Journal articles: 'Computational thermal manikin'

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Yan, Yihuan, Xiangdong Li, and Jiyuan Tu. "Effects of manikin model simplification on CFD predictions of thermal flow field around human bodies." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 9 (June 7, 2016): 1185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16653500.

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Simplified computational thermal manikins are beneficial to the computational efficiency of computational fluid dynamics simulations. However, the criterion of how to simplify a computational thermal manikin is still absent. In this study, three simplified computational thermal manikins (CTMs 2, 3 and 4) were rebuilt based on a detailed 3D scanned manikin (CTM 1) using different simplification approaches. Computational fluid dynamics computations of the human thermal plume in a quiescent indoor environment were conducted. The predicted airflow field using CTM 1 agreed well with the experimental observations from the literature. Although the simplified computational thermal manikins did not significantly affect the airflow predictions in the bulk regions, they strongly influenced the predicted airflow patterns near the computational thermal manikins. The predictive error of the computational thermal manikin was strongly related to the simplification approach. The computational thermal manikins generated from the surface-smoothing approach (CTM 2) was very close to CTM 1, while the required mesh elements for a stable numerical solution dropped by over 75%. Comparatively, the predictive errors of CTMs 3 and 4 were considerable in the near-body regions. This study has illustrated the importance of keeping the key body features when simplifying a computational thermal manikin. The surface-smoothing-based simplification method was shown to be a promising approach.

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Gibson, Phillip, Michael Sieber, Jerry Bieszczad, John Gagne, David Fogg, and Jintu Fan. "A Design Tool for Clothing Applications: Wind Resistant Fabric Layers and Permeable Vents." Journal of Textiles 2014 (November 18, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/925320.

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A computational clothing design tool is used to examine the effects of different clothing design features upon performance. Computational predictions of total heat and mass transfer coefficients of the clothing design tool showed good agreement with experimental measurements obtained using a sweating thermal manikin for four different clothing systems, as well as for the unclothed bare manikin. The specific clothing design features examined in this work are the size and placement of air-permeable fabric vents in a protective suit composed primarily of a fabric-laminated polymer film layer. The air-permeable vents were shown to provide additional ventilation and to significantly decrease both the total thermal insulation and the water vapor resistance of the protective suit.

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Wan, Jingyuan, Jianjian Wei, Yingtien Lin, and Tengfei (Tim) Zhang. "Numerical Investigation of Bioaerosol Transport in a Compact Lavatory." Buildings 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110526.

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The lavatory is a fertile area for the transmission of infectious disease through bioaerosols between its users. In this study, we built a generic compact lavatory model with a vacuum toilet, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to evaluate the effects of ventilation and user behaviors on the airflow patterns, and the resulting fates of bioaerosols. Fecal aerosols are readily released into the lavatory during toilet flush. Their concentration rapidly decays in the first 20 s after flushing by deposition or dilution. It takes about 315 s to 348 s for fine bioaerosols (<10 µm in diameter) to decrease to 5% of the initial concentration, while it takes 50 and 100 µm bioaerosols approximately 11 and <1 s, respectively, to completely deposit. The most contaminated surfaces by aerosol deposition include the toilet seat, the bowl, and the nearby walls. The 10 µm aerosols tend to deposit on horizontal surfaces, while the 50 and 100 µm bioaerosols almost always deposit on the bowl. In the presence of a standing thermal manikin, the rising thermal plume alters the flow field and more bioaerosols are carried out from the toilet; a large fraction of aerosols deposit on the manikin’s legs. The respiratory droplets generated by a seated coughing manikin tend to deposit on the floor, legs, and feet of the manikin. In summary, this study reveals the bioaerosol dilution time and the easily contaminated surfaces in a compact lavatory, which will aid the development of control measures against infectious diseases.

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Marr, D. R., I. M. Spitzer, and M. N. Glauser. "Anisotropy in the breathing zone of a thermal manikin." Experiments in Fluids 44, no. 4 (November 21, 2007): 661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-007-0425-9.

