consequences of the Army's management of conscription came very much to shape the political events that took place in 1944, and cannot be fully understood outside that context.

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Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, Kaija, Markus Henriksson, Kai Parkkola, and Eija Stengård. "Predictors of Completing Compulsory Military Service Among Men Who Have Received a Temporary Exemption From Service." Military Medicine 178, no. 5 (May 2013): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-12-00413.

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Bauer, Thomas K., Stefan Bender, Alfredo R. Paloyo, and Christoph M. Schmidt. "Do guns displace books? The impact of compulsory military service on educational attainment." Economics Letters 124, no. 3 (September 2014): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.07.026.

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Yeo, Yezi. "The good, the bad, and the forgiven: The media spectacle of South Korean male celebrities’ compulsory military service." Media, War & Conflict 10, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635217694122.

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For almost 70 years, South Korea has upheld the principle of universal male conscription, and the military has been a potent force in post-war South Korean political, economic, and social development. The role and significance of male conscription and the military establishment in South Korean society have been explored from the perspective of political, social, and gender/post-colonial studies. However, there is a considerable lack of academic research assessing the social meanings behind the highly publicized conduct of male celebrities’ negotiating the issue of their compulsory military service, which has turned increasingly into media spectacles since the mid-1990s. This study attempts to provide an insight into the political and social ramifications of such media events by tracing the military service and male celebrity discourse through several major conscription scandals in the South Korean mass media. By simultaneously policing and exploiting the ‘sacred’ duty to serve, these media scandals reinforce what it means to be a true ‘Korean man’.

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Sigatu, Kaleab Tadesse. "Citizen Soldiers in Ethiopia: The Experience and Legal Frameworks of Reserve Force, Conscription and Militia System." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 22, no. 2 (July 13, 2023): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2023.2.6.

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This paper aims to offer a historical overview, legal framework and analysis of the reserve force, conscription or compulsory military service, and militia systems in Ethiopia from the period of Emperor Haile Selassie to the present. Methodologically, it employs an empirical examination of literature and legal documents on the reserve force, conscription and the militia. There is an inadequacy of literature on the three major citizen soldier defence institutions in Ethiopia, and this paper is a partial attempt to fill the knowledge gap. The paper discusses the legal framework of the Emperor’s effort to create a reserve force named Territorial Amy, which more or less met its objective, even though the effort to start national military service failed. The military government’s vicious mobilisation of militia and heavy recruitment of the youth for national military service resulted from the extended civil war that ended with the liberation of Eritrea and the toppling of the government. Currently, the government is planning to start national military service; on the other hand, a nominal reserve force exists, and the mostly rural institution of the militia plays an important citizen soldier role.

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Sopóci, Milan, and Marek Walancik. "Volunteers and Active Reserve for the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2016-0024.

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Abstract The article deals with settlement of Armed Forces in connection with voluntary and compulsory military service in history and present days too. It shows on new tasks of Armed Forces and possibilities their solution with utilization of volunteers and active reserve. The contribution designs a certain way for their preparation, training and service. On the other hand shows on financial costs for creation and service. In conclusion states that solution is new qualitatively change in optimalization of safety system Slovak republic.

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Yanul, A. N., N. N. Silivontchik, А. S. Rudoy, A. A. Aleynikov, G. G. Gurshtynovich, Е. E. Vinchо, and А. А. Kulik. "DYNAMIC OBSERVATION OF A GROUP OF MILITARY PERSONNEL WITH GASTRODUODENAL EROSIONS IN THE PERIOD OF COMPULSORY MILITARY SERVICE." Hepatology and Gastroenterology 4, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2616-5546-2020-4-1-55-61.

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Miletić, Marko. "Compulsory physical education: Hidden pre-military training in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia." Vojno-istorijski glasnik, no. 2 (2023): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vig2302105m.

