Journal articles: 'Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)'

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O. Odior, Ernest Simeon, and Sabastine Arinze. "THE CONCEPT OF COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS." International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management Studies 04, no. 02 (2022): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.38193/ijrcms.2022.4201.

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This paper contributes to the existing literature on the general concept on use of the Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models of importance in developing processes. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are used widely in policy analysis, especially in developed-country academic settings and also for the purpose of sharing these lessons with potential users in developing countries. The range of issues on which CGE models have had an influence is quite wide, and includes structural adjustment policies, international trade, public finance, agriculture, income distribution, and energy and environmental policy. This paper describes how to build multi sector computable general equilibrium models for policy analysis. The article presents the social accounting matrix (SAM) that provides the conceptual framework linking together different components of the model and furnishes much of the data as well.

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McGregor, Peter G., Mark D. Partridge, and Dan S. Rickman. "Innovations in Regional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Modelling." Regional Studies 44, no. 10 (November 19, 2010): 1307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.530889.

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Liu, Jing, Thomas Hertel, and Farzad Taheripour. "Analyzing Future Water Scarcity in Computable General Equilibrium Models." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500065.

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Incorporating water into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model operating at global scale can be extremely demanding due to the absence of standardized data, the sheer dimensions caused by intersecting river basins with countries, and difficulties to model demand for and supply of water. This has led many authors to introduce water in their CGE modeling framework in different ways and at different spatial and sectoral aggregation levels. Of course, simplifying market for water and sacrificing the geographical realism risk introducing errors caused by inappropriate aggregation. In this paper, we use an elaborate global CGE model to investigate the three most commonly practiced simplifications: (1) tackling global questions in a national level model; (2) collapsing irrigated and rainfed crop production into a single sector; and (3) removing river basin boundaries within a country. In each case, we compare their performance in predicting the impacts of future irrigation scarcity on international trade, crop output, land use change and welfare, relative to the full scale model. As might be expected, the single region model does a good job of matching outcomes for that region, although changes in bilateral trade can entail significant errors. When it comes to the elimination of sub-national river basins and irrigation location, we find that, if the research question has to do with changes in national-scale trade, production and welfare changes, it may be sufficient to ignore the sub-national hydrological boundaries in global economic analysis of water scarcity. However, when decision makers have an interest in the distribution of inputs and outputs within a region, preserving the river basin and sectoral detail in the model brings considerable added value to the analysis.

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Partridge, Mark D., and Dan S. Rickman. "Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Modelling for Regional Economic Development Analysis." Regional Studies 44, no. 10 (February 5, 2008): 1311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400701654236.

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Konan, Demise Eby, and Karl Kim. "Transportation and Tourism in Hawaii: Computable General Equilibrium Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1839, no. 1 (January 2003): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1839-16.

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Using data from the state of Hawaii input-output (I-O) table, the economic impact of the transportation sector in Hawaii was described, modeled, and forecast under a number of alternative scenarios. Transportation is compared with the key economic sectors in the state in output, exports, household consumption, visitor spending, number of employees, and compensation of employees. Next, the overall transportation sector was disaggregated into key activities and functions to present a more complete picture of the important role of transportation in Hawaii. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the economy with a special focus on transportation is developed. Because tourism is the state's leading sector, the effects of both an increase and a decrease in visitor expenditures were modeled. Both measuring the economic importance of transportation in Hawaii and estimating probable consequences of potential economic changes are of interest. The visitor industry dominates Hawaii's economy, with small increases in visitor expenditures contributing significantly to the gross state product. Transportation industries, along with restaurant and accommodation services, account for a disproportionately large share of this growth. Key residential transportation sectors (transit and motor vehicles) contract in response to cost increases generated by a growth in visitor demand. The use of the I-O table and CGE modeling provides a useful analytical and planning tool for evaluating economic scenarios within a region such as Hawaii. The increased availability of both data sets and new modeling techniques offers opportunities to planners, engineers, and transportation policy makers.

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Koks, Elco E., Lorenzo Carrera, Olaf Jonkeren, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Trond G. Husby, Mark Thissen, Gabriele Standardi, and Jaroslav Mysiak. "Regional disaster impact analysis: comparing input–output and computable general equilibrium models." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 16, 2016): 1911–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1911-2016.

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Abstract. A variety of models have been applied to assess the economic losses of disasters, of which the most common ones are input–output (IO) and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. In addition, an increasing number of scholars have developed hybrid approaches: one that combines both or either of them in combination with noneconomic methods. While both IO and CGE models are widely used, they are mainly compared on theoretical grounds. Few studies have compared disaster impacts of different model types in a systematic way and for the same geographical area, using similar input data. Such a comparison is valuable from both a scientific and policy perspective as the magnitude and the spatial distribution of the estimated losses are born likely to vary with the chosen modelling approach (IO, CGE, or hybrid). Hence, regional disaster impact loss estimates resulting from a range of models facilitate better decisions and policy making. Therefore, this study analyses the economic consequences for a specific case study, using three regional disaster impact models: two hybrid IO models and a CGE model. The case study concerns two flood scenarios in the Po River basin in Italy. Modelling results indicate that the difference in estimated total (national) economic losses and the regional distribution of those losses may vary by up to a factor of 7 between the three models, depending on the type of recovery path. Total economic impact, comprising all Italian regions, is negative in all models though.

