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Journal articles on the topic 'Compulsory representation'
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1
Richard. "COMPULSORY VOTING AND SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION." Public Affairs Quarterly 35, no. 2 (2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/48616071.
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Harcourt, Mark, and Helen Lam. "COMPULSORY PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION: ALLAYING POTENTIAL CONCERNS." WorkingUSA 11, no. 3 (September 2008): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-4580.2008.00210.x.
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Guntermann, Eric, Ruth Dassonneville, and Peter Miller. "Are inequalities in representation lower under compulsory voting?" Policy Studies 41, no. 2-3 (November 22, 2019): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2019.1694649.
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Malkopoulou, Anthoula. "Compulsory voting and right-wing populism: mobilisation, representation and socioeconomic inequalities." Australian Journal of Political Science 55, no. 3 (June 8, 2020): 276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2020.1774507.
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Coletta, Jennifer. "The Missing B Word: Compulsory Binarization and Bisexual Representation in Children's Literature." Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures 10, no. 1 (2018): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jeu.2018.0004.
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Buys, Andrew. "In Pursuit of Women’s Representation: A Pragmatic Approach to Improving Women’s Representation in Canadian Politics." Agora: Political Science Undergraduate Journal 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2012): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/agora17245.
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This essay addresses the democratic deficit in women's representation in Canadian politics that hinders the access of all citizens in Canada to free, equal, and meaningful opportunities to engage in all levels of political affairs. In doing so, a number of socio-cultural and structural barriers to women's participation in federal politics are identified. In turn, strategies to overcome these barriers are presented while making effort to tackle the conditions underlying women’s misrepresentation, as opposed to promoting explicitly compulsory solutions such as affirmative action legislation. The purpose of my research is to guide Canadian policy structures and social standards toward a new paradigm in Canadian politics where women are liberated from having to face the tension between the implications of their status as the 'other' and their desire to meaningfully contribute to the political affairs of the Canadian state.
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FRANKLIN, MARK N. "Electoral Engineering and Cross-National Turnout Differences: What Role for Compulsory Voting?" British Journal of Political Science 29, no. 1 (January 1999): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123499210095.
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Low electoral turnout is often considered to be bad for democracy, whether inherently or because it calls legitimacy into question or because low turnout implies lack of representation of certain groups and inegalitarian policies. Yet there would appear to be a straightforward cure for low turnout: make voting compulsory. Of the twenty-five countries in the International Almanac of Electoral History for which Katz has collected institutional data, four have compulsory voting. Turnout in these countries averages 89 per cent, as compared to 75 per cent in the other twenty-one countries.
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Moser, Stephanie, Susanne Elisabeth Bruppacher, and Frederic de Simoni. "Public Representation of Ubiquitous ICT Applications in the Outpatient Health Sector." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 7, no. 4 (October 2011): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jthi.2011100105.
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ICT advances will bring a new generation of ubiquitous applications, opening up new possibilities for the health sector. However, the social impacts of this trend have largely remained unexplored. This study investigates the public representation of future ICT applications in the outpatient health sector in terms of their social acceptance. Mental models of ICT applications were elicited from inhabitants of Berlin, Germany, by means of qualitative interviews. The findings revealed that the interviewees felt ambivalent about anticipated changes; only if ICT use were to be voluntary and restricted to single applications and trustworthy institutions did they expect individual benefits. Concerns about data transmission to unauthorized third parties and widespread technological dissemination forcing compulsory participation led people to feel averse to such technology. Implications for potential implementation of future ICT applications in the outpatient health sector are discussed.
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LIJPHART, AREND. "Democracy in the 21st century: can we be optimistic?" European Review 9, no. 2 (May 2001): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798701000163.
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The prospects for the spread of democracy around the world in the 21st century appear to be bright, but there are also important reasons for pessimism. One is that politicians and constitution-writers in the democracies are not aware of, or choose to ignore, compelling social science evidence concerning the superiority of parliamentary systems of government and proportional representation (in contrast to presidential government and majoritarian electoral systems). The older democracies are not in danger of failing, but they are losing much of their democratic vitality, as seen in the decline of people's interest in politics, decreasing voter participation, and the serious weakening of political parties. For these problems, too, parliamentarism and proportional representation are at least partial remedies, but stronger measures (such as compulsory voting) also deserve to be considered seriously
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Emaliana, Ive, and Arcci Tusita. "EXPLORING GENDER REPRESENTATION: PATRIARCHAL PERPECTIVES FROM EFL SECONDARY SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS IN INDONESIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2020.345.
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This paper seeks to investigate whether the Indonesian government's attempt to promote a gender-equal society in recent decades and improve gender awareness are reflected in patterns of gender representation in EFL textbooks in secondary schools. The study made an analysis of four compulsory textbooks published in 2016 with corpus linguistic tools (e.g. pronouns, occupation, amount of talk) and how gender is represented in the visuals (or illustrations) through conducting frequency counts of the occurrence of male and female characters and the spheres of activities they engaged, to investigate the ration of female-to-male appearances, the extent of use of gender-neutral, and gender-marked constructions, common address titles for reference, and order of appearance of women and men. The findings show that there is a need for evaluation of the existing language textbooks in secondary schools, with the aim of promoting a more gender-balanced learning material. Moreover, the classroom teachers raise the need for the promotion of initial as well as in-service training for teachers on issues of ‘gender stereotypes’, ‘language sexism’ and ‘gender-mainstreaming policies’.
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Földváry, Kinga. "Trendy or topical? Sexual politics and panopticism in the 2016 BBC Midsummer Night’s Dream." Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 99, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0184767819835553.
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The 2016 BBC television production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream (directed by David Kerr) illustrates that the provocative representation of gender issues, commented on by most reviewers, effectively overshadowed the film’s real topicality: its depiction of a tightly controlling post-panoptic regime, relying on technological surveillance systems, in which observed and observer are equally implicated. However, the film’s spectacular visuality and the liberal gender politics of the adaptation, which are all but compulsory in contemporary theatrical adaptations, have allowed viewers to focus on the carnivalesque comedy of the finale, rather than the darker undertones of its social criticism.
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Korol, Denys. "Simplified Procedure in Civil Proceedings in Different European Countries: Comparing Study." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.45.
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In this article the simplified civil proceedings were analyzed as one of the most current discussion. Its characterization and difference from general action proceeding are debatable issues that need attention and in-depth study, especially in Ukraine, where the differentiation of action proceedings was first introduced in 2017.
This background requires the comparing research of the doctrine and legislative of European countries such as Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Spain and France, which have been selected for comparison, as well as the European Small Claims Procedure, which has been in existence alongside national small dispute resolution procedures for over ten years.