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Rykaczewski, Konrad, Jennifer K. Vanos, and Ariane Middel. "Anisotropic radiation source models for computational thermal manikin simulations based on common radiation field measurements." Building and Environment 208 (January 2022): 108636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108636.

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Zhu, Shengwei, Shinsuke Kato, Ryozo Ooka, Tomonori Sakoi, and Kazuyo Tsuzuki. "Development of a Computational Thermal Manikin Applicable in a Non-Uniform Thermal Environment—Part 2: Coupled Simulation Using Sakoi's Human Thermal Physiological Model." HVAC&R Research 14, no. 4 (July 1, 2008): 545–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2008.10391025.

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YANG, Jeong-Hoon, Shinsuke KATO, Tatsuya HAYASHI, and Shuzo MURAKAMI. "MEASUREMENT OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS WITH USING AN EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL THERMAL MANIKIN IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 69, no. 584 (2004): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.69.33_3.

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Sevilgen, Gokhan, and Muhsin Kilic. "Three dimensional numerical analysis of temperature distribution in an automobile cabin." Thermal Science 16, no. 1 (2012): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1201321s.

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In this study, 3-D numerical analysis of temperature distribution in the automobile cabin were performed by using computational fluid dynamics method. For this purpose, a 3-D automobile cabin including window and outer surfaces was modeled by using the real dimensions of a car. To evaluate the results of numerical analysis according to thermal comfort, a virtual manikin divided into 17 parts with real dimensions and physiological shape was added to the model of the automobile cabin. Temperature distributions of the automobile cabin were obtained from the results of the 3-D steady and transient numerical analyses for standard heating and cooling period. Validations of the results were achieved by comparing to the results of the experimental studies performed simultaneously with the numerical analyses.

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MURAKAMI, Shuzo, Shinsuke KATO, and Jie ZENG. "COUPLED SIMULATION OF CONVECTIVE AND RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER AROUD STANDING HUMAN BODY : Study on computational thermal manikin (Part 3)." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 64, no. 515 (1999): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.64.69_1.

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10

Gao, Shan, Ryozo Ooka, and Wonseok Oh. "Effects of ambient temperature, airspeed, and wind direction on heat transfer coefficient for the human body by means of manikin experiments and CFD analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102041.

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The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of ambient temperature, airspeed, and wind direction on the heat transfer around the human body. A fixed surface temperature (33 °C) thermal manikin (TM) with 16 segments was employed. First, the manikin was placed in a climate chamber with ambient temperatures of 20 °C, 24 °C, and 28 °C, at airspeeds of less than 0.1 m/s to represent calm condition. Higher ambient temperatures led to a decrease in the convective heat transfer coefficient. The convective heat transfer coefficients for the sitting posture were higher than those of the standing posture. The same TM was then put in a wind tunnel with airspeeds ranging from 0.25 m/s to 1.4 m/s to represent forced convection. The TM was set to face upwind, downwind, and perpendicular to the wind (i.e., its right side facing the wind). Regression models for the convective heat transfer coefficient and airspeed for different wind directions and postures were derived. In contrast to the calm condition, the convective heat transfer coefficients for the sitting posture were lower than those for the standing posture. The convective heat transfer coefficients for the standing posture were largest when the TM was facing downwind, and smallest when the right side of the TM was facing the wind. To verify the results of the experiment, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed with conditions matching those of the experiment by using a computational TM with the same shape as that used in the experiment. The boundary conditions of the CFD analysis were set from the experiment. The CFD analysis results were consistent with the experimental data.

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KATO, Shinsuke, Jie ZENG, and Shuzo MURAKAMI. "CFD ANALYSIS OF CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION AROUND A STANDING HUMAN BODY IN STAGNANT FLOW : Study on computational thermal manikin (Part 2)." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 63, no. 509 (1998): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.63.21_3.