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Koks, E. E., L. Carrera, O. Jonkeren, J. C. J. H. Aerts, T. G. Husby, M. Thissen, G. Standardi, and J. Mysiak. "Regional disaster impact analysis: comparing Input-Output and Computable General Equilibrium models." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 11 (November 24, 2015): 7053–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-7053-2015.

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Abstract. A large variety of models has been developed to assess the economic losses of disasters, of which the most common ones are Input-Output (IO) and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. In addition, an increasing numbers of scholars has developed hybrid approaches; one that combines both or either of them in combination with non-economic methods. While both IO and CGE models are widely used, they are mainly compared on theoretical grounds. Few studies have compared disaster impacts of different model types in a systematic way and for the same geographical area, using similar input data. Such a comparison is valuable from both a scientific and policy perspective as the magnitude and the spatial distribution of the estimated losses are likely to vary with the chosen modelling approach (IO, CGE, or hybrid). Hence, regional disaster impact loss estimates resulting from a range of models facilitates better decisions and policy making. Therefore, in this study we analyze one specific case study, using three regional models: two hybrid IO models and a regionally calibrated version of a global CGE model. The case study concerns two flood scenarios in the Po-river basin in Italy. Modelling results indicate that the difference in estimated total (national) economic losses and the regional distribution of those losses may vary by up to a factor of seven between the three models, depending on the type of recovery path. Total economic impact, comprising all Italian regions, is negative in all models though.

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Alavalapati, Janaki RR, Wiktor L. Adamowicz, and William A. White. "A comparison of economic impact assessment methods: the case of forestry developments in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-049.

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Economic impacts of forestry developments in Alberta are estimated using two interindustry approaches. The results suggest that estimates derived from input-output (I-O) models differ from those of computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. Employment and GDP estimates derived from CGE models are much smaller than those of I-O models. Unlike I-O estimates, estimates derived from CGE models are not unidirectional because of general equilibrium effects. The results also indicate that CGE models provide greater flexibility and have more potential for forest policy analysis when compared with I-O models, but they should be used with caution.

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Robson, Edward, and Vinayak V. Dixit. "Constructing a Database for Computable General Equilibrium Modeling of Sydney, Australia, Transport Network." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2606, no. 1 (January 2017): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2606-07.

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In the search for benefits to justify transport projects, economic appraisals have increasingly incorporated the valuation of impacts to the wider economy. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models provide a framework to estimate these impacts by simulating the interactions of urban economies and transport networks. In CGE models, households and firms are represented by microeconomic behavioral functions, and markets adjust according to prices. As markets both inside and outside the transport network are taken into account, a wide variety of measures that can assist in economic appraisals can be extracted. However, urban CGE models are computationally burdensome and require detailed, spatially disaggregate data. This paper discusses the methodology used to develop a database, including an input–output table, for the calibration of an urban CGE model for Sydney, Australia. Official and publicly available data sources were manipulated by using a number of mathematical and statistical techniques to compile a table for 249 regions and 20 sectors across Sydney. Issues, such as determining the appropriate level of aggregation, generating incomplete data, and managing conflicting data, that other input–output table developers may encounter when constructing multiregional tables were addressed in the study. The table entries themselves were mapped and explored, as they provide a useful study of the spatial economy of Sydney. Future work will focus on streamlining the construction of input–output tables and incorporating new data sources.

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Hossain, Syed Shoyeb, and Huang Delin. "Rice and Wheat Tariff Impact in Bangladesh: CGE Analysis Using Gtap Model." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 10 (July 15, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n10p63.

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Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are mostly used for agricultural market analysis globally. This paper constructs a Computable General Equilibrium model using Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model followed by the GTAP 9A database. The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the potential impact of tariff increase on Agricultural crop sectors (Rice and Wheat) in Bangladesh and then describes the construction of the database. It also attempts to detect the trend of the tariff change impact on rice and wheat production in Bangladesh and other South Asian countries. Using database reference year 2011, this paper builds a computable general equilibrium model to measure the Tariff impact in Bangladesh. Result of the model suggests that if an import tariff is imposed, it will affect domestic-foreign relative price between Bangladesh and other south Asian countries. Bilateral trade between Bangladesh and South Asia country will decline sharply. Finally, this paper explained the policy scenario, data sources, and processing methods in details.