The most generalizable features that appear to be inherent in any simplification of court proceedings were studied, in particular, the time frames for simplified litigation, whether or not to hold hearings, the possibility of appeal and mandatory representation in these proceedings.
In conclusion, it was noted that the elements of simplifying the procedure for small cases resolution in Ukraine and in other European countries generally coincide. Among the similarity there are the features of securing the right to an oral or public court hearing on the case, a certain limitation of the right to appeal the decision in the case, the absence of compulsory representation, even in the conditions of compulsory representation of the parties in court by a lawyer. At the same time, the lack of standardized forms of appeal to the court in the simplified procedure, as well as the approaches to the procedure of the choice of the procedure of the case - are excluded by the parties, both in the European Small Claims Procedure and in Germany, to the excluded right of a judge to decide this issue. how it is envisaged in Lithuania. It is useful to borrow, in our opinion, the experience of Spain and France, in which the collection of small debts is the responsibility of the bailiff and the notary. Thus, a comprehensive mechanism for dealing with small or small matters should be established and maintained in the state.
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HANNA, Helen. "Photography as a Research Method with Learners in Compulsory Education: A Research Review." Beijing International Review of Education 2, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25902539-00201003.
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This article offers a review of thirty-one research articles from 2001–2019 on the use of photography as a research method with learners in compulsory education. Understood within the scope of ‘visual’, ‘participatory’ and ‘arts-based’ research methods, many scholars have linked the increased use of the photographic method to greater awareness of the rights of the child and changing understandings of children as full ‘human beings’ with agency rather than simply vulnerable ‘human becomings’. Nevertheless, photography is still a relatively under-utilised approach in research with learners in school-based compulsory education and its use is not widespread globally. Against the background of the history of visual and photographic methods in general and in education in particular, this article highlights two key themes in the empirical research literature: why the photographic method is used (dealing with representation, participation and emancipation); and how the photographic method and the photos themselves are used (pre-generated and participant-generated photographs). It closes with a reflection on what may be holding back its expansion, including key ethical concerns, and a proposal for encouraging its use in education.
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Glukhova, Oksana Yuryevna, and Valentin Vasilyevich Nazarov. "Prospects for the development of professional representation in Russian arbitration proceedings." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 11 (2019): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-11-385-390.
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We investigate the development problem of professional representation in the arbitration proceedings of the Russian Federation. We believe that the professional representatives participation in the arbitration process has a very positive impact on the efficiency and quality of proceedings which is carrying out by the arbitration courts. It is stated that the need for professional representatives is primarily due to the special (economic) nature of disputes considered by arbitration courts, the participation in which persons who do not have the appropriate education and knowledge, on the one hand, as a rule, does not contribute to the effective protection of their rights, on the other – delays the consideration of cases. Thus, the Arbitration procedure code of the Russian Federation will be amended in autumn 2019, concerning the requirement of compulsory higher legal education for representatives of the parties in civil and arbitration cases. The amendments provide that in addition to lawyers, they can only be persons with a higher legal education or a degree in law. The exception is cases subject to consideration by magistrates or district courts. It is concluded that the presence of higher legal education in the near future becomes a mandatory requirement for representatives in disputes considered by the arbitration courts of the Russian Federation.
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Bickford, John H., and Megan Lindsay. "Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s historical representation within children’s and young adult literature." Social Studies Research and Practice 12, no. 2 (September 11, 2017): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-04-2017-0012.
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Purpose Education initiatives require substantive changes for history, social studies, English, and language arts teachers of any grade level. History and social studies teachers are to integrate multiple texts from diverse perspectives, which increases teachers’ uses of trade books and primary sources; English and language arts teachers are to spend half their allotted time on non-fiction topics, which enhances the position of historical content. The compulsory changes are not accompanied with ready-made curricula. Trade books are a logical starting point for teachers inexperienced with the new expectations, yet, research indicates that historical inaccuracies and misrepresentations frequently emerge. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The authors’ inquiry explored trade books’ historical representation of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, America’s longest serving president. The data pool was organized by early grades (Kindergarten-4), middle grades (5-8), and high school (9-12) to contrast patterns of representation between and within grade ranges. Findings Findings included patterns of representation regarding Roosevelt’s noteworthiness and accomplishments, advantages and assistances, and moral and political mistakes. Social implications Classroom suggestions included guiding students to identify historical gaps and interrogate primary sources to fill these gaps. Originality/value Similar research has not been conducted on this historical figure.
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Harlin, Eeva-Kristiina, and Veli-Pekka Lehtola. "Skolt Sámi Heritage, Toivo Immanuel Itkonen (1891–1968), and the Sámi Collections at the National Museum of Finland." Nordisk Museologi 27, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/nm.7724.
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The National Museum of Finland is repatriating their entire Sámi collection to the Sámi museum Siida in Inari. This article illustrates the type of collected material that is to be returned, and what kind of tradition of representation the Sámi museum Siida will have to deal with in the repatriation. A remarkable part of the Sámi collections in the National Museum of Finland has been provided by the well-known Finnish Lappologist, T. I. Itkonen. Due to his many research trips in 1912–1927, altogether 91 per cent of his collections originate from the Skolt Sámi area in the Pechenga region and Kola Peninsula. In exhibitions curated by Itkonen for the National Museum, the Skolt Sámi objects seem to have been relatively well represented, although subjected to the almost compulsory representation of reindeer herding. Because of Itkonen’s collection, the repatriation of the whole Sámi collection of the National Museum to the Siida Sámi Museum has an especially poignant meaning for the Skolt Sámi community.
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Yıldız, Sebahattin, Cebrail Meydan, İlknur Taştan Boz, and Önder Sakal. "Do the Quota Applications for Women on Boards Improve Financial Performance." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 5901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215901.
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In the context of corporate governance principles, governments set regulations to increase the sustainable representation of women on boards. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether or not the application of compulsory or voluntary quotas for female board members improves firm performance. Based on difference analyses on the 2011 principles of the Capital Markets Board (CMB), we do not find significant differences between the companies with at least one female member on their board and those without any female board members in terms of financial performance indicators (return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), market value/book value (MV/BV)). Based on difference analyses on the 2014 principles of the Capital Markets Board, we further find that the ROA of the companies with 25% and more female members is lower than the companies with <25% female members. These results don’t support the arguments of agency theory, because government regulations including the efforts of women to increase their representation rate on the board in a sustainable manner don’t improve the accounting-based and market-based performance indicators of companies. If the company is successful, a quota for women cannot be imposed, because the obligation may result in a negative effect. Policymakers and practitioners may benefit from the knowledge that women may be improved and prepared for these positions and be accompanied with mentors before filling the compulsory or voluntary quota for women. It is not enough to increase the rate of women. The policy implication of the paper is that women must be equipped with the resources, authority, knowledge, and skills to perform well.