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12

ZENG, Jie, Shuzo MURAKAMI, and Shinsuke KATO. "PREDICTION OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER AROUND STANDING HUMAN BODY WITH VARIOUS ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION : Study on computational thermal manikin (Part1)." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 63, no. 505 (1998): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.63.31_1.

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13

Dong-mei, Pan, Xia Liang, Chan Ming-yin, and Deng Shi-ming. "Experimental and numerical study on a sleeping thermal manikin in a mixed ventilation system room." International Journal of Multiphysics 8, no. 1 (March 2014): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1750-9548.8.1.11.

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Zong, Jie, and Zhengtao Ai. "Human re-inhalation ratio under typical conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 02050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235602050.

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Inhaled air quality is directly related to occupants’ health and quality of life. In this study, a numerical breathing thermal manikin was employed, who breathed following a sinusoidal function, with 10 breathing cycles per minute. Each cycle was composed of three phases: 2.5 s inhalation, 2.5 s exhalation, and 1 s pause. The influence of pulmonary ventilation rate, breathing mode and breathing cycle period on the re-inhalation ratio were studied by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology in combination with the species transport model. It was found that increasing the pulmonary ventilation rate led to a lower re-inhalation ratio. The re-inhalation ratio is the largest with the value of 0.91%, when exhaled through the mouth and inhaled through the nose. The re-inhalation ratio was up to 23.9 % lower with a pause of 1 s in the breathing cycle than without pause. When the pulmonary ventilation rate increased from 6 L/min to 8 L/min, the re-inhalation ratio decreased from 0.91% to 0.71%. This information would be an important basis for the development of the human microenvironment control and technologies, including intelligent, personalized air supply devices, local air supply and exhaust methods, and other advanced ventilation and airflow technologies.

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Zhu, Shengwei, Shinsuke Kato, Ryozo Ooka, and Tomonori Sakoi. "Development of a Computational Thermal Manikin Applicable in a Nonuniform Thermal Environment—Part 1: Coupled Simulation of Convection, Radiation, and Smith's Human Thermal Physiological Model for Sensible Heat Transfer from a Seated Human Body in Radiant Environment." HVAC&R Research 13, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 661–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10789669.2007.10390978.

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Schröder, A., D. Schanz, J. Bosbach, M. Novara, R. Geisler, J. Agocs, and A. Kohl. "Large-scale volumetric flow studies on transport of aerosol particles using a breathing human model with and without face protections." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 3 (March 2022): 035133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086383.

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Exhalation of small aerosol particle droplets and their airborne transport, dispersion, and (local) accumulation in closed rooms have been identified as the main pathways for direct and indirect respiratory virus transmission from person to person, for example, for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or measles. Therefore, understanding airborne transport mechanisms of aerosol particles inside closed populated rooms is an important key factor for assessing and optimizing various mitigation strategies. Unsteady flow features, which are typically evolving in such mixed convection flow scenarios, govern the respective particle transport properties. Experimental and numerical methods that enable capturing the related broad range of scales in such internal flows over many cubic meters in order to provide reliable data for the adaptation of proper mitigation measures (distances, masks, shields, air purifiers, ventilation systems, etc.) are required. In the present work, we show results of a large-scale, three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) experiment, which has been performed in a 12-m3 generic test room capturing up to 3 × 106 long-lived and nearly neutrally buoyant helium-filled soap bubbles (HFSBs) with a mean diameter of dHFSB ∼370 μm as (almost) passive tracers. HFSBs are used as fluid mechanical replacements for small aerosol particles dP < 5 μm, which allow to resolve the Lagrangian transport properties and related unsteady flow field inside the whole room around a cyclically breathing thermal manikin with and without mouth-nose-masks and shields applied. Six high-resolution complementary metal-oxide semiconductor streaming cameras, a large array of powerful pulsed light emitting diodes, and the variable-time step Shake-The-Box LPT algorithm have been applied in this experimental study of internal flows in order to gain insight into the complex transient and turbulent aerosol particle transport and dispersion processes around a seated and breathing human model.