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Wang, Shiyu. "Correlation Analysis between Tourism and Economic Growth Based on Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE)." Journal of Sensors 2022 (June 20, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6497125.

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The current tourism industry has the problems of low service efficiency, poor coordinated development, and slow economic growth in terms of service volume and economic growth. This paper is based on computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Firstly, a CGE data analysis model based on bee colony intensive breakthrough algorithm is established to store and analyze the data in the whole chain of tourism. Then, combined with the comparative analysis of tourism economic data over the years, it is fed back to the CGE model for error analysis. Finally, relevant experiments are designed to analyze the relationship between tourism and economic growth. The correlation degree of local economic growth is analyzed. The results show that, compared with the traditional research method of tourism economic growth based on module data analysis, this CGE model can realize the correlation analysis of the data involved in the process of tourism economic growth and analyze the factors affecting the speed of economic growth, which has the advantages of good reliability and strong pertinence.

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Nadoveza, Ozana, Tomislav Sekur, and Marija Beg. "General Equilibrium Effects of Lower Labor Tax Burden in Croatia." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 19, s1 (December 1, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zireb-2016-0009.

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AbstractThis paper examines the effects of lower labor tax burden in Croatia by using Computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. It is a 5-sector (households, firms, government, investors and foreigners) model and economy is disaggregated on three highly aggregated sectors. One of the major advantages of CGE modeling is the evaluation of the overall effects of policy changes, shocks and reforms in the economy. We do this by lowering taxes on labor and simulating changes of all endogenous variables in the model simultaneously. Lastly, we provide sensitivity analysis results. Our results suggest that it is possible to encourage domestic production by reducing taxes on labor, but the potential effects on unemployment should be revised as to get more accurate estimates.

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Macmillan, W. D. "General Economic Equilibrium with Dispersed Preferences over Discrete Alternatives: An Existence Proof Using Optimisation." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 12 (December 1995): 2019–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a272019.

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This paper is concerned with the foundations of urban spatial interaction modelling but is cast in a more general form. Its purpose is to establish a sound microeconomic basis for the construction of CGE (computable general equilibrium) models of cities. It is based on three premises: (1) before trying to compute equilibria, it is prudent to show that they exist; (2) careful consideration of the circumstances under which they exist is advantageous both technically and theoretically; (3) by constructing an existence proof which centres on a mathematical programming problem, it is possible to forge a direct connection between the programming-based spatial interaction modelling literature and general equilibrium theory.

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Widyastutik, Widyastutik, Suahasil Nazara, Rina Oktaviani, and Djamester Simarmata. "Trade Barrier Elimination, Economics of Scale and Market Competition: Computable General Equilibrium Model." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v6i2.5279.

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The ASEAN and its dialogue partner countries agreed to reduce trade barriers in the services sector, one of which is sea transport services. The purpose of this study is to estimate the equivalent tax of non-tariff barriers in the sea transport services. Besides that, this study is going to analyze the economic impacts of the regulatory barriers elimination in the sea transport services of ASEAN and its dialogue partner countries. Using the gravity model, it can be identified that trade barriers of sea transport services sector of ASEAN and dialogue partner countries are still relatively high. Additionally, by adopting IC-IRTS model in Global CGE Model (GTAP), the simulation results show consistent results with the theory of pro-competitive effects. The greater gain from trade is obtained in the CGE model assuming IC-IRTS compared to PC-CRTS. China gains a greater benefit that is indicated by the highest increase in welfare and GDP followed by Japan and AustraliaDOI: 10.15408/sjie.v6i2.5279

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Dixon, Peter B., and Maureen T. Rimmer. "Analysing Convergence with a Multi-Country Computable General Equilibrium Model: PPP versus Mer." Energy & Environment 16, no. 6 (November 2005): 901–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830505775221524.

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In studies of the greenhouse gas implications of convergence by developing countries to the per-capita GNPs of developed countries, considerable discussion has centred on whether purchasing power parity (PPP) or market exchange rates (MER) should be used in measuring per-capita GNPs. We suggest that technology gaps between developing and developed countries should be the starting point for convergence analysis rather than per-capita GNP gaps. We estimate two sets of initial technology gaps, using PPP and MER price assumptions combined with input-output data. In simulating the effects of closing technology gaps (convergence) using a dynamic, multi-country CGE model, we find: the MER/PPP distinction matters. MER-based estimates of initial technology gaps lead to higher estimates of convergence-induced growth in greenhouse-gas-emitting industries in developing countries than do PPP-based estimates. the industry detail in CGE models is valuable. Our simulations show a wide range of convergence-induced changes in output across industries.

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Cutler, Harvey, and Stephen Davies. "The Economic Consequences of Productivity Changes: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Analysis." Regional Studies 44, no. 10 (April 28, 2008): 1415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400701654210.

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Nechyba, Thomas. "Fiscal federalism and local public finance: A computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework." International Tax and Public Finance 3, no. 2 (May 1996): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00399911.