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Taylor, Affrica, and Carmel Richardson. "Queering Home Corner." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 6, no. 2 (June 2005): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2005.6.2.6.
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A recent Australian controversy over the representation of a same-sex family on national children's television highlighted the fact that early childhood remains a domain of strongly defended heteronormative family privilege. The authors use this controversial event as a springboard into an analysis of the interplay between the hegemonic discourses of childhood innocence and ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ and as an opportunity to offer a queerer perspective on early childhood. Applying Foucault's ‘heterotopia’ analytic to a set of narrative observations of children's dramatic play in home corner, the authors trace some of the ways in which children both regulate and transgress the gender norms that underpin heteronormative social relations.
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O'Brien, T. A., G. W. Mellsop, K. P. McDonald, and C. B. Ruthe. "A One Year Analysis of Appeals Made to Mental Health Review Tribunals in New Zealand." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509064982.
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Objectives: The aim of the paper is to present data on the first year of all appeals lodged with a Mental Health Review Tribunal against compulsory treatment orders of psychiatric inpatients. Method: Two tribunals have been in operation in New Zealand since the introduction of a new Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act in 1992. The case records of all patients who had appeals heard by either the Northern or Southern regional tribunal from 16/12/92 to 7/12/93 inclusive were examined. Results: 145 appeals were heard by the tribunals: 14.5% of appeal hearings resulted in the discharge of a patient from their compulsory treatment status. Discharge rates for the Southern Tribunal were found to be significantly higher at 22%, compared with 10% for the Northern Tribunal (p<0.05). Application for appeal was initiated by the patient in 72% of cases; District Inspectors initiated the remaining cases. District Inspectors were found to initiate significantly more female review applications (47%) than male applications (22%) (p<0.05). Of the appeals heard, 126 were lodged under s.79 of the Mental Health Act. The remaining cases were s.80 (special) cases: in no case was discharge from compulsory treatment recommended. Overall, 69% of appellants were represented by a lawyer. It was found however that engaging legal representation did not significantly increase patients' chances of successful discharge but did delay the hearings. Also considered in the study were the presence or absence of witnesses at hearings and the relationship this had to the outcome of the tribunal hearing. Conclusions: Ambiguities within the Act need to be addressed in order that criteria used to judge a patient's fitness for discharge may be standardised. In addition, the Act stipulates a maximum delay of 14 days in reviewing a patient's case; however in practice a mean of 22 days elapses, indicating that this stipulation requires review.
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Kouba, Karel. "Where is the class bias attenuation? The consequences of adopting compulsory voting in Austria-Hungary in 1907." European Political Science Review 13, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773921000011.
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AbstractAdopting compulsory voting (CV) legislation is expected to produce near-universal turnout, which in turn is assumed to iron out class-based differences in political influence and representation. The article traces the historical process generating the sequential adoption of CV in 8 of the 17 Cisleithanian crownlands of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1907 and 1911, and leverages a difference-in-differences (DiD) method to estimate its causal effect on turnout and voting patterns in elections to the Imperial Council. Exploiting unique data on the turnout of citizens based on their occupational categories, it further examines whether the adoption of CV attenuated class bias in turnout. Despite a large boost to turnout, CV neither increased support for parties representing the working classes, nor attenuated the class bias in turnout.
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Stamenković, Marko. "AN UNCLOUDED VIEW. Compulsory Ontology, Clinical Episteme, and Gendering Dissidence of Suicide." Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture 10, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51151/identities.v10i1-2.275.
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This paper is but one part of a broader study that examines the gender-specific position of contemporary death and of suicide in particular. As a point of departure, it takes a set of arguments around discourses on suicide as hegemonic, accumulated around the sovereign domain of medical and scientific knowledge and in charge of a compulsory ontology of suicide. I understand this situation, together with Katrina Jaworski and Ian Marsh, in the first place to be highly problematic and lacking constructive counter-proposals. A major task to be undertaken is twofold: first, to scrutinize the centre of the hegemonic (clinical) episteme by penetrating its dynamics of power; then, to offer alternatives to its ‘regimes of truth’ within the plurality of epistemic models, approaches, and rationalities. To underline the extent to which the gendering process occurs therein is tantamount to this task. Accordingly, I want to argue that the dominant ontology and epistemology of suicide produce a discursively polluted and clouded backdrop where pathological and patriarchal principles still prevail. This paper thus aims at interrogating suicidology further, across its canonic strands of thought and politics of representation. Moreover, it will introduce some unexplored dissident perspectives into an existent counter-hegemonic agenda for an overall liberation from Western scientific epistemicide – the gendering of suicide being no exception to that.
Author(s): Marko Stamenković
Title (English): AN UNCLOUDED VIEW. Compulsory Ontology, Clinical Episteme, and Gendering Dissidence of Suicide
Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013)
Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities – Skopje
Page Range: 29-38
Page Count: 10
Citation (English): Marko Stamenković, “AN UNCLOUDED VIEW. Compulsory Ontology, Clinical Episteme, and Gendering Dissidence of Suicide,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 1-2 (Summer-Winter 2013): 29-38.
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Khan, M. M., and S. R. Saeed. "Provision of undergraduate otorhinolaryngology teaching within General Medical Council approved UK medical schools: what is current practice?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 126, no. 4 (February 16, 2012): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215111003379.
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AbstractObjectives:Despite longstanding concern, provision of undergraduate ENT teaching has not improved in response to the aims of the UK General Medical Council's initiativeTomorrow's Doctors. Previous studies have demonstrated poor representation of ENT within the undergraduate curriculum. We aimed to identify current practice in order to establish undergraduate ENT experience across UK medical schools, a timely endeavour in light of the General Medical Council's new 2011–2013 education strategy.Method:Questionnaires were sent to ENT consultants, medical school deans and students. All schools with a clinical curriculum were anonymously represented. Our outcome measures were the provision of mandatory or optional ENT placements, and their duration and content.Results:A compulsory ENT placement was available to over half (53 per cent) of the students. Ten of the 26 participating schools did not offer an ENT attachment. The mean mandatory placement was 8 days. Overall, 38 per cent of students reported a satisfactory compulsory ENT placement. Most ENT consultants questioned considered that newly qualified doctors were not proficient in managing common ENT problems that did not require specialist referral.Conclusions:Little improvement in the provision of undergraduate ENT teaching was demonstrated. An increase in the proportion of students undertaking ENT training is necessary. Time and curriculum constraints on medical schools mean that optimisation of available resources is required.