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Liu, Zhu, Kim, and Srebric. "A Review of CFD Analysis Methods for Personalized Ventilation (PV) in Indoor Built Environments." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154166.

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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an effective analysis method of personalized ventilation (PV) in indoor built environments. As an increasingly important supplement to experimental and theoretical methods, the quality of CFD simulations must be maintained through an adequately controlled numerical modeling process. CFD numerical data can explain PV performance in terms of inhaled air quality, occupants’ thermal comfort, and building energy savings. Therefore, this paper presents state-of-the-art CFD analyses of PV systems in indoor built environments. The results emphasize the importance of accurate thermal boundary conditions for computational thermal manikins (CTMs) to properly analyze the heat exchange between human body and the microenvironment, including both convective and radiative heat exchange. CFD modeling performance is examined in terms of effectiveness of computational grids, convergence criteria, and validation methods. Additionally, indices of PV performance are suggested as system-performance evaluation criteria. A specific utilization of realistic PV air supply diffuser configurations remains a challenging task for further study. Overall, the adaptable airflow characteristics of a PV air supply provide an opportunity to achieve better thermal comfort with lower energy use based on CFD numerical analyses.

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Conceição, Eusébio, Ma Inês Conceição, João Gomes, Manuela Lúcio, and Hazim Awbi. "Influence of the Ceiling Mounted Localized Air Distribution System Performance in the Human Body." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 14002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236214002.

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This work presents a numerical study of the influence of the ceiling mounted localized air distribution system performance in the human thermal behavior. In his study a coupling of the Computational Fluids Dynamics and the Human Thermal Modelling is used to evaluate the thermal comfort, the indoor air quality and the Draught Risk. The input data, of the coupling numerical models, are evaluated in the Building Dynamics Modelling. The virtual chamber geometry is generated using the Computational Aided Design system and the occupants’ geometry is generated using empirical equations, based on occupant height and weight. The ADI (Air Distribution Index) and the ADTI (Air Distribution Turbulence Index), used to evaluate the Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning system performance, depends of the thermal comfort level, the indoor air quality level, the Draught Risk level, the effectiveness for heat removal, the effectiveness for contaminant removal and the effectiveness for airflow removal. The study is made in a virtual chamber occupied by twelve virtual manikins and equipped with twelve seats, six desks and with a ceiling mounted localized air distribution system. The ceiling mounted localized air distribution system is equipped with an inlet system and an extraction system located above the head level.

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Zou, Jiwei, Jianlin Liu, Jianlei Niu, Yichen Yu, and Chengwang Lei. "Convective heat loss from computational thermal manikin subject to outdoor wind environments." Building and Environment, November 2020, 107469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107469.

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Romero Flores, Michel, Enrique A. Lopez-Guajardo, Arturo Javier Delgado-Gutiérrez, and Alejandro Montesinos-Castellanos. "Strategies for reducing airborne disease transmission during breathing using a portable air cleaner in a classroom." Physics of Fluids, December 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0134611.

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In this work, computational fluid dynamics and a factorial study were conducted to analyze the air cleaning capabilities of a portable air cleaner (PAC) in a closed room with 10 thermal manikins and two air distribution system (ADS) speeds. The particles emitted by the breathing of the manikins (1,250 particles/manikin) were tracked for 50 min, and their trajectories were analyzed. Factorial analysis was performed to investigate the relevance of the variables studied and their interactions. The results showed that the PAC-ADS configuration was a major factor affecting the transference of particles. A total risk index was defined ( RItotal) to identify the total percentage of particles transferred between the occupants in each case. The best case had half the transference of particles compared with the worst case (2.03% vs. 3.98%, respectively). Moreover, locating the PAC with a downward flow direction near the emitter significantly reduced the transference of its particles. However, it increased the number of particles that this emitter received from others in the classroom. The factorial analysis showed that PAC speed contributed the most to the transference of particles (24%) and particles filtered by the PAC (25.8%). In comparison, PAC position had the highest impact on particles remaining in the breathable zone of the room (13.7%) and particles leaving the system through the ADS (23.3%). Overall, a configuration in which the PAC is at the center of the classroom with a downward flow was shown to be the most efficient for reducing the spread of airborne diseases.