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Wright, Robert E. "Demographic applications of over-lapping generations computable general equilibrium (OLG-CGE) models." Economic Modelling 35 (September 2013): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.09.010.

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Gao, Zhi Yuan, and Xi Wang. "China's Industry Research Based on Computable General Equilibrium with Petroleum Price Fluctuations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 521 (February 2014): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.864.

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Petroleum resources is important strategic energy of our country. With the development of social economy, the status of petroleum in our country increasingly growth, as a kind of basic energy, its industry chain involving widely, the change of petroleum price will influence the national industrial economy, enterprise development and residents' living standard and so on. The paper use CGE, researching on the 21 industries impacted by petroleum price, and summarize relevant conclusions and suggestions.

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Hartono, Djoni, and Budy P. Resosudarmo. "Analisis Dampak Kebijakan Harga Energi terhadap Perekonomian dan Distribusi Pendapatan di DKI Jakarta: Aplikasi Model Komputasi Keseimbangan Umum." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v5i1.101.

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Studi ini hendak menganalisa dampak dan kebijakan harga energi Indonesia terhadap perekonomian kota Jakarta; khususnya terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga miskin. Studi ini juga berusaha memformulasikan kebijakan regional yang penting bagi Jakarta untuk menurunkan dampak negative dan kebijakan energi nasional ini terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga miskin. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, dibangun sebuah model CGE (computable general equilibrium) regional. Model ini merupakan model CGE pertama di Indonesia yang dikembangkan untuk sebuah kota.

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Dzyuba, Yu A., and I. K. Bakalova. "Application of CGE Models as a Climate Policy Assessment Tool: Bibliometric Analysis." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 4 (May 18, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-2-4-129-140.

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In this study, we conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis aimed at structuring the existing economic literature that employs Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models, and identifying key trends and main research areas. Using the authors’ methodology, we analyze the sample of 3760 domestic and foreign papers on CGE models published in 759 scientific journals in the period from 1995 to 2021. The main research questions are the applicability of the analyzed models for solving current environmental and economic issues and its relevance in modern realities. We show the potential of CGE models in the analysis of climate policy in Russia.

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Costa, Ecio F. "Brazil's New Floating Exchange Rate Regime and Competitiveness in the World Poultry Market." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 33, no. 2 (August 2001): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800005824.

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AbstractIn early 1999, Brazil devalued its currency, increasing its competitiveness in the poultry industry and capturing world market share. This paper discusses the devaluation and its effects on Brazil's trade, evaluates preliminary statistics on the impact of the devaluation on world poultry markets, and reports the results from a computable general equilibrium (CGE) simulation of the devaluation. The medium-run CGE results are compared to the short-run impacts reflected in the preliminary statistics.

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Kearney, M., and J. H. Van Heerden. "Zero-rating food in South Africa: A computable general equilibrium analysis." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, no. 3 (April 8, 2004): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i3.1362.

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Zero-rating food is considered to alleviate poverty of poor households who spend the largest proportion of their income on food. However, this will result in a loss of revenue for government. A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is used to analyze the combined effects on zero-rating food and using alternative revenue sources to compensate for the loss in revenue. To prohibit excessively high increases in the statutory VAT rates of business and financial services, increasing direct taxes or increasing VAT to 16 per cent, is investigated. Increasing direct taxes is the most successful option when creating a more progressive tax structure, and still generating a positive impact on GDP. The results indicate that zero-rating food combined with a proportional percentage increase in direct taxes can improve the welfare of poor households.

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Das, Koushik, and Pinaki Chakraborti. "International Trade, Environment and Market Imperfection: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis for India." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 1, no. 2 (December 2012): 157–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978712473397.

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The purpose of this article is to understand general equilibrium impacts of international trade and globalization on social welfare and environmental emission caused on account of energy consumption by industries and households. We applied Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling as the relevant methodology following Shoven and Whalley (1984). By constructing an energy/environmental Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), this article attempts to measure the effects of trade liberalization on different macroeconomic variables, energy consumption and green house gas (GHG) emission. We simulate various trade related policies like import liberalization, foreign capital inflow and use of energy saving technologies under both perfect and monopolistic competition.

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Peter Mgeni, Charles, Klaus Müller, and Stefan Sieber. "Reducing Edible Oil Import Dependency in Tanzania: A Computable General Equilibrium CGE Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 4480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164480.