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Brookbanks, Warren. "Protecting the Interests of Vulnerable Defendants in the Criminal Justice System: The New Zealand Experience." Journal of Criminal Law 83, no. 1 (February 2019): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018318814360.
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Approaches to the management of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) vary across jurisdictions. However, the inconsistent development and implementation of official policy has often resulted in a significant over-representation of persons with developmental difficulties in criminal justice systems worldwide. This reality led the New Zealand government in 2003 to introduce dedicated legislation recognising the special needs of offenders with an ID. The article examines the New Zealand legislative response to the challenges presented by this cohort of offenders, in the light of emerging international data of the incidence of, and official responses to, offenders with special needs. In New Zealand, the emerging problem of how to manage intellectually disabled offenders who commit serious crimes, and the legislative response to it, was driven by changes in mental health legislation in the early 1990s that had effectively disenfranchised persons with ID with challenging behaviours from regimes of supervisory care and treatment. The Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003 has provided for a separate regime of compulsory care and rehabilitation that may be accessed either directly as a criminal justice disposition, following a finding of unfitness to plead or legal insanity, or as a result of transfer from the mental health or penal systems. The compulsory care regime has proven effective in addressing the needs of intellectually disabled offenders, increasing numbers of whom are young people, who would have great difficulty coping in a prison environment. The New Zealand experience contrasts with experience in other jurisdictions where offenders with an ID are often over-represented in prison statistics and subject to victimisation and abuse. The article suggests that change is clearly required as a matter of urgency to ensure that offenders with an ID are able to benefit from the positive rights guaranteed under the UN Convention for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and other rights instruments.
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Khasanah, Nurul, and Nurhayati. "The Representation of Human and Nature Relations in the Spell of “Poan Dorong Dopeq”." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207015.
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Kedang communities in East Nusa Tenggara Province living in the foothills of Uyelewun Mountain have a close relation with nature to fulfil the needs of food, homes, and economy. Because nature provides everything for them, they are appreciate and protect the natural environment as well as possible. They always ask permission from Uhe ria ari baraq and Nature to bless them when carrying out the ritual of Poan dorong dopeq or the tradition of migration. This study aims to discuss how is the representation of human relations with nature in the spell of poan dorong Dopeq. In this case, an ethnograpic perspective is used to uncover both aspects. The spell data listed is secondary data obtained from Pos Kupang of November 24th 2019 edition. In addition, researcher also conducted interviews with native speaker and socially prominent of Kedang. The results show that the relations between humans and nature in Poan dorong Dopeq spell is clearly illustrated. Several spells mention the parable through staple food, geographical location, and natural situation of the community. Based on ethnograpic Perspective, this spell is a compulsory component in the ritual of poan dorong dopeq and must be spoken by a Molan to request blessing and prayer to the surrounding nature.
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Ali, S., S. P. Dearman, and C. McWilliam. "Are Asians at greater risk of compulsory psychiatric admission than Caucasians in the acute general adult setting?" Medicine, Science and the Law 47, no. 4 (October 2007): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.47.4.311.
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Patients of African-Caribbean origin appear to be at greater risk of compulsory admission to psychiatric hospitals in the United Kingdom but it is not clear whether this is the case for patients of Asian origin. Case notes and original sections papers were retrospectively reviewed over a one-year period in a psychiatric unit serving a large city in the UK. Caucasian and Asian patients were compared in terms of their representation in the population at risk and rates of detention under mental health legislation. Asian patients were significantly over-represented as in-patients, were more likely to be detained at admission and more likely to be detained under longer term powers during their stay. Asian patients may be similarly over-represented in the psychiatric in-patient population and more likely to be detained under mental health legislation than African-Caribbean patients in the UK. Future studies and service providers may need to consider patients of Asian origin as having different mental health needs.
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Mirza, Ejaz, Nazak Hussain, and Syed Ali Shah. "ELT Syllabus: Hegemonic Sabotaging of Pakistan’s Ideology at HSSC level." Global Language Review III, no. I (December 30, 2018): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2018(iii-i).04.
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English Language Teaching has become a compulsory subject in the curricula of many developing countries. There has been an increase in the trend of skeptic viewing of the credibility of this subject for teaching only a language and not its ideology and culture. Studies show that under the impact of ELT learners develop a positive attitude to English culture and depreciation of the indigenous one. Same is the case in Pakistan. English ideologies and cultural representation were uncovered through the application of CDA. The main ideologies found in these books were superiority of “Us/Self” and the inferiority of “Them/Other”. The paper present the source and target culture in their true perspective making the source culture part of esteem instead of the foreign culture.
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Davis, Emmalon. "Typecasts, Tokens, and Spokespersons: A Case for Credibility Excess as Testimonial Injustice." Hypatia 31, no. 3 (2016): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12251.
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Miranda Fricker maintains that testimonial injustice is a matter of credibility deficit, not excess. In this article, I argue that this restricted characterization of testimonial injustice is too narrow. I introduce a type of identity‐prejudicial credibility excess that harms its targets qua knowers and transmitters of knowledge. I show how positive stereotyping and prejudicially inflated credibility assessments contribute to the continued epistemic oppression of marginalized knowers. In particular, I examine harms such as typecasting, compulsory representation, and epistemic exploitation and consider what hearers are obligated to do in response to these injustices. I argue that because epistemic harms to marginalized knowers also arise from prejudicially inflated assessments of their credibility, the virtue of testimonial justice must be revised to remedy them.
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Fritsch, K. "The Neoliberal Circulation of Affects: Happiness, accessibility and the capacitation of disability as wheelchair." Health, Culture and Society 5, no. 1 (November 15, 2013): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.136.
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The International Symbol of Access (ISA) produces, capacitates, and debilitates disability in particular ways and is grounded by a happy affective economy that is embedded within neoliberal capitalism. This production of disability runs counter to the dismantling of ableism and compulsory able-bodiedness. In charting the development of the modern wheelchair, the rise of disability rights in North America, and the emergence of the ISA as a universally acceptable representation of access for disabled people, I argue that this production of disability serves a capacitating function for particular forms of impairment. These capacitated forms are celebrated through a neoliberal economy of inclusion. I conclude by critically approaching the happy affects of the ISA, including the way in which the symbol creates a sense of cruel optimism for disabled people.
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Lijphart, Arend. "Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1996." American Political Science Review 91, no. 1 (March 1997): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2952255.