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Conceição, Eusébio, Mª Inês Conceição, Mª Manuela Lúcio, João Gomes, and Hazim Awbi. "Evaluation of comfort levels in office space equipped with HVAC system based in personalized ventilation system using energy produced in DSF systems." iCRBE Procedia, September 28, 2020, 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32438/icrbe.202046.

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In this study the numerical simulation of a Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system, based in a personalized ventilation system, installed in an occupied office desk is made. The energy is produced in a Dual Skin Facades (DSF) system installed in the outdoor environment. The personalized ventilation system, placed above and below the writing area, installed in the desk central area. The office desk is occupied by eight virtual manikins. The numerical simulation is made in a winter typical day. This numerical study considers a coupling of a differential numerical model and an integral numerical model. The differential numerical model simulates the Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD), evaluates the air velocity, air temperature, turbulence intensity and carbon dioxide concentration and calculates the indoor air quality. The integral numerical model simulates the Multi-Node Human Thermo-physiology Model, evaluates the tissue, blood and clothing temperatures distribution and calculates the thermal comfort level. The HVAC system, based on a DSF system, is built using three DSF unities, is equipped with internal venetian blinds. Each one, installed in a virtual chamber, is turned to south. The personalized ventilation system, made with eight upper and eight lower air terminal devices, is installed in the desk central area. On each table top two upper and two lower air terminal devices are considered in the left and right manikin area, while on each side of the table two upper and two lower air terminal devices are placed between the manikins. The office desk is occupied by eight virtual manikins, one sitting on each table top and three sitting on each side of the meeting table. In this numerical study, carried out in winter conditions, the occupants’ clothing level is 1 clo. In these situations a typical activity level of 1.2 met is considered. The evolution of indoor environmental conditions, in the DSF and in the office room, are calculated during a full winter typical day. The thermal comfort, the indoor air quality, the effectiveness for heat removal, the effectiveness for contaminant removal and the Air Distribution Index (ADI), are evaluated. In accordance with the obtained results the thermal comfort levels increase when the air renovation rate increases and the indoor air quality level increases when the air renovation rate increases. However, the ADI is quite constant when the inlet airflow rate increases, because the thermal comfort number decreases when the inlet airflow rate increases and the air quality number increases when the inlet airflow rate increases.

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Jiang, Shu, and Jun Li. "3D Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer of Infants in the Indoor Environment." AATCC Journal of Research, December 1, 2022, 247234442211366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24723444221136628.

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This study aimed to investigate the heat transfer around the infant surface in the indoor environment based on computational fluid dynamics analysis. A three-dimensional numerical model containing a virtual infant manikin was developed in COMSOL software. The high-quality geometry model of the infant was obtained using three-dimensional body scanning technology. Governing fluid flow and energy equations were solved along with the low Re k–ε turbulence model. Real-scale measurements were carried out to determine the accuracy of the developed numerical model. Good agreement was found between the simulation results and the experimental data. The results showed that, at room temperature of 21oC, the convective heat transfer coefficient was 64.2% greater than the radiative heat transfer coefficient, which demonstrated that the convective heat transfer was the main approach for heat exchange between the infant and its surrounding environment. Moreover, the largest convective heat transfer coefficients were observed at the forearm and calf, indicating the importance of the additional thermal protection at these regions. The findings will be beneficial to provide some instructions on infant thermal care for caregivers.

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Abid, Hasna, and Zied Driss. "Computational study and experimental validation on the effect of inlet hole surface on airflow characteristics and thermal comfort in a box occupied by a thermal manikin." International Journal of Ventilation, September 17, 2020, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2020.1812223.