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In the 1930s, the European continent was dominated by the fear of a new war, so almost all countries began to pay special attention to war preparations. In this context, great attention was paid to youth and their physical and military training. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, faced with many recruits unfit for military service, joined the European trend by introducing compulsory physical education into the social life of students and out-of school youth. This wording concealed the true nature of the new institution, namely pre-military education. Although the legislative solution was ideal in theory, in practice it had several weaknesses that did not allow the development of compulsory physical education. The legislature overlooked several important issues. First, there was a lack of trained teachers to teach the inmates. In addition, the law placed an excessive burn on the municipalities, which were unable to solve all the problems of organizing compulsory physical education, especially the material ones, since they were responsible for providing space and compensating teachers. The army also did not do everything in its power to provide the best possible support for pre-military training especially since the question of equipping the courses with weapons was not settled until before the April War began. Finally, the young people looked for ways to avoid the new obligation, so that less than half of the obligated participated the holiday courses. For this reason, the work results achieved were also not satisfactory.

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Card, David, and Ana Rute Cardoso. "Can Compulsory Military Service Raise Civilian Wages? Evidence from the Peacetime Draft in Portugal." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 57–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.4.4.57.

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We provide new evidence on the long-term impacts of peacetime conscription, using longitudinal data for Portuguese men born in 1967. These men were inducted at age 21, allowing us to use pre-conscription wages to control for ability differences between conscripts and nonconscripts. We find a significant 4–5 percentage point impact of service on the wages of men with only primary education, coupled with a zero effect for men with higher education. The effect for less-educated men suggests that mandatory service can be a valuable experience for those who might otherwise spend their careers in low-level jobs. (JEL J24, J31, J45)

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Truusa, Tiia-Triin, Kairi Kasearu, and Liina-Mai Tooding. "THE EFFECTS OF CONSCRIPT SERVICE ON THE RECRUITMENT OF PROFESSIONAL SOLDIERS IN ESTONIA." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2018, ISSUE 20/2 (June 15, 2018): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.20.2.2.

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Povzetek Estonske obrambne sile so urejene po načelu rezervnih sil, zato je v Estoniji v veljavi obvezno služenje vojaškega roka. V tem članku preučujemo, kako sistem obveznega služenja vojaškega roka vpliva na proces pridobivanja kadra v estonskih obrambnih silah (EOS). S pomočjo podatkov iz ankete, izvedene med estonskimi naborniki, bomo preučili individualne in strukturne dejavnike, ki vplivajo na to, koliko so EOS zanimive kot delodajalec med naborniki. Testirali smo dve predpostavki, ki temeljita na teoriji. (1) Ob upoštevanju pristopa družbenega učenja predpostavljamo, da pozitivne in negativne izkušnje v času obveznega služenja vojaškega roka lahko vplivajo na namero posameznika, da se zaposli kot poklicni pripadnik. (2) Na podlagi predpostavke o izbiri predvidevamo, da bodo tisti, ki so imeli pred vpoklicem pozitivne izkušnje z vojaškim načinom življenja, sprejeli obvezno služenje vojaškega roka v bolj pozitivni luči in jim bodo obrambne sile kot delodajalec zato še bolj zanimive. Rezultati kažejo, da je predpostavka o izbiri bolj podprta. To pomeni, da se pozitiven odnos do obrambnih sil in namen, da se posameznik tam zaposli, ne oblikujeta med služenjem vojaškega roka, temveč na to bolj vplivajo izkušnje pred vpoklicem ter sodelovanje v prostovoljnih organizacijah, povezanih z vojsko ali nacionalno varnostjo. Lahko bi rekli, da se odnos, ki ga je nabornik razvil pred obveznim služenjem, s služenjem vojaškega roka še bolj utrdi. Ključne besede: obvezno služenje vojaškega roka, naborništvo, pridobivanje kadra, obrambne sile, Estonija. Abstract The Estonian Defence Forces have been structured according to the principle of reserve force, and therefore Estonia uses compulsory conscription. In this paper, we will explore how the compulsory military service system influences the recruitment process into the Estonian Defence Forces (EDF). More precisely, we will study the individual and structural factors that determine the perceived attractiveness of the EDF as an employer among conscripts by using data from the Estonian Conscript Survey. We are testing two theory-driven assumptions: (1) following the social learning approach, we assume that positive and negative experiences during the conscription period may have an influence on the intention to continue as a professional in the military; (2) based on the selection hypothesis, we assume that those who have had positive experiences with the military way of life before being drafted will perceive compulsory military service in a more positive light, and therefore the attractiveness of the Defence Forces as an employer may even increase. The results show that the selection hypothesis has stronger support. It means that positive attitudes and the intention to join the defence forces are not formed during the service, but rather pre-conscription experience and involvement in voluntary organizations related to the military or interior security have a bigger influence. The service could be seen as affirming the attitudes that the conscript had already developed prior to conscript service. Key words: conscription, recruitment, defence forces, Estonia

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Wohlmuth, Petr. "Zoufalství, jaderné rakety a magické hory. Uchronický příběh bývalého vojáka základní služby." Český lid 108, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21104/cl.2021.2.01.