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Low voter turnout is a serious democratic problem for five reasons: (1) It means unequal turnout that is systematically biased against less well-to-do citizens. (2) Unequal turnout spells unequal political influence. (3) U.S. voter turnout is especially low, but, measured as percent of voting-age population, it is also relatively low in most other countries. (4) Turnout in midterm, regional, local, and supranational elections—less salient but by no means unimportant elections—tends to be especially poor. (5) Turnout appears to be declining everywhere. The problem of inequality can be solved by institutional mechanisms that maximize turnout. One option is the combination of voter-friendly registration rules, proportional representation, infrequent elections, weekend voting, and holding less salient elections concurrently with the most important national elections. The other option, which can maximize turnout by itself, is compulsory voting. Its advantages far outweigh the normative and practical objections to it.
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Demjaha, A., K. Morgan, C. Morgan, S. Landau, K. Dean, A. Reichenberg, P. Sham, et al. "Combining dimensional and categorical representation of psychosis: the way forward for DSM-V and ICD-11?" Psychological Medicine 39, no. 12 (July 23, 2009): 1943–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709990651.
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BackgroundThere is good evidence that psychotic symptoms segregate into symptom dimensions. However, it is still unclear how these dimensions are associated with risk indicators and other clinical variables, and whether they have advantages over categorical diagnosis in clinical practice. We investigated symptom dimensions in a first-onset psychosis sample and examined their associations with risk indicators and clinical variables. We then examined the relationship of categorical diagnoses to the same variables.MethodWe recruited 536 patients as part of a population-based, incidence study of psychosis. Psychopathology was assessed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). A principal axis factor analysis was performed on symptom scores. The relationship of dimension scores with risk indicators and with clinical variables was then examined employing regression analyses. Finally, regression models were compared to assess the contribution of dimensionsversusdiagnosis in explaining these variables.ResultsFactor analysis gave rise to a five-factor solution of manic, reality distortion, negative, depressive and disorganization symptom dimensions. The scores of identified dimensions were differentially associated with specific variables. The manic dimension had the highest number of significant associations; strong correlations were observed with shorter duration of untreated psychosis, acute mode of onset and compulsory admission. Adding dimensional scores to diagnostic categories significantly increased the amount of variability explained in predicting these variables; the reverse was also true but to a lesser extent.ConclusionsCategorical and dimensional representations of psychosis are complementary. Using both appears to be a promising strategy in conceptualising psychotic illnesses.
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Carroll, Lucy. "The Pakistan Federal Shariat Court, Section 4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, and the Orphaned Grandchild." Islamic Law and Society 9, no. 1 (2002): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851902753649289.
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AbstractSection 4 of the Pakistan Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, dramatically altered the law of succession applicable to Muslims by granting to the orphaned grandchild(ren) the share that their deceased parent would have taken had s/he survived the propositus. The principle of representation incorporated in the Pakistani solution contrasts with the compulsory bequest relied upon by several Middle Eastern countries to deal with the same problem, although arguably representation more closely reflects the experience and expectations of the people of Pakistan. Nearly two decades later, the Federal Shariat Court was established and endowed with jurisdiction to declare a law contrary to "the Injunctions of Islam" and thus void. Some laws, however, were specifically exempted from the Court's jurisdiction; falling within this category is "Muslim Personal Law." A 1981 decision of the appellate Court (the Shariat Bench of the Supreme Court) held that the provisions of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance were included within the phrase "Muslim Personal Law," and were thus outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Shariat Court. This position was reversed by another decision of the appellate Court in 1993, and the provisions of the Ordinance were immediately challenged on the basis of their alleged divergence from the "Injunctions of Islam." This essay reviews the provisions of section 4 of the Ordinance and examines the decision of the Shariat Court as regards this particular provision.
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Audureau, Eric. "Grammaire Formelle, Grammaire Générative et Grammaire." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.13.2.03aud.
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In this paper I analyze the significance of two theorems of formal grammar theory for generative grammar: Peters and Ritchie's theorem about undecidability of membership for transformationnal languages and Parikh's theorem about existence of inherently ambiguous context-free languages. My analysis supports a general thesis which concerns not only the application of the whole formal grammar theory to generative grammar, but any application of mathematics to grammar. This thesis is the following: one cannot expect that mathematics helps to discover any deep and interesting property of human language but, on the other hand, a mathematical study of the descriptive and notional apparatus of grammars is a compulsory methodological preliminary. In other words mathematical linguistics provides a theory of control for the devices, the concepts and the aims of grammatical theories. This is so because mathematical linguistics, and formal grammar especially, is developed to study linguistics facts already represented. And this representation 1) is far from being neutral or "objective" and 2) forces grammars to be algorithms. Section 5 of the paper is a discussion of the features, bounded to the representation, which are implicitly admitted in the major part of grammatical approaches. Readers who remember the content of Peters and Ritchie's theorem and Parikh's theorem can omit the beginings of sections 3 and 4. Section 2 is a very sketchy overview of contemporary mathematical linguistics.
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Rowan, Leonie, and Chris Bigum. ""What's Your Problem?" ANT Reflections on a Research Project Studying Girls Enrolment in Information Technology Subjects in Postcompulsory Education." International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation 1, no. 4 (October 2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jantti.2009062301.
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Despite more than 30 years of gender reform in schools, the percentages of girls enrolled in information technology subjects in the post-compulsory years of education has remained persistently low: often under 25%. This article investigates data collected during an Australian Research Council Linkage Grant project (2005-2007) focused on identifying the reasons for this under-representation, and ways in which the situation could be changed. The article looks beyond the official recommendations of the project to explore how the research experience and the data combine to raise important questions about the limits of research in this area. The authors discuss the difference between the researchers’ perception of the problem under consideration, and the participants’ perception of the same issue. They use the resources of actor-network to highlight the gaps, tensions and contradictions within the data and to ask key questions about the extent to which the enrolment of girls in IT is indeed “a problem”.
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Hansen, Pål Kirkeby. "Hvordan introduseres og videreutvikles kunnskap om vannets kretsløp i norske lærebøker for grunnskolen? "How is the water cycle presented in Norwegian textbooks for compulsory education?"." Nordic Studies in Science Education 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2012): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/nordina.522.
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The water cycle is introduced at grade 3 in science textbooks. The topic is continued at grades 6/7, and further developed at grades 8/9 both in science and geography textbooks. The water cycle is one of the “big ideas in science”. This investigation is about how the water cycle is presented in textbooks, if the texts and illustrations are adapted to the pupils’ age level, and how the textbooks simplify this rather complex topic. Could the simplifications foster misconceptions? The investigation shows someprogression from the introduction at grade 3 via grades 6/7 to grades 8/9. However, the texts and illustrations might give the pupils a representation of the water cycle as to be local, one dimensional, limited to the atmosphere, oceans, rivers and lakes; and to take only a few hours or days pr. cycle. If not the textbooks are supplied by teaching, the pupils might leave compulsory education with a naive understanding of the water cycle.