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Tang, Yuqi, Zhantong Mao, Anni Li, and Lina Zhai. "Development and application of numerical model of thermal sensors for thermal protective clothing evaluation based on CFD simulation." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, January 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-10-2020-0151.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the heat transfer effect of copper sensor and skin simulant on skin. Design/methodology/approach For the sensor, the physical and mathematical models of the thermal sensors were used to obtain the definite conditions in the heat transfer process of the sensor, and the heat transfer models of the two sensors were developed and solved respectively by using ANSYS WORKBENCH 19.0 software. The simulation results were compared with the experimental test results. For the skin, the numerical model of the skin model was developed and calculated. Finally, the heat transfer simulation performance of the two sensors was analyzed. Findings It is concluded that the copper sensor is more stable than the skin simulant, but the material and structure of the skin simulant is more suitable for skin simulation. The skin simulant better simulates the skin heat transfer. For all the factors in the model, the thermal properties of the material and the heat flux level are the key factors. The convective heat transfer coefficient, radiation heat transfer rate and the initial temperature have little influence on the results, which can be ignored. Research limitations/implications The results show that there are still some differences between the experimental and numerical simulation values of the skin simulant. In the future, the thermal parameters of skin simulant and the influence of the thermocouple adhesion should be further examined during the calibration process. Practical implications The results suggest that the skin simulant needs to be further calibrated, especially for the thermal properties. The copper sensor on the flame manikin can be replaced by the skin simulant with higher accuracy, which will be helpful to improve the accuracy of performance evaluation of thermal protective clothing. Social implications The application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology can help to analyze the heat transfer simulation mechanism of thermal sensor, explore the influence of thermal performance of thermal sensor on skin simulation, provide basis for the development of thermal sensor and improve the application system of thermal sensor. Based on the current research status, this paper studies the internal heat transfer of the sensor through the numerical modeling of the copper sensor and skin simulant, so as to analyze the effect of the sensor simulating skin and the reasons for the difference. Originality/value In this paper, the sensor itself is numerically modeled and the heat transfer inside the sensor is studied.

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Fan, Yanchao, Li Liu, Hui Zhang, Yingping Deng, Yi Wang, Mengjie Duan, Huan Wang, Lixiang Wang, Leifeng Han, and Yalin Liu. "Exposure of Ophthalmologists to Patients' Exhaled Droplets in Clinical Practice: A Numerical Simulation of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Risk." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (September 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.725648.

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Background: Lack of quantification of direct and indirect exposure of ophthalmologists during ophthalmic diagnostic process makes it hard to estimate the infectious risk of aerosol pathogen faced by ophthalmologists at working environment.Methods: Accurate numerical models of thermal manikins and computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to investigate direct (droplet inhalation and mucosal deposition) and indirect exposure (droplets on working equipment) within a half-minute procedure. Three ophthalmic examination or treatment scenarios (direct ophthalmoscopic examination, slit-lamp microscopic examination, and ophthalmic operation) were selected as typical exposure distance, two breathing modes (normal breathing and coughing), three levels of ambient RH (40, 70, and 95%) and three initial droplet sizes (50, 70, and 100 μm) were considered as common working environmental condition.Results: The exposure of an ophthalmologist to a patient's expiratory droplets during a direct ophthalmoscopic examination was found to be 95 times that of a person during normal interpersonal interaction at a distance of 1 m and 12.1, 8.8, and 9.7 times that of an ophthalmologist during a slit-lamp microscopic examination, a surgeon during an ophthalmic operation and an assistant during an ophthalmic operation, respectively. The ophthalmologist's direct exposure to droplets when the patient cough-exhaled was ~7.6 times that when the patient breath-exhaled. Compared with high indoor RH, direct droplet exposure was higher and indirect droplet exposure was lower when the indoor RH was 40%.Conclusion: During the course of performing ophthalmic examinations or treatment, ophthalmologists typically face a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by droplet transmission.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Computational thermal manikin'

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