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Reducing food imports and promoting domestically produced food commodities are long-standing goals for policymakers and other stakeholders in sub-Saharan African countries. For instance, Tanzania, after a long period of dependency on imported food commodities, such as sugar and edible oils, intends to meet its demand for these commodities through domestic production by transforming its agriculture sector to achieve this goal. Applying a general computable equilibrium (CGE) model, this study determines the multiplier effects of technological progress that is assumed to foster domestic edible oilseed crop production, other crops, and Tanzania’s economy in general. Findings from the model establish an increase in domestic production not only for the edible oilseed crops but also for other commodities from other sectors of the economy. In addition, there is a decrease in prices on domestically produced commodities sold in the domestic market, and an increase in disposable income is predicted for all rural and urban households, as well as government revenues. Based on model results, we recommend that the Tanzanian government invests in technological progress and interventions that increase production in sectors such as agriculture, where it has a comparative advantage. Interventions that increase smallholder farmer’s production, such as the use of improved seed and other modern technologies that reduce costs of production, are critical for reducing food imports and improving food security.

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McDonald, Nicola J., and Garry W. McDonald. "Towards a Dynamic Equilibrium-Seeking Model of a Closed Economy." Systems 8, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8040042.

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Economics has long been concerned with the development of tools to help understand and describe the interactions among economic actors including the circular flow of economic resources. This paper expands our available toolkit of models, by describing a novel dynamic equilibrium-seeking model of a closed economy. The model retains many of the key features of state-of-the-art Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models including economic interdependence, input substitution, nested production functions, and so on. A distinguishing feature of this model is that it adopts price-related balancing feedback loops that simulate the self-regulating behaviour of a dynamic economic system. Our modelling shows not only equilibrium states (as per conventional CGE models), but the transition path toward an often-changing equilibrium. This facilitates the investigation of out-of-equilibrium dynamics and behaviour adaptation typical of largescale disruption events.

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Chen, Keyao, Guizhi Wang, Lingyan Wu, Jibo Chen, Shuai Yuan, Qi Liu, and Xiaodong Liu. "PM2.5 Pollution: Health and Economic Effect Assessment Based on a Recursive Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 5102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245102.

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At present particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution represents a serious threat to the public health and the national economic system in China. This paper optimizes the whitening coefficient in a grey Markov model by a genetic algorithm, predicts the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and then quantifies the health effects of PM2.5 pollution by utilizing the predicted concentration, computable general equilibrium (CGE), and a carefully designed exposure–response model. Further, the authors establish a social accounting matrix (SAM), calibrate the parameter values in the CGE model, and construct a recursive dynamic CGE model under closed economy conditions to assess the long-term economic losses incurred by PM2.5 pollution. Subsequently, an empirical analysis was conducted for the Beijing area: Despite the reduced concentration trend, PM2.5 pollution continued to cause serious damage to human health and the economic system from 2013 to 2020, as illustrated by various facts, including: (1) the estimated premature deaths and individuals suffering haze pollution-related diseases are 156,588 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 43,335–248,914)) and six million, respectively; and (2) the accumulated labor loss and the medical expenditure negatively impact the regional gross domestic product, with an estimated loss of 3062.63 (95% CI: 1,168.77–4671.13) million RMB. These findings can provide useful information for governmental agencies to formulate relevant environmental policies and for communities to promote prevention and rescue strategies.

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Winchester, Niven, and Sebastian Rausch. "A Numerical Investigation of the Potential for Negative Emissions Leakage." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.320.

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Emissions restrictions in one region may decrease emissions elsewhere (negative leakage), as increased demand for capital and labor to abate emissions in constrained regions may reduce output in unconstrained regions. We investigate leakage in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models under alternative fossil fuel supply elasticity values and factor mobility assumptions. We find that fossil fuel supply elasticities must be equal or close to infinity to generate net negative leakage. As empirical estimates for fossil fuel supply elasticities are less than 1, we conclude that leakage estimates from CGE models are unlikely to be negative.

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Bauer, Dana Marie, and Ian Sue Wing. "Economic Consequences of Pollinator Declines: A Synthesis." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39, no. 3 (October 2010): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007371.

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This paper surveys the literature on pollinator declines and related concerns regarding global food security. Methods for valuing the economic risks associated with pollinator declines are also reviewed. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach is introduced to assess the effects of a global catastrophic loss of pollinators. There appears to be evidence supporting a trend towards future pollinator shortages in the United States and other regions of the world. Results from the CGE model show economic risks to both direct crop sectors and indirect noncrop sectors in the economy, with some amount of regional heterogeneity.

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Waters, Edward C., and Chang K. Seung. "Impacts of Recent Shocks to Alaska Fisheries: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model Analysis." Marine Resource Economics 25, no. 2 (June 2010): 155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5950/0738-1360-25.2.155.

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A. Fadeyi, Oluwatoba, Moosa M. Sedibe, Carlu van der Westhuizen, and Lucky Igene. "Financial Crisis and the South African Agricultural Sector: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Analysis." African Journal of Business and Economic Research 14, no. 3 (September 13, 2019): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2019/14n3a4.