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Ali, Akbar, Salma Hassan, and Fazal Hanan. "Propagation of Ideologies through Textbooks: A Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa English Textbooks." Global Regional Review IV, no. I (March 31, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).06.
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The main purpose of the study is to highlight the ideological representation of an Islamic state, Pakistan along with leadership mindset in the textbook. It is a discourse study of the prescribed English textbook used as a core teaching material at intermediate level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The researcher has analyzed various extracts and taken different lessons from the textbook of English compulsory taught at second year in the intermediate level. The study has used the Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis as a tool for the analysis of the textbook. In this connection the researcher has used the three dimensional model as framework for the analysis of the textbook. After a detailed analysis of the various lessons in the textbook, the researcher has given findings and further recommendations at the end of the study. The findings show that the prescribed textbook taught at intermediate level represents the ideology of the state as well as Islamic ideology along with the leadership qualities for the students.
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Boyle, Glenn, Sanghyun Hong, and Michael Foley. "The impact of the 2012 NZX listing rule change on board composition and company performance." Pacific Accounting Review 32, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-07-2019-0091.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of December 2012, New Zealand (NZ) stock exchange operator listing rule change that introduced compulsory disclosure about gender diversity on NZ boards. Design/methodology/approach A quasi-natural experiment setting with a clearly identifiable exogenous event. Findings The rate of growth in female-held directorships increased significantly after the introduction of the new rule, resulting in, by 2016, the average female board representation being more than double what it had been in 2012. However, this paper finds no relationship between this response and company performance. Research limitations/implications This study cannot attribute causality to the observed jump in female directorships following the 2012 listing rule change due to the absence of a control group of firms not subject to this change. Practical implications The results are consistent with an efficient director appointment process in NZ. Originality/value Low-key regulatory changes can have a significant impact on company behaviour.
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Jittawiriyanukoon, Chanintorn. "Evaluation of computer network security using attack undirected geography." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i3.pp1508-1514.
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<span>To secure a wealth of data traversing the computer network at your fingertips is compulsory. But when attack arises at various parts of the network it is difficult to protect, especially when each incident is investigated separately. Geography is a necessary construct in computer networks. The analytics of geography algorithms and metrics to curate insight from a security problem are a critical method of analysis for computer systems. A geography based representation is employed to highlight aspects (on a local and global level) of a security problem which are Eigenvalue, eccentricity, clustering coefficient and cliques. Network security model based on attack undirected geography (AUG) is familiarized. First, analysis based upon association rules is presented then the attack threshold value is set from AUG. The probability of an individual attack edge and associated network nodes are computed in order to quantify the security threat. The simulation is exploited to validate that results are effective.</span>
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Bos, Jacques. "Ankersmit’s Dutch Writings and Their Audience." Journal of the Philosophy of History 12, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 450–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341407.
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AbstractThis article analyses Frank Ankersmit’s Dutch-language writings in the context of Dutch debates on historical theory. In the 1970s and 1980s historical theory became a flourishing discipline in the Netherlands; it was a compulsory part of all history programmes in the country, and all history departments employed one or more historical theorists. The Dutch theoretical debates of the 1970s and 1980s mainly dealt with the relation between history and the social sciences. In these debates Ankersmit defended the traditional historicist conception of historiography, while developing philosophical views that would remain important in his later work. Especially relevant in this respect is his critique of linguistic transcendentalism. This view is already present in his earliest writings in the 1970s, but it also informs his work on historical representation of the late 1980s and 1990s, and it is very important in his analysis of historical experience, which has its roots in his Dutch writings of the mid-1990s.
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Crawley, Jenny, Phillip Biddulph, Jez Wingfield, Minnie Ashdown, Robert Lowe, and Cliff Elwell. "Inferring the as-built air permeability of new UK dwellings." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 1 (May 8, 2019): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-02-2019-0018.
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Purpose Compulsory airtightness testing was introduced for new dwellings in England and Wales in 2006 and in Scotland in 2010 to ensure that they are constructed according to design air permeability targets. These targets are set to limit heat loss through air infiltration. Previous work examining the large Air Tightness Testing and Measurement Association (ATTMA) data set of UK airtightness test data suggested that, in a proportion of dwellings, the targets were being met by post-completion sealing as opposed to airtight construction, but did not quantify the prevalence of this practice. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the distribution of as-built airtightness and the proportion of dwellings undergoing post-completion sealing are estimated from the ATTMA data set covering 2015–2016. This is carried out by Bayesian statistical modelling, using the data set of recorded test results and a modelled representation of the testing process. Findings This analysis finds the mode of the as-built distribution of air permeability as 4.38 ± 0.01 m3/m2h. It predicts that 39 per cent of dwellings aiming for one of the five most common design targets have sealing interventions at the point of pressure testing to meet their target. The as-built distribution of the ATTMA data is compared to airtightness test data obtained from just before compulsory testing was introduced, showing an improvement in the modal air permeability of 3.6 m3/m2h since testing became mandatory. Originality/value This paper has investigated the available data beyond simply what is reported, to estimate what the real levels of airtightness in the UK new build stock may be.
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Szydło, Marek. "CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES UNDERLYING GENDER EQUALITY ON THE BOARDS OF COMPANIES: HOW SHOULD THE EU PUT THESE VALUES INTO PRACTICE?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 63, no. 1 (January 2014): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002058931300050x.
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AbstractThere is a large gap between the proportion of employed and well-educated women and those sitting on the boards of EU companies. However, the Commission's proposal for a Directive on improving the gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges does not constitute an appropriate legal solution for this problem. The Commission's reasoning underlying the draft Directive is so strongly pervaded by economic considerations that it gives the impression that women are merely instruments useful to attain economic objectives. By contrast, the need for enhancing women's representation in the boards of companies is justified by much more fundamental and incomparably higher-ranked values, and including equality between women and men and the need for democratic legitimization of the EU and of its economic governance. These fundamental values, however, must be achieved in accordance with the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity. The present article proposes some alternatives to compulsory gender quotas that might be used by EU institutions to promote more gender-balanced boards of EU companies.
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Kasoar, Tim, Philline S. E. zu Ermgassen, Alvar Carranza, Boze Hancock, and Mark Spalding. "New opportunities for conservation of a threatened biogenic habitat: a worldwide assessment of knowledge on bivalve-reef representation in marine and coastal Ramsar Sites." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 11 (2015): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14306.