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The text follows the post-cultural turn oral history paradigm, as expressed in concepts of Luisa Passerini, Alessandro Portelli, and others. It also makes use of the “dream stories” (Traumgeschichten) research by Reinhart Koselleck, to discover and interpret the cultural processes and forms related to the problematic historical subjectivity of an ex-Czechoslovak People’s Army conscript. The main historical source is the recorded oral-history narrative of a person, whose compulsory military service (1975–1977) led to a decidedly negative turn in his life. The narrator attempted to treat his shaken historical subjectivity through the creative construction of an elaborate uchronic story, merging his own military experience with motifs of imaginary service in units armed with nuclear weapons, with contemporary legends dealing with similar topics, and with older cultural strata, highlighting the phenomenon of “magical mountains” and apocalyptic military prophecies.

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Kestnbaum, Meyer. "Citizenship and Compulsory Military Service: The Revolutionary Origins of Conscription in the United States." Armed Forces & Society 27, no. 1 (October 2000): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x0002700103.

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Mažeikienė, Asta, Svajone Bekesiene, Dovilė Karčiauskaitė, Eglė Mazgelytė, Gerry Larsson, Tomas Petrėnas, Andrius Kaminskas, et al. "The Association between Endogenous Hair Steroid Hormones and Social Environmental Factors in a Group of Conscripts during Basic Military Training." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212239.

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This study aimed to analyse the association between endogenous hair steroid hormones as reliable biological indicators of an individual’s stress level and the social environmental factors experienced during military training that are manifested at the beginning of compulsory military service. Hair steroid hormone concentrations—cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone—in a group of 185 conscripts were measured using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Six subjective social environmental factors in the military—attitude towards the military and military service, adaptation to the military environment, team, task, and norm cohesion, as well as psychological (un)safety in the group—were evaluated using military-specific research questionnaires. Weak but significant negative correlations were identified between cortisol and adaptation (r = −0.176, p < 0.05), attitude (r = −0.147, p < 0.05) as well as between testosterone and task cohesion (r = −0.230, p < 0.01) levels. Additionally, a multiple forward stepwise regression analysis highlighted that cortisone variation might be partially explained by task cohesion; the DHEA—determined by psychological (un)safety in the group, attitude towards the military and military service, and norm cohesion; and the testosterone—determined by task cohesion and adaptation to the new military environment. The results of this study suggest that subjective measures of social factors can be used to predict hair steroid hormone levels as objective measures of the chronic stress perceived by conscripts during their basic military training.

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CIORBEA, Valentin. "THE UNIFICATION AND MODERNIZATION OF THE ARMY DURING THE RULE OF ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA (1859-1866)." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 12, no. 1 (2020): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2020.1.83.

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The double election of Colonel Alexandru Ioan Cuza as ruler of the United Principalities of Moldova and Wallachia also opened for the army the process of unification, modernization and progress. New structures were created, new weapons, the army broadened. Military legislation strengthened order and discipline. The training and preparation of the army changed. The military service became compulsory. It was a beneficial stage for the country's army, on the basis of which the army was prepared to cover itself with glory in the War of Independence in 1877-1878.

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Lohse, Tim, Tobias Börger, Jürgen Meyerhoff, and Salmai Qari. "Der Wert von Sicherheit und nationaler Verteidigung." Wirtschaftsdienst 103, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/wd-2023-0116.

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Abstract To assess preferences for measures that strengthen security and defense as a public good, discrete choice experiments are a promising approach. For Germany, such a survey-based experiment reveals a strong preference for the installation of a European air defense system, but also for an increase in the troop size of the German military by 25% as well as the creation of a European army. For these changes, there is an aggregate willingness to pay of approximately 11.5 billion euros. Approval and willingness to pay vary by party preference. However, the reintroduction of compulsory military service is overwhelmingly rejected.