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Roos, Elizabeth Louisa, and Philip David Adams. "Fiscal reform: a computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 14, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 812–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-05-2020-0223.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a quantitative assessment of the broad economic effects of tax policy reform in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Design/methodology/approach Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the KSA, three simulations are run. The first simulation is the baseline simulation, which generates growth paths of the Saudi economy in the absence of tax reform. In developing the baseline simulation, this study incorporates forecasts from the International Monetary Fund. The remaining simulations are policy simulations. A policy simulation deviates from the baseline simulation in response to a policy change. In the first policy simulation, this study introduces a value-added tax (VAT) that generates SAR 35bn. This study assumes budget neutrality with the additional tax revenue transferred to households via a lump sum payment. In the second policy simulation, this study introduces a corporate income tax that generates SAR 35bn. This study then calculates and compares the distortion these taxes introduce into the economy. Findings This study finds that although the introduction of new taxes increases government tax revenue, markets are distorted lowering efficiency and production. An introduction of VAT increases the cost of consumption relative to the cost of production. As a consequence, the real cost of labour increases lowering employment in the short run. Employment moves to the baseline, as wages adjust capital and real gross domestic product (GDP) is below base throughout the simulation period. The second simulation is an increase in the corporate tax rate with lowers the post-tax rates of return investors receive. This simulation shows that the negative impact on investment, capital and GDP is larger with the introduction of a corporate tax than with the VAT. Research limitations/implications Literature focusing on tax policy reform in the Gulf Cooperation Council and, specifically, Saudi Arabia is limited. This paper contributes to the literature by focusing on the following: understanding the impact and mechanisms through which changes in taxation impact the economy more generally; understanding the potential harm caused to allocative efficiency and production due to taxes; and ways in which fiscal reform might complement other reforms such as efforts to diversify the economy, labour market and energy price reforms. This improves the information base available to policymakers charged with designing an optimal tax system that meets all future requirements of a country such as the KSA. Originality/value The authors developed and applied a CGE model for the KSA to analyse the impact of VAT and corporate tax on the Saudi economy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no recent CGE models for Saudi Arabia that have been used for tax policy or quantifying the potential harm to the economy when new taxes are introduced.

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Akbulut, Hale, and Hüseyin Taylan Eğen. "Import Tariffs and Informal Labour Market: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Analysis for Turkey." Review of Economic Analysis 13, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v13i2.4046.

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From the 1980s to onwards trade liberalization policies have been widely used in many countries. This process has significant impacts on many economic aspects one of which is on the labour market. However, the direction of the relationship between trade reforms and the labour market is controversial. This study aims to analyse the effects of a specific trade reform of import tariff changes on the formal and informal labour market for Turkey. For that purpose, we benefit from Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model that relies on nonlinear simultaneous equations. We construct an updated Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) which is compatible with our model. Our findings indicate that while there is a positive relationship between formal labour employment in total and import tariff rates, the negative relationship occurs between informal employment and tariff rates.

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Babatunde, Kazeem Alasinrin, Rawshan Ara Begum, and Fathin Faizah Said. "Application of computable general equilibrium (CGE) to climate change mitigation policy: A systematic review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 78 (October 2017): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.064.

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Mueller, Tobias, and Steven Gronau. "Fostering Macroeconomic Research on Hydrogen-Powered Aviation: A Systematic Literature Review on General Equilibrium Models." Energies 16, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031439.

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Hydrogen is a promising fuel to decarbonize aviation, but macroeconomic studies are currently missing. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are suitable to conduct macroeconomic analyses and are frequently employed in hydrogen and aviation research. The main objective of this paper is to investigate existing CGE studies related to (a) hydrogen and (b) aviation to derive a macroeconomic research agenda for hydrogen-powered aviation. Therefore, the well-established method of systematic literature review is conducted. First, we provide an overview of 18 hydrogen-related and 27 aviation-related CGE studies and analyze the literature with respect to appropriate categories. Second, we highlight key insights and identify research gaps for both the hydrogen- and aviation-related CGE literature. Our findings comprise, inter alia, hydrogen’s current lack of cost competitiveness and the macroeconomic relevance of air transportation. Research gaps include, among others, a stronger focus on sustainable hydrogen and a more holistic perspective on the air transportation system. Third, we derive implications for macroeconomic research on hydrogen-powered aviation, including (I) the consideration of existing modeling approaches, (II) the utilization of interdisciplinary data and scenarios, (III) geographical suitability, (IV) the application of diverse policy tools and (V) a holistic perspective. Our work contributes a meaningful foundation for macroeconomic studies on hydrogen-powered aviation. Moreover, we recommend policymakers to address the macroeconomic perspectives of hydrogen use in air transportation.

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Ihalanayake, Ranjith. "Tourism taxes and negative externalities in tourism in australia: A CGE approach." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 4 (2013): 200–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i4c1art4.