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The present study draws attention to the current state of knowledge of bivalve reef, an important but historically overlooked habitat type. Recent interest has led to the explicit recognition of this habitat type under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention), an international treaty that has widespread governmental and scientific involvement. To assess the state of knowledge, the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) for marine and coastal Sites was searched for evidence that bivalve-reef habitat is present in the site. We then examined the quality of this information using alternative data sources. These were public databases of geolocated species records at three spatial scales, local and regional experts, and a general web search. It was found that of the 893 marine and coastal Ramsar Sites considered, the RIS for 16 Sites provided strong evidence of bivalve-reef habitat and 99 had confirmed presence of reef-forming bivalves, a strikingly high number, given that it is not yet compulsory to include bivalve reef in RISs. However, the alternative information sources identified bivalve reefs or reef-forming bivalves in 142 further Sites. No one information source provided comprehensive information, highlighting the overall poor state of knowledge of this habitat type.
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Schoch, Tobias, and André Müller. "Treatment of sample under-representation and skewed heavy-tailed distributions in survey-based microsimulation: An analysis of redistribution effects in compulsory health care insurance in Switzerland." AStA Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv 14, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2020): 267–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11943-020-00275-8.
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Abstract The credibility of microsimulation modeling with the research community and policymakers depends on high-quality baseline surveys. Quality problems with the baseline survey tend to impair the quality of microsimulation built on top of the survey data. We address two potential issues that both relate to skewed and heavy-tailed distributions.First, we find that ultra-high-income households are under-represented in the baseline household survey. Moreover, the sample estimate of average income underestimates the known population average. Although the Deville–Särndal calibration method corrects the under-representation, it cannot achieve alignment of estimated average income in the right tail of the distribution with known population values without distorting the empirical income distribution. To overcome the problem, we introduce a Pareto tail model. With the help of the tail model, we can adjust the sample income distribution in the tail to meet the alignment targets. Our method can be a useful tool for microsimulation modelers working with survey income data.The second contribution refers to the treatment of an outlier-prone variable that has been added to the survey by record linkage (our empirical example is health care cost). The nature of the baseline survey is not affected by record linkage, that is, the baseline survey still covers only a small part of the population. Hence, the sampling weights are relatively large. An outlying observation together with a high sampling weight can heavily influence or even ruin an estimate of a population characteristic. Thus, we argue that it is beneficial—in terms of mean square error—to use robust estimation and alignment methods, because robust methods are less affected by the presence of outliers.
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Bouarara, Hadj Ahmed, Reda Mohamed Hamou, and Abdelmalek Amine. "New Swarm Intelligence Technique of Artificial Social Cockroaches for Suspicious Person Detection Using N-Gram Pixel with Visual Result Mining." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 6, no. 3 (July 2015): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2015070105.
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In the last decade, surveillance camera technology has become widely practiced in public and private places to ensure the safety of individuals. Merely, face to limits of violation the private life of people and the inability to identify malicious persons that hid their faces, finding a new policy of surveillance video has become compulsory. The authors' work deals on the development of a suspicious person detection system using a new insect behaviour algorithm called artificial social cockroaches ASC based on a new image representation method (n-gram pixel). It has as input a set of artificial cockroaches (human images) to classify them (hide) into shelters (classes) suspicious or normal depending on a set of aggregation rules (shelter darkness, congener's attraction and security quality). Their experiments were performed on a modified MuHAVi dataset and using the validation measures (recall, precision, f-measure, entropy and accuracy), in order to show the benefit derived from using such approach compared to the result of classical algorithms (KNN and C4.5). Finally, a visualisation step was achieved to see the results in graphical form with more realism for the purpose to help policeman, security associations and justice in their investigation.
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Koffman, Jonathan, Naomi J. Fulop, David Pashley, and Ken Coleman. "Ethnicity and use of acute psychiatric beds: One-day survey in North and South Thames regions." British Journal of Psychiatry 171, no. 3 (September 1997): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.171.3.238.
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BackgroundPrevious studies have shown higher rates of psychiatric admissions, compulsory admissions, and diagnosed schizophrenia in Black ethnic groups compared with other population groups.MethodIn a point-prevalence study, demographic and clinical data were collected for adult acute and low-level secure psychiatric in-patients in all National Health Service and seven private psychiatric units in North and South Thames regions on 15 June 1994ResultsA total of 3710 adult acute and 268 low-level secure psychiatric patients were surveyed; 75% of the patients were White, 16% were Black, and 4% were Asian. Analysis reveals that a high proportion of the Black population were admitted to a psychiatric unit; that Black patients are more likely to be admitted under Section; to be located in locked wards; have an inpatient diagnosis of schizophrenia; and not be registered with a general practitioner.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the over-representation of Black ethnic groups within current psychiatric provision. The complement of services to all minority ethnic groups should be examined in terms of access, appropriateness and quality of care. Racism awareness and staff training need to be incorporated into mental health service provision as a matter of priority.
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Martínez-Fernández, María Cristina, Cristina Liébana-Presa, Elena Fernández-Martínez, Lisa Gomes, and Isaías García-Rodríguez. "Friendship and Consumption Networks in Adolescents and Their Relationship to Stress and Cannabis Use Intention." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073335.
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Background: Cannabis is an illegal psychoactive substance that’s use is widespread among adolescents. During adolescence, many changes can cause stress. In this phase, the group of friends becomes increasingly important, being a situation of vulnerability for the beginning of cannabis use, either as an escape mechanism or due to peer’s influence. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the structure of the consumption and friendship network, the intention to use cannabis, and the stress in a secondary school class. Methods: An online platform with validated self-reported questionnaires were used for data collection. Results: The sample consisted of adolescents (n = 20) aged 14–16 from a third-year class of compulsory secondary education in Ponferrada (León, Spain). Significant differences were obtained concerning consumption intention and the different network metrics in both the friendship and consumption networks. Subsequently, the representation of these networks was carried out. Conclusions: Social Network Analysis is a very useful tool that provides a picture of the context in which adolescents are located. In the consumption network, there are central actors who have not yet consumed cannabis; this is a crucial moment to implement prevention strategies.
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Gómez-Carrasco, Cosme Jesús, and Sergio Gallego-Herrera. "La pervivencia de estereotipos de género en la enseñanza de la historia. Un estudio a través de libros de texto y las percepciones del alumnado de educación secundaria en España." Revista Electrónica Educare 20, no. 3 (August 9, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.20-3.1.