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Kaymarazov, G. Sh, and L. G. Kaymarazova. "Military construction and military duty in Dagestan in 1928–1940: a historical and socio-cultural aspects." Vestnik Majkopskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tehnologiceskogo Universiteta, no. 3 (January 9, 2024): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2078-1024-2023-15-3-29-41.

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The article considers the historical and socio-cultural aspects of military development in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1928 to 1940, taking into account the growing interest in society and the scientific community in military history, including the problem of involving the peoples of national regions of the country in the process of formation and further development of the Soviet Armed Forces. In the research the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, as well as comparative historical, problem-chronological, statistical and descriptive methods have been used; new publications and documentary sources that have not previously been introduced into scientific circulation have been employed.The historical and social and cultural aspects of military development in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1928 to 1940 have been considered. - from the moment of the first compulsory conscription of Dagestanis for military service in the ranks of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) until the adoption in September 1939 by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the new Law “On General Military Duty”. This event marked the beginning of the implementation of military service by representatives of the male youth of the peoples of Dagestan service on a common basis with all nationalities of the USSR.The research characterizes the work of the authorities to establish military registration of the male part of the population and pre-conscription training of young people in a multinational region. The gender component of the process of formation of military service has been highlighted; the features of the implementation of Soviet military construction in Dagestan within the designated chronological framework identified and prospects and scope of application of the research results characterized.

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Hadi, Dr Salah Mahdi. "Challenges of returning to the law of compulsory military service in Iraq: (acceptance or rejection)." Tikrit Journal For Political Science 4, no. 26 (December 31, 2021): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v4i26.211.

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Developments in the Iraqi internal arena, as well as the regional environment and its potential repercussions on Iraq, impose the necessity of adopting an effective strategy, and taking precautionary measures, to ensure the preservation of Iraq’s security and the preservation of its independence and national sovereignty (land, sea, and air). Based on national responsibility and sensing the seriousness of the threats and challenges that are present and expected in the foreseeable future, the Iraqi strategic decision-maker must enact a legislative law to make service in the armed forces compulsory, a step that is seen as a cornerstone in training young people to serve the flag and the nation and strengthen the national spirit and unity in the country. Defending him in times of emergency and crisis. However, the Iraqi decision-maker faces several challenges to enact such a law, for reasons (political, security, military, logistical, economic, and finally societal).

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JOHNSON, MATTHEW. "THE LIBERAL WAR COMMITTEE AND THE LIBERAL ADVOCACY OF CONSCRIPTION IN BRITAIN, 1914–1916." Historical Journal 51, no. 2 (June 2008): 399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08006766.

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ABSTRACTThe advent of conscription in Britain in 1916 was greeted with profound dismay by many in the Liberal party. At Westminster, however, a significant minority of Liberal MPs, who were members of the Liberal War Committee (LWC), were amongst the most enthusiastic advocates of compulsory service, from a surprisingly early stage in the war. It has usually been assumed that those Liberals who embraced conscription were effectively abandoning their progressive principles, and moving to another, more reactionary, political allegiance. This article argues that this was not the case. The Liberal advocates of conscription represented a range of political opinions, but all insisted that they remained Liberals, and many went to considerable lengths to reconcile their support for universal military service with their continued adherence to the Liberal creed. This article reassesses the phenomenon of Liberal support for compulsory service, examining the arguments, activities, and personnel of the LWC. It sheds new light on the vitality of Liberal principles in wartime, demonstrating that Liberal doctrine was often far more flexible than scholars have realized.

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Abele, Andreas. "Ut fidem dictis adhibeant." Mnemosyne 73, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 633–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342681.

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Abstract Sulpicius Severus’ account of St Martin sharing his cloak with the beggar at the gate of Amiens is still one of the most prominent and best-known episodes of late antique Christian hagiography. This deed is considered above all as the epitome of Martin’s charity and will to follow Christ. Furthermore, this episode also serves to apologize Martin’s military service in the Roman army. The latter was a heavy burden for Sulpicius’ saint, which the author of his Vita had to get rid of in the most credible way possible. Sulpicius asserts that Martin’s compulsory military service was dominated by Christian virtues. A narratological close reading focusing on the categories of ‘distance’ and ‘focalization’ and applying linguistic analysis tools as well shows that eventually it is the narrative disposition of the ‘Amiens episode’ that makes the narrator’s earlier apologetic authorial statements credible.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Compulsory military service'

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