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In this paper we analyse general equilibrium effects of an increase in a tourism tax which we hypothetically designed to internalise negative externalities of international tourism in Australia. Several simulations were carried out using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Australian economy. The simulations were carried out assuming two different economic environments, the short-run and the long-run. The simulation results suggest that due to an increase in tourism taxes, the international tourism sector tends to contract while the other sectors expand. Overall, an increase in tourism taxes appears to be welfare improving in the long-run though it generates a marginal contraction in overall economic activities in the short run.

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Domingues, Edson Paulo, and Eduardo Amaral Haddad. "Sensitivity Analysis in Computable General Equilibrium Models: An Application for the Regional Effects of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)." Brazilian Review of Econometrics 25, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/bre.v25n12005.2674.

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The goal of this paper is to explore an applied tool for sensitivity analysis in computable general equilibrium models (CGE). An interregional CGE model is used to assess the impacts of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) on Brazilian regions. As interregional substitution and factor mobility can be the key mechanisms that drive the model results, one should take closer attention to the estimated regional trade elasticities. Since information for proper estimation is rarely available, qualitative sensitivity analysis should be designed and used together with systematic quantitative sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity of results to parameters is evaluated in such a way that we can assess the robustness of results to different levels of elasticities of substitution

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Dwyer, Larry, and Peter Forsyth. "Evaluating Special Events: Merging Two Essential Approaches." Event Management 23, no. 6 (December 6, 2019): 897–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599519x15506259856417.

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In special event evaluation, given the shift away from standard economic impact analysis based on input–output modeling, increased attention is being paid to the roles that computable general equilibrium modeling (CGE) and cost–benefit analysis (CBA) can play in event evaluation. This article analyzes the strengths and limitations of CGE and CBA in the context of event assessment. A "hybrid" approach is outlined which includes a role for the advantages of both techniques to be included in the evaluation process. The issues addressed are theoretically important for both impact and benefit estimation, while having significant practical implications for event assessment.

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KARIM, Mohamed, and Mohamed EL MOUSSAOUI. "Education and Poverty in Morocco: A Computable General Equilibrium Micro-simulation Analysis." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 6, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): p116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v6n1p116.

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The paper uses a micro-simulation computable general equilibrium model (CGE) to analyze the impact on poverty of public spending in higher education in Morocco. The model incorporates 7062 households derived from the 2007 National Survey on Household Living Standards (ENNVM). Two scenarios are simulated: a 100% reduction in the unit cost of higher education supported by households and a 50% reduction in public spending on higher education. In this study, it is assumed that the investment behavior of households is linked to the share of the unit cost financed by the government in higher education. The results show that the policy of exempting households from bearing any unit cost of higher education encourages them to invest massively in education, which leads to increasing their income and consequently improving welfare and reducing poverty and inequalities. On the other hand, the reduction in public investment in higher education affects negatively the behavior of households to invest in education which leads to a decrease in welfare, an increase in poverty and a rise of inequalities.

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Bosello, Francesco, Fabio Eboli, Ramiro Parrado, Paolo A. D. L. Nunes, Helen Ding, and Renato Rosa. "La valoración económica de cambios en servicios del ecosistema: Una aplicación de la metodología CGE." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 11, no. 1 (October 31, 2011): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2011.01.08.

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<span>The present study integrates Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling with biodiversity services, proposing a possible methodology for assessing climate-change impacts on ecosystems. The assessment focuses on climate change impacts on carbon sequestration services provided by European forest, cropland and grassland ecosystems and on provisioning services, but provided by forest and cropland ecosystems only. To do this via a CGE model it is necessary to identify first the role that these ecosystem services play in marketable transactions; then how climate change can impact these services; and finally how the economic system reacts to those changes by adjusting demand and supply across sectors, domestically and internationally.</span>

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Peichl, Andreas. "Simulationsmodelle zur ex ante Evaluation von Steuerreformen." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 58, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 127–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2009-0109.

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AbstractMicrosimulation models (MSM) and Computable General Equilibrium models (CGE) have both been widely used in policy analysis. The combination of these two model types allows the utilization of the advantages of both types. The aim of this paper is to describe the state-of-the-art in simulation modeling and to demonstrate the benefits of linking both model types modeling using a flat tax reform proposal for Germany

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Njoya, Eric Tchouamou, and Ahmad Muhammad Ragab. "Economic Impacts of Public Air Transport Investment: A Case Study of Egypt." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052651.

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This paper applies an input–output (I-O) approach and a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to examine the economy-wide short- and long-run impacts of an increase in public capital investment in air transport infrastructure. The results of the I-O analysis reveal that air transport has above-average backward linkages with other sectors in the economy, with mining being the most intensive industry in intermediate input demand for air transport. The results of the CGE simulation show that at the macroeconomic level, expanding public air transport stock induces modest growth in GDP, employment, income, consumption, private investment, and trade. The findings show that the estimated impact of air transport investment is lower than estimated in studies on the “multiplier effect” of the investment using partial equilibrium techniques.