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The aim of this paper is to study the persistence of gender stereotypes in History Education. This study is conducted through an iconographic analysis of textbooks and the perception of students in Secondary Education in Spain. The educational reforms carried out in Spain over the last twenty five years have improved some aspects of gender equality, especially the introduction of some cross-cutting themes related to this subject. However, investigations related to sexism in school materials have revealed the persistence of some gender clichés. To do this research, we have analysed 128 pictures on three History textbooks for fourth grade students of Compulsory Secondary Education in Spain. In the analysis, various categories were combined and they allowed a multifactorial study. Furthermore, these data have been contrasted with the answers given to a questionnaire on gender stereotypes by 152 students of two grades. The results show that, despite the improvement of textbooks, an imbalance still survives in the representation of male and female genders and in the images associated with them. In the answers to the questionnaire, disparate findings are also perceived. Although some sexist prejudices seem to be overcome, especially those related to the role of men and women at home, images and negative stereotypes about gender relations and women’s role still persist.
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Waqar Ahmad, Dr. Wazim Khan, and Dr. Abdul Ghaffar. "Textbook Analysis of Pakistan Studies and Islamiyat for Character-building Virtues at Secondary Level." Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review (RJSSER) 1, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol1-iss4-2020(178-184).
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Character building is one of the major aims of education and therefore must be integrated across all the aspects of the school curriculum. At the Secondary level compulsory subjects particularly Islamiyat and Pakistan studies are greatly emphasized by the educational policies of Pakistan to instill a set of character virtues in the learners. The major objective behind the study was to analyze the efficacy of Pakistan Studies and Islamiyat textbooks for Secondary level in harmony to character-building endeavor. The method of content analyses of the qualitative approach was adopted for this study. Findings of the analysis depict more representation of moral, civic, and intellectual virtues, while less attention towards performance type virtues of character by the subjects. Textbook of Pakistan studies was found slightly better than Islamiyat due to some advanced features. Lopsided focus towards various types of character virtues, non-intimation of learning outcomes, lack of proper teacher's guidance regarding use of suitable strategies, learning activities, and assessment procedure supportive in character building process were found as weak areas of the textbooks. It was recommended that learning outcomes, teacher guidance, better exercise questions, practical activities, and appropriate focus towards various virtues of character particularly performance virtues may be ensured in the textbooks.
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Brännström, Malin. "From subjects of knowledge to subjects of integration? Newly arrived students with limited schooling in Swedish education policy." Power and Education 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757743820986835.
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The education of newly arrived students is a debated global policy issue. Less attention has been paid to the sub-group of students with limited experience of schooling, referred to here as ‘newly arrived students with limited schooling’ (NALS). This article explores Swedish policy frameworks that inform the education of newly arrived students, comparing policy approaches from two time periods (1983–1996 and 2013–2016) during which the numbers of NALS were said to be increasing in Swedish compulsory schools. Framed within a poststructural approach to policy analysis and Foucault’s theorisation of heterotopian spaces, the analysis explores policies’ representation of separate teaching groups for newly arrived students, with a particular focus on what these spaces have to offer NALS. The findings indicate a shift between the two periods: from a focus on knowledge acquisition in policies of the 1980s and 1990s towards an emphasis on integration in those of the 2010s. This shift is particularly evident in relation to NALS, whose educational needs are discussed only to a limited extent in relation to subject knowledge in the 2010s policies. It is argued that this serves to homogenise the educational needs of the category newly arrived, thereby potentially obscuring the conception of NALS.
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Torres Miranda, Paloma. "Participación política de la ciudadanía y voto obligatorio." Derecho y Justicia, no. 5 (August 8, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07196377.5.1401.
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ResumenDentro de la democracia y todo lo que se deriva de ella, existen en las sociedades modernas distintas formas en que la ciudadanía ejerce sus deberes y exijen sus derechos. Entre estas, la más clara y evidente es la participación política, en donde la forma más común de demostrar dicha participación es a través del sufragio. Recientemente, en Chile se ha modifcado la naturaleza del voto, pasando de ser obligatorio a voluntario. Este artículo presenta una breve recopilación de la teoría en torno a lo quese entiende por ciudadanía, la importancia de la participación y representación política y una comparación entre ambos tipos de votos, señalando que es el voto obligatorio la mejor manera de mantener la legitimidad institucional de la democracia.Palabras clave: Ciudadanía; Derecho poíticos; Participación política; Derecho a sufragio; Voto obligatorioResumoDentro da Democracia e tudo o que dela deriva, existem nas sociedades modernas diferentes formas onde a cidadania exerce seu dever e exige seus direitos. Entre estas, a mais clara e evidente é a participação política, onde a forma mais comum de mostrar dita participação é através do sufrágio. Recentemente, no Chile se modifcou a natureza do voto, passando de ser obrigatório a voluntário. Este artigo apresenta um breve compilado da teoria em torno do que se entende por cidadania, a importância da participação e representação política, e uma comparação entre os dois tipos de votos, sinalando que é o voto obrigatório a melhor maneira de manter a legitimidade institucional da Democracia.Palavras chave: Cidadania; Direito Político; Participação política; Direito a sufrágio; Voto obrigatório. AbstractIn democracy and all included in it, there are different ways in modern societies for citizens exercise their duties and demand their rights. Among these, the clearest and most obvious is political participation, where the most common way to prove such participation is through the vote. Recently, Chile has changed the nature of the vote, from mandatory to voluntary. This article presents a brief summary around the theory about what citizenship means, the importance of political participation and representation, and a comparison between the two types of votes, noting that compulsory voting is the best way to maintain institutional legitimacy of Democracy.Keywords: Citizenship, political rights, political participation, right to vote, compulsory voting.
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Wu, Lin, Yongjun Xu, and Fei Wang. "Identifying Port Calls of Ships by Uncertain Reasoning with Trajectory Data." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120756.
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Considering that ports are key nodes of the maritime transport network, it is of great importance to identify ships’ arrivals and departures. Compared with partial proprietary data from a port authority or shipping company, approaches based on compulsory Automatic Identification System (AIS) data reported by ships can produce transparent datasets covering wider areas, which is necessary for researchers and policy makers. Detecting port calls based on trajectory data is a difficult problem due to the huge uncertainty inherent in information such as ships’ ambiguous statuses and ports’ irregular boundaries. However, we noticed that little attention has been paid to this fundamental problem of shipping network analysis, and considerable noise may have been introduced in previous work on maritime network assessment based on AIS data, which usually modeled each port as a circle with a fixed radius such as 1 or 2 km. In this paper, we propose a method for identifying port calls by uncertain reasoning with trajectory data, which represents each port with an arbitrary shape as a set of geographical grid cells belonging to berths inside this port. Based on this high-spatial-resolution representation, port calls were identified when a ship was in any of these cells. Our method was implemented with around 14 billion AIS messages worldwide over 8 months, and examples of the results are provided.