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Muhammad Taali, Triana Prihatinta, and Ardila Prihadyatama. "PENUAAN POPULASI DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI MAKRO JANGKA PANJANG DI ASIA TIMUR." MANAJEMEN 1, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51903/manajemen.v1i2.140.

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This study will examine the impact of the population aging phenomenon on innovation and long-term macroeconomic balance in several East Asian countries. The variables used in this study include the number of elderly population, population growth, income per capita, birth rate, death rate, institutional quality, education level, unemployment rate and gross national expenditure. The data analysis method that will be used is the Monash-China Hunan-University General Equilibrium (MC-HUGE) model which is the development of the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The MC-HUGE model is built on the Walrasian general equilibrium theory and input-output theory, including the three main elements in production activities, namely land, capital and labor.

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Dwyer, Larry, Peter Forsyth, and Ray Spurr. "Inter-Industry Effects of Tourism Growth: Implications for Destination Managers." Tourism Economics 9, no. 2 (June 2003): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003101298303.

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The study of the economic contribution of tourism has recently undergone a ‘paradigm shift’ as a result of the use of Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models in place of input–output models. In a CGE model which incorporates a realistic set of economy-wide constraints, the effects of tourism growth on destination income and employment cannot be anticipated a priori. The development and application of this superior technique have major implications for the way that tourism economists must now think about the economic impacts of tourism and for the policy advice they give to decision makers in both the public and private sectors. This paper explores three areas in which CGE modelling has relevance for the destination management organization: tourism planning, cooperative destination marketing, and assessment of destination competitiveness.

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Sifiso, Ntombela, Nyhodo Bonani, Ngqangweni Simphiwe, Phahlane Heidi, and Lubinga Moses. "Economy-wide effects of drought on South African Agriculture: A computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 9, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jdae2016.0769.

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Phomsoda, Korrakot, Nattapong Puttanapong, and Mongkut Piantanakulchai. "Economic Impacts of Thailand’s Biofuel Subsidy Reallocation Using a Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082272.

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For two decades, the Thai government has been promoting ethanol and biodiesel consumption through tax measures and price subsidies. Although this policy has substantially increased the consumption and production of biofuels, there is concern regarding its future fiscal burden. Due to fiscal constraints, the Thai government has planned to completely terminate the biofuel subsidy by 2022. This study aims at examining the economy-wide impacts of removing the biofuel subsidy and also conducting simulations of alternative scenarios, i.e., improving the yield of energy crops and reallocating the burden to expand capital investment in energy crop plantations. A recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was used as the main quantitative method to conduct four simulation scenarios. This model was validated by comparing the simulation results with the actual 2015–2019 data and showed low values of root mean square error (RMSE). The simulation results indicate that solely terminating the price subsidy would lead to economy-wide contraction. Meanwhile, eliminating the price subsidy along with influencing crop yield improvement and expanding capital investment in energy crop plantations would lead to the lowest negative impacts. Therefore, the termination of the price subsidy should be simultaneously implemented with supply-side expansions.

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Meng, Sam. "The Role of Inbound Tourism in the Singaporean Economy: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Assessment." Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 31, no. 8 (November 14, 2014): 1071–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.895693.

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Kitwiwattanachai, Anyarath, Doug Nelson, and Geoffrey Reed. "Quantitative impacts of alternative East Asia Free Trade Areas: A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) assessment." Journal of Policy Modeling 32, no. 2 (March 2010): 286–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2009.07.002.

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Farajzadeh, Zakariya, and Mohammad Bakhshoodeh. "Economic and environmental analyses of Iranian energy subsidy reform using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model." Energy for Sustainable Development 27 (August 2015): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2015.06.002.

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Mgeni, Charles, Klaus Müller, and Stefan Sieber. "Sunflower Value Chain Enhancements for the Rural Economy in Tanzania: A Village Computable General Equilibrium-CGE Approach." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010075.

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Poverty is prevalent and widespread in rural Tanzania, where agriculture is the main activity. The government is making significant public investments intended to speed the growth of agriculture as a means to accelerate inclusive economic growth. In line with public investments, the government is promoting public–private partnerships by encouraging the use of improved agricultural innovations and linking farmers to markets, seeking to increase their yields and income. However, there is a paucity of empirical evidence using multipliers analysis about the extent of how gains in agricultural productivity and market linkages for farmers in rural areas help improve the economy at the household level. This paper assesses the welfare effects of the sunflower value chain for a rural economy in Tanzania using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the selected village, which has a high potential for sunflower. Findings highlight the use of the CGE model, first, for analyzing and understanding the economic sectors at a village level. Second, the effects of various upgrading strategies promoted for improving rural farming communities by the government and non-governmental development partners at the micro-scale are analyzed and potential agricultural commodity value chains identified. The multiplier analysis provided insights regarding the potential of sunflower crops for the village economy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)